Expt.

8: Heat Transfer

Theory:

Heat transfer is the process of transfer of heat from high temperature reservoir to
low temperature reservoir. In terms of the thermodynamic system, heat transfer is the
movement of heat across the boundary of the system due to temperature difference
between the system and the surroundings. In general, heat transfer describes the flow
of heat (thermal energy) due to temperature differences and the subsequent
temperature distribution and changes.
These processes can be described via mathematical formulas. The fundamentals
for these formulas are found in the laws for conservation of momentum, energy and
mass in combination with constitutive laws, relations that describe not only the
conservation but also the flux of quantities involved in these phenomena. For that
purpose, differential equations are used to describe the mentioned laws and constitutive
relations in the best way possible. Solving these equations is an effective way to
investigate systems and predict their behavior.The difference in temperature is
considered to be ‘potential’ that causes the flow of heat and the heat itself is called as
flux. There are three modes of heat transfer between the two bodies: conduction,
convection and radiation.
Conduction is the heat transfer from a hot to a cold object, that are in direct
contact to each other. The thermal conductivity of the different objects decides how
much heat in which time is being
transferred.
Convective Heat Transfer is the
transfer of heat between two areas without
physical contact. Convective currents
occur when molecules absorb heat and
start moving. As you can imagine, these
effects are difficult to predict which is why
high computing power is needed to obtain
reliable results from a simulation.
Convection is the main method of heat
transfer in fluids such as water and air. It is
often said that heat rises in these
situations. The more appropriate
explanation is to say that heated fluid rises. For instance, as the heated air rises from
the heater on a floor, it carries more energetic particles with it.
Electromagnetic waves are the source of heat transfer through radiation. They
usually play a role at high temperatures. The amount of heat that is emitted via radiation
depends on the surface type of the material. A general rule is that the more surface
there is, the higher the radiation. The hotter the object, the more it radiates. The sun
obviously radiates off more
energy than a hot mug of
coffee. The temperature
also affects the wavelength
and frequency of the
radiated waves. Objects at
typical room temperatures
radiate energy as infrared
waves. Being invisible to the
human eye, we do not see
this form of radiation.
In this experiment, we
focused on heat transfer
through conduction.
Conduction depends on the difference in temperature of the hot and cold body.
Example of conduction heat transfer is two bodies at different temperature kept in
contact with each other. Another example is heating one end of the metal like copper;
due to conduction heat transfer the other end of the metal also gets heated.

References:

https://www.simscale.com/docs/content/simwiki/heattransfer/whatisht.html

https://www.brighthubengineering.com/hvac/5231-what-is-heat-transfer/

https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/thermalP/Lesson-1/Methods-of-Heat-Transfer
https://www.brighthubengineering.com/hvac/5231-what-is-heat-transfer/

Observation

Expt 9. Radiation

Data and Results

Source Type or Activity(counts/sec)

Radiation No Paper 1mm 1 mm 1 mm Lead
shielding Cardboard Aluminum
Radon-222 alpha 280 0.1 0.15 0.15 0.2
Iron-59 beta 77 73 31 6.9 0.3
Strontium-85 gamma 39 38 39 39 31

Computations:
For Radon 222: For Iron 59:
Paper: Paper:
280−0.1 77−73
%𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 280
𝑥 100 = 99.96% %𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑥 100 =
77
5.19%

1mm Cardboard
280−0.15 1mm Cardboard
%𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 280
𝑥 100 =99.95%
%𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 =
77−31
77
𝑥 100 =59.74%
1 mm Aluminum
280 − 0.15 1 mm Aluminum
%𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑥 100 = 99.95%
280
%𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 =
77−6.9
77
𝑥 100 =91.04%
1 mm Lead
280−0.2
%𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 280
𝑥 100 =99.93%
1 mm Lead

%𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 =
77−0.3
77
𝑥 100 =99.61%

For Strontium 85

Paper:
39−38
%𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 39
𝑥 100 =
2.56%

1mm Cardboard
39 − 39
%𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑥 100 = 0
39

1 mm Aluminum
39 − 39
%𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑥 100 = 0
39

1 mm Lead

%𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 =
39−31
39
𝑥 100 =20.51%

Documentation:
 Virtual Laboratory

Radioactive Material Holder, Shielding

Material Holder, Geiger Counter

Choosing of Radon-222 as radioactive Measuring the activity in counts per

material second

Choosing of paper as radioactive Measuring the activity in counts per

material shield second

Choosing of radioactive material shield

Choosing of radioactive material