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MCH Rest Experiments PDF
MCH Rest Experiments PDF
Equipment:
1. Terminal Board
2. Measuring unit
3. 3-phase Induction motor
4. DC generator
5. Brake Control Unit
Theoretical Background:
Induction Motor:
Principle:
Construction:
An induction motor essentially consist of two main parts
(a) Stator
(b) Rotor
(a) Stator:
The stator is the outer body of the motor which houses the driven
windings on an iron core. In a single speed three phase motor design, the
standard stator has three windings, while a single phase motor typically has
two windings. The stator core is made up of a stack of round pre-punched
laminations pressed into a frame which may be made of aluminum or cast
iron.
The laminations are basically round with a round hole inside through
which the rotor is positioned. The inner surface of the stator is made up of a
number of deep slots or grooves right around the stator.
The position relative to the surface of the rotor, shape, cross sectional
area and material of the bars determine the rotor characteristics.
Essentially, the rotor windings exhibit inductance and resistance, and these
characteristics can effectively be dependent on the frequency of the current
flowing in the rotor. A bar with a large cross sectional area will exhibit a low
resistance, while a bar of a small cross sectional area will exhibit a high
resistance.
Types of Rotor:
Most common AC motors use the squirrel cage rotor, which will be
found in virtually all domestic and light industrial alternating current motors.
The squirrel cage takes its name from its shape - a ring at either end of the
rotor, with bars connecting the rings running the length of the rotor. It is
typically cast aluminum or copper poured between the iron laminates of the
rotor, and usually only the end rings will be visible. The vast majority of the
rotor currents will flow through the bars rather than the higher-resistance
and usually varnished laminates. Very low voltages at very high currents
are typical in the bars and end rings; high efficiency motors will often use
cast copper in order to reduce the resistance in the rotor.
Compared to squirrel cage rotors, wound rotor motors are expensive and
require maintenance of the slip rings and brushes, but they were the
standard form for variable speed control before the advent of compact
power electronic devices. Transistorized inverters with variable frequency
drive can now be used for speed control, and wound rotor motors are
becoming less common. (Transistorized inverter drives also allow the
more-efficient three-phase motors to be used when only single-phase
mains current is available, but this is never used in household appliances,
because it can cause electrical interference and because of high power
requirements.)
Ns = 120f / p
Where
Slip:
Actual RPM for an induction motor will be less than this calculated
synchronous speed by an amount known as slip, that increases with the
torque produced. With no load, the speed will be very close to
synchronous. When loaded, standard motors have between 2-3% slip,
special motors may have up to 7% slip, and a class of motors known as
torque motors are rated to operate at 100% slip (0 rpm/full stall).
Where
Of all AC machines the poly phase induction motor is the one which is
extensively used for various kinds of industrial drives. It has the followings
main advantages and disadvantages
The 3-phase stator windings set up a rotating magnetic field. The flux
produced passes through the air-gap, sweeps past the rotor surface and so
cuts the rotor conductors which are yet (at startup) stationary. Due to the
relative speed between the rotating flux and the stationary conductors, an
emf is induced in the latter according to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic
induction and this is dynamically induced emf. The frequency of the
induced emf is the same as the supply frequency. Its magnitude is
proportional to the relative velocity between the flux and the conductors
and its direction is given by Fleming’s Right-hand rule. Since the rotor
conductors form a closed circuit, rotor current is produced whose direction
as given by Lenz’s law is such as to oppose the cause producing it. In this
case, the cause which produces the rotor current is the relative velocity
between the rotating flux and the stationary conductors. Hence to reduce
the relative speed, the rotor starts to rotate in the same direction as that of
the flux and tries to catch up with it.
Percentage Slip:
In practice, the rotor never succeeds in ‘catching up’ with the stator
field. If it really did so, then there would be no relative speed between the
two, hence no rotor emf, no rotor current and therefore no torque to
maintain rotation. That is why the rotor runs at a speed which is always less
than the speed of the stator field. The difference in speed depends on the
load on the motor.
The higher the speed of an induction motor, the higher its friction,
windage and stray losses. On the other hand, the higher the speed of the
motor, the lower will be its core losses. Therefore, these three categories of
losses are sometimes lumped together and called rotational losses. The
total rotational losses of a motor are often considered to be constant with
changing speed, since the component losses change in opposite directions
with change in speed
Advantage:
Disadvantages:
Block Diagram:
Procedure:
• Set the rated line voltage, VL, and for each different value note the
values of line current, IL, the total true 3-phase power, WT, and the
total reactive power, Q, using measuring unit when you are applying
load on the DC Generator using Brake Control Unit. For P and Q
measurement refer to Appendix of Manual.
• Note the values of torque, T, the output power, Pout, and the motor
speed, Nr, are measured from the brake control unit (BCU) for each
value.
• Calculate the values of power factor, cos φ, % slip and the efficiency,
η from the formulas given.
Formulas
NS − Nr WT Pout
% Slip = × 100 cos φ = η= × 100
NS 3VL I L Pin
Graphs:
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Comments:
Why one of the watt meters gives negative, zero and then positive reading
as the load is increased gradually.
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Is it possible for both watt meters to give same reading, if possible then
why?
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What would you do with W1 if its reading becomes negative?
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What is power factor of induction motor at no load and why?
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Signature = ______________
EXPERIMENT NO 8
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
APPARATUS:
• Induction motor
• DC Machine
• Break control unit
• Measuring unit
• Power supply
PROCEDURE:
• First run DC motor (separately excited) and note the direction of rotation of the motor.
• Connect ac motor separately and run it and note its direction of rotation.
• If it is same as that of the DC motor then procedure further otherwise first make the
direction of rotation of both same by changing the phase sequence.
• Start both of them together. Measuring unit will show the values of voltage, current, real
power and reactive power.
• At this point the speed is less than 1500 rpm. Now increase the speed of the motor so that
it becomes equal to the rated speed that is 1500 rpm.
• At this speed the motor is in floating condition i.e when slip becomes zero the machines
would be in floating condition. Again note the values of current, voltage, active and
reactive power for the floating condition.
• Now increase the speed further from 1500 rpm. At this point the motor becomes
generator and the values of voltage, current active and reactive power become negative.
Note down these readings in the table.
OBSERVATIONS
State of
V I W1 W2 WT p.f Q
machine
Ind. Motor
Floating
Ind.
Generator
EXPERIMENT # 9
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
Synchronous motors are AC motors that have a field circuit
supplied by an external DC source. They convert AC electrical power to mechanical power. It is
electrically identical to an alternator or AC generator. Some characteristics of the synchronous
motor are:
• It runs either at synchronous speed or not at all i.e. while running it maintains a constant
speed. The only way to change its speed is to vary the supply frequency.
• It is not self-starting. It has to be run up to synchronous or near synchronous speed by
some means before it can be synchronized to the supply.
• It is capable of being operated under a wide range of power factors both lagging and
leading.
PRODUCTION OF TORQUE:
In a synchronous motor, a three-phase set of stator currents
produces a rotating magnetic field, BS. The field current, IF of the motor produces a steady-state
magnetic field, BR. Therefore, there are two magnetic fields present in the machine, and the rotor
field will tend to line up with the stator field, just as two bar magnets will tend to line up if
placed near each other. Since the stator magnetic field is rotating, the rotor magnetic field will
constantly try o catch up. Larger the angle between the two magnetic fields, the greater the
torque on the rotor of the motor. The basic principle of a synchronous motor operation is that the
rotor chases the rotating stator magnetic field around in a circle, never catching up with it.
V-CURVES:
The V-curves of a synchronous motor show how armature current varies with its
field current when motor input is kept constant. These are obtained by plotting armature
current while motor input is kept constant and are so called because of their shape. There is a
family of such curves, each corresponding to a definite power intake.
To draw these curves experimentally, the motor is run from constant voltage and constant
frequency bus bars. Power input to motor is kept constant at a definite value. Next, the field
current is increased in small steps and corresponding armature currents are noted. When plotted,
we get a V-curve for a particular constant motor input. Similar curves are drawn by keeping
motor input constant at different values.
BLOCK DIAGRAM
APPARATUS:
• Terminal Board
• Measuring unit
• Synchronous motor
• variable DC supply
• DC generator
• Break control unit
PROCEDURE
• Set up the apparatus as shown in Figure.
• Give a constant voltage and constant frequency supply to the motor (using infinite bus-
bars).
• Vary the field current and note the corresponding value of armature current for each
value.
• Calculate the power factor using equation (1) below.
• Plot a graph of field current against armature current which is the V-curve.
• Repeat the above steps for different loads.
OBSERVATIONS
V = 220V