Civic Welfare Training Service Program 2

Introduction

The Civic Welfare Training service Program (CWTSP) is a program component of the
National Service Training program (NSTP) under the Republic Act 9163 known as the National
Service Training Program Act of 2001 which refers to "programs of activities contributory to the
general welfare and betterment of life for the members of the community or the enhancement of
its facilities, especially those devoted to improving health, education, environment,
entrepreneurship, safety, recreation and moral of the citizenry (Section 3, d).
"The Civic Welfare Training Service Program II (CWTSP II) is a second semester course
which consists of projects and activities designed to encourage the students to contribute in the
improvement of the general welfare and the quality of life for the local community and its
various institutional components, more particularly in terms of "improving health, education,
environment, entrepreneurship, safety, recreation and moral of the citizenry (Section 3, d.)."It
includes lectures, community immersions/exposures and civic community project/s
implementation.

The students are given the opportunity to do actual civic/community service under the
supervision of the teacher-facilitator. Through the different projects planned, implemented and
evaluated by the students themselves, they are expected to become civic/community minded and
socially responsible. One Cainta College recognizes a fertile ground and a greater manpower for
civic/community service involvement in the CWTSP. It is therefore the goal of OCC through the
CWTS to form the students to become civic/community conscious, responsive and be involved
in civic welfare activities towards the concretization and actualization of OCC's thrust of forming
the students to become "builders and leaders of communities.”

MODULE 1

The Ministry of Service

Introduction
OCC's CWTS Program is viewed as a continuation of Christ's ministry to the poor. It
finds its model in the ministry of Christ of bringing the Good News to the people. It is embracing
discipleship with Christ whose teachings are founded on the love of God and the love of
neighbor.

At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to :

1. Understand the concept of community organizing, service and volunteerism.

2. Identify values needed to confront situations that appear hopeless.

Part I. Understanding Community Organizing

Topic Discussion

Defining Community Organizing

Community Organizing (CO), as commonly used has already joined the "wagon of over-
used" words both in the academic and non-academic circles. Every agency or organization has its
own interpretation of things around its own interpretation of things around it and therefore it
must be no surprise that CO, like other terms, has different definitions depending on who, where
and for what. It is popularly used among development practitioners, social workers, health
workers, agriculturists, forest workers, teacher and even students. There are those who use CO to
promote en environmental protection while there are those who use environmental protection
promotes community organizing. Some say that CO Is building organizations, other say it Is Just
one of the aims of CO. some practitioners say that tantamount to doing community development
Community organizing
-Is not just physically gathering and organizing people so that they can collectively
participate in solving problems. Co is more a process of community-based decision-making
involving the intervention of a change agent particularly regarding the exploitation of
community-based resources. As Paulo Freire noted in his participatory approach research, "Man
is being who exist in and with the world. To exist is thus a mode of life which is proper to the
being who is capable of producing, of deciding, and of creating and communicating himself. "Let
us now look at several definitions of community organizing.

-It is the process of bringing about and maintaining adjustment between the social
welfare needs and resources in a geographical area or special field of service. This means that a
community needs to be aware that their needs can be responded by what the community’s
physical boundaries. Adjustment of these needs with the available resources will require

a) Identifying what resources are exploitable

b) Planning on how to tap, use and re-use them
c) Employing environmentally safe appropriate technology and
d) Promoting collective human action in the resource management/maintenance.

That is, in the essence, organizing the people for a common purpose/goal.

According to the Philippines Business for Social progress (PBSP),"CO is a systematic,

Planned and liberating change process of transforming a complacent, deprived malfunctioning
community into conscious, empowered, self-reliant and just humane entity and institution". This
means, the community as a social unit, needs to learn so that they become empowered to address
problems confronting them. CO is a process forged along people's empowerment and the
eventual formation of a self-reliant organization that will facilitate development in a sustainable
manner. Apart from the above definitions, I would like to re-visit the concern that has been
expressed for some time now on the misuse and abuse of the concept of CO.

Topic Discussion

The Concept of Community Organizing

1. Of Means and Ends (Process and Result) as a process, CO is a series of interrelated activities
with the aim of unifying the people into an organization process, characterized by people's
participation in all aspect or stages of the organizing process. CO is a complex process that goes
beyond the mere setting up of a formal organization. It is a process which ultimately influences
the patterns of relationships in the community through the development and maintenance of a
normative system. Such norms are expected to affect the values, belief, attitudes and aspiration
of the people in the community. As a radical approach in bringing development to the
community. Being radical, CO employs coercion, advocacy and even threat to uproot the causes
of social injustice in the development of the people. Although CO starts by addressing small and
simple issues which the people can immediately act on or solve, its main focus is to dig into the
root cause of the problems. As a result of the organizing process, CO refers to the resulting
entity, which is the legitimate and real organization of the people.

It becomes the real manifestations of the people's collective wills to be able to participate, voice
out and be heard and also to act and decide as unified body (group). The resulting organization
mirrors the people's interests, sentiments and aspiration. Does the end always justify the means?
There is, without a flaw, the perennial question about the ethical considerations of the irreverent
attitude and the unconventional methods that effective COs have employed in their practice. But
Alinsky resorted thus: Conscience ls the virtue of observations and not of agent of action; in
action, one does not always enjoy the luxury of a decision that ls consistent both with one's
individual conscience and good of mankind action is for mass salvation and not for individual's
personal salvation-particularly in the midst of society's innate hypocrisy, its contradictions and
apparent failure of almost every facet of our social and political life.
2. Of power by giving power to the people we bring about "the future secured in the people's
hands". Power is the basic element in the community organizing process. People's power in CO
is not based on material wealth in status in society. A powerful people's organization (PO) is,
therefore, an important means to find redress for their grievances and act against those conditions
that appear and dehumanize them.

People's empowerment is making the people more assertive and advocative to face and fight
human rights violations and exploitations.
It is a process involving the recognizing and building upon innate capacity.
It is not a program or activity but a process of enabling people, especially the weak, the poor, the
unorganized, the illiterate, the oppressed to learn to surmount their powerlessness and to try to
develop their God-given capacity to reach their in-born potential. Becoming vocal, they may be
guaranteed basic freedom, opportunities and self-governance at the grassroots level.

3. Of conflict (And controversy) In co, dissatisfaction or discontent (discontentment) is viewed

as a positive ingredient that nourishes the enlightenment and development of a community. This
is because it motivates people to come together and discuss and determined to solve problems
affecting them. CO sees confrontation as a necessary and useful tool in solving social injustice.
Change is part of human life and conflict (or friction) indispensable in social change. To live is
to change. Change and conflict are fraternal twins in societal change. one functional aspect of
conflict is that it leads to a search for solutions. It is an instrumental for innovative change. It
also helps to release the latent socio- psychological frustration.

4. Of Praxis (Theory and practice/Reflection and Action) by a praxis here, it means that theory
and practice o0f community organizing. In the day-to-day community improvement or
organizing work, it is difficult to identify or separate the theory from the practice. Theory and
practices should be so inter- woven and complementary, each testing and strengthening the other.
It also refers to reflection and action.

5. Of Conscientization (critical Awakening) Conscientization refers to the process in which

men (humans) are not recipients, but as knowing subjects, achieve deepening awareness both of
the socio-cultural reality which shapes their lives and their capacity to transform that reality
(Paulo Freire 1972).

Conscientization involves reflection and action occurring simultaneously in the process of

organizing wherein critical reflection becomes form of action. Features of Conscientization

1. It is people's organized response because the system it contends (struggles with) is organized.
2. It mirrors and unmasks the different aspects (realities) of the system so that the people see
them for what they are.
3. It changes attempts by elites to petrify (solidify) the culture of poverty and galvanize
(electrifies) within people the spirit of critical awareness and mass protest. At the same time, it
promotes the spirit of cooperation, unity and sincerity among the people to fight against the
individualistic, competitive, exploitation and selfish characteristics of the elites.

Goals of Community Organizing

Community organizing aims at achieving the following broad goals

1. People's Empowerment
CO helps the community to become better equipped with appropriate skills, ethics to
assert and advocate for their rights, towards social equity, fairness and human dignity.

2. Building Organization
The organizing process brings into being relatively permanent structures that can better
serve the needs and aspirations of the community. A viable, self-reliant and grassroots-
managed organization (PO) is one of the aims of CO. through formal or non-formal set-
ups or structures, the community acquires the skills of community management.
 3. Building Alliances
Community organizing aims to give the people, skills in intra and inter organizational
management and processes through group linkages and networking among the various
groups in the community.

4. Popular Democracy
Popular democracy entails such attributes as consensus-building in decision-making,
planning and participation in community projects. It gives rise to "one man one vote"
system, freedom of speech and freedom of religion, among others.

5. Social Transformation
CO seeks to change the life of a community and the whole society into a democratic,
nationalistic, self-reliant and self-governing entity. An entity to address the needs of
individual members as well as community-based concerns such as environmental
degradation.

6. Development of Local Leaders

It aims to identify local leaders and equip them with the necessary skills to better serve
their people.

The Guiding Principles of Community Organizing

CO like other concepts, has set of principles to guide the practice. It is people's organized
response because the system it contends (struggles with) is organized
Go to the people.
Live among them.
Learn from them.
Plan with them
Work with them.
Start with what they know.
Build on what they have.
Teach by showing.
Learn by doing.
Not by showcase, but a pattern.
Not odds and ends, but a system.
Not piecemeal, but an integrated approach.
Not to conform, but to transform.
Not relief, but release.

Go to the people and live among the people

Learn the culture of the people and try to integrate into the culture.

Learn, plan and work with the people

The people are highly knowledgeable about the local situation so the community
organizer must avail of this opportunity.

Start from where the people are in their development

There must be a proportionate blend between top-down and bottom-up technologies in
order to tap the indigenous resources in the community.

Teach by learning first from the people.

The community organizer must realize that local or indigenous knowledge is not inferior
to Western or scientific knowledge. Respecting the people's knowledge will encourage them to
learn other skills to complement what they already know.

Integrative and holistic approach

The community organizing must focus on the inter dependency and the interrelatedness
of the factors needed to transform the situation of the people for the better.
Cumulative and continuous
CO is not one time great even but grows gradually without break until specific problems
are addressed and phased-out.

Part ll. Volunteerism The Call to Service

Topic Discussion

Volunteerism
Volunteerism is a cross-cutting social phenomenon that involves all groups in society and
all aspects of human activity. Volunteer action directly contributes to economic growth, social
welfare and protecting the environment. It also helps to build and/or consolidate social capital
and to promote more participation and self-initiative, thereby, establishing or stabilizing
democratic processes. Volunteerism opens wide doors of opportunities for other things. Serving
others can lead an individual to new avenues which he can gain valuable experiences in life.
Through volunteer work, one can expand his horizon and learn how to live with other people and
can even gain new friends. The experience of living in a new environment can make him more
understanding and compassionate while at the same time learning new skills to develop his self-
esteem and interpersonal skills. Opportunities abound for him to share his skills and resources,
but so much more to share his hopes and dreams, and in the process, make other dreams come
true. serving others through volunteer work can challenge one to tap his resources, get in touch
with his inner self and discover latent abilities he never thought he had. Given the responsibilities
of a volunteer, many people have discovered their deep sense of commitment and the heart to
help others. Volunteerism recognizes the power of individuals driven by their commitment to
make a difference wherever they are.

MODULE II

Understanding the Dimensions of Development

Introduction

The OCC's CWS program is founded on human development process which aims to
facilitate the human and technical formation, particularly, of its students who will engage in
volunteer work. The students receive an equally intense training/seminar on the different
dimension of development as defined under the CWS program prior to and during the actual act
of community work.

Part I. Dimensions of Development

Topic Discussion

Health
Fitness and Healthy Living Being fit relates to every aspect of our health-physical,
emotional and mental. All three are interconnected. And nutrition and physical activity are
fundamental to each one.

Topic Discussion

Education
Current Trend of Education in Philippines
The current educational system is dominantly own by private investors or financed by
loans and has become commercialized. Such would be evidenced by the continuing tuition fee
increases. Thus, the marginalized sector, who has no capability, lack the appropriate education,
knowledge, skills to possess a competitive edge in the employment market.

Environment
 Environment Development As development moves further and further to the metropolitan
fringe, it competes with open space habitat and prime farmland. Loss of open space impacts the
environment in multiple ways.
First, we lose many of the natural landscapes features we value such as forests, wet lands, etc.
Second, we lose the functions that these features provide such as runoff control, wildlife
migration, etc. And in the instance of farmland loss, we hasten the use of lesser quality soils for
production, thereby heightening conversion of forests and wetlands for crop production and
increasing dependency on irrigation, fertilizers and chemicals. The communities should pursue
open space protection and development objectives through the clustering of development activity
away from sensitive natural areas.

Entrepreneurship
Advantage of Small Businesses Entrepreneurship is the capacity and quality of an
individual to effectively manage a business towards customer satisfaction and profitability
services. It sees opportunities and makes the best of them. It is putting good use of something
that otherwise may become wasted (Coloma and Herrera, 2004). In entrepreneurship, the
relationship is more personalized with customers and employees. There is a close relationship
between them, hence, they can work harmoniously. The small entrepreneur enjoys freedom from
interference. He is the master of his own decision. He can enjoy flexible time and can adjust
store hours to fit market conditions. He can quickly learn changes in the needs and interests of
customers. The government supports the small entrepreneurs by extending financial and
technical assistance, particularly production and marketing.

Safety
First Aid We do not know when an emergency may occur and therefore we need to know
how to react quickly to such situation. Knowing how to react is essential in applying first aid
which is very crucial. first aid is the immediate care given to person who has been injured or
suddenly taken ill. it includes self-help and home care if medical assistance is not yet available or
delayed. Further defined, it is the skilled application of treatment, using facilities or materials
available at the time, that any trained individual gives an ill or injured person while waiting for
medical assistance. The first aider deals with the whole situation, the injured person and the
injury or illness. He knows what not to do as well as what to do. He avoids errors that are
frequently made by untrained persons through well-meant but misguided efforts.
It is important that we learn how to keep safe and how to get or give first aid. First aid
knowledge and skill can mean the difference between life and death, between temporary
and permanent disability, and between rapid recovery and long hospitalization. Calamity and
Disaster preparedness Disasters, whether natural or man-made, have always been a part our lives
and we have learned to live with them by force of nature or by circumstances. Our resiliency to
overcome these difficulties is a symbol of our steadfastness and undaunted ness to rise from the
rubbles and recover from the wrath of nature. Disaster comes to our lives and communities when
we least expect them. It is therefore important to empower ourselves to overcome our
vulnerability to disasters and be ready to cope with any disaster that may occur any time.
Fire Prevention and Protection It is imperative that we be thoroughly familiar with what
to do in case of fire. Fires produce thick, dark smoke that irritates the eyes and breathing passage
and can cause confusion. People who have become disoriented in fire have been found in closets,
stair-wells and laundry rooms thinking they were exits. Fire is considered as one of the leading
cause of unintentional death due to injury. Thousands of people have been injured, many of them
hospitalized for severe burns and some disfigured for life. The most effective way to protect
ourselves and our homes from fire is to prevent a fire from starting. Identifying and diminishing
fire hazards in and around our homes are our first line of defense.

Crime prevention
Crime prevention is an act to be done in order that a crime could not happen. It is through
crime prevention where we can lessen crimes in our society. Don't be a victim. Crime prevention
is everybody's concern. We have to Join hands in order to lessen crime in our community It not
totally eradicate it,
Recreation
Importance of Recreation, when people work the whole day, they become very tired and
bored. Their tendency is to divert their activity if the form of recreation. Recreation is a leisure
activity which is done during free time. It is referred to as a play for the young and diversion for
the adults, because they are enjoying the activity. It is believed that people occasionally need a
break from their routine activities and therefore providing community and recreational activities
would allow them to develop different skills.

Topic Discussion

Morals of the Citizenry

Ethics in Politics
Graft and corruption have become Institution is government as the have been practiced in
practically all levels of government including the country’s highest office. Graft and corruption
have become to o endemic that the government is losing its moral ascendency to lead its
constituents to the extent that it tends to deceive, bribe or coerce the people to submit to its rule.
The political marginalization of the poor is a dominant phenomenon at present. The nature and
composition of government is predominantly elite in practically all branches and levels. This
social exclusions of the poor in the slay of political power resulted in their marginalization and
the distribution and allocation of economic resources. Organize a forum on Ethics in Philippine
Politics.

Ethics in Business
The Industrial sector, being underdeveloped, cannot provide jobs to the labor surplus.
The growth of the urban poor population has been rapid that comprises the bulk of the informal
sector. Most of being unskilled labor, they do not have the competitive edge in the employment
market. Some are lucky enough to be absorbed in construction industries that provide them
seasonal employment. Even those with academic qualification hardly find jobs and end up in the
export labor market. Those who cannot find oversees employment are forced to take jobs for
which the are qualified.

MODULES III
Practicum Work – Plan, Implementation and Evaluation
Social Mobilization – Community Involvement

The activities of the students do not end in community exposures/immersions. After

experiencing real life situation outside the school, they should be mobilized to render
civic/community service. The students are given the opportunity to do actual civic/community
service under the supervision of the teacher – facilitator. Through the different projects planned,
implemented and evaluated by the students themselves, they are expected to become
civic/community minded and socially responsible. At the end of the lesson, the students are
expected to:
1. Identify community projects to be undertaken.
2. Implement community projects.
3. Evaluate the community projects undertaken.

Part I. Project Development and Management

Topic Discussion

Project Management:
Definition
Project management is the application of the planning, organizing, directing, and
controlling function to all project related activities. A project has the following characteristics:
It has a definite endpoint: thus it is finite. Such a point would be when goals are achieved
and objectives reached.
 A project, to be called one, requires a fairly involved mixture of series and parallel work
tasks, and a significant mixture of human skills, as well as resources and materials. Thus a
project is complex.
A project is non-repetitive in nature. It is generally a unique effort.

In project management, feedback systems should be fast and reliable, and

communications should be direct and clear.

Topic Discussion
Stages in Project Management

The following are the three major stages in the life span of a project:
1. Planning - This stage, suing the network-based management information
system would integrate the element of project planning which are outputs,
identification and specification, activities and work packages, activity scheduling,
networking, resource requirements, determination, resource estimating, allocation,
and scheduling. The project plan must definitely state In specific and measurable
terms the outputs or outcomes expected of the project.
2. Scheduling – this stage involves superimposing the developed plans into a timetable,
and working out minimum cost schedules. Work packages are groups of similar or
related activities. Care must be taken in identifying the appropriate level of activity
that should be considered for control purposes specially during costing. Schedules are
activity-duration. Scheduling is characterized by activity starts and finishes and
milestones (milestones usually correspond to events related to management review,
output deliveries, or project evaluation). Activity-duration is determined through
some logical and practical means, experience, observations, and scientific
calculations or sometimes by educated feel but never by whim! The allocation of
resources depends a great deal on activity schedules. Activities are implemented with
the use if various resources; manpower, money, certain defined technologies,
equipment, etc. Each activity requires all these resources in varying degrees.
3. Monitoring and Control – Both the preceding stages should be finished prior to the
start of actual operations of the project after which project management will be
involved in the monitoring and control stage. This involves basically seeing to it has
the actual progress conforms to the developed schedules. This continues up to the end
of the project and will involve many activities in the two preceding stages due to
inevitable changes in the developed plan.

The three major elements here are the following:

 Project Performance is the volume of the work to be pursued in the implementation of
the project. It is defined in terms of what has to be accomplished and quality and
reliability of outputs.
 Project Specifications provides direction and criteria for the realization of the project
objectives or outputs. They represent a set of references against which the project
management and project personnel will check their accomplishments. The project specs
consist of information on what to do, how and how good activities should be done, when
activities are done, when their outputs are due, and how much it costs to perform such
activities.
 Project Control includes all the plans developed in the project planning stage which are
carried out. The means used in project control are: regular reporting of project
participants to a project control office as agreed in the defined activities network;
progress control in which progress is check by comparing plans, the previous reports, and
current reports, analysis of project progress which triggers the feedback and remedies or
corrective actions required by the project and manpower utilization and cost data which
reflects analysis of the correlation among schedules, amount of work done and cost.
Corrective actions are resorted to when deviations from plans have occurred or are
foreseen to occur. Modifications in system or project specifications can occur as a last
result
Topic Discussion

Participatory Project Development and Management

We believe on the worth of the individual as a responsible, participating member of the

society, and as such, are concerned with the human organization and development process. The
management and implementation of development programs and projects are intended to actively
mobilize the people of the communities to collectively translate their ideas into concrete realities.
It is to help the people of the communities to employ the right methods to organize self-help
initiatives and to develop techniques relevant to their own situation for progress.

1. Community Organizing
If project development and management is geared towards promoting capability
building, empowerment and self-reliance, it is but imperative that the process starts with
organizing the community. This should be the case because the participation of the people can
never be strong and decisive if they are not organized, if they are not united.

Community organizing is the preliminary step and foundation in the participatory process
of planning and management of development projects. The need of starting from where the
people of the community are and what they already have should be given emphasis. We only
help in the process of organizing the community. The people of the community themselves must
build their own organization

2. Social Analysis
In the planning and management of development projects, social analysis of the
community is specifically focused on the problems, needs and potentials of the people which will
help them in the systematic identification of potential projects which can help solve their
problems and meet their needs. As in community organizing, what we are aspiring for is that the
people must take the leading role in the social analysis of their community. They should be the
ones to identify their problems, needs and capabilities. Just as in the experiential learning of the
people in the community organizing process, there should be a deepening of critical self-
awareness of the people about their community’s condition.

3. Project Identification
Project identification gains meaning as the people discover potential projects which can
help change oppressive conditions in their community and respond sensitively to their problems
and needs. That is precisely why, just as in the earlier steps in participatory project development
and management, we want the people to take the lead role in identifying development projects.
We want them, based on their own analysis of their conditions, to identify the development
projects feasible in their community.

4. Feasibility Study Preparation

There are numerous projects which can possibly help solve the people's problems and
meet their needs. But in doing studies on development projects, we want the people to be critical
in their decision-making as to what projects would be implemented. Just like in the preceding
steps, we want the people, themselves, to the take the lead role in doing feasibility studies for
their development projects. In short, we want the feasibility studies to end up pinpointing to the
people, themselves, which projects are viable and how they can start on their own, so that the
foundation of a self-reliant and self-sustaining development is continuously built on their own
capabilities and resources.

5. Project Selection and Approval

At this stage in the process of planning and management of development projects, we
want the people to decide. Just as in the preceding steps, we want the people to decide what
projects they want to implement in their community. Their decision will be guided by their own
feasibility studies of the development projects. Once the people have already selected and
approved the projects which they will implement, we want them to prepare a proposal and plan
for implementing the project. At this stage, the people must also prepare for the project
implementation by having a clear-cut work plan and division of responsibilities among the
members. It should be kept in mind that the active involvement of the people must be as
extensive as possible. The whole organization must be motivated and encouraged to decide and
act for the projects realization.

6. Project Implementation
In implementing the project, we want to see the people taking the lead role. At this stage
in the process of planning and managing development projects, the actual participation of the
people shall be fully harnessed in meeting their objectives. As it has been in the earlier steps, this
is also a developmental process in a continuum of action-reflection-action.

7. Project Management and Sustenance

Once completed, the project must be continually managed and sustained. The project
must serve as an avenue for the people's continuing capability building, self-reliance and
empowerment. What we want to happen is for the people to know and continuously search for
more effective ways of doing things. We want them to discover innovative ways of organizing
their tasks and collectively pursuing them. If the project is intended to increase the income of the
members of the organization, what we want to see is a situation where, no matter how meager,
benefits derived from the project are divided equitably to those who labor to make the project a
success.

8. Project Monitoring and Evaluation

In this activity, we want the people to monitor and evaluate their project. Monitoring and
evaluation are done so that the people can periodically discuss and act timely enough on
whatever problems they may encounter in the project's implementation and management. In
short, monitoring the project is intended to improve on the project's implementation and
management and make it more systematic · and meaningful. We also want the people to evaluate
the project. We want them to have a critical self-awareness about their strengths and weaknesses.
In the course of their evaluation, we want to reinforce their confidence on their own capabilities.
(Source : A. Manaliili, Participatory Project Development and Management, Manila : Kapatiran-
Kaunlaran, Inc., 1990)

Topic Discussion

Project Conceptualization

1. Establishment of project objectives - Project objective must be clarified and agreed

upon before further action can be taken by any of the two contracting parties.

2. Project Pricing - Basically, two factors are involved in project pricing namely, TIME
and Cost

3. Preparing the Project Proposal - The project proposal is a document wherein the major
elements and details of a project, as well as the areas of agreement between two
contracting parties, are to be included. Important sections included in a project proposal
are

a. Rationale - gives the background and the surrounding events which have led to the
conceptualization of the project.
b. Project Objectives - determine what the project is supposed to achieve.
c. Methodoiogy - outlines briefly the major steps to be taken in achieving the project
objectives.
d. Project Price and Source of Fund - give the community a general picture of how
much the project will cost and the manner of funding.
e. Importance of the project to the community, to the local community or to the welfare
of the nation in general.
4. Inventory of Available Resources - It is imperative that before any planning can proceed, the
inventory of resources (both manpower and equipment) which the mother organization can
release for the project be taken. This provides planners with a basis for making decisions
regarding the acquisition of additional resources.

5. Identification of Project Constraints - Constraints create invisible barriers to attaining

project objectives. Plans could miscarry if such constraints are not considered in the Initial stages
of project management. Therefore, service attempts should be made in such elements.