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單元操作PPT- chapter 23 (平) PDF
單元操作PPT- chapter 23 (平) PDF
單元操作(三)
Chapter 23
Leaching and Extraction
化學工程學系 李玉郎
Leaching
Solid extraction , dissolve soluble matter from its mixture with an
insoluble solid
3
Moving-bed leaching
(a) Bollman extractor
4
(b) Rotocel extractor countercurrent extraction
fresh solvent feed ,
last compartment
before the discharge
point
5
Dispersed – solid leaching
Solid is dispersed in the solvent by mechanical agitation in a tank
or flow mixer. The leached residue is then separated by settling or
filtration.
solvent
solid
( solute,
L : flow rate of retained liquid on the solid contaminated solvent )
V : flow rate of overflow solution FIGURE 23.2
6 .
Countercurrent leaching cascade
Solution retained by entering solid: xa
Solution retained by leaving solid: xb
Fresh solvent entering the system: yb
Concentrated solution leaving the system: ya
7
Operation Line
material balance to the control surface shown upward
9
EQ : y = x
ya* = xa , yb* = xb = ( yN )
Eq (20.24) can not be used if La ≠ L ( solution in feed differs from solution
in underflow ). In such case , the performance of 1st stage is calculated by
material balance, ad then apply Eq (20.24) to the remaining stages.
11
oil benzene
Vb = 10 + 655 Va
yb = (0.015) ya
N 1 solid : 1000 kg
La oil : 400 kg
oil 60 kg xa (425)
ben. : 25 kg
Lb = ? xb = ? (0.941)
12
Solution :
x , y : mass fraction of oil , solvent : Benzene
Vb = 10 + 655 = 655 kg yb = 10 ⁄ 655 = 0.015
determine xb by trial Lb × xb = 60
kg
if xb = 0.1 , solution retained is 0.505 kg solid
60
then Lb = 1000 × 0.505 = 505 , and xb = = 0.119 ( ≠ 0.1 try value )
505
assume xb = 0.119 , solution retained is 0.507
60
Lb = 0.507 × 1000 = 507 , xb = = 0.118 ( close enough )
507
Benzene at Lb = 507 – 60 = 447 , Lb = 507
13
oil : 10
Ben : 655
b a
Vb oil :
Ben :
N 1
Lb
oil : 60 oil : 400
La
Ben : 447 Ben : 25
At solid inlet
La = 400 + 25 = 425
xa = 400 ⁄ 425 = 0.941
Overall balance to get Va , ya
oil in extract 400 + 10 – 60 = 350 Va = 350 + 233 = 583
benzene in extract 655 + 25 – 447 = 233 ya = 350 ⁄ 583 = 0.60
16
( xa , ya ) = ( 0.941 , 0.6 )
( x1 , y2 ) = ( 0.6 , 0.408 )
( xb , yb ) = ( 0.118 , 0.015 )
( xn , yn+1 ) = ( 0.3 , 0.158 )
y
FIGURE 23.3
McCabe–Thiele diagram for leaching (Example 23.1). 17
concentrated solution
If solute is of limited solubility and the concentrated solution reaches
saturation solvent input to stage N should be large enough that all
liquid, except that adhering to the underflow from stage 1 should be
unsaturated. V y (saturate)
N 2 1
x
Stage efficiency
19
Extraction Equipment
solvent
extract ( solvent plus
extracted solute )
feed
raffinate
mix and settle
20
Mixer – settlers
Batchwise may be the same unit
Continuous process
typical :
mixing 5 min
settling 10 min
21
Spray and packed extraction tower
25
Perforated – plate towers (多孔塔板)
Figure 23.6
(a) perforations in horizontal plates. (b) cascade weir tray with mixing
and settling zones.
26
Pulse columns (脈衝塔)
27
Agitated tower extractors
28
Agitated tower extractors
29
Principles of extraction
Questions about ideal stages , stage efficiency , minimum ratio between
the two streams , … same important as in distillation.
Extraction
phase,
Extraction of dilute solutions y
30
V yo = 0
If (1) one single stage , (2) pure solvent
L
x 1
fraction of solute remaining x x0
x0 1 E y
x E
fraction of recovery 1
x 1 E V y = L ( x0 – x )
0
V y x0
1 E 1
x0
Cascade V y V
KD E Lx x x
Lx L
Kremser equation [ Eqs. (20.24) , (20.25) , (20.26) , (20.28) ] can be used.
V L
31
(a) y = 0 , V L= 0.06 , KD = 80 V
y=0
K DV x 1
E 80 0.06 4.8 0.172 L
x0 1 E
L
E x x0
fraction of recovery 0.828
1 E
x1 y
1
x0
material balance V ( y1 – y0 ) = L ( x0 – x1 )
0
V y1 = L ( x0 – x1 ) , y1 = KD x1
VK VK D
x1 D 1 x0 E
L L
x1 1
0.172
x0 1 E 32
(b) two stages extraction , ( same value of E )
x1 1 x2 1 V V
,
x0 1 E x1 1 E y=0 y=0
x2 1
0.0297 L x0 x1 x2
x0 1 E 2
33
n[( xa xa* ) /( xb xb* )]
N
n E
xb
0.03 , let xa = 100 , xb = 3 xa ya
xa
100
V ( ya – 0 ) = L ( 100 – 3 )
L 100 97
ya (97) 1617
V 6
ya 1617 L = 100 V=6
xa
*
20.2
KD 80
xb* = 0 n[(100 20.2) /(3 0)]
N 2.09
n 4.8
3 xb y = 0
Compare : based on 100 volume aqueous b
(b) (c)
2 stage 2.09 …countercurrent flow
V : 62 V : 6 1
concentration
lower higher
of extract 34
Extraction of concentrated solutions ; phase equilibria
phase diagram :
Type I partial miscibility of solvent (s) and diluent (b) ,
complete miscibility of solvent and the component to be
extracted (a).
Solvent (s)
Diluent (b)
+ solute (a)
35
Extraction of concentrated solutions ; phase equilibria
Extracted
solute
curve ACE : extract layer (MIK)
curve BDE : raffinate layer (water)
a = 0.232
s = 0.725
b = 0.043
solvent
diluent
36
in Extract :
H2O < 2%, (for Csolute = 0)
as acetone concentration
increases, water content also
increases.
as shown
yA
maximum at yA = 0.27
yH 2O
37
Type II The solvent ( aniline ) is only
partially miscible with both
The other components.
FIGURE 23.9
System aniline-n-heptane-
MCH at 25oC: a, solute,
MCH: b, diluent, n-heptane;
s, solvent, aniline. (After
Varteressian and Fenske.16) methyl
cyclo
hexane
38
Use of McCabe – Thiele method
OP line : Eq (23.3)
L V y La xa
yn 1 n xn a a
Vn 1 Vn 1
two terminal points ( xa , ya ) , ( xb , yb )
one ( or more ) intermediate points.
39
La = 100 Va = ?
Solution : xA = 0.4 A = 39.6
EQ curve : from Fig 23.8 A = 40
H2O : n
MIK : 100 – m
determine terminal point H2O = 60
39.6
Va = 139.6 + 7.1 – 1.1 = 145.6 ; ya 0.272 ( 1st : 0.283 )
145.6
0.4
Lb = 60.4 + 1.1 – 7.1 = 54.4 ; xb 0.0074 ( 1st : 0.0067 )
54.4
terminal points : ( 0.4 , 0.272 ) ; ( 0.0074 , 0 )
44
xA = 0.4 ya = 0.272
Calculate corrected values of V , L , xA
xA = 0.201 xMIK 0.03 L V
Fig 23.8 xMIK yMIK =
= 0.03 0.85
balance to MIK : yA =
0.12
L xMIK + Vb = Lb xb,MIK + V yMIK
A = 0.4
MIK = 1.1 MIK
72 0.03 + 100 = 1.1 + V (0.85) Lb = 54.4
Vb = 100
xb = 0.0074 yb = 0
L L
D min D
RD → ∞ (total reflux) , min. No. of plates
RD = L D , No. of plate is ∞
min
(五環硫氧烷)
Extract :
nearly all aromatic and few %
distillation : ( azetropic distillation )
paraffine and nophthenes
(suefolane and hydrocarbons form light hydrocarbon + water
type I system with plait point) azetropic ( low boiling Temp. ).
boiling points overlap
Backwash :
low boiling hydrocarbons ( countersolvent or reflux )
49
50
Special Extraction Techniques
51
(2) Supercritical Fluid Extraction
52
Phase equilibria
Tc = 31.06oC
useful solvent for supercritical extraction : CO2
Pc = 73.8 bar
In supercritical region :
no distinction between liquid and gas , no phase transition , the
supercritical fluid acts like a very dense gas or light mobile liquid.
N n 1 La
xn
Lb , xb L1 xa
Ln
x1