Ohm's law magic triangle

ir
b b
h a
S
a s
Ohms law, nd
u
defines the relationship: S
between voltage, current and
B y
resistance.
The amount of current in a circuit in directly
proportional to the amount of voltage applied and
inversely proportional to the amount of resistance.
Expressed mathematically.
Ohm’s Law

E
I=
R
Where : I = current (amperes, A)
E = voltage (volts, V)
R = resistance (ohms,
Ω)
4.3 - Plotting Ohm’s Law
Voltage measured in volts, symbolized by
the letters "E" or "V".

Current measured in amps, symbolized by

the letter "I".

Resistance measured in ohms, symbolized

by the letter "R".
If you know E and I, and wish to determine R, just eliminate R from
the picture and see what's left:
If you know E and R, and wish to determine I, eliminate I and see
what's left:
if you know I and R, and wish to determine E, eliminate E and see
what's left:
Let's see how these equations might work to help us analyze
simple circuits:

If we know the values of any two of the three

quantities (voltage, current, and resistance) in
this circuit, we can use Ohm's Law to determine
the third.
calculate the amount of current (I) in a circuit, given values
of voltage (E) and resistance (R):
calculate the amount of resistance (R) in a circuit, given values of
voltage (E) and current (I):
calculate the amount of voltage supplied by a battery, given values of
current (I) and resistance (R):
• Example #1
• Find the current of an electrical circuit that
has resistance of 50 Ohms and voltage
supply of 5 Volts.
• Solution:
• V = 5V
• R = 50Ω
• I = V / R = 5V / 50Ω = 0.1A = 100mA
• Example #2
• Find the resistance of an electrical circuit
that has voltage supply of 10 Volts and
current of 5mA.

• Solution:
• V = 10V
• I = 5mA = 0.005A
• R = V / I = 10V / 0.005A = 2000Ω = 2kΩ
Electric Power
 The unit of electric power is the watt (W).one watt of power equals the
work done in one second by one volt of potential difference in moving
one coulomb of charge.
 Power is an indication of how much work (the conversion
of energy from one form to another) can be done in a
specific amount of time; that is, a rate of doing work.

Power in watt = volt x amperes.

P = V x I ,I = P/ V , V = P / I

1 Watt (W) =1 joule / second W

P=
t
Example of power

 Energy (W) lost or gained by any system

is determined by:
W = Pt

 Since power is measured in watts (or

joules per second) and time in seconds,
the unit of energy is the wattsecond (Ws)
or joule (J)
The force
or
pressure
behind
electricity
• Electric power definition
• The electric power P is equal to the energy
consumption E divided by the consumption
time t:
• Watt definition
• Watt is the unit of power (symbol: W).
• The watt unit is named after James Watt,
the inventor of the steam engine.
• One watt is defined as the energy
consumption rate of one joule per second.
• 1W = 1J / 1s
• One watt is also defined as the current
flow of one ampere with voltage of one
volt.
• 1W = 1V × 1A
• P is the electric power in watt (W).
• E is the energy consumption in joule (J).
• t is the time in seconds (s).
• Example
• Find the electric power of an electrical
circuit that consumes 120 joules for 20
seconds.
• Solution:
• E = 120J
• t = 20s
• P = E / t = 120J / 20s = 6W
• Electric power calculation
• The power formula can be used in three ways:
• P= v x I OR P =I 2 x R OR P
= V2 / R
• P is the electric power in watt (W).
• V is the voltage in volts (V).
• I is the current in amps (A).
• R is the resistance in ohms (Ω
• I= P/V
• V= P/I
• Example 1 : A toaster takes 10 A from the
120v power line. How much power is
used ?
• Ans : P=V x I = 120v x 10 A
• P=1200W
• Exam 2 : how much current flows in the
filament of a 300 w bulb connected to the
120v power line?
• Ans : I=P / V = 300w/120v
• I= 2.5 A
• Multiple Units:
• The basic units –ampere ,volt and ohm
practical values in most electric power circuits,
but in many electronics application these units
are either too small or too big. Such as 2000k
ohm resister value or 2000 v and 5 mA .
• Example1: the I of 8 mA flows through a 5 k
ohms R. how much is the IR Voltage:
• Answer: V= IR 8 x10-3 x 5 x103 = 8 x 5
• V=40 v
• Example 2: How much current is produced by 60 v
across 12k ohms ?
Answer : I = V/R 60/12 x 103
I = 5 x 10­3 =5 mA

• Test point Question?, 200w , 0.83A 1.8kw,

1 An electric heater takes 15 A from the 120 V power
line .Calculate the Amount of power used.
2 How much is the load current for 100 W bulb
connected to the 120 V power line?
3 How many watts is the power of 200 J/S equal to?
• Voltage Divider
• Voltage divider rule finds the voltage over
a load in electrical circuit, when the loads
are connected in series.
• Voltage divider rule for DC circuit
• Voltage divider calculator
• Voltage divider rule for DC circuit
For a DC circuit with constant
voltage source VT and resistors in
series, the voltage drop Vi in
resistor Ri is given by the formula:
• Vi - voltage drop in resistor Ri in volts [V].
• VT - the equivalent voltage source or
voltage drop in volts [V].
• Ri - resistance of resistor Ri in ohms [Ω].
• R1 - resistance of resistor R1 in ohms [Ω].
• R2 - resistance of resistor R2 in ohms [Ω].
• R3 - resistance of resistor R3 in ohms [Ω].
Example1.
Voltage source of VT=30V is connected to
resistors in series, R1=30Ω, R2=40Ω.
Find the voltage drop on resistor R2?

V2 = VT × R2 / (R1+R2) = 30V × 40Ω /

(30Ω+40Ω) = 17.14V
• Example2.
• Voltage source of VT=100V is connected to
resistors in series, R1=50kΩ, R2=30kΩ, R3=20k
Ω.
• Find the voltage drop on resistor R1,R2,R3.
 V3 Fine R3 volt drop
V3=R3/RT x VT= 20/100 X 200 V
V3=40 V

V2 Fine R2 volt drop

V2=R2/RT x VT= 30/100 X 200 V
V2=60 V

V1 Fine R1 volt drop

V1=R1/RT x VT= 50/100 X 200 V
V1=100 V.

The sum of V1,V2,V3 in series is 100+60+40=200v which

is equal to VT
Method of IR Drops:

V1=I x R1 =2mA x 50 kΩ= 100 v.

V2=I x R2 =2mA x 30 kΩ= 60 v.
V3=I x R3 =22mA x 20 kΩ= 40 v.
Series voltage divider with voltage taps.
 voltage at tap point C.
vc=R4/RT X VT
=1 kΩ /20 kΩ X 24V
VC= 1.2 V.

Voltage at tap pint B.

VB=R3+R4/RT x VT
=1.5 kΩ +1 kΩ / 20 kΩ x 24v
VB= 3V.
Voltage at tap pint A.
VA=R2+R3+R4/RT x VT
=7.5kΩ +1.5 kΩ +1 kΩ / 20 kΩ x
24v
VA= 12.6V.
Current Divider with two parallel
resistances.
It is often necessary to find the individual
branch currents in a bank from the
resistances and IT , but without knowing the
voltage across the bank this problem can
be solved by using the fact that currents
divide inversely as the branch resistances.
such as show in example:
 Current divider with two branch resistances each
branch I is inversely proportional to its R. the
small R has more I.
Calculation: I1 =R2/R1+R2 x IT
I1 = 4/2+4 x30
I1 = 20 A
Calculation: for other branch I2 =R1/R1+R2 x IT
I2 = 2/2+4 =30
I2 = 10 A