Professional Documents
Culture Documents
GUIDE
for midas Civil
AASHTO LRFD and LRFR
Developers and distributors shall not be liable for loss of profit, loss of business, or financial loss which may be
caused directly or indirectly by the MIDAS package, when used for any purpose or use, due to any defect or
deficiency therein. Accordingly, the user is encouraged to fully understand the bases on the program and become
familiar with the users manuals. The user shall also independently verify the results produced by the program.
Forward
The objective of this design guide is to outline the design algorithms which
are applied in midas Civil finite element analysis and design system. The
guide aims to provide sufficient information for the user to understand the
scope, limitations and formulas applied in the design features and to
provide relevant references to the clauses in the Design standards.
The design guide covers prestressed box girder, composite steel box girder
and composite plate girder as per AASHTO code.
It is recommended that you read this guide and review corresponding
tutorials, which are found on our website, http://www.MidasUser.com,
before designing. Additional information can be found in the online help
available in the program’s main menu and the analysis, verification, and
tutorial manuals available in the Midas Program Files folder installed in
your computer.
Organization
This guide is designed to help you quickly become productive with the
design options of AASHTO 2007 and 2012.
63 Chapter 2.
Steel Composite Design : AASHTO-LRFD 4th and 6th (2007 & 2012)
Introduction
1. AASHTO LRFD 07 and 12 Steel Composite 63
2. Considerations Steel Composite Design 65
3. Calculation of Plastic Moment and Yield Moment 66
163 Chapter 3.
Bridge Load Rating Design (Steel Composite) : AASHTO-LRFR 2nd (2011)
Introduction
1. AASHTO LRFR 2011 Bridge Load Rating 163
2. Load Rating Levels 165
3. Process of Load Rating 167
Prestressed Box
Girder Design
AASHTO-LRFD 6th (2012)
Chapter 1. Prestressed Box Girder Design: AASHTO-LRFD 6th (2012)
φ 0.75 if ε t ≤ 0.002
dt
φ 0.583 + 0.25
= if 0.002 < ε t < 0.005 (1.1)
c
φ 1.0 if ε t ≥ 0.005
Where,
dt : Distance from extreme compression fiber to the centroid of the extreme tension steel element
c : Distance from the extreme compression fiber to the neutral axis
εt : Net tensile Strain
In midas Civil, εt is applied as strain of a reinforcement which is entered at the extreme tensile
fiber.
Rebar coordinate
at the section
Once reinforcement is entered at the PSC section, the rebar which is placed at the closest
position to the extreme compression fiber will be used to calculate the strain. In short, the rebar
at the bottom most is used under the sagging moment. And the rebar at the top most is used
under the hogging moment.
Input tendon profile to be used in PSC design in the dialog box below.
▶ Load>Temp./Prestress>Section Manager >Tendon Profile
Initial c = H/2
Assume neutral axis depth, c
(H=Section Height)
(4)
NO
Cc+Cs-(Ts+Tps)=0?
YES
Where,
f 'c : Specified compressive strength of concrete for design
Compressive strength to be used in PSC design is defined in PSC Design Material dialog box.
β 0.85 if f 'c ≤ 4.0ksi
= 0.85 − 0.05( f 'c − 4.0) ≥ 0.65 if f 'c > 4.0ksi
Ac : Concrete area of compressive zone= ( β1c) × width
Concrete
Reinforcement
Enter the concrete and reinforcement grade to be used in PSC design. The strength can be
checked for the selected material grade according to the selected material code. When
“None” is selected in Code field, the strength of concrete and reinforcement can be directly
entered.
=Ts A=
s fs , Cs As ' f s ' (1.3)
Where,
As, As’ : the cross sectional area of tensile and compressive reinforcement
It is entered in Section Manager>Reinforcements as shown in the Fig1. 2.
fs , fs’: the stress of tensile and compressive reinforcement
In order to calculate the tensile stress of reinforcement, midas Civil calculate the
corresponding strains as per the strain compatibility condition. And then the related tensile
stresses are calculated by the stress-strain relationship. The equation is shown as follows.
▪ Strain
dt − c c − dc
εs = ε cu , ε s ' = ε cu (1.4)
c c
Where,
εs : the strain of tensile reinforcement.
εs’ : the strain of compressive reinforcement.
εcu : the ultimate compressive strain in the concrete. (εcu = 0.003)
c : the neutral axis depth.
dt : Distance from the compression fiber of concrete to the extreme tensile fiber of reinforcement
dc : Distance from the compression fiber of concrete to the extreme compressive fiber of reinforcement
ε s Es ( fs ≤ f y ) ε s ' Es ( fs ' ≤ f y )
fs = , fs ' = (1.5)
fy ( fs > f y ) fy ( fs ' > f y )
Where,
Es : Modulus of elasticity in reinforcement
Fy : Yield tensile stress in reinforcement
Tps = ∑ Ap f ps (1.6)
Where,
Ap : the cross sectional area of tendon.
fps : the stress of tendon.
Tensile stress of prestressing steel fps can be calculated by code or strain compatibility as
specified in PSC design Parameter dialog box. When code is selected in flexural strength option,
the tensile stress fps is calculated by the equation as per AASHTO-LRFD for bonded and
unbounded tendon respectively. When strain compatibility is used, the tensile stress fps is
calculated by the stress-strain relationship.
Tendon Type
Total Tendon Area
fpu
fpy
Bond Type
▪ Bond Type
Bonded: Section properties reflect the duct area after grouting.
When tendon type is specified as Internal (Pre-Tension), bond type will be taken as Bonded
Type.
Unbonded: Section properties exclude the duct area.
When tendon type is specified as external, bond type will be taken as Unbonded Type.
▪ fpu, fpy
Enter the ultimate strength fpu and yield strength fpy of prestressing steel.
Tensile stress of prestressing steel fps will be calculated as shown in the following table.
f py AASHTO LRFD12
=k 2 1.04 − (1.8) (5.7.3.1.1)
f pu
(Eq. 5.7.3.1.1-2)
Where,
fpy: Yield strength of prestressing steel
fpu: Specified tensile strength of prestressing steel
dp: Distance from extreme compression fiber to the centroid of the prestressing tendons
c: Distance between the neutral axis and the compressive face
2li
le = (1.10) AASHTO LRFD12
2 + Ns (5.7.3.1.2)
(Eq. 5.7.3.1.2-2)
Where,
li : length of tendon between anchorages
Ni : number of support hinges crossed by the tendon between anchorages or discretely bonded point. It
is always applied as “0” in midas Civil.
C
− 1.0 < 0.001 (Tolerance) (1.11)
T
where,
ac, as, as’, api : the distance from neutral axis depth, c to concrete, reinforcement rebar, tendon.
0.85f’c
Cs
As’
a
Cc
c
as'
ac
ap
as
Ap Tps
As
Ts
[Fig.1. 10] Forces and distances from neutral axis depth for Mn
If a tendon in tension is located at the upper part from the neutral axis under the sagging
moment, the flexural resistance will have (-) sign and it will reduce the total moment
resistance.
(
M n = Cc ac + Cs as '+ Ts as + ∑ Tps a pi − T ps' a 'pi ) (1.13)
where,
Mn : nominal resistance
Φ : resistance factor
M r ≥ max(1.33M u , M cr ) (1.15)
S AASHTO LRFD12
M cr = γ 3 (γ 1 f r + γ 2 f cpe ) Sc − M dnc c − 1 (1.16) (5.7.3.3.2)
S nc (Eq. 5.7.3.3.2-1)
In midas Civil, cracked moment shall be calculated as per the following equation.
M cr γ 3 (γ 1 f r + γ 2 f cpe ) Sc
= (1.17)
Where,
γ1 : flexural cracking variability factor
1.2 for precast segmental structures
1.6 for all other concrete structures
γ3 : ratio of specified minimum yield strength to ultimate tensile strength of the reinforcement
0.67 for A615 ,Grade 60 reinforcement
0.75 for A706, Grade 60 reinforcement
1.00 for prestressed concrete structures
In midas Civil, γ 3 wil be applied as 1.0.
AASHTO LRFD12
fr : modulus of rupture of concrete specified in Article 5.4.2.6
(5.4.2.6)
In midas Civil, fr will be always applied as 0.37 f 'c . (C5.4.2.6)
fcpe : compressive stress in concrete due to effective prestress forces only (after allowance for all
prestress losses) at extreme fiber of section where tensile stress is caused by externally applied
loads (ksi)
It is obtained in elastic state (uncracked section) and the following equation has been
applied in midas Civil.
=f cpe
∑A f
ps e
+
∑A fe
ps e p
(1.18)
Ag S
Where,
f e : Effective prestress forces of prestressing tendons
e p : Distance from the neutral axis to the centroid of the prestressing tendons
Aps : Area of prestressing tendon
Ag : Gross area of cross-section
S : Sectional modulus in compression
In midas Civil, construction type of PSC section is determined in PSC design parameter dialog
box.
▶ PSC> Design Parameter> Parameters…
AASHTO LRFD12
(3.4.1)
[Fig.1. 12] Load Combinations and Load factors for strength limit state
Active:
Strength/Stress
Active:
Serviceability
The verification of flexural moment obtained from Strength/Stress type load combination
can be divided into two following cases.
Mr ≥ Mu (1.19)
M r ≥ M u and M r ≥ M cr (1.20)
Refer to the clause 2.3 Torsion Resistance for the verification of shear resistance where the
effects of torsion are required to be considered. In AASHTO-LRFD (2012), the design for
shear and torsion will be performed for segmental and non-segmental box girders.
2.1 Classification of Segmental Box Girder
The program will consider a section is segmental box girder when the following 2 conditions
are satisfied.
1. In PSC Design Parameter dialog box, Construction Type is specified as Segment.
2. When a section is defined with PSC box section (ex. PSC-1CELL, 2CELL, 3CELL, nCELL,
cCELL2, PLAT, and Value type)
▶ Property > Section Property > Section >PSC
Effective web width (bv) is taken as web thickness. For PSC multi-cell girder, web thickness AASHTO LRFD12
can be automatically taken as a summation of thickness for all webs. Also this value can be (5.8.3.3.3)
entered by the user directly as shown in the figure below.
In midas Civil, the value of effective shear depth, dv, is calculated as shown in the equation AASHTO LRFD12
below. (5.8.2.9)
Aps f ps d p + As f s d s
de = (1.23)
Aps f ps + As f s
Where,
dp : Distance from extreme compression fiber to the centroid of the prestressing tendons
ds : Distance from extreme fiber to the centroid of nonprestressed tensile reinforcement
dv : 0.8h or the distance from the extreme compression fiber to the centroid of the prestressing
reinforcement , whichever is greater (in.)
AASHTO LRFD12
In midas Civil, the value of effective shear depth, dv, is calculated as shown in the equation (5.8.6.5)
below.
Where,
h = Total height of a section
dt = Distance from extreme compression fiber to the centroid of the prestressing tendons
dv : 0.8h or the distance from the extreme compression fiber to the centroid of the prestressing
reinforcement , whichever is greater (in.)
In midas Civil, the value of effective shear depth, dv, is calculated as shown in the equation
below.
Where,
h : Total height of a section
dt : Distance from extreme compression fiber to the centroid of the prestressing tendons
Where,
Vc : shear resistance component that relies on tensile stresses in the concrete
Vs : shear resistance component that relies on tensile stresses in the transverse reinforcement
Vp : shear resistance component in the direction of the applied shear of the effective prestressing force.
In midas Civil, shear resistance due to prestressing force, Vp, includes primary prestress force. The
secondary effects from prestressing shall be included in the design shear force obtained from the load
combinations.
bv: Effective web width taken as the minimum web width within the depth, dv (refer to the clause 1.2.2.1
Effective web width)
dv: Effective shear depth (Refer to the clause 1.2.2.2 Effective shear depth)
Where,
Vc : shear resistance component that relies on tensile stresses in the concrete
Vs : shear resistance component that relies on tensile stresses in the transverse reinforcement
Vp : shear resistance component in the direction of the applied shear of the effective prestressing force.
In midas Civil, shear resistance due to prestressing force, Vp, includes primary prestress force. The
secondary effects from prestressing shall be included in the design shear force obtained from the
load combinations.
bv: Effective web width taken as the minimum web width within the depth, dv (refer to the clause
1.2.2.1 Effective web width)
dv: Effective shear depth (Refer to the clause 1.2.2.2 Effective shear depth)
Where,
bv: Effective web width taken as the minimum web width within the depth, dv (refer to the clause
1.2.2.1 Effective web width)
dv: Effective shear depth (Refer to the clause 1.2.2.2 Effective shear depth)
β : Factor indicating ability of diagonally cracked concrete to transmit tension and shear as
specified in Article 5.8.3.4
AASHTO LRFD12
For the sections containing at least the minimum amount of transverse reinforcement : (5.8.3.4.2)
4.8
β=
(1 + 750ε s ) (1.32)
4.8 51
β=
(1 + 750ε s ) (39 + S xe )
1.38
S xe = S x 12.0 (in.) ≤ S x ≤ 80.0 (in.) (1.33)
ag + 0.63
,
Where,
Sx: The lesser of either dv or the maximum distance between layers of longitudinal
crack control reinforcement, where the area of the reinforcement in each layer is
not less than 0.003bvsx, as shown in Figure 5.8.3.4.2-3(in.) . In midas Civil, it is applied as dv.
ag : maximum aggregate size(in.)In midas Civil, it is applied as “1in.”.
εs: net longitudinal tensile strain in the section at the centroid of the tension reinforcement.Refer to the
clause 1.2.2.3 Net longitudinal tensile strain.
Where,
bv: Effective web width taken as the minimum web width within the depth, dv (refer to the clause 1.2.2.1
Effective web width)
dv: Effective shear depth (Refer to the clause 1.2.2.2 Effective shear depth)
K: Stress variable K shall not be taken greater tham 1.0 for any section where the stress in the
extreme tension fiber, calculated on the basis of gross section properties, due to factored load
and effective prestress force after losses exceeds 0.19√f’c in tension
f pc AASHTO LRFD12
K
= 1+ (1.35) (5.8.6.3)
0.0632 f c ' (Eq. 5.8.6.3-3)
Where,
fpc : Unfactored compressive stress in concrete after prestress losses have occured either at the
centroid of the cross-section resisting transient loads or at the junction of the web and flange
where the centroid lies in the flange (ksi)
In midas Civil, fpc is calculated as follows.
When the centroid lies in the flange, verify the stress at a junction of the web and
flange.
Where, yjoint is a distance from the centroid to the junction of the web and flange
When the centroid lies in the web, verify the stress at the centroid of the cross-section.
=f pc
∑A ps fe
−
Nu
(1.37)
Ag Ag
Where,
dv:Refer to 1.2.2.2 Effective shear depth (for Non-Segmental Box Girders)
θ: angle of inclination of diagonal compressive stresses as determined in Article 5.8.3.4 (degrees)
; if the procedures of Article 5.8.3.4.3 are used, cotθ is defined therein .
AASHTO LRFD12
θ= 29 + 3500ε s (1.39) (5.8.3.4.2)
(Eq. 5.8.3.4.2-3)
▶Model>Properties>Section Manager>Reinforcements
Transverse
Reinforcement
AASHTO LRFD12
Av f y d v (sin α + cot α ) (5.8.3.3.3)
Vs = (1.40) ((Eq. 5.8.6.5-4)
s
Where,
dv: refer to 1.1.2.2 Effective shear depth (for Segmental Box Girders)
α: angle of inclination of transverse reinforcement to longitudinal axis (degrees)
Vu − φV p AASHTO LRFD12
vu = (1.41) (5.8.2.7)
φ bv d v (Eq. 5.8.2.9-1)
Where,
Φ = Use the shear strength reduction factor of 0.9.
bv: refer to 1.1.2.1 Effective web width
dv: refer to 1.1.2.2 Effective shear depth (for Non-Segmental Box Girders)
• If vu < 0.125f’c
AASHTO LRFD12
smax = 0.8dv ≤ 24.0 in.
(5.8.2.7)
• If vu ≥ 0.125f’c
smax = 0.4dv ≤ 12.0 in.
Where,
dv: refer to 2.1.2.2 Effective shear depth (for Non-Segmental Box Girders)
midas Civil calculates vu using Eq. 5.8.2.9-1 for the shear check and using Eq. 5.8.6.5-5
for the torsion check.
bv s
Av ,min = 0.0316 f c' (1.42) AASHTO LRFD12
fy (5.8.2.4)
(Eq. 5.8.2.5-1)
bw s
Av ,min = 0.05 (1.43) (Eq. 5.8.2.5-2)
fy
▪ For Vu ≥ 0.5Φ(Vc+Vp)
Av ,req1 =
{Vu − 0.5φ (Vc + V p )} s
φ f y d v (sin α + cot α )
(1.44)
Av ,req 2 = Av ,min
Av ,req = min( Av ,req1 , Av ,req 2 )
If the area of transverse reinforcement (Av) is greater than or equal to Av,req , it says OK.
The area of transverse reinforcement (Av) is Aw which is entered from Fig.1.21.
Ao : Area enclosed by the shear flow path, including any area of holes therein (in2)
midas Civil uses the area of the closed section enclosed by the torsion reinforcement, instead of the
shear flow path.
Ph : Perimeter of the centerline of the closed transverse torsion reinforcement (in)
Acp : Total area enclosed by outside Perimeter of the concrete section (in2)
P : The length of the outside perimeter of concrete section (in)
'
Acp2 f pc AASHTO LRFD12
=Tcr 0.125 f c 1+ (1.45) (5.8.2.1)
pc 0.125 f c' (Eq. 5.8.2.1-4)
Where,
fpc: compressive stress in concrete after prestress losses have occurred at either the centroid of
the cross-section resisting transient loads or at the junction of the web and flange where the centroid
lies in the flange (ksi)
=f pc
∑A ps fe
+
∑A
ps feep
y jo int (1.46)
Ag Ig
Where, yjoint is the distance from the centroid to the junction of the web and flange.
If the centroid lies in the web: calculate at the centroid of the corss-section.
f pc =
∑A ps fe
(1.47)
Ag
Acp2
pc shall be less than or equal to 2Aobv for a box section.
be : effective width of shear flow path, but not exceeding the minimum thickness of the webs
or flanges comprising the closed box section (in.). be shall be adjusted to account for
presence of ducts as specified in Article 5.8.6.1. midas Civil uses bv.
AASHTO LRFD12
Tu > 0.25φTcr (1.49) (5.8.2.1)
(Eq. 5.8.2.1-3)
Where,
At : Awt of Torsional Reinforcement entered in Fig.1. 25 will be used.
s : Pitch of Torsional Reinforcement entered in Fig.1. 25 will be used.
The reinforcement data used for the torsion check are as follows:
▶ Model>Properties>Section Manager>Reinforcements
Torsional
Reinforcement
2 2
Mu 0.5 N u V 0.45 phTu AASHTO LRFD12
Aps f ps + As f y ≥ + + cot θ u − V p − 0.5Vs + (5.8.3.6.3)
φ dv φ φ 2 Aoφ (Eq. 5.8.3.6.3-1)
(1.54)
Where,
dv: refer to 2.1.2.2 Effective shear depth (for Non-Segmental Box Girders)
The Code suggests that the reinforcement for resisting torsion is limited to the
following equation for box sections:
Tn ph AASHTO LRFD12
Al = (1.55) (5.8.3.6.3)
2 Ao f y (Eq. 5.8.3.6.3-2)
midas Civil incorporates the above equation to check the longitudinal torsional
reinforcement. The Alt of Torsional Reinforcement entered in Fig.1. 25 will be used. Alt is
only for resisting warping torsion and is used only for box sections.
(Tu / φ ) ph
Alt ≥ (1.56) AASHTO LRFD12
2 Ao f y (5.8.6.4)
(Eq. 5.8.6.4-3)
Where,
bv: refer to 1.1.2.1 Effective web width
dv: refer to 1.1.2.2 Effective shear depth (for Segmental Box Girders)
be : effective thickness of the shear flow path of the elements making up the space truss model
resisting torsion calculated in accordance with Article 5.8.6.3 (in). midas Civil uses bv.
midas Civil calculates the maximum combined stress using the equation below.
AASHTO LRFD12
(5.9.4.1.2)
AASHTO LRFD12
(5.5.4.2.1)
As shown in Fig.1.29, if elements 1, 2 and 3 are assigned as one segment, i-end of element 1
and j-end of element 3 become the joints and the rest become the non-joints.
Bonded reinforcement
AASHTO LRFD12
It is assumed that the tensile reinforcement or the tendon defined as Bond Type in Fig.1. 8 (C 5.9.1.4)
are bonded reinforcement.
Stage Additional
Steps
Activation
Activation>Group List>age:
Select relevant element groups, which are applicable to the current stage, in the Group List
and activate the selected groups by moving them to Activation Group List. Specify the Age of
the selected element groups.
The age entered here will be used to reflect the effects of creep and shrinkage that took
place prior to the current construction stage. The age of the element, which is casted at the
start of the current construction stage, is zero. The age typically represents the time span
from the time of concrete casting to the time of removal of formwork during which the
concrete is considered as a structural element, that is to say the curing period of concrete.
Based on the inputs shown in Fig.1.31, midas Civil takes the following days for the
construction stage analysis:
The duration of the construction stage CS1 is 30 days, the duration of the additional step
within CS1 is 15 days, and the Activation age is 5 days.
The actual duration of CS1 is 35 days (Stage Duration + Activation age).
The compressive strength of concrete is computed at 5 days, 20 days and 35 days for CS1.
If the next stage CS2 is defined with the duration of 20 days, CS2 starts at 35 days and ends
at 55 days.
The development of concrete compressive strength with days is defined in the dialog
below.
Development of Strength:
Define the function to compute the compressive strength of concrete during the
construction stages. Define a function by selecting ACI, CEB-FIP or Structural Concrete
σ c ≤ σ ca σ t ≤ σ ta
, (1.60)
1.4 Check the stress results for cross section at a construction stage
1.4.1 by Result Tables
The results can be checked as shown in the table below.
▶ Design>PSC Design >PSC Design Result Tables>Check stress for cross section
at a construction stage…
The Code suggests that the stresses in PSC structures after losses shall be checked for the AASHTO LRFD12
(5.9.4.2.1)
followings:
(5.9.4.2.2)
Check compressive stress: for the load combinations of Service Limit state 1
Check tensile stress: for the load combinations of Service Limit state 3
In midas Civil, the Load Cases to check compressive stress and tensile stress after losses can
be selected via the dialog box shown in Fig.1.36.
The Load Cases in Service Limit1 will be used to check compressive stress, and the Load
Cases in Service Limit3 will be used to check tensile stress.
AASHTO LRFD12
(5.9.4.2.1)
Joint (With bonded reinforcement or bonded ) If reinforcement stress > 0.5fy, σ = 0.0
ta
tendon
Other cases σ ta = 0.0
Segment
With bonded reinforcement or bonded If reinforcement stress ≤ min(0.5fy, 30ksi) , σ ta = 0.19*SQRT(f'c)
tendon
Non Joint If reinforcement stress > min(0.5fy, 30ksi) σ ta = 0.0
Corrosion Condition
The data for Corrosion Condition can be entered in the dialog box below:
σ c ≤ σ ca σ t ≤ σ ta
, (1.62)
2.3 Check the stress results for cross section at service loads
2.3.1 by Result Tables
The results can be checked as shown in the table below.
▶Design>PSC Design>PSC Design Result Tables>Check stress for cross section at service
loads…
AASHTO LRFD12
(5.9.3)
In the graph above the stress at the beginning represents the stress in tendon at anchorage
after immediate losses (FDL1), and the largest stress in the graph represents the maximum
stress in tendon elsewhere along length of member away from anchorages immediately
after anchor set (FDL2).
midas Civil applies the above equation for both Segment and Non-segment.
σ ps =
1
(σ x + σ z ) ± (σ x − σ z )2 + 4(τ s + τ t + τ p )2 (1.64)
2
where,
σx : Sum of axial stresses in ECS x-direction
σz : Sum of axial stresses in ECS z-direction
τs : Shear stress due to shear.
τt : Shear stress due to torsion.
τp : Shear stress due to shear reinforcement.
▶ Results>Result Tables>Beam>Stress(PSC)…
σ ps ≤ σ ta
(1.65)
midas Civil applies the above equation for both Segment and Non-segment.
σ ps =
1
(σ x + σ z ) ± (σ x − σ z )2 + 4(τ s + τ t + τ p )2 (1.67)
2
where,
σx : Sum of axial stresses in ECS x-direction
σz : Sum of axial stresses in ECS z-direction
τs : Shear stress due to shear.
τt : Shear stress due to torsion.
τp : Shear stress due to shear reinforcement.
σ ps ≤ σ ta
(1.68)
▶ Design>PSC Design>PSC Design Result Tables > Result table for principal stress at service
loads(excluding torsional shear stress)…
[Fig.1.51] Excel report for principal stress at service loads (excluding torsional shear stress)
midas Civil applies the above equation for both Segment and Non-segment.
σ ps =
1
(σ x + σ z ) ± (σ x − σ z )2 + 4(τ s + τ t + τ p )2
2 (1.70)
where,
σx : Sum of axial stresses in ECS x-direction
σz : Sum of axial stresses in ECS z-direction
τs : Shear stress due to shear.
τt : Shear stress due to torsion.
τp : Shear stress due to shear reinforcement.
σ ps ≤ σ ta
(1.71)
dc
βs = 1 + (1.73)
0.7(h − d c )
dc: thickness of concrete cover measured from extreme tension fiber to center of the flexural
reinforcement located closest thereto (in.)
fss: tensile stress in steel reinforcement at service limit state (ksi)
fss is computed according to the following steps:
1) Compute the concrete stress (fcs) at the location of tensile reinforcement using
the extreme fiber tension stress and the extreme fiber compression stress.
2) Compute the strain of concrete (εcs=fcs/Ec) with regard to fcs.
3) Compute fss (fss = Es εcs).
γe :exposure factor
1.00 for Class 1 exposure condition
0.75 for Class 2 exposure condition
Exposure condition can be entered in the PSC Design parameters dialog.
▶ PSC> Design Parameter> Parameters…
▶ Model>Properties>Section Manager>Reinforcements
Spacing of
reinforcements
When the positive moment is checked, the spacing of bottom reinforcements will be used.
When the negative moment is checked, the spacing of top reinforcements will be used.
Steel Composite
Design
AASHTO-LRFD 4th and 6th (2007 & 2012)
Chapter 2. Steel Composite Design : AASHTO-LRFD 4th and 6th (2007 & 2012)
Introduction
1. AASHTO LRFD 07 and 12 Steel Composite
1.1 Check List of AASHTO LRFD 07 and 12Steel Composite
For AASHTO LRFD 07 and 12 Steel Composite Design, Limit State Design is applied. The criteria that
Steel Composite Section must follow for Limit State Design is as follows.
(4) Constructibility
Review on shear and flexure occurring from load combinations during construction stages
Compact Type
(4) Compact Type : Compact / Noncompact / Slender
AASHTO LRFD 12
(6.2)
Type Description
A composite section in positive flexure, which satisfies specific steel grade, web
slenderness, and ductility requirements, is capable of developing a nominal
Compact
resistance exceeding the moment at first yield, but not to exceed the plastic
moment.
A composite section in positive flexure for which the nominal resistance is not
Noncompact
permitted to exceed the moment at first yield.
Cross-Section of a Compression member composed of plate components of
Slender
sufficient slenderness such that local buckling in the elastic range will occur.
In order to find and portray the Steel Composite Section Design Process within the program, utilize
the Construction Stage function.
▪ Modular ratio is the ratio of modulus of elasticity of steel to that of concrete. The short-term
modular ratio "n" is used for transient loads in the program. Long-term modular ratio "3n" is used
for permanent loads acting after composite action. For normal-weight concrete, AASHTO-LRFD 07
and 12 recommend the values of the short-term modular ratio.
Chapter 2.Steel Composite Design - AASHTO LRFD 4th and 6th (2007/2012) 65
3. Calculation of Plastic Moment and Yield Moment
▪ The plastic moment Mp for a composite section is defined as the moment that causes yielding in
steel section and reinforcement and uniform stress distribution of 0.85 in compression concrete
slab. In positive flexure regions, the contribution of reinforcement in concrete slab is small and can
be neglected.
▪ The yield moment, My, for a composite section is defined as the moment that causes the first
yielding in one of the steel flanges or the moment at which an outer fiber first attans the yield
stress. My is the sum of the moments applied to the pre-composite steel section, the short-term
composite concrete and steel section, and the long-term composite concrete and steel section.
1) Web Proportions
[Table 2.5] Web Proportions
Case Condition WEB
For I section
D AASHTO LRFD 12
Web with longitudinal stiffener ≤ 150 (6.10.2.1.1-1)
tw (6.10.2.1.2-1)
2) Flange Proportions
[Table 2.6] Flange Proportions
Section Type Flange
For I section
AASHTO LRFD 12
I Box / Tub (6.10.2.2-1)
(6.10.2.2-2)
bf (6.10.2.2-3)
≤ 12.0 (6.10.2.2-4)
2t f bf
≤ 12.0 For Box/Tub Section
D 2t f AASHTO LRFD 12
bf ≥
6 D (6.11.2.2-1)
bf ≥ (6.11.2.2-2)
t f ≥ 1.1t w 6 (6.11.2.2-3)
I yc t f ≥ 1.1t w
0.1 ≤ ≤ 10
I yt
Where,
Iyc : moment of inertia of the compression flange of the steel section about the vertical axis in the
plane of the web
Iyt : moment of inertia of the tension flange of the steel section about the vertical axis in the plane of
the web
Dcp Es
2 ≤ 3.76 No
tw Fyc
Yes
End
[Fig.2.2] Section Classification of Negative Positive Moment
Where,
𝐷𝐷𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 : depth of the web in compression at the plastic moment determined as per Article D6.3.2
Ductility
▪ The Section Classifications of I, Box, Tub are all the same. AASHTO LRFD 12
(6.10.7.3)
▪ In a positive moment, the following ductility conditions must be met at all times. If not, the
program will show NG.
D p ≤ 0.42 Dt (2.2)
Where,
𝐷𝐷𝑝𝑝 : Distance from the top of the concrete deck to the neutral axis of the composite section at the plastic
moment
𝐷𝐷𝑡𝑡 : Total depth of the composite section
Chapter 2.Steel Composite Design - AASHTO LRFD 4th and 6th (2007/2012) 67
Plastic Moment
AASHTO LRFD 12
(D6.1)
t P + Pt − Ps − Prt − Prb
� = � c� � w
Y + 1�
2 Pc
In Top Pt + Pw + Pc
Ⅱ P 2
flange ≥ Ps + Prb + Prt
M = c [Y + (t − Y ) 2 ]
2t c
+ [ Ps d s + Prt d rt + Prb d rb + Pw d w + Pt d t ]
P + Pw + Pt − Prt − Prb
Pt + Pw + Pc � = (t s ) � c
Y �
Ps
Concrete c
Ⅲ Deck, ≥ rb Ps + Prb + Prt Y 2P
Below Prb ts M = s
2t s
+ [ Prt d rt + Prb d rb + Pc d c + Pw d w + Pt d t ]
Pt + Pw + Pc + Prb Y = C rb
Concrete
Ⅳ Deck, c
at Prb ≥ rb Ps + Prt Y 2P
ts M = s + [ Prt d rt + Pc d c + Pw d w + Pt d t ]
2t s
P + Pw + Pt − Prt + Prb
Y = (t s ) c
Concrete Pt + Pw + Pc + Prb Ps
Deck,
Ⅴ c Y 2P
Above Prb ≥ rt Ps + Prt
t M = s
Below Prt s 2t s
+ [ Prt d rt + Prb d rb + Pc d c + Pw d w + Pt d t ]
P + P + P + P + P
Y = (t s ) rb c w t rt
Pt + Pw + Pc + Prb + Prt Ps
Concrete
Ⅶ Deck, c Y 2P
< rt Ps
Above Prt M = s
ts 2t s
+ [ Prt d rt + Prb d rb + Pc d c + Pw d w + Pt d t ]
Where,
𝑑𝑑𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 : Distance from the plastic neutral axis to the centerline of the top layer of longitudinal concrete
deck.
𝑑𝑑𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 : Distance from the plastic neutral axis to the centerline of the bottom layer of longitudinal concrete
deck.
𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡 : Distance from the plastic neutral axis to the midthickness of the tension flange.
𝑑𝑑𝑤𝑤 : Distance from the plastic neutral axis to middepth of the web.
𝑑𝑑𝑐𝑐 : Distance from the plastic neutral axis to midthickness of the compression flange.
𝑑𝑑𝑠𝑠 : Distance from the plastic neutral axis to midthickness of the concrete deck.
M D1 M D 2 M Fy
Fy = + + AD (2.5) AASHTO LRFD 12
S Bot S Bot (3n ) S Bot ( n ) (Eq. D6.2.2-1)
Chapter 2.Steel Composite Design - AASHTO LRFD 4th and 6th (2007/2012) 69
M yBot = M D1 + M D 2 + M AD M_ytop
AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq. D6.2.2-2)
Where,
S: Non-composite section modulus
S3n : Long-term composite section modulus
Sn : Short-term composite section modulus
MD1 : Moment of non-composite section
MD2 : Moment of long-term composite section
MAD : Additional yield moment of short-term composite section
2) Flange proportions
[Table 2.9] Flange Proportions
Section Type : I / Box / Tub
bf
≤ 12.0
2t f
D
bf ≥
6
t f ≥ 1.1t w
I yc
0.1 ≤ ≤ 10
I yt
Where,
𝐷𝐷𝑐𝑐 : Depth of the web in compression in the elastic range.
Iyc : moment of inertia of the compression flange of the steel section about the vertical axis in the plane
of the web
Iyt : moment of inertia of the tension flange of the steel section about the vertical axis in the plane of the
web
Plastic Moment
(3) Plastic Moment in Negative Moment (Mp) AASHTO LRFD 12
(D6.1)
Under negative moment, Mp is only calculated when Appendix A6 is used. Mp is calculated by
either of the two following methods. Please refer to Table 2.10 for the equations.
Chapter 2.Steel Composite Design - AASHTO LRFD 4th and 6th (2007/2012) 71
� and Mp for section in Negative Flexure
[Table 2.10] Calculation of 𝐘𝐘
Case PNA Condition �
Y and Mp Mp for section in
Negative Flexure
AASHTO LRFD 12
D P − Pt − Prt − Prb
� = � �� c
Y + 1� (Table D6.1-2)
2 Pw
In
Ⅰ Pc + Pw ≥ Pt + Prb + Prt
Web Pw 2
Mp = � + (D − Y
[Y �)2 ]
2D
+[Prt drt + Prb drb + Pt dt + Pc dc ]
t P + Pc − Prt − Prb
� = � t� � w
Y + 1�
2 Pt
In Top
Ⅱ Pc + Pw + Pt ≥ Prb + Prt
flange Pt 2
Mp = � + (t t − �
[Y Y)2 ]
2t
+[Prt drt + Prb drb + Pw dw + Pc dc ]
Where,
𝑃𝑃𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 (by reinforcement)
𝑃𝑃𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 (by reinforcement)
𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐 = 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑏𝑏𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡𝑐𝑐 (by steel girder)
𝑃𝑃𝑤𝑤 = 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝑤𝑤 (by steel girder)
𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡 = 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑏𝑏𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 (by steel girder)
M D1 M D 2 M AD
Fy = + +
S Bot S Bot ( R ) S Bot ( R )
(2.10)
M yBot = M D1 + M D 2 + M AD (2.11)
Where,
SR : Long-term composite section modulus with longitudinal reinforcements
Contents Explanation
Figure
2) Pitch (do)
Pitch refers to transverse stiffener spacing. At
[Fig.2.12] Stiffener Type Dialog Box the strength limit state, this can be used to
distinguish between stiffened and unstiffened
webs or calculate shear strength of the web.
Chapter 2.Steel Composite Design - AASHTO LRFD 4th and 6th (2007/2012) 75
1.2. Design Material Data
For the design of steel composite section, construction stage and time dependent material properties of concrete must be
defined. In this section, the input method for concrete's time dependent properties and steel composite section material
information is defined.
Contents Explanation
Chapter 2.Steel Composite Design - AASHTO LRFD 4th and 6th (2007/2012) 77
1.3. Design Parameters for Composite Section
Contents Explanation
where,
C = ratio of shear-buckling resistance to the shear yield
strength
Vp = plastic shear force.
Chapter 2.Steel Composite Design - AASHTO LRFD 4th and 6th (2007/2012) 79
[Fig.2.19] Unbraced Length Dialog Box
(1) Category
Category defined by 75yr-(ADTT)SL equivalent to
Infinite Life (Table 6.6.1.2.3-2)
(2) Fu
Shear Resistance of Shear Connector
(2) (ADTT)SL
Number of trucks per day in a single-lane averaged
over the design life (3.6.1.4.2)
(ADTT)SL can be manually calculated as per
3.6.1.4.2-1.
(3) N
Number of stress range cycles per truck passage
Value can be taken from Table 6.6.1.2.5-2.
Chapter 2.Steel Composite Design - AASHTO LRFD 4th and 6th (2007/2012) 81
These distorsion stresses are considered only for
the sections having box flange as those are the
section in which the torsion is considered.
Chapter 2.Steel Composite Design - AASHTO LRFD 4th and 6th (2007/2012) 83
Contents Explanation
Using the Auto Generation feature of the program, the load combinations regulated by the design code can be
automatically generated. Load factors are considered for each load combinations in this program. Load factors are
considered only within the program, and γp value can be designated by Auto Generation feature.
Chapter 2.Steel Composite Design - AASHTO LRFD 4th and 6th (2007/2012) 85
Contents Explanation
(1) Auto Generation of Load Combinations (1) Auto Generation of Load Combinations
▶ Result > Combination > Load Combination > This feature automatically generates load
combinations under provision of AASHTO LRFD 12.
Composite Steel Girder Design > Auto Generation ...
1) Design Code
When load combinations are generated, they
strictly follow the design code selected by the user.
ηi = ηD ηR ηI ≥ 0.95
ηi = 1/(ηD ηR ηI ) ≤ 1.0
Where,
ηD: a factor relating to ductility as per 1.3.3
ηR: a factor relating to redundancy as per 1.3.4
ηI: a factor relating to operational classification as per
1.3.5
If a user wishes to review limit states based on the load combinations defined manually, it can be done by selecting
the load combination of interest in Load Combination Type as in Section 1.4.2.
Contents Explanation
Chapter 2.Steel Composite Design - AASHTO LRFD 4th and 6th (2007/2012) 87
1.5 Modeling Steel Composite Sections for Construction Staged Analysis
In this section, methods of construction stage modeling, implementation of concrete's time-dependent material properties
in steel composite section and 3 types of design member forces applied to steel composite section design are explained.
Construction stages of steel composite section can be implemented differently for case 1 to 3 as in table 2.13.
[Table 2.13] Modeling Construction Stage Cases for Steel Composite Design
Case Construction Stage Time Dependent Material(Creep / Shrinkage)
Case 1 Defined
Defined
Case 2 Not Defined (Apply modular ratio of 3n)
1.5.1 Member forces and stresses used in steel composite section design
(1) Member forces
For design of steel composite section, member forces per construction stage of steel composite section must be
calculated. The program considers two main factors for design and review of construction stage of steel composite
section.
▪Construction stages of steel composite section
▪Time dependent material properties of Concrete (Creep, Shrinkage and Compression Strength)
Design member forces used for design of steel composite section are divided into three main categories.
Member forces before the concrete deck is activated. Only steel section properties
Dead (Before)
are used.
Member forces occurring due to erection load cases defined by user with the time
Dead (After) dependent material properties (Creep & Shrinkage) of concrete Long term section
properties are used.
Member forces from the post-construction state and load cases not included in the
Short Term
above categories. Short term section properties are used.
(2) Stress
Bending stress (fbu) used for design of steel composite section is calculated as in equation 2.12.
M D1 M D 2 M AD
f bu = + + (2.12)
S NC S LT S ST
Where,
Md1 : moment of non-composite section
Md2 : moment of long-term composite section
MAD : additional yield moment of short-term composite section
SNC : non-composite section modulus
SLT : long-term section modulus
SST : short-term section modulus
fbu : largest value of the flexural stress in the flanges at the section under consideration
1.5.2 Case 1
In Case 1, construction stages and time dependent material properties of concrete (Creep/Shrinkage) are defined.
Composite sections for Construction Stages function must be defined as well; otherwise, the sections shall be excluded
from design. If time dependent material property information is inputted as well as long-term modulus of elasticity, long-
term modulus of elasticity has higher priority in consideration of calculation.
Contents Explanation
Composite Section for Construction Stage Composite Section for Construction Stage
▶ Load >Load Type> Construction Stage > Composite For definition of construction stage, information
in this window must be defined.
Section for C.S...
(1) Active Stage
Construction stage where steel composite
section should be activated is inserted.
3) Age column
Age information when each part is activated is
input. Information in this column has higher
priority over the age input during definition of
construction stage.
Chapter 2.Steel Composite Design - AASHTO LRFD 4th and 6th (2007/2012) 89
(1) Member forces under Dead (Before composite)
Member forces before activation of Concrete Deck are applied. (Refer to Table 2.4 in "Introduction") For design purposes,
Dead (Before) member forces are applied after multiplying the load factors applied in Dead Load (CS) in Load
Combination dialog box.
1.5.3 Case 2
In Case 2, construction stages are defined without the time dependent material property (Creep/Shrinkage) information.
Long term effects are considered using the long term modular ratio entered in the Section Data dialog box. Sections for
different construction stages must be defined and differentiated using the Composite Section for Construction Stage
definition. Otherwise, they will not be considered for the design check.
1.5.4 Case 3
In case the construction stages are not defined, users can model and define steel composite sections by using the Load
Case for Pre-Composite Section function at
▶ Load > Load Type > Settlement/Misc. > Misc. > Pre-composite Section.
For this case, short- and long-term ratios of elastic modulus defined in the section data (Refer to Section 1.1.1 (1)) are
used. In this case, instead of member forces per construction stages, member forces under Dead (Before) is used to check
the constructibility of the model.
Chapter 2.Steel Composite Design - AASHTO LRFD 4th and 6th (2007/2012) 91
1) Data Selection
Check the box corresponding to Section Stiffness Scale Factor. As explained earlier, Section Stiffness Scale Factors
are used for considering the long term section properties.
Application of AASHTO
LRFD 12 in midas Civil
1. I Girder Section
1.1. Introduction
The program designs I-girder sections according to the orders in the flow chart below. This chapter
demonstrates how the AASHTO LRFD 12 is applied in the program.
Chapter 2.Steel Composite Design - AASHTO LRFD 4th and 6th (2007/2012) 93
1.2 Strength Limit State
The program checks the strength limit states for the flexure, shear, and ductility of the composite
sections.
Strength Limit States
6.10.6
Check Ductility
6.10.7.3
1.2.1 Ductility
Ductility shall be checked to prevent premature crushing of concrete. For the verification of a
web section that is under positive flexure, the ductility shall be verified as: Ductility
AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.10.7.3-1)
D p ≤ 0.42 Dt (2.14)
Where,
Dp :distance from the top of the concrete deck to the neutral axis of the composite section at the plastic
moment
Dt : total depth of the composite section
Compact
No Use Optional
Section? No
APPENDIX A6?
Yes Yes
End
If a section is compact and under positive flexural moment, flexural resistance shall be
checked according to the following equation:
1
Mu + f l S xt ≤ φ f M n (2.15)
3 Flexural Resistance
AASHTO LRFD 12
Where,
(Eq. 6.10.7.1.1-1)
fl : Flange lateral bending stress
Mn : Nominal flexural resistance of the section.
Mu : Bending moment about the major-axis of the cross-section.
ϕf : Resistance factor for flexure.
Case Mn
D p ≤ 0.1Dt Mn = M p Mn
AASHTO LRFD 12
D (Eq. 6.10.7.1.2-1)
Otherwise M n = M p 1.07 − 0.7 p
Dt AASHTO LRFD 12
3) Especially, the following requirement regarding the nominal flexural resistance must be
satisfied when " M n ≤ 1.3Rh M y in Positive Flexure and Compact Sections" is checked at
▶ Composite Steel Girder Design Parameters>Options for Strength Limit State. (Fig.2.41)
Case 2
Case 2 : Check flexural resistance of AASHTO LRFD 12
(6.10.7.2)
Positive Flexure Moment in Noncompact Section
6.10.7.2
End
[Fig.2.42] Case 2 : Flow chart of flexural resistance of Positive Flexure Moment in Noncompact Section
1) Compression flange
At the strength limit state, the compression flange shall satisfy the below criteria regarding
the flexure:
f bu ≤ φ f Fnc (2.17)
Compression flange
Fnc = Rb Rh Fyc (2.18) AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.10.7.2.1-1)
Where, (Eq.6.10.7.2.2-1)
fbu : Flange stress calculated without consideration of flange lateral bending.
Fnc : Nominal flexural resistance of the compression flange.
2) Tension flange
The tension flange shall satisfy the below criteria regarding the flexure:
1
f bu + f l ≤ φ f Fnt (2.19)
3
Tension flange
Fnt = Rh Fyt (2.20) AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.10.7.2.1-2)
Where, (Eq.6.10.7.2.2-2)
fl: Flange lateral bending stress, 𝑓𝑓𝑙𝑙 ≤ 0.6 𝐹𝐹𝑤𝑤
Fnt : Nominal flexural resistance of the tension flange.
Rb : Web load-shedding factor.
Where,
Fnc(FLB) : Local Buckling Resistance based on Discretely Braced Compression Flange
Fnc(LTB) : Lateral Torsional Buckling Resistance based on Discretely Braced Compression Flange
in which:
𝜆𝜆𝑓𝑓 : Slenderness ratio for the compression flange
𝜆𝜆𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 : Limiting slenderness ratio for a noncompact flange
Rb : web load-shedding factor determined as specified in Article 6.10.1.10.2
Rh : hybrid factor determined as specified in Article 6.10.1.10.1
b fc
λf = (2.23)
2t fc
AASHTO LRFD 12
E (Eq.6.10.8.2.2-3)
λ pf = 0.38 (2.24)
Fyc
AASHTO LRFD 12
E (Eq.6.10.8.2.2-4)
λrf = 0.56 (2.25)
Fyr
AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.10.8.2.2-5)
Fyr : compression-flange stress at the onset of nominal yielding within the cross-section, including
residual stress effects, but not including compression-flange lateral bending, taken as the smaller
of 0.7Fyc and Fyw, but not less than 0.5Fyc .
Lb − L p AASHTO LRFD 12
Fyr
L p < Lb ≤ Lr Fnc ( LTB ) = Cb 1 − 1 −
Rh Fyc
R R F ≤ Rb Rh Fyc
L − L b h yc
(Eq.6.10.8.2.3-1)
r
p
AASHTO LRFD 12
Lb > Lr Fnc ( LTB ) = Fcr ≤ Rb Rh Fyc (Eq.6.10.8.2.3-2)
AASHTO LRFD 12
Where, (Eq.6.10.8.2.3-3)
Cb: Moment gradient modified
E
L p = 1.0rt (2.26)
Fyc AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.10.8.2.3-4)
E
Lr = πrt (2.27)
Fyr AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.10.8.2.3-5)
Cb Rbπ E 2
(2.28)
Fcr =
( Lb / rt ) 2
AASHTO LRFD 12
1 Dc t w (Eq.6.10.8.2.3-8)
rt = b fc / 12(1 + ) (2.29)
3 b fc t fc AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.10.8.2.3-9)
Lr : Limiting unbraced length to achieve the onset of nominal yielding in either flange under uniform
bending with consideration of compression flange residual stress effect (in).
Fcr : Elastic lateral torsional buckling stress.
rt : effective radius of gyration for lateral torsional buckling
Fyr : compression-flange stress at the onset of nominal yielding within the cross-section, including
Dc : depth of the web in compression in the elastic range determined as per D6.3.1
fmid : Stress without consideration of lateral bending at the middle of the unbraced length of the flange
under consideration, calculated from the moment envelope value that produces the largest
compression at this point, or the smallest tension if this point is never in compression
Calculate
Yes 2 Dcp No Web plastification Factor
≤ λ pw ( Dcp )
: Compact web tw : Noncompact web
Mp Rh M yc λ w − λ pw ( Dc ) M p Mp
R pc = R pc = 1 − 1 − ≤
M yc M p λ rw − λ pw ( Dc ) M yc M yc
Mp Rh M yt λ w − λ pw ( Dc ) M p Mp
R pt = R pt = 1 − 1 − ≤
M yt
M p λ rw − λ pw ( Dc ) M yt M yc
Discretely Braced
Compression Flange?
No
Yes :continuously
braced
Local Buckling Resistance
λ f ≤ λ Rf No
: Noncompact flange
M u ≤ φ f R pc M yc
No Built-up
:Rolled section Section?
Yes M u ≤ φ f R pt M yt
Yes kc = 4 / D / t w
: Compact flange k c = 0.76
0.35 ≤ k c ≤ 0.76
Fyr S xc λ f − λ pf
M nc( FLB) = R pc M yc M nc( FLB) = 1 − 1 − R pc M yc
R pc M yc λrf − λ pf
Yes Lb ≤ L p No L p < Lb ≤ Lr No
Yes
End
Where,
ϕf : Resistance factor for flexure.
fl : Flange lateral bending stress, 𝑓𝑓𝑙𝑙 ≤ 0.6 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
Mnc : Nominal flexural resistance based on the compression flange.
Mu : Bending moment about the major-axis of the cross-section.
Myc : Yield moment with respect to the compression flange.
Mnt : Nominal flexural resistance based on the tension flange.
Myt : Yield moment with respect to the tension flange.
Sxc : Elastic section modulus about the major axis of the section to the compression flange taken as
Myc/Fyc
Rpc : Web plastification factor for the compression flange.
Rpt : Web plastification factor for the tension flange.
in which:
Mp: Plastic moment
Dc : Depth of the web in compression in the elastic range determined as per D6.3.1.
Dcp : Depth of the web in compression in the plastic moment.
My : Yield moment taken as the smaller of Myc and Myt.
E
Fyc Dcp (2.33)
λ pw( Dcp )
= ≤ λ rw
Dc
2 𝛌𝛌𝐩𝐩𝐩𝐩 (𝐃𝐃𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 )
Mp
0.54 − 0.09 AASHTO LRFD 12
Rh M y (A6.2.1-2)
Case kc M nc ( FLB )
λ f ≤ λ pf 𝑴𝑴𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏
- M nc ( FLB ) = R pc M yc AASHTO LRFD 12
(Compact flange) (A6.3.2-1)
Rolled k c = 0.76 M nc ( FLB )
λ f > λ pf
D Fyr S xc λ f − λ pf
(Noncompact kc = 4 / = 1 − 1 − R M
flange) Built-up tw
R pc M yc λ − λ pc yc AASHTO LRFD 12
rf pf (A6.3.2-2)
0.35 ≤ k c ≤ 0.76
Where,
𝜆𝜆𝑓𝑓 : Slenderness ratio for the compression flange.
b fc
λf = (2.35)
2t fc 𝝀𝝀𝒇𝒇
AASHTO LRFD 12
𝜆𝜆𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 : Limiting slenderness ratio for a compact flange. (A6.3.2-3)
E
λ pf = 0.38 (2.36)
Fyc 𝝀𝝀𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑
AASHTO LRFD 12
𝜆𝜆𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 : Limiting slenderness ratio for a noncompact flange. (A6.3.2-4)
Ek c
λrf = 0.95 (2.37)
𝛌𝛌𝐫𝐫𝐫𝐫
Fyr AASHTO LRFD 12
Case M nc ( LTB )
𝐌𝐌𝐧𝐧𝐧𝐧(𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋𝐋)
Lb ≤ L p M nc ( LTB ) = R pc M yc
AASHTO LRFD 12
(A6.3.3-1)
F yr S xc Lb − L p
L p < Lb ≤ Lr M nc ( LTB ) = C b 1 − 1 − R pc M yc ≤ R pc M yc AASHTO LRFD 12
R pc M yc Lr − L p (A6.3.3-2)
Where,
Lp : Limiting unbraced length to achieve the nominal flexure resistance RpcMyc under uniform
bending
E (2.38)
L p = 1.0rt
Fyc
Lp
AASHTO LRFD 12
Lr : Limiting unbraced length to achieve the nominal onset of yielding in either flange under uniform (A6.3.3-4)
bending with consideration of compression flange residual stress effects
2
E J Fyr S xc h (2.39)
Lr = 1.95rt 1 + 1 + 6.76
Fyr S xc h E J Lr
AASHTO LRFD 12
(A6.3.3-5)
▪ Cb: moment gradient modifier, is divided into two cases and calculated according to
either A6.3.3-6 or A6.3.3.3-7 of AASHTO LRFD 12. For the detailed calculations, please
refer to the section "3.2 Strength Limit State > (1) Flexural Resistance > Case 3".
Where,
𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 : compression-flange stress at the onset of nominal yielding within the cross-section, including
residual stress effects, but not including compression-flange lateral bending, taken as the smaller
of 0.7𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 , 𝑅𝑅ℎ 𝐹𝐹 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 , 𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 /𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 and 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 , but not less than 0.5 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 .
h : Depth between the centerline of the flanges.
𝑀𝑀𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 : Major-axis bending moment at the middle of the unbraced length, calculated from the
moment envelop value that produces the largest compression at this point in the flange under
consideration, or the smallest tension if this point is never in compression. 𝑀𝑀𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 shall be due to
the factored loads and shall be taken as positive when it causes compression and negative when it
causes tension in the flange under consideration.
𝑀𝑀0 : moment at the brace point opposite to the one corresponding to 𝑀𝑀2 , calculated from the
moment envelope value that produces the largest compression at this point in the flange under
consideration, or the smallest tension if this point is never in compression(kip-in). M0 shall be
due to the factored loads and shall be taken as positive when it causes compression and negative
when it cause tension in the flange under consideration.
𝑀𝑀1 : moment at the brace point opposite to the one corresponding to 𝑀𝑀2 , calculated as the
intercept of the most critical assumed linear moment variation passing through 𝑀𝑀2 and either
𝑀𝑀𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 or 𝑀𝑀0 , whichever produces the smaller value of 𝐶𝐶𝑏𝑏 . 𝑀𝑀1 may be calculated as follows
- When the variation in the moment along the entire length between the brace points is
concave in shape
M1 = M 0 (2.43)
- Otherwise AASHTO LRFD 12
(A6.3.3-11)
M 1 = 2M mid − M 2 ≥ M 0 (2.44)
AASHTO LRFD 12
(A6.3.3-12)
𝑀𝑀2 : Except as noted below, largest major-axis bending moment st either end of the unbraced
length causing comrpession int the flange under consideration, calculated from the ciritical
moment envelop value. 𝑀𝑀2 shall be taken as positive. If the moment is zero or cause tension in
the flange under consideration at both ends if the unbraced length, 𝑀𝑀2 shall be taken as zero.
𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 : Yield moment with respect to the compression flange.
𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 : Yield moment with respect to the tension flange.
Shear resistance
1.2.3 Shear resistance AASHTO LRFD 12
Shear resistance of an I-web Steel Composite Section is checked as shown in the flow chart (6.10.9)
below.
Stiffened
No Yes
web?
Calculate Vn Calculate Vn
2 Dtw
Vn = Vcr = CV p Vn = Vcr = CV p (b t
fc fc )
+ b ftt ft
≤ 2.5
6.10.9.2-1 6.10.9.3.3-1
6.10.9.2-2 6.10.9.3.3-2
Calculate Vn Calculate Vn
0.87 (1 − C )
0.87 (1 − C )
Vn = V p C + Vn = V p C +
2
2
d d
1+ 0 + 0 d
1 + 0
D
D
D
6.10.9.3.2-8 6.10.9.3.2-2
Check Vn
Vu ≤ φV Vn
6.10.9.1-1
End
The program distinguishes Unstiffened and Stiffened webs according to the following criteria:
[Table 2.23] Classification of Unstiffened web and Stiffened Web
Case Classification
1) Unstiffened Webs
The nominal shear resistance of unstiffened webs shall be taken as:
AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq. 6.10.9.2-1)
Where, (Eq. 6.10.9.2-2)
Vcr : Shear -buckling resistance
Vp : plastic shear force
C : Ratio of shear-buckling resistance to shear yield strength
2) Stiffened Webs
The nominal shear resistance is calculated differently for the two types of stiffened webs:
interior web panels and end web panels. All webs with a support assigned on its i or j node Stiffened Webs
in the Span Information (Fig.2.22) are considered as end panels and the others are AASHTO LRFD 12
considered as interior web panels. (6.10.9.3)
① End panels
The nominal shear resistance, Vn, of a web end panel shall be taken as: End panels
AASHTO LRFD 12
Vn = Vcr = CV p (2.49) (6.10.9.3.3)
AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.10.9.3.2-2)
0.87(1 − C )
Vn = V p C +
2 Dtw 2
≤ 2.5 do
(b fct fc + b ft t ft ) 1+
D
V p = 0.58 Fyw Dt w
AASHTO LRFD 12
0.87(1 − C ) (Eq.6.10.9.3.2-8)
Vn = V p C +
2
Otherwise d d
1+ o + o
D D
V p = 0.58 Fyw Dt w
Where,
𝑑𝑑0 : Transverse stiffener spacing
𝑉𝑉𝑛𝑛 : Nominal shear resistance of the panel
▶Composite Steel Girder Design Parameters >Options for Strength Limit State >'Post-
buckling Tension - Field Action for Shear Resistance (6.10.9.3.2)'. Depending on the
user's verification, the calculation will differ as shown in the following table:
[Table 2.26] User's option: Post-buckling Tension-field Action for Shear Resistance
AASHTO LRFD 12
Check Vn , V p (Eq.6.10.9.3.2-8)
0.87(1 − C )
Vn = V p C +
2
2 Dtw d
1+ o
≤ 2.5 D
(b fct fc + b ft t ft ) 6.10.9.3.2-2
V p = 0.58 Fyw Dt w
6.10.9.3.2-3
On
0.87(1 − C )
Vn = V p C +
2
d
1+ o
Otherwise D
6.10.9.3.2-8
V p = 0.58 Fyw Dt w
6.10.9.3.2-3
Vn = Vcr = CV p
Off
V p = 0.58Fyw Dt w
Service Limit State
AASHTO LRFD 12
1.3 Service Limit State (6.10.4.2)
Flange stress for permanent deformation and web bend-buckling are verified at the service limit
state.
The program does not check elastic deformation. Elastic deformation can be reviewed manually
after moving load analysis at: ▶ Results > Deformation
At the completion stage of the construction, the program applies Service II load combination,
specified in AASHTO LRFD 12 Article 6.10.4.2, and reviews the permanent deformation. Therefore,
the permanent deformation is reviewed only for the composite section since the section cannot
be non-composite in the completed state. But, the software can assume the concrete deck in the
composite section to be ineffective as per 6.10.4.2.1, which states that the concrete deck may be
assumed to be ineffective for both positive and negative flexure, provided that the maximum
tensile stresses in concrete deck at the section under consideration caused by Service II loads are
greater than 2fr. Software performs this check and determines whether to consider the concrete
deck to be effective or not.
f f ≤ 0.95 Rh Fyf
6.10.4.2.2-1
D
Positive Flexure and ≤ 150 ?
tw
No
End
1.3.1 Flexure
Flange shall satisfy the following requirements at the service limit state for the top and
bottom flanges of the composite sections:
f deck ≤ ϕf r (2.56)
Where,
fdeck : longitudinal flexure stresses in the concrete deck with short-term modular ratio,n
Φfr : Φ shall be taken as 0.9 and fr shall be taken as the modulus of rupture of the concrete, 0.24 √f’c as
per Article 6.10.1.7
Check Contructibility
6.10.3
1.4.1 Flexure
The program shall verify lateral bending stress in discretely braced compression and tension
flanges during the construction stages, for when slabs are not deflected yet. Therefore, the
program considers all flanges as discretely braced flanges for the design check. Constructibility
is verified in terms of flexural resistance according to the following flow chart:
Case Section
2 Dc E
≤ 5.7 Compact or non-compact Web
tw Fyc
2 Dc E
> 5.7 Slender Web
tw Fyc
f f + f l ≤ φ f Rh Fyc (2.57)
nominal yielding
AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.10.3.2.1-1)
2)Check local buckling and lateral torsional buckling as per Article 6.10.8.2.2 and Article
6.10.8.2.3 respectively
flexural resistance
1
f f + f l ≤ φ f Fnc (2.58)
AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.10.3.2.1-2)
3
Concrete Deck
AASHTO LRFD 12
(6.10.3.2.4)
The total tensile force in the concrete deck is transmitted from the deck through the shear
connectors to the top flange. Software assumes the shear connectors to be sufficiently present
at this location to resist the force and prevent potential crushing of concrete. Software doesn’t
calculate the length over which this force must be transmitted. Shear connector pitch
calculations are as per Fatigue and Strength Limit State only.
Fdeck ≤ φf r (2.61)
Where,
f r = 0.24 f 'c modulus of rupture of the normal-weight concrete
ϕ : 0.9
Fdeck: Longitudinal tensile stress in the concrete deck
My AASHTO LRFD 12
Fdeck = (Eq. 6.10.1.1.1d)
In
(2.62)
Where,
𝑛𝑛 = Es /Ec
1.4.3 Shear
The program shall use the load combinations defined in the Load Combination Type (Refer to
Section 1.4.2 in this chapter) for the verification of the shear strength. Webs shall satisfy the
following requirement during critical stages of construction. AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq. 6.10.3.3-1)
Vu ≤ φvVcr (2.63)
Where,
𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 : shear in the web at the section under consideration due to the factored loads
ϕv: resistance factor for shear, ∅𝒗𝒗 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟎 (Fig.2.41)
𝑽𝑽𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 : shear buckling resistance determined from Eq. 6.10.9.3.3-1
The program checks the nominal resistance for unstiffened webs and stiffened webs with the
same formula as the tension field action is not considered for Constructibility check.
(1) Unstiffened/Stiffened web Unstiffened/
1) The nominal shear resistance of unstiffened/stiffened webs shall be taken as: Stiffened web
AASHTO LRFD 12
Vn = Vcr = CV p (2.64) (Eq. 6.10.9.3.3-1)
(Eq. 6.10.9.3.3-2)
V p = 0.58Fyw Dtw (2.65)
For considering the fatigue live load as specified in code, user will have to define a user defined
vehicle and then manually edit the auto generated load combinations, so that the fatigue moving
vehicle is the only vehicle considered for fatigue check and is only included in fatigue
combination.
For fatigue limit state, software assumes the shear connector to be provided along the entire
length of the girder, ensuring composite action. Therefore, the concrete deck is assumed to be
effective in computing all stresses and stress ranges applied to the composite section in the
subsequent fatigue calculations.
The program verifies the load combinations defined in the Load Combination Type. If users
define '(ADTT)SL ≤ 75 year (ADDTT)SL' Equivalent to Infinite Life, the verification shall consider
the Fatigue II Load Combination. Otherwise, this combination of fatigue limit state shall be
skipped and Fatigue I Load Combination shall be considered for verification.
(1) The fatigue limit state shall be verified according to the following.
Fatigue Limit State
γ (∆f ) ≤ (∆F ) n (2.68)
AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.6.1.2.2-1)
Where,
𝜸𝜸 : Load factor for the fatigue load combination.
(𝚫𝚫𝚫𝚫) : Force effect, live load stress range due to the passage of the fatigue load.
(𝚫𝚫𝚫𝚫)𝐧𝐧 : Nominal fatigue resistance.
(2) The load factor, 𝛄𝛄, specified in the table below, shall be applied for the fatigue load
combination. These factors are automatically considered by the software, while auto
generating the load combinations.
(1) Nominal Fatigue Resistance Due to the Load Combinations for Fatigue I Limit State
The program shall calculate the nominal fatigue resistance according to the input categories
made in the fatigue dialog box (Fig.2.22). Nominal fatigue
resistance
AASHTO LRFD 12
(∆F ) n = (∆F )TH (2.69) (Eq.6.6.1.2.5-1)
The program shall apply the nominal fatigue resistance according to Categories A, B, B', C, C',
D, E, and E', specified in the table below. For all other cases, the nominal fatigue resistance
shall be considered as 24.0 ksi (165.0 MPa). Fatigue Thresholds
For US Unit,
[Table 2.29] Constant-Amplitude Fatigue Thresholds, (ΔF)TH AASHTO LRFD 12
Threshold (Table. 6.6.1.2.5-3)
Detail
Category US Unit(ksi) SI Unit(MPa) For SI Unit
AASHTO LRFD 07
A 24.0 165.0 (Table. 6.6.1.2.5-3)
B 16.0 110.0
B' 12.0 82.7
C 10.0 69.0
(2) Nominal Fatigue Resistance due to the Load Combinations for Fatigue II Limit State
If Fatigue Resistance is verified for Fatigue Load Combination 2, the below equation shall be
used. For the verification, the program uses the design parameter values inputted by users in
the Fatigue dialog box (Fig.2.22).
1 Fatigue Ⅱ
AASHTO LRFD 12
A 3
(∆F )n = (2.70)
(Eq.6.6.1.2.5-2)
N AASHTO LRFD 12
N = (365)(75) n( ADTT ) SL (2.71) (Eq.6.6.1.2.5-3)
Where,
A : Constant taken from Table 2.30
n : Number of stress range cycles per truck passage taken from Table 2.31
AASHTO LRFD 12
Vu ≤ Vcr (2.72) (Eq.6.10.5.3-1)
Where,
Vu : shear in the web at the section under consideration due to the unfactored permanent loads plus the
factored fatigue load
AASHTO LRFD 12
Vcr = CV p (2.73) (Eq.6.10.9.3.3-1)
AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.10.9.3.3-2)
V p = 0.58 Fyw Dt w
(2.74)
Check Ductility
6.10.7.3
2.2.1 Ductility
Ductility shall be checked to prevent premature crushing of concrete. If a section is under Ductility
AASHTO LRFD 12
positive flexure, ductility shall be verified as: (Eq.6.10.7.3-1)
DP ≤ 0.42 Dt (2.75)
2.2.2 Flexure
(1) Classification of Composite Section for Flexure
There are four cases for checking flexural resistance of Box/Tub composite sections as shown
below.
Straight Compression
Bridge? flange?
Yes No
:Curved
Bridge
Yes No
Compact :Tension
No
Section? flange
Yes
End
The classification of the section under negative flexure, as compact /noncompact /slender is not
required for the design checks.
Case 1
(2) Case 1 : Positive Flexural Moment in Compact Section AASHTO LRFD 12
(6.11.7.1)
Yes D p ≤ 0.1Dt No
Calculate M n Calculate M n
D
M n = M p 1.07 − 0.7 p
Dt
Mn = M p
6.10.7.1.2-2 6.10.7.1.2-1
End
[Fig.2.53] Case 1 : Flow Chart of Flexural resistance for Compact Section in Positive Flexure Moment
For compact sections, flexure at the strength limit state shall be verified as:
Mu ≤ φf Mn (2.76)
AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.11.7.1.1-1)
Where,
1) Bending moment about the major-axis( Mu)
Mu is the bending moment about the major axis due to the factored loads. The maximum
bending moment from the load combinations, applied to Strength Limit State in the Load
Combination Type (Refer to Chapter "Modeling Design Variable" Section 1.4.2) is applied
as Mu.
Dp
Otherwise M n = M p 1.07 − 0.7 AASHTO LRFD 12
Dt (Eq.6.11.7.1.2-2)
If a section is under positive flexure, plastic moment is calculated for the location of the
plastic neutral axis. For more information, please refer to Chapter "Introduction" Section
3.2.
3) φf
Flexural resistance
Flexural resistance factor are taken as 1.00 in AASHTO LRFD 12. However, if the factor is factor
defined by users in the design parameter dialog box, the user defined value is utilized as a AASHTO LRFD 12
(6.5.4.2)
priority.
Compression
Yes
flange? No
:Tension flange
Tub Section? No
Yes
:Box Section
End
[Fig.2.54] Case 2 : Flow Chart of Flexural Resistance for Non-compact Section in Positive Flexure
Moment
1) Compression Flange
Where, ∆ and fv
AASHTO LRFD 12
f
2
T
∆ = 1 − 3 v fv = (2.78) (Eq.6.11.7.2.2-3)
F
yc
in which : 2 Aot fc (Eq.6.11.7.2.2-4)
Δ : a factor dependent on St. Venant torsional shear stress in the bottom flange od the tub section.
Rb : Web load shedding factor
Rb
Composite web under positive flexure
AASHTO LRFD 12
satisfies Article 6.10.2.1.1&6.11.2.1.2 (Eq.6.10.1.10.2)
D Ek
≤ 0.95
tw Fyc
2 Dc
≤ λrw
tw
AASHTO LRFD 12
awc 2 DC
Otherwise, Rb = 1 − − λrw ≤ 1.0 (Eq.6.10.1.10.2-3)
1200 + 300awc tw
Rh : Hybrid Factor
Non-Hybrid or
1.0
Web strength > flange strength
2) Tension Flange
At the strength limit state, tension flanges shall satisfy:
fbu ≤ φ f Fnt (2.79) Tension Flange
AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.11.7.2.1-2)
For both box and tub type composite sections, the nominal flexure resistance of tension
flange, Fnt shall be calculated as:
Fnt = Rh Fyt ∆ (2.80)
AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.11.7.2.1-5)
Where,
2
f T
∆ = 1 − 3 v fv = (2.81) AASHTO LRFD 12
F 2 Ao t ft (Eq.6.11.7.2.2-6)
yt in which :
(Eq.6.11.7.2.2-7)
2
𝑓𝑓𝑣𝑣
If 1 − 3 � � < 0, consider ∆= 0 so that 𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = 0
𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
Compression No
Yes
flange? :Tension flange
No No
Yes Stiffened web? Tub Section? :Closed-Box
:Unstiffened Web Yes Section
Check flexural resistance Check flexural resistance Check flexural resistance Check flexural resistance
Of Longitudinal of Unsiffened Flange of Tension Flange of Tension Flange
Stiffened Flange of Tub Section Closed-box
[Fig.2.55] Case 3 & Case 4 : Flow Chart of Flexural Resistance for Negative Flexural Moment
(5) Case 3 : Compression Flange in Negative Flexural Moment
For this part of design check, AASHTO LRFD 07 and 12 are applied differently in the program.
Please refer to Section 5.4 in this chapter for more information.
The program shall distinguish unstiffened and longitudinally stiffened elements depending on
whether the longitudinal stiffener is applied on the compression flanges in the section
property dialog box. At the strength limit state, the following requirement shall be satisfied
in terms of flexure:
fbu ≤ φ f Fnc (2.82)
AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.11.8.1.1-1)
2
f
Fnc = Fcb 1 − v (2.83)
φv Fcv Unstiffened Flange
AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.11.8.2.2-1)
[Table 2.36] Calculation of Fcb
Case Fcb
λ f ≤ λp Fcb = Rb Rh Fyc ∆ Fcb
AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.11.8.2.2-2)
∆ − 0.3 λ f − λ p
λ p < λ f ≤ λr Fcb = Rb Rh Fyc ∆ − ∆ −
Rh λr − λ p
b fc Ek Ek
λf = , λ p = 0.57 and λ r = 0.95 (2.84)
t fc Fyc ∆ Fyr AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.11.8.2.2-8)
(Eq.6.11.8.2.2-9)
For unstiffened flanges, 𝑘𝑘 = 4.0 and 𝑘𝑘𝑠𝑠 = 5.34. (Eq.6.11.8.2.2-10)
2
f T
∆ = 1 − 3 v fv = (2.85)
F 2 Ao t fc
yc in which : AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.11.8.2.2-11)
Fyr : smaller of the compression-flange stress at the onset of nominal yielding, with consideration of
(Eq.6.11.8.2.2-12)
residual stress effects, or the specified minimum yield strength of the web
Ek s
λ f ≤ 1.12 Fcv = 0.85 Fyc Fcv
Fyc AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.11.8.2.2-5)
Ek s 0.9 Ek s
1.40 < λf Fcv = AASHTO LRFD 12
Fyc λf 2 (Eq.6.11.8.2.2-7)
2
f
Fnc = Fcb 1 − v (2.87) Fnc
φv Fcv AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.11.8.2.2-1)
For longitudinally stiffened compression flanges, 𝑘𝑘 and 𝑘𝑘𝑠𝑠 are determined depending on
the number and location of stiffeners applied to the flanges.
8I 3 0.894 I s 3 K
k k = 3s k = 3
AASHTO LRFD 12
wt fc wt fc (Eq.6.11.8.2.3-1)
(Eq.6.11.8.2.3-2)
1.0 ≤ k ≤ 4.0
[Fig.2.57] Definition of w
Tub Section ?
End
Tension flanges
[Fig.2.58] Case 4 : Flow Chart of Flexural Resistance for Tension Flange in Negative Moment AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.11.8.1.2-1)
2.2.3 Shear
Box and tube type steel composite sections shall be verified for its shear strength as shown in
the flow chart:
Check Shear resistance
6.11.9
End
Stiffened
No Yes
web?
Calculate Vn Calculate Vn
2 Dtw
Vn = Vcr = CV p Vn = Vcr = CV p (b t )
fc fc + b ftt ft
≤ 2.5
6.10.9.2-1 6.10.9.3.3-1
6.10.9.2-2 6.10.9.3.3-2
Calculate Vn Calculate Vn
0.87 (1 − C ) 0.87 (1 − C )
Vn = V p C + Vn = V p C +
2
2
d0 d0 d0
1+ + 1 +
D D
D
6.10.9.3.2-8 6.10.9.3.2-2
Check Vn
Vu ≤ φV Vn
6.10.9.1-1
End
Shear strength
[Fig.2.60] Flow Chart of Strength Limit State for Shear AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.10.9.1-1)
Shear strength shall be verified as:
Vu ≤ φvVn (2.90)
Vn = Vcr = CV p (2.93)
AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.10.9.3.3-2)
in which:
V p = 0.58Fyw Dtw (2.94)
② Interior panels
For interior panels, the nominal shear resistance shall be taken as:
[Table 2.42] Calculation of Ratio of the shear buckling resistance to the shear yield strength, C C
Case C AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.10.9.3.2-4)
D Ek
≤ 1.12 C = 1.0
tw Fyw
AASHTO LRFD 12
Ek D Ek
1.12 Ek (Eq.6.10.9.3.2-5)
1.12 < ≤ 1.40 C=
D Fyw
Fyw t w Fyw
tw
AASHTO LRFD 12
1.57 Ek (Eq.6.10.9.3.2-6)
Ek D C= 2
1.40 <
Fyw t w D Fyw
tw
Where,
k
k: shear-buckling coefficient AASHTO LRFD 12
5 (Eq.6.10.9.3.2-7)
k =5+ 2
(2.95)
do
D
Vu
Vui = (2.96)
cos θ
f f ≤ 0.95 Rh Fyf
6.10.1.2.2-1
f c ≤ Fcrw
6.10.4.2.2-4
End
2.3.1. Flexure
Flexure shall be verified at top and bottom flanges. As per Article C6.11.4, Eq. 6.10.4.2.2-1 and
6.10.4.2.2-2 are checked only for compact sections in positive flexure. Thus in midas Civil, these
Top steel flange
equations are not checked for negative flexure and noncompact sections in positive flexure. AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.10.4.2.2-1)
(1) Verification of Top steel flange of composite sections for flexure
Serviceability of top steel flanges shall be verified by comparing the stress as:
Where,
fc : compression-flange stress
Fcrw : nominal bend-buckling resistance for webs
0.9 Ek (2.100)
Fcrw = 2
≤ Min( Rh Fyc , Fyw / 0.7)
D
tw
in which:
k : bend-buckling coefficient k
9 (2.101) AASHTO LRFD 12
k= (Eq.6.10.1.9.1-2)
( Dc / D ) 2
Where,
Dc : Depth of the web in compression in the elastic range
2.4.1 Flexure
The program shall verify flexural strength by assuming that concrete hardening has not occurred
yet and all section are discretely braced. The flexural verification shall be done in three cases as
shown in the figure follows.
Check Constructibility
6.11.3
Compression No
Yes
flange? :Tension flange
No
Tub Section? :Closed-Box
Yes
Section
End
(1) Open Flange (top flange of tub section) in Compression and Tension
1 AASHTO LRFD 12
f bu + f l ≤ φ f Rh Fyc and f bu + f l ≤ φ f Fnc (2.102) (Eq.6.10.3.2.1-3)
3
For slender webs, bend-buckling shall be verified as: Tub Section
AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.10.3.2.2-1)
f bu ≤ φ f Fcrw
(2.103)
For tub composite sections, tension top flanges shall satisfy the requirement of Eq.
6.10.3.2.2-1 which is same as that for I girder.
(2) Noncomposite box flange (top flange of box section and bottom flange of tub or box
section) in Compression and Tension ( for constructability check, the top flange of box
section is designed as a noncomposite box flange) Comp. Box Flange
AASHTO LRFD 12
1) Noncomposite box flange in compression (Eq.6.11.3.2-1)
(Eq.6.11.3.2-2)
For box flanges in compression, constructibility shall be examined based on the
compressive stress due to flexure and bend buckling on webs. For sections with compact
or noncompact webs, Eq. 6.11.3.2-2 shall not be checked as per Article 6.11.3.2.
2) Noncomposite box flange in tension and continuously braced box flange in tension or
Tension Box Flange
compression shall satisfy the following requirement: AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.11.3.2-3)
f bu ≤ φ f Rh Fyf ∆ (2.106)
AASHTO LRFD 12
Where,
(Eq.6.11.3.2-4)
2 (Eq.6.11.3.2-5)
f T
∆ = 1 − 3 v fv = (2.107)
F 2 Ao t f
yf in which :
2.4.2 Shear
For the verification of constructibility, shear shall be verified to prevent shear buckling at webs Shear
AASHTO LRFD 12
according to the following requirement. The program shall distinguish end panel and interior (Eq.6.10.3.3-1)
panel for the verification of shear-buckling resistance.
Vu ≤ φvVcr (2.108)
AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.10.9.3.3-1)
Where, (Eq.6.10.9.3.3-2)
The verification of fatigue resistance shall follow Section 2.5.3(1) for the load combinations of
Fatigue 1 Limit State in Load Combination Type (Chapter "Modeling Design Variables" Section
1.4.2) and Section 2.5.3(2) for the load combinations of Fatigue 2 Limit State. However, if
'(ADTT)SL≤ 75year (ADTT)SL' is inputted, Fatigue II Load Combination is verified. Otherwise, the
Fatigue Limit State
verification needs not to be done. AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.6.1.2.2-1)
2.5.2 Fatigue Limit State
As per Article 6.11.5, one additional requirement specified particularly for tub girders sections
is in regard to longitudinal warping and transverse bending stresses. When tub girders are
subjected to torsion, their cross-sections become distorted, resulting in secondary bending
stresses.
Therefore, longitudinal warping stresses and transverse bending stresses due to cross-section
distortion shall be considered for:
• Single tub girder in straight or horizontally curved bridges
• Multiple tub girders in straight bridges that do not satisfy requirements of Article
6.11.2.3
• Multiple tub girders in horizontally curved bridges
• Any single or multiple tub girder with a tub flange that is not fully effective according
to the provisions of Article 6.11.1.1.
Where,
γ : load factor for fatigue load combination
(∆f) : force effect, live load stress range due to the passage of the fatigue load
(∆F)n : nominal fatigue resistance
Within the program, categories of Nominal Fatigue Resistance, such as A, B, B', C, C', D, E, and Fatigue Ⅱ
E' are applied as shown in [Table2.29]. AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.6.1.2.5-2)
(Eq.6.6.1.2.5-3)
(2) The Nominal Fatigue Resistance of Fatigue II Limit State due to load combinations
If fatigue review is performed with consideration to fatigue load combination 2, the following
equation is used to calculate the resistance value of fatigue.
AASHTO LRFD 12
1
(Table. 6.6.1.2.5-1)
A 3
(∆F ) n = in which: N = (365)(75)n( ADTT ) SL (Table. 6.6.1.2.5-2)
N
(2.112)
Where,
A : Constant taken from Table 6.6.1.2.5-1
n : Number of stress range cycles per truck passage taken from Table 6.6.1.2.5-2
(ADTT)SL : ADTT for single lane
The value of the Detail Category Constant (A) and 75-yr (ADTT)SL Equivalent to Infinite Life (n,
truck per day) are each respectively applied in [Table2.30] and [Table2.31]. If, the n value is Special Fatigue
Requirement
entered into the Fatigue Parameter, this value will be applied first.
AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.10.5.3-1)
2.5.4 Special Fatigue Requirement for Webs
The program will perform the review of the fatigue due to the shear buckling of the web.
ASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.10.5.3.3-1)
Vu ≤ Vcr (2.113) (Eq.6.10.5.3.3-2)
Where,
Vcr : shear in the web at the section under consideration due to the unfactored permanent loads plus the
factored fatigue load
Vcr = CV p in which: V p = 0.58Fyw Dt w (2.114)
3.2 Pitch
The pitch is reviewed using the below equation. Pitch
nZ AASHTO LRFD 12
p≤ r (2.116) (Eq.6.10.10.1.2-1)
Vsr
Where,
Zr : shear fatigue resistance of an individual shear connector determined as per Article 6.10.10.2
n : number of shear connector in a cross section
Vsr : horizontal fatigue shear range per unit length Center-to-Center
Pitch
Also, the program checks if 𝑝𝑝 ≥ 6 × 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 and 𝑝𝑝 ≤ 24 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 are satisfied as well as AASHTO LRFD 12
Equation 2.116. (6.10.10.1.2)
Vsr
Vsr = (V ) + (F )
fat
2
fat
2
(2.117) AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.10.10.1.2-2)
in which :
Vfat: longitudinal fatigue shear range per unit length
Vf Q Vfat
V fat = (2.118) AASHTO LRFD 12
I (Eq.6.10.10.1.2-3)
Ffat : radial fatigue shear range per unit length taken as the largest of either
Ffar
Abot σ f lg l Frc
F fat1 = or F fat 2 = (2.119)
AASHTO LRFD 12
wR w (Eq.6.10.10.1.2-4)
(Eq.6.10.10.1.2-5)
in which :
σflg: range of longitudinal fatigue stress in the bottom flange without consideration of flange lateral bending
Abot: area of the bottom flange
Frc : net range of cross-frame of diaphragm force at the top flange
l : distance between brace point
R : minimum girder radius within the panel
w : effective length of deck (in.) taken as 48.0 in., except at end supports where w may be taken as 24.0 in.
effective length of deck distance
1.0 ≤ k ≤ 4.0
Qr = φ sc Qn (2.121) Qr
AASHTO LRFD 12
Where, (Eq.6.10.10.4.1-1)
Qn : nominal shear resistance of a single shear connector determined as in Article 6.10.10.4.3
1) Calculate the Total Nominal Shear Force, P, for the verification of the shear connectors
under positive moment.
2 2
P= Pp + F p (2.122)
Calculate P
AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.10.10.4.2-1)
Where,
Pp : total longitudinal force in the concrete deck
Pp = Max( P1 p , P2 p ) (2.123)
in which :
P1 p = 0.85 f s ' bs t s (2.124) P1p , P2p
AASHTO LRFD 12
P2 p = Fyw Dt w + Fyt b ft t ft + Fyc b fc t fc (Eq.6.10.10.4.2-2)
(Eq.6.10.10.4.2-3)
in which :
Lp : arc length between an end of the girder and an adjacent point of maximum positive live load plus
impact moment
Where,
Pt : total longitudinal force in the concrete deck between the point of maximum positive live load plus
impact moment and the centerline of an adjacent interior support PT
PT = Pp + Pn (2.127) AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.10.10.4.2-6)
in which :
Pn : total longitudinal force in the concrete deck over an interior support taken as:
Pn = Min( P1n , P2 n ) (2.128)
in which :
P1n , P2n
P1n = Fyw Dt w + Fyt b ft t ft + Fyc b fc t fc (2.129) AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.10.10.4.2-7)
P2 n = 0.45 f c ' bsts (Eq.6.10.10.4.2-8)
Ft : total radial force in the concrete deck between the point of maximum positive live load plus impact
moment and the centerline of an adjacent interior support taken as:
in which :
Ln : arc length between the point of maximum positive live load plus impact moment and the centerline
of an adjacent interior support inputted by the user in shear connector dialog box (Fig.2.19)
Where,
Stud Asc : cross-sectional area of a stud shear connector
Ec : modulus of elasticity of the deck concrete
Fu : specified minimum tensile strength of a stud shear connector
4. Stiffener
The Stiffener calculates the transverse/longitudinal stiffener attached to the web and the longitudinal
stiffener attached to the compression flange.
Stiffeners
6.10.11
Section Type bf
Full width of the widest compression flange with in the field section under
I
consideration
Tub Full width of the widest top flange within the field section under consideration
1) Vu>Vn
I t ≥ Min ( I t1 , I t 2 ) (2.131)
Where,
It : moment of inertia of transverse stiffener
[Table 2.48] Calculation of Moment of Inertia of the transverse stiffener for I girder section, It
Case It
b 3t
Single-sided vertical stiffeners It = t p
3
AASHTO LRFD 12
b 3t 2
+ bt t p (0.5bt + 0.5t w )
(Eq.6.10.11.1.3-1)
Double-sided vertical stiffeners I t = 2 t p (Eq.6.10.11.1.302)
12
3
I t1 = btw J
1.5
D 4 ρt
1.3
Fyw
It 2 = (2.132)
40 E AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.10.11.1.3-3)
2.5 (Eq.6.10.11.1.3-4)
J= − 2.0 ≥ 0.5 (Eq.6.10.11.1.3-5)
(d o / D) 2
Where,
2) Vu≤Vn
[Table 2.49] Check for Transverse Stiffener when Vu≤Vn
Case Verifications
V − φvVvr
Vn > Vcr I t ≥ I t1 + ( I t 2 − I t1 ) u
φvVn − φvVcr
AASHTO LRFD 12
I t1 > I t 2 (Eq.6.10.11.1.3-9)
Otherwise It > It 2
AASHTO LRFD 12
Otherwise It > It 2 (Eq.6.10.11.1.3-10)
3) The following is calculated when the transverse and longitudinal stiffeners attach to the
web at the same time.
b D
I t > t I l (2.135)
bl 3.0d o AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.10.11.1.3-11)
Where,
bt : projecting width of the transverse stiffener
bl : projecting width of the longitudinal stiffener
Il : moment of inertia of the longitudinal stiffener
Case β β
AASHTO LRFD 12
For cases where the longitudinal stiffener is on the side of the Z (Eq.6.10.11.3.3-3)
β= +1
web away from the center of curvature 6
AASHTO LRFD 12
For cases where the longitudinal stiffener is on the side of the Z (Eq.6.10.11.3.3-4)
β = +1
web toward the center of curvature 12
Where,
Z : curvature parameter
2
0.95d o
Z= ≤ 10 (2.139)
Rt w Z
AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.10.11.3.3-5)
4.3 Longitudinal Compression Flange Stiffener (for box compression flange)
(1) The strength of the stiffeners must be greater than the yield strength of the compression
flanges.
Where,
w : larger of the width of the flange between longitudinal flange stiffeners or the distance from a web to
the nearest longitudinal flange stiffener
n =1 0.125k 3
n=2 1.120k 3
n≥3 Equally applicable as n=2
Where,
k : plate-buckling coefficient for uniform normal stress
The calculation only considers the Fatigue 2 Based on the conditions, the calculation AASHTO LRFD07&12
Load Combination out of the user load considers the Fatigue 1 or 2 Load (6.6.1.2.3)
combinations. Combination. (6.6.1.2.5)
( ∆F ) n = ( ∆F ) TH
When using the Fatigue 2 Load Case When using the Fatigue 2 Load Case
Combination, the value of ΔF)n Is calculated Combination, the value of ΔF)n Is calculated
as such: as such:
1 1
A 3 1 A 3
(∆F ) n = ≥ (∆F ) TH (∆F ) n =
N 2 N
in which: N = (365)(75) n( ADTT ) SL in which: N = (365)(75) n( ADTT ) SL
The Fatigue resistance(Zr) of the stud type for The Fatigue resistance(Zr) of the stud type
the Shear Connector is calculated as such: for the Shear Connector is calculated as such: AASHTO LRFD07&12
2 (6.10.10.2)
38.0d
Z r = αd 2 ≥ (in SI Unit) Z r = αd 2 (in US Unit)
2
α = 238 − 29.5 log N ( in SI Unit) α = 34.5 − 4.28 log N ( in US Unit)
Calculation of the Stiffener bending rigidity Calculation of the Stiffener bending rigidity
AASHTO LRFD07&12
parameter(J) parameter(J) (6.10.11.1.3)
D
2
2.5
J = 2.5 − 2.0 ≥ 0.5 J= − 2.0 ≥ 0.5
do / D (d o / D) 2
When the Web post buckling or tension-field When the Web post buckling or tension-field
resistance is considered, the following is resistance is considered, the following is
calculated. calculated.
It > It 2 (1) I t1 > I t 2
1) Vn > Vcr
V − φvVvr
I t ≥ I t1 + ( I t 2 − I t1 ) u
φvVn − φvVcr
2) Other conditions
It > It 2
(2) I t1 ≤ I t 2
It > It 2
Fnc = φ f Fcb 1 − v
Fyc φv Fcv
Fnc = Rb Rh Fyc ∆ 1) Fcb
kE kE ① λ f ≤ λp
2) R1 < λ f ≤ R2
Fyc Fyc Fcb = Rb Rh Fyc ∆
∆ − 0.2 λ f − λ p
b F fc Fcb = Rb Rh Fyc 1 − 1 −
R2 − fc
Rh λr − λ p
Fyr π t fc kE
∆ − ∆ − 1 − sin
R h F yc 2 R2 − R1
③ λr < λ f
0.9 ERb k
Fcb =
3) λ f > R2
kE λf 2
Fyc
2 2) Fcv
0.9 ERb k R f k
2
b fc
Fnc = − b v 2 Eks
b fc
2
0.9 Ek s t ① λ f ≤ 1.12
fc Fyc
t
fc Fcv = 0.85 Fyc
Where,
② 1.12 Eks < λ ≤ 1.40 Eks
f
Fyc Fyc
R1 : constant which when multiplied by kE / Fyc
yields the slenderness ratio equal to 0.6 times the
0.65 Fyc Ek s
Fcv =
slenderness ration for which Fnc from Eq.3 is equal λf
to Rb Rh Fyc ∆
③ 1.40 Eks < λ
0.57 Fyc
f
R1 =
f v k
2
1
2
0.9 Ek
2
∆+ ∆ +4
F k
Fcv =
2 yc s λf 2
Based on the different search conditions, the result values which appear will vary, as shown in
the table below.
[Table 2.52] Result Case Table for Strength Limit State of Flexure
flex
Section Applied Clause My Mp Mu phiMn fbu phiFn Dp Dt
ure
Chapter 2.Steel Composite Design - AASHTO LRFD 4th and 6th (2007/2012) 147
- 6.10 & 6.11 - - - - O O - -
(-)
- Appendix A6 O O O O - - - -
1) Positive Flexure
Where,
Vu : shear due to the factored load
phiVn : nominal shear resistance multiplied by resistance factor, phi, for shear
bt_lim1 : projecting width limit for transverse stiffener, 2.0+(D/30), as per Eq. 6.10.11.1.2-1
bt_lim2 : projecting width limit for transverse stiffener, 16tp, as per Eq. 6.10.11.1.2-2
bt_lim3 : projecting width limit for transverse stiffener, bf/4, as per Eq. 6.10.11.1.2-2
bt : projected width of transverse stiffener as per Article 6.10.11.1.2
lt_lim : limiting moment of inertia of transverse stiffener as per Eq. 6.10.11.1.3-3&4
lt : Moment of Inertia of transverse stiffener as per Article 6.10.11.1.3
▶ Design > Composite Design > Design Result Tables > Service Limit State…
▶ Design > Composite Design > Design Result Tables > Constructibility (flexure)...
▶ Design > Composite Design > Design Result Tables > Constructibility (shear)...
▶ Design > Composite Design > Design Result Tables > Fatigue Limit State...
▶ Design > Composite Design > Design Result Tables > Longitudinal Stiffener...
Most critical member results in each span can be viewed in a result table as shown below.
The results of the span group defined by the span information can be checked here. The flexure
and shear results based on distance or node can be checked here. The current applied member
force or elasticity is marked in red while the strength or elasticity is marked in green.
Summary results for each member can be viewed in a result table as shown below.
Introduction
1. AASHTO LRFR 2011 Bridge Load Rating
1.1 Definition of Load Rating
The NBIS (National Bridge Inspections Standards) regulations define load rating as “The
determination of the live load carrying capacity of a bridge using as-built bridge plans and
supplemented by information gathered from the latest field inspection.”
Load ratings are expressed as a rating factor (RF) or as a tonnage (for legal and permit vehicles
only) for a particular vehicle. Emphasis in load rating is on the live-load capacity and dictates
the approach of determining rating factors instead of the design approach of satisfying limit
states.
Chapter 3.Steel Composite Bridge Load Rating - AASHTO-LRFR 2nd (2011) 163
bridge design. In rating, the added cost of overly conservative evaluation standards can be
prohibitive as load restrictions, rehabilitation, and replacement become increasingly
necessary. The rating procedures presented LRFR recognize a balance between safety and
economics.
In most cases, a lower target reliability than design has been chosen for load rating at the
strength limit states to rating is done on a more selective basis than is prescribed for design
in the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications.
The result of each evaluation serve specific purpose and also inform the need for further
evaluations. The important factors of each load rating level are summarized as shown below.
(3) purpose
Design load rating can serve as a screening process to identify bridges that should be load
rated for legal loads.
Bridges the pass the design load check (RF≥1) at the Inventory level will have satisfactory
load rating for all legal loads that fall within the LRFD exclusion limits.
Chapter 3.Steel Composite Bridge Load Rating - AASHTO-LRFR 2nd (2011) 165
structures and, therefore, result in a live load, which can safely utilize an existing
structure for an indefinite period of time.
(3) purpose
Bridges that do not have sufficient capacity under the design-load rating shall be load rated
for legal loads to establish the need for load posting or strengthening.
(3) purpose
Permit load rating checks the safety and serviceability of bridges in the review of permit
application for the passage of vehicles above the legally established weight limitations.
The process starts with a bridge first being rated at the Design Inventory level under HL- 93
load model. If the bridge is found to be satisfactory at this level of rating, it’s considered not to
require posting for “AASHTO legal loads and state legal loads within the LRFD exclusion limits”,
and hence the bridge can be evaluated directly for permit load vehicles.
However if the rating factor at the Design Inventory level is found to be less than 1.0, the
bridge must be evaluated under either the Design Operating level or the Legal load level.
At these levels of rating if the bridge is found to be satisfactory it is considered not to require
posting for “AASHTO legal loads and state legal loads having only minor variations form the
AASHTO legal loads”, and the bridge can be evaluated for permit load vehicles.
Chapter 3.Steel Composite Bridge Load Rating - AASHTO-LRFR 2nd (2011) 167
If, however, the bridge is found to be not satisfactory, load posting will be required for legal
loads and no permit analysis is allowed.
There is however the option for higher forms of evaluation, such as load testing of the bridge
or the use of finite element modeling, for when a bridge is found to be unsatisfactory at the
Legal load level and the engineer feels the bridge may not require posting.
Contents Explanation
1.1.1 Rating Design Code 1.1.1 Rating Design Code
▶ Rating > Bridge Rating Design > Steel Design> The program performs the load rating based on the
code selected in this dialog box.
Rating Design Code ...
1.1.2 Steel Bridge Load Rating Parameters 1.1.2 Steel Bridge Load Rating Parameters
▶ Rating > Bridge Rating Design > Steel Design> (1) The system factor (≤1.2) can be inputted
Rating Parameters ... according to the Article 6A.4.2.4, provided in The
Manual for Bridge Evaluation, 2nd Edition, 2011.
The system factor is multiplied to the flexural
strength (Mn) and shear strength (Vn) and,
therefore, applied to all elements.
Chapter 3.Steel Composite Bridge Load Rating - AASHTO-LRFR 2nd (2011) 169
Venant Torsion and Distortion Stress can be
optionally considered since they may be
neglected when the relevant conditions (Article
6.11.2.3) are satisfied. However, if Single Box
Section option is selected, St. Venant Torsion and
Distortion Stress are automatically considered.
The value of distortion stress is determined based
on the input value of "Warping Stress Range"
option in Fatigue Parameter.
(1) Lb
The Lateral Unbraced Length is used to calculate the
lateral torsional buckling resistance for the
compression flange of I-Girders. If the Lateral
Unbraced Length is not applied, the span
information, if defined, is used for the calculation. If
the span information is not defined, element
lengths are applied as the lateral unbraced length.
(2) (ADTT)SL
Number of trucks per day in a single-lane averaged
over the design life (3.6.1.4.2)
Value can be manually calculated as per 3.6.1.4.2-1.
(3) n
Number of cycles per truck passage
Value can be taken from Table 6.6.1.2.5-2.
Chapter 3.Steel Composite Bridge Load Rating - AASHTO-LRFR 2nd (2011) 171
Longitudinal warping stress range can be manually
calculated as per BEF (Beam on Elastic Foundation)
analogy presented by Wright and Abdel-Samad. The
designer guide to Box Girder by Bethlehem Steel
Corporation also presents this method. Detailed
calculations can be seen in Design Example 5: Three
Span Continuous Curved Composite Tub-Girder
Bridge (page 85-94).
[Fig.3.7] Curved Bridge Information Dialog Box Please refer to the table below for the equations
applied to each case.
Where,
𝛽𝛽 : Curvature correction factor for longitudinal stiffener
𝑍𝑍 : Curvature Parameter
K = 1 + Ka Kb (8.8.2.3.1-1)
where,
Ka : accounts for both the benefit derived from the load
test, if any, and consideration of the section factor (area,
section modulus, etc.) resisting the applied test load
Kb: accounts for the understanding of the load test results
when with those predicted by theory. Refer to the Table
[Fig.3.8] Diagnostic Test Result Dialog Box 8.8.2.3.1-1 of The Manual for Bridge Evaluation, 2011.
Chapter 3.Steel Composite Bridge Load Rating - AASHTO-LRFR 2nd (2011) 173
1.2 Design Material Data
In this section, the material property information input method for the Steel Composite Load Rating is explained.
Contents Explanation
1.2.1 Rating material 1.2.1 Rating material
▶ Rating > Bridge Rating Design > Steel Design> In this dialog box, the Material Properties can be
modified for the calculation of the structure
Rating material...
capacity.
The material utilized for composite sections are
(1) Rating material
provided in the SRC material properties. The
material should be defined as SRC Type.
Contents Explanation
1.3.1 Rating Group Setting 1.3.1 Rating Group Setting
▶ Rating > Bridge Rating Design > Steel Design> Rating The Bridge Rating Group Setting Dialog allows users
to apply Condition Factors per different groups
Group Setting...
defined already and i- and j-end check positions.
Chapter 3.Steel Composite Bridge Load Rating - AASHTO-LRFR 2nd (2011) 175
by users as per Table 6A.4.2.2-1 of The Manual for
Bridge Load Evaluation, 2nd Edition, 2011 and
Table 3.4.1-2 of AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design
Specifications, 6th Edition, 2012.
Only one load factor is inputted for the
Temperature Load, but the load factor is used as
positive and negative (+, -) for the calculation.
Chapter 3.Steel Composite Bridge Load Rating - AASHTO-LRFR 2nd (2011) 177
1.4 Composite Section Data
Steel composite section is composed of steel girder and concrete slab. Additional stiffeners may be arranged in the steel
girder; longitudinal and sub reinforcement rebars may be arranged in the concrete slab. In this section, Steel Composite
Load Rating features and functions and related section input method and design variables are explained.
Contents Explanation
Figure
Concrete
Apply None
Slab
[Fig.3.17] Longitudinal Reinforcement Dialog Reinforce
None Applied
-ment
2) Pitch (do)
Pitch refers to the Transverse Stiffener spacing. At
the strength limit state, this can be used to
distinguish between stiffened and unstiffened webs
or calculate shear strength of the web.
Chapter 3.Steel Composite Bridge Load Rating - AASHTO-LRFR 2nd (2011) 179
Chapter 3. Bridge Load Rating Design (Steel Composite) : AASHTO-LRFR 2nd (2011)
Application of Bridge
Load Rating
1. Rating Factor
The Bridge Load Rating function of midas Civil calculates the Rating Factor (RF) at i/j nodes of
elements for the Rating Cases according to AASHTO LRFR 2011 standard and finds the minimum RF.
Rating load carrying capacity needs to be done at three different levels - Design Load Rating, Legal
Load Rating, and Permit Load Rating - according to the AASHTO LRFR 2011. Midas Civil Bridge Load
Rating calculates RF by using the equations (3.3) for Design Load Rating and Legal Load Rating for
the load cases defined in Define Load Case [fig.3.13].
The RF calculated in Midas Civil determines whether it is safe to carry the Primary Vehicle. If RF>1 it
is safe and the larger RF, the greater the load carrying capacity of the bridge.
Where,
RF : Rating factor
C : Capacity
Capacity, C, is calculated as shown in [Table 3.6] for the corresponding Limit State.
Where,
𝑓𝑓𝑅𝑅 : Allowable Stress specified in the LRFD code
DC : Dead-load effect due to structural components and attachments
DW : Dead-load effect due to wearing surfaces and utilities
P : Permanent loads other than dead loads
[Fig.3.21] Flow Chart of Load Rating of Steel Composite Bridge in midas Civil
1.2.2 Calculation of RF
Midas Civil's PSC Bridge Load Rating function uses the below equation [3.2] upon the
request of the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans).
For the Steel Composite Load Rating, the equation [3.2] is modified to reflect the steel
composite bridge characteristics. The equation [3.3] reflects the member force for before
and after the concrete deck is activated and is used to calculate the RF value.
RF =
( )
C − (γ DCB )( DCB ) − γ DC A (DC A ) − (γ DW )(DW ) − (γ T )(T ) − (γ SEC )(SEC ) − (γ P )(P ) − (γ USER )(USER ) − (γ AV )( AV )
(3.3)
(γ PV )(PV )
Where,
RF : Rating factor calculated by Midas Civil
C : Capacity
Chapter 3.Steel Composite Bridge Load Rating - AASHTO-LRFR 2nd (2011) 181
[Table3.7] C (Capacity) Calculated by Midas Civil
Case C
Strength Limit States C = ϕ cϕ sϕ Rn ( ϕ cϕ s ≥ 0.85 )
Auto-Calculation C = fR
Service Limit States
User Input User-defined allowable stress in [Fig.3.4]
Fatigue Limit State C = ϕ cϕ sϕ Rn ( ϕ cϕ s ≥ 0.85 )
If user-defined 𝜑𝜑𝑐𝑐 and 𝜑𝜑𝑆𝑆 result𝜑𝜑𝑐𝑐 𝜑𝜑𝑆𝑆 < 0.85, the program adjusts 𝜑𝜑𝑐𝑐 𝜑𝜑𝑆𝑆 to be equal to
0.85 and calculate C. For calculating C, midas Civil uses different 𝜑𝜑𝑅𝑅𝑛𝑛 depending on the type
of limit state.
Where,
DC : Dead load effect due to structural components and attachments
DCB :Dead load effect due to structural components and attachments before the concrete deck is
activated
DCA :Dead load effect due to structural components and attachments due to the erection load case,
defined by users, and time dependent material property of concrete (Creep and Shrinkage)
DW : Dead-load effect due to wearing surfaces and utilities
T : Temperature and Temperature Gradient
SEC : In Define Rating Case Dialog Box, Creep Secondary, Shrinkage Secondary and Tendon Secondary
can be selected
P : Permanent loads other than dead loads
USER : User-defined load
AV : Adjacent Vehicle load
PV: Primary vehicle load
𝛾𝛾𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 : LRFD load factor for Dead load effect due to structural components and attachments
𝛾𝛾𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐵𝐵 : LRFD load factor before the concrete deck is activated
𝛾𝛾𝐷𝐷𝐶𝐶𝐴𝐴 : LRFD load factor after the Erection load case defined by user and time dependent material
property of concrete are activated
𝛾𝛾𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 : LRFD load factor for wearing surfaces and utilities
𝛾𝛾𝑇𝑇 : LRFD load factor for temperature
𝛾𝛾𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 : LRFD load factor for secondary
𝛾𝛾𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈 : LRFD load factor for user-defined load
𝛾𝛾𝑃𝑃 : LRFD load factor for permanent loads other than dead loads
𝛾𝛾𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 : LRFD load factor for adjacent vehicle load
𝛾𝛾𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 : LRFD load factor for primary vehicle load
The above factors may be explained in terms of the Define Rating Case dialog box as follows.
The values input in the red-colored box are applied as the factors directed with the arrow.
The Load Rating is performed for the Limit State selected by user in the right picture above
and the Rating Level selected in the left picture. Therefore, user can create and check load
cases for maximum six different cases (3 Limit States x 2 Rating Levels = total 6 Cases).
The below figure presents which choices need to be selected in Define Rating Case dialog box
and their order in accordance with LRFR Load Rating flow chart.
Chapter 3.Steel Composite Bridge Load Rating - AASHTO-LRFR 2nd (2011) 183
[Fig.3.25] Flow Chart of LRFR 11 and Define Rating Case dialog box
▶Vehicle loads can be defined at: Load > Load Type > Moving Load > Moving Load Analysis
Data > Vehicles. If AASHTO LRFD Load is selected for the Standard Name, the vehicle loads are
automatically inputted in accordance with LRFD.
The below figure shows the Define Standard Vehicular Load dialog box and the list of the
vehicular load type supported in midas Civil when AASHTO LRFD Load is selected as the
Standard.
Chapter 3.Steel Composite Bridge Load Rating - AASHTO-LRFR 2nd (2011) 185
The system factor needs to be inputted in the Steel Bridge Load Rating Parameters dialog box
[Fig.3.4] in midas Civil.
A Constant value of ϕs =1.0 is to be applied when checking shear at the strength limit state.
Load Combination
AASHTO LRFR 11
(Table. 6A.4.2.2-1)
[Table3.12] LRFD Design Articles applied per section type and review criteria I and Box Section
AASHTO LRFR 11
I Section Box Section ( 6A.6.9.1~6A.6.9.5)
Case
Straight Bridge Curved bridge Straight Bridge Curved bridge
Flexural
6.10.6.2 6.11.6.2 and 6.11.1.1
resistance
Shear
6.10.9 6.10.9 and 6.11.9 fl
resistance
Not considered AASHTO LRFR 11
fl 6.10.1.6 - - ( 6A.6.4.2.2))
in midas Civil
constructability No need to be considered
Fatigue
requirements No need to be considered
for webs
Composite sections are considered as unshored construction for the load rating in midas Civil
according to LRFR 2011 6A.6.9.2.
AASHTO LRFR 11 provides standards for box sections only but not tub sections. Therefore, the
load rating for tub sections is done in accordance with the box section standards.
2.1 General
Strength Limit State is reviewed for flexural strength and shear strength.
Strength Limit States
LRFR 11 6A.6.4.1 and 6A.4.2.1.
Chapter 3.Steel Composite Bridge Load Rating - AASHTO-LRFR 2nd (2011) 187
2.2 Load Combination
Load Combination
Different load combinations are applied per load rating levels for the strength limit state check. AASHTO LRFR 11
(6A.6.4.1)
[Table3.13] Load Combination (6A.6.4.2.1)
RF =
( )
C − (γ DCB )( DC B ) − γ DC A (DC A ) − (γ DW )(DW ) − (γ T )(T ) − (γ SEC )(SEC ) − (γ P )(P ) − (γ USER )(USER ) − (γ AV )( AV )
(3.4)
(γ PV )(PV )
Where,
C :capacity,
( )
(γ DC B )( DC B ) + γ DC A (DC A ) + (γ DW )(DW ) + (γ T )(T ) + (γ SEC )(SEC ) + (γ P )(P ) + (γ USER )(USER ) + (γ AV )( AV ) :
My from Load Case
(γ PV )(PV ) : My from Primary Vehicle(P.V)
RF =
( )
C − (γ DCB )( DC B ) − γ DC A (DC A ) − (γ DW )(DW ) − (γ T )(T ) − (γ SEC )(SEC ) − (γ P )(P ) − (γ USER )(USER ) − (γ AV )( AV )
(3.5)
(γ PV )(PV )
3.1 General
The below LRFD Design Article is applied for the Service Limit State check in Load Rating.
Load Combination
3.2 Load Combination AASHTO LRFR 11
For the Service Limit State check, Service II load combination is applied for all Load Rating level. (6A.6.4.1)
(6A.6.4.2.2)
RF =
( )
C − (γ DCB )( DC B ) − γ DC A (DC A ) − (γ DW )(DW ) − (γ T )(T ) − (γ SEC )(SEC ) − (γ P )(P ) − (γ USER )(USER ) − (γ AV )( AV )
(3.6)
(γ PV )(PV )
Where,
C : Stress
( )
(γ DC B )( DC B ) + γ DC A (DC A ) + (γ DW )(DW ) + (γ T )(T ) + (γ SEC )(SEC ) + (γ P )(P ) + (γ USER )(USER ) + (γ AV )( AV )
: Stress from Load Cases
(γ PV )(PV ) : Stress from Primary Vehicle(P.V)
Chapter 3.Steel Composite Bridge Load Rating - AASHTO-LRFR 2nd (2011) 189
the Load Rating Parameters dialog box shown in [Fig.3.4]. Please refer to the below table.
Where,
Fyf : Yield Stress
4.1 General
The fatigue requirements for webs specified in LRFD Design Article 6.10.5.3 does not need to be
Fatigue Requirements
considered for the Fatigue Limit State verification of the i- and box- type sections. AASHTO LRFR AASHTO LRFR 11
2011 does not specify the standards for the tub sections; however, the tub sections are verified (6A.6.9.1)
according to the box section verification in midas Civil.
(2) The Fatigue Limit state is only verified for the Design Load Rating level. Legal Load Rating and
Permit Load Rating levels are not verified for the Fatigue Limit State.
RF =
( )
C − (γ DCB )( DC B ) − γ DC A (DC A ) − (γ DW )(DW ) − (γ T )(T ) − (γ SEC )(SEC ) − (γ P )(P ) − (γ USER )(USER ) − (γ AV )( AV )
(3.7)
(γ PV )(PV )
Where,
C: capacity
( )
(γ DC B )( DC B ) + γ DC A (DC A ) + (γ DW )(DW ) + (γ T )(T ) + (γ SEC )(SEC ) + (γ P )(P ) + (γ USER )(USER ) + (γ AV )( AV )
: Stress from Load Case
(γ PV )( PV )
:Stress from Primary Vehicle(P.V)
Please refer to [Table 3.20] for the LRFR Design Articles applied in each case.
Flow
Yes (∆f )m ax ≤ (∆F )T H No AASHTO LRFR 11
(7.2.4)
(Eq.7.2.4-1)
Finite Fatigue Life (7.2.5)
Infinite Fatigue Life
RR A
Y =∞ Y =
7.2.4
365 n( ADTT ) SL (∆f [ )eff ]
3
Chapter 3.Steel Composite Bridge Load Rating - AASHTO-LRFR 2nd (2011) 191
Where,
Y : total fatigue life of a fatigue-prone detail in years
(∆𝑓𝑓)𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 : maximum stress range expected at the fatigue-prone detail
(∆𝑓𝑓)𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 2.0 (∆𝑓𝑓)𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
(𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴)𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 : Average member of trucks per day in a single lane averaged over the fatigue life
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 is resistance factor specified for evaluation, minimum, or mean fatigue life.
A is Detail Category Constant.
n is the number of stress-range cycles per truck passage estimated according to 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
(in order of increasing apparent accuracy and complexity)
In midas Civil, different (∆F)TH , R R and A values are applied per the Fatigue category
such as A, B, B', C, C', D, E, and E' inputted in the Fatigue parameters dialog [Fig.3.6].
(∆F)TH is taken as 24.0 ksi (165.0 MPa) except the other cases defined in [Table 3.21].
For n, the n value user defined in the Fatigue Parameters dialog box shown in [Fig.3.6] is
used for the calculation.
C 10.0 69.0
C' 12.0 82.7
D 7.0 48.3
E 4.5 31.0
E' 2.6 17.9
[Table3.22] Resistance factor specified for evaluation, minimum, or mean fatigue life, R R
Detail RR
Category Evaluation Life Minimum Life Mean Life Resistnace Factor
AASHTO LRFR 11
A 1.7 1.0 2.8 (Table 7.2.5.2-1)
In midas Civil, the Fatigue Limit State is verified with the Calculating Estimated Stress Range
method.
Where
𝑅𝑅𝑠𝑠 : The stress-range estimate partial load factor. Unless otherwise specified,
𝑅𝑅𝑠𝑠 = 𝑅𝑅𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑅𝑅𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 Rs
𝑅𝑅𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 : analysis partial load factor AASHTO LRFR 11
(Eq.7.2.2.1.1-1)
𝑅𝑅𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 : truck-weight partail load factor
∆𝑓𝑓 : Measured effective stress range; or 75% of the calculated stress range due to the passage of the
fatigue truck as specified in LRFD Design Article 3.6.1.4, or a fatigue truck determined by a truck
survey or weigh-in-motion study.
𝛾𝛾𝑖𝑖 : Percaentage of cycles at a particular stress range
∆𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 : The particular stress range
Chapter 3.Steel Composite Bridge Load Rating - AASHTO-LRFR 2nd (2011) 193
(2) stress-range estimate partial load factor
For calculating Rs , the R sa and R st values are applied according to [Table 3.25]. Partial Load Factors
Therefore, there is no uncertainty in the verification. AASHTO LRFR 11
[Table3.25] Partial Load Factor, R sa , R st and R s (Table 7.2.2.1-1)
Case R sa R st Rs
For Evaluation or Minimum Fatigue Life
Stress range by simplified analysis,
1.0 1.0 1.0
and truck weight per LRFD 3.6.1.4
Stress range by simplified analysis,
and truck weight estimated 1.0 0.95 0.95
through weigh-in-motion study
Stress range by refined analysis,
0.95 1.0 0.95
and truck weight per LRFD 3.6.1.4
Stress range by refined analysis,
and truck weight estimated 0.95 0.95 0.90
through weigh-in-motion study
Stress range by field-measured strains N/A N/A 0.85
For Mean Fatigue Life
All method N/A N/A 1.00
Where
(∆𝑓𝑓)𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 : Factored tensile portion of the stress range due to the passage of a fatigue truck
𝑓𝑓𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑−𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 : Unfactored compressive stress at the detail due to dead load.
Where,
Rating Case: Rating Case combination with the minimum RF
Component : Indicates the member type: compression/tension
Minimum Rating Factor: The minimum RF
Location: The Element number and its i/j nodes where the RF is calculated
Relative Location: The relative location from the starting point of the bridge (Refer to Span Information
dialog box)
Allowable Stress: Allowable stress of tension/compression flange
Demand: Stress demand
Point: Design point at i/j nodes (e.g., Right Top, Right Bottom, Left Top, Left Bottom)
Dead(Before) – Factor: Load Factor for Load Case-DC(Before)
Dead(Before) – Stress: Stress due to DC(Before)
Dead(After) – Stress: Stress summation due to DC(After), DW, Secondary and Permanent Load
Short Term – Stress : Stress due to Temperature, T. Gradient, User Defined, and Adjacent Live Load
Chapter 3.Steel Composite Bridge Load Rating - AASHTO-LRFR 2nd (2011) 195
[Fig.3.30] Excel Report for Service Limit State Summary
Where,
Rating Case: Rating Case combination with the minimum RF
Positive/Negative: Positive/Negative moment
Minimum Rating Factor: The minimum RF
Location: The Element number and its i/j nodes where the RF is calculated
Relative Location: The relative location from the starting point of the bridge (Refer to Span Information
dialog box)
LRFD Resistance Factor: Resistance Factor according to the standard selected for the Rating Design
Code
Demand, Mu: moment due to the factored loads
Capacity, phiMn: nominal flexural moment resistance of a section multiplied by phi of flexure
Demand, fbu: largest value of the compressive stress throughout the unbraced length in the flange under
condition, calculated without consideration of flange lateral bending
Capacity, phiFn: nominal flexure stress resistance of a flange multiplied by phi of flexure
DC(Before) – Force : My from DC(Before)
DC(After) – Force: My from DC(After)
DW – Force: My from DW
Temperature – Force: My from Temperature
T.Gradient – Force: My from T.Gradient
Permanent – Force: My from Permanent
Secondary – Force: My from Secondary
User Defined – Force: My from User Defined
Pri. LL – Force: Pri. My from LL
Adj. LL – Force: My from Adj.
Where,
Group : Name of Structure Group to which the element belongs as per the definition by user
Elem. : Number of Element for which the Rating Factor is calculated
Part : i/j ends and node number of the elements used for design
ϕ
System Factor: s used to calculate RF of the element
ϕ
Condition Factor: c used to calculate RF of the element
Rating Factor : Rating Factor calculated according to equation (2.1)
Check : Whether the result is OK or NG (OK if RF>1)
Where,
Group : Name of Structure Group to which the element belongs as per the definition by user
Chapter 3.Steel Composite Bridge Load Rating - AASHTO-LRFR 2nd (2011) 197
Elem. : Number of Element for which the Rating Factor is calculated
Part : i/j ends and node number of the elements used for design
ϕ
System Factor: s used to calculate RF of the element
ϕ
Condition Factor: c used to calculate RF of the element
Rating Factor : Rating Factor calculated according to equation (2.1)
Check : Whether the result is OK or NG (OK if RF>1)
Where,
phiMn: nominal flexural moment resistance of a section multiplied by phi of flexure
phiFn: nominal flexure stress resistance of a flange multiplied by phi of flexure
DC(Before) – Force : My from DC(Before)
DC(After) – Force: My from DC(After)
DW – Force: My from DW
Temperature – Force: My from Temperature
T.Gradient – Force: My from T.Gradient
Permanent – Force: My from Permanent
Secondary – Force: My from Secondary
User Defined – Force: My from User Defined
Pri. LL – Force: My from Pri. LL
Adj. LL – Force: My from Adj. LL
Chapter 3.Steel Composite Bridge Load Rating - AASHTO-LRFR 2nd (2011) 199
[Fig.3.39] Excel Report for Flexure Strength Rating Detail
Where,
phiVn : Nominal factored shear resistance
DC(Before) – Force : Vz due to DC(Before)
DC(After) – Force: Vz due to DC(After)
DW – Force: Vz due to DW
Temperature – Force: Vz due to Temperature
T.Gradient – Force: Vz due to T.Gradient
Permanent – Force: Vz due to Permanent
Secondary – Force: Vz due to Secondary
User Defined – Force: Vz due to User Defined
Where,
Rating Factor – Comp.: RF for the allowable compressive stress
Rating Factor – Tens: RF for the allowable tensile stress
Allowable Stress– Comp.: Allowable compressive stress user-defined
Allowable Stress– Tens.: Allowable tensile stress user-defined
Dead(Before) - Top Stress : Stress at the Top due to the DC(Before) Load Cases
Dead(Before) - Bottom Stress : Stress at the Bottom due to the DC(Before) Load Cases
Dead(After) - Top Stress : Stress at the Top due to the DC(After), DW, Secondary and Permanent Load
Cases
Dead(After) - Bottom Stress : Stress at the Bottom due to the DC(After), DW, Secondary and Permanent
Load Cases
Short term - Top Stress : Stress at the Top due to the Temperature, T. Gradient, User Defined, and
Chapter 3.Steel Composite Bridge Load Rating - AASHTO-LRFR 2nd (2011) 201
Adjacent Live Load.
Short term - Bottom Stress : Stress at the Bottom due to the Temperature, T. Gradient, User Defined, and
Adjacent Live Load.
Pri. LL - Top Stress : Stress at the Top due to the Primary Live Load
Pri. LL - Bottom Stress : Stress at the Bottom due to the Primary Live Load
Chapter 3.Steel Composite Bridge Load Rating - AASHTO-LRFR 2nd (2011) 203
DESIGN GUIDE
for midas Civil
AASHTO LRFD and LRFR
Copyright (c) Since 1989 MIDAS Information Technology Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.