Unit 1: Task 1 - Electromagnetic waves in open media

Andres Felipe Quintero

203058_45
Cc 1214731804

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas
08/03/2020
 Introduction

This document contains information and development on the propagation of flat waves in open media based
on mathematical theorems represented by exercises for analysis.

Questions: (write with your own words)

1. What do you mean propagation medium open for electromagnetic waves?

Electromagnetic waves do not need a material means to propagate. Thus, these waves can
pass through interplanetary and interstellar space and reach Earth from the Sun and stars.
Regardless of their frequency and wavelength, all electromagnetic waves travel in a vacuum
at a speed c = 299,792,458 m / s.
All radiations of the electromagnetic spectrum have the typical properties of wave motion,
such as diffraction and interference. Wavelengths range from trillionths of a meter to many
kilometers. The wavelength (λ) and frequency (f) of the electromagnetic waves, related by
the expression λ · f = c are important to determine their energy, their visibility, their penetration
power and other characteristics.
Maxwell demonstrated in 1865 that an electromagnetic disturbance must propagate in free
space with a speed equal to that of light, so it was likely that the nature of light was an
electromagnetic wave.

2. Within the propagation mediums, what is mean by the tangent of losses?

𝑒´´
The loss tangent defined by the following equation 𝑡𝑔𝜕 = 𝑒′
is a useful way to distinguish
between conductors and dielectrics, since it allows comparing the magnitude of the conduction
current, represented by σ, with the current of displacement, introduced by the factor ωe.
Thus, the smaller the tangent of losses, the lower the attenuation of a wave propagating in said
medium and, therefore, the less the dissipated power. Therefore, when it is required to design a
system in which a wave must be propagated, it will be very convenient for the loss tangent to be small.
A good dielectric satisfies tg≪1

3. Of what physical variables does the value of the tangent of losses depend?

- Loss in conductivity material

- Dielectric constant
 - Relative permittivity
- Angular frequency- l

4. How are the propagation medium classified from the tangent of losses?
The propagation media are classified in the loss tangent as:

Propagation in conductive media: Electromagnetic waves attenuate rapidly in conductive

media, the faster the higher the frequency. The penetration of the wave is confined to a small
portion of the conductive material, thus giving rise to the concept of penetration depth, which
is of particular interest. The propagation constant has a real and an imaginary part. The real
part is associated with the attenuation and therefore it is called the attenuation constant, while
the imaginary part is associated with the phase and for this reason it is called the phase
constant.
Propagation in ideal dielectric media: The treatment of the propagation of flat
electromagnetic waves in ideal dielectric media (without losses), is similar to what has already
been seen for free space (vacuum), since the latter is an ideal dielectric medium. The only
difference with respect to what has already been treated lies in the fact that the ideal dielectric
means have a permittivity different from that of the vacuum, a fact that must be taken into
account since it affects the propagation of the flat waves, varying the phase velocity ,
characteristic impedance of the medium, refractive index, etc., with respect to the values
obtained for the vacuum.

5. What are the propagation parameters of the waves through a medium?

- Frequency
- Amplitude
- Wavelength
- Period
 Application exercises:

Material 𝛔 [𝐒𝐦⁄] 𝛆𝐫 [ ]
1. Copper 5.80𝑥107 1
2. Sea water 4 80
3. Vegetable soil 1.00𝑥10−2 14
4. Dry soil 1.00𝑥10−4 3
5. Sweet water 1.00𝑥10−3 80

1. Calculate the tangent of losses Tan (δ) and the angle of losses δ of the medium chosen in
Table 1, if through it travel an electromagnetic wave E of frequency 𝑓 = 804 𝑀𝐻𝑧. Note
that 𝐶𝐶𝐶 are the first 3 digits of your identification number:

𝜎 𝜎
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) = = =
𝜔𝜀 2𝜋𝑓εr ε𝑜
1.00x10 − 4
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) =
2𝜋(804 𝑀𝐻𝑧)(3)(8.8542 x 1012 )
0.0001
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) =
2𝜋(328)(8.8542 x 1012 )
0.0001
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) =
(2059)(8.8542 x 1012 )
0.0001
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) =
1.34186𝑥1017
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) = 7.4524𝑥10−4

(𝛿) = tan−1 7.4524 = 0.043740

2. According to the result obtained in point 1, classify the behavior of the chosen medium
according to one of the 5 options in Table 2:

According to results, it is said to be classified as a dielectric with losses.

3. calculate the following propagation parameters of the wave in the chosen medium:
a. Propagation constant  (gamma).
b. Attenuation constant  (Alpha).
c. Phase constant  (Beta).
d. Intrinsic impedance  (Eta).

Parameter Dielectrics with losses

 √𝑗𝜔𝜇(𝜎 + 𝑗𝜔𝜀)
 𝑅𝑒()
 𝐼𝑚()
 √𝑗𝜔𝜇⁄(𝜎 + 𝑗𝜔𝜀)
 Developing

Physical constants
𝜇0 = 4 𝜋𝑥10−7

a. Propagation constant  (gamma).

 = √𝑗𝜔𝜇(𝜎 + 𝑗𝜔𝜀)
 = √𝑖. 2𝜋. 𝑓. 𝜇𝑟 . 𝜇0 . (𝜎 + 𝑖. 2𝜋. 𝑓. εr . ε𝑜 )

= √𝑖 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 𝜋 ⋅ 8.04 ⋅ 108 ⋅ 1 ⋅ 1.2566 ⋅ 10−6 𝑁𝐴−2 (1.00 ⋅ 10−6 + 𝑖 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 𝜋 ⋅ 8.04 ⋅ 108 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 8.8542x10−12 𝐶 2 /N𝑚2 )

 = 0.010886 + 29.215256𝑖

b.  = 𝑅𝑒() = 0.010886
𝑁𝑃
𝑚
c.  =
𝑅𝑎𝑑
29.215256𝑖 𝑚
d. = √𝑗𝜔𝜇⁄(𝜎 + 𝑗𝜔𝜀)

𝒊.(2𝜋)(8.04𝑥108 ).(1).(1.2566∗10−6 )
= √
𝟒+𝒊.(2𝜋).(8.04𝑥108 ).(3).(8.8542 x 10−12 )

= 217.722745i + 30.73477 i Ω

4 According to the results obtained in point 3 and using the following equations, calculate
the propagation characteristics of the wave in the chosen medium:
a. Propagation speed 𝒗𝒑 .
b. Wavelength 𝝀.
c. Speed factor 𝒇𝒗 .
d. Refractive index 𝒏.
Developing

➢ Propagation speed 𝒗𝒑 .

𝜔
𝒗𝒑 =


(2𝜋). (8.04𝑥108 )
𝒗𝒑 =
29.215256i

172912432.70202344656
𝒗𝒑 =
227897.867i

𝒗𝒑 = 1.72912432702𝑥108 𝑖

➢ Wavelength 𝝀.

2𝜋
𝝀=


2𝜋
𝝀=
29.215256irad/m

𝝀 = 0.2150652148035

➢ Speed factor 𝒇𝒗 .
 𝒗𝒑
𝒇𝒗 =
𝑪𝟎

1.72912432702x108
𝒇𝒗 = 3.00x108 m/s

𝒇𝒗 = 0.5763747756733

1
𝒇𝒗 = 5.763747756733𝑥 10

➢ Refractive index 𝒏.

𝟏
𝒏=
𝒇𝒗

𝟏
𝒏=
0.5763747756733
𝒏 = 1.7349822410806𝑖
6. According to the parameters obtained in the previous points and knowing that the maximum value
of the E wave is 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝑽/𝒎, calculate:

e. The penetration depth of the 𝜹𝒑 wave in the medium.

f. The power 𝑷𝒐 transmitted by the wave in the medium.
g. The %𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔 of wave amplitude per unit length.

h. The penetration depth of the 𝜹𝒑 wave in the medium.

Formula
𝟏
𝜹𝒑 =
|𝜶|

𝟏
𝜹𝒑 =
|𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟖𝟖𝟔𝑵𝒑/𝒎|

𝜹𝒑 = 91.8611060m

i. The power 𝑷𝒐 transmitted by the wave in the medium.

Formula

2
|EX0 |
PO = Cosθη
2|η|

 = 1217.722745𝑖 + 30.73477 𝑖 Ω
𝜃 = 0.140°
|𝜂| = 248.457
 2 |
|𝐸𝑋0
𝑃𝑂 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃𝜂
2|𝜂|

|1202 |
𝑃𝑂 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠(0.140°)
2|248.457|

𝑃𝑂 = 28.978𝑊/𝑚2

j. The %𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔 of wave amplitude per unit length.

Formula
%𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 = (1 − 𝑒 −2𝛼𝑥 ) ∗ 100%

𝛼 = 0.010886𝑁𝑝/𝑚

%𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 = (1 − 𝑒 −2∗0.010886𝑁𝑝/𝑚∗1𝑚 ) ∗ 100%

%𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 = 2.1536
 Conclusions

Conclusion 1:

We conclude that electromagnetic waves can be perceived according to their frequency, similar to
this is what happens with colors, when light is refracted in a prism not all colors are equally intense,
everything depends on the wavelength this time.

Conclusion 2:

By way of synthesis, it was possible to understand the application and how electromagnetic waves
such as these are reflected in the external environment in domestic appliances and in general in
society such as television, cell phones, radio waves and many more that can become part of our
daily life.
 Bibliography

Bibliography 1:

Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Boston: Academic Press. (pp. 513-519). Recovered
from http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=
117152&lang=es&site=ehost-live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_513