Al Mauduat PDF

e½‡`‡k iwPZ Rvj nv`xm welqK cÖvPxbZg MÖš’
dzidzivi cxi kvBLyj Bmjvg

Ave~eKi wmwÏKxi (ivn) wb‡`©‡k iwPZ
dzidzivi cxi Avj-vgv

Avey Rvdi wmwÏKxi (ivn)
Avj-gvDh~AvZ
GKwU we‡klYvZ¥K ch©v‡jvPbv
W. †Lv›`Kvi Avãyjvn Rvnv½xi

wc-GBP. wW. (wiqv`), Gg. G. (wiqv`), Gg.Gg. (XvKv)
Aa¨vcK, Avj-nv`xm wefvM
Bmjvgx wek¦we`¨vjq, Kzwóqv
Avm-mybœvn cvewj‡KkÝ
wSbvB`n, evsjv‡`k
2
dzidzivi cxi Avj-vgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKxi Avj-gvDh~AvZ: GKwU we‡klYvZ¥K ch©v‡jvPbv
W. †Lv›`Kvi Avãyjvn Rvnv½xi
cÖKvkK
Dmvgv †Lv›`Kvi
Avm-mybvœ n cvewj‡KkÝ
Rvgvb mycvi gv‡K©U (3q Zjv)
we. we. †ivW. wSbvB`n-7300
‡dvb I d¨·: 0451-63578; †gvevBj: 01711152954, 01922137921
cÖvwß¯’vb:
1. `vi“k kixqvn LvbKv‡q dzidziv, cvKkx, Bk¦i`x, cvebv
2. Bkvqv‡Z Bmjvg KzZzeLvbv, 2/2 `vi“m mvjvg, wgicyi, XvKv-1216
3. Avj-dvi“K GKv‡Wgx, †avcvNvUv-†Mvwe›`cyi, wSbvB`n-7300
cÖ_g cÖKvk : hyjnv¾ 1430 wn,

AMÖnvqY 1416 evsjv,
wW‡m¤î 2009 Cmvqx
nvw`qv: 280 (`yB kZ Avwk) UvKv gvÎ|

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Furfurar Pir Allama Abu Jafar Siddiqir 'Al-Mazuat' (Al-Mauzuat: Written By Allama Abu Jafar
Siddiqi, Pir of Furfura): An Explanatory Analysis, by Dr. Khandaker Abdullah Jahangir. Published
by As-Sunnah Pablications, Jaman Supur Market, B. B. Road, Jhenidah-7300, Dec. 2009. Price TK 280
only.
3
f~wgKv
cÖksmv gnvb Avj-vni wbwgË| mvjvZ I mvjvg Zuvi gnvb ivm~j gynv¤§v` ()-Gi Dci Ges Zuvi cwiRb, mnPi I
Abymvix‡ì Dci|
Avjvn I Zuvi ivm~‡ji () bv‡g RvwjqvwZ Bmjv‡gi wei‚‡× KwVbZg Aciva| KziAvb I nv`x‡mi wb‡`©kbvi Av‡jv‡K
mvnvexM‡Yi hyM †_‡K G ch©‡„ mKj hy‡MB AvwjgMY Rvj nv`xm cÖwZ‡iv‡a m‡PZb I †mv‛Pvi †_‡K‡Qb| ZvweqxM‡Yi hyM †_‡K
eZ©gvb hyM ch©‡„ AMwYZ MÖ‡’ G wel‡q iwPZ n‡q‡Q| GiB avivevwnKZvq Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKxi ÒAvj-gvDh~AvZÓ MÖ‡’|
Z‡e G MÖ‡’wU wewfb‣ w`K †_‡K AmvaviY Ges Abb¨ •ewk‡ói AwaKvix|
cÖ_gZ, Rvj nv`xm cÖwZ‡iv‡a gymwjg we‡k¦i mKj †`‡ki AvwjgM‡Yi cvkvcvwk fviZxq AvwjgMYI A‡bK MÖ‡’ iPbv K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e
Avj-vgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKxi c~‡e© †Kv‡bv fviZxq Avwjg †Kv‡bv fviZxq fvlvq G wel‡q MÖ‡’ wj‡L‡Qb e‡j Rvbv hvq bv| we‡klZ
e½‡`‡k evOvjx Avwjg iwPZ Rvj nv`xm welqK me©cÖ_g MÖ‡’ GwU| G MÖ‡’wUi ch©v‡jvPbv ev` w`‡q e½‡`‡k Bjg nv`xm PP©vi BwZnvm
G‡Kev‡iB Am¤ú~Y© _v‡K|
wØZxqZ, cxi-gvkvBL KZ…©K M‡elYvg~jK MÖ‡’ iPbv weij NUbv| mvaviYfv‡e Zuviv MÖ‡’ iPbvi Aemi cvb bv| wKQz mgq †c‡j `xbx
AvnKvg, AvKx`v, AvZ¥ïw× BZ¨vw` wel‡q wKQz wj‡Lb| G avivi GK weij e¨wZµg fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡ki Ges we‡klZ e„nËi
e½‡`‡ki Ab¨Zg †kªô cxi, AMwYZ cx‡ii cxi, kvBLyj gvkvBL Avj-vgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx iwPZ ÔAvj-gvDh~AvZÕ MÖ‡’wU| Bjgy
nv`x‡mi G ¸i‚Z¡c~Y© kvLvq Giƒc GKRb mycÖwm× cxi I kvBLyj gvkvB‡Li †jLv G MÖ‡’wU gymwjg we‡k¦i Bjgx M‡elYvi †¶‡Î AZ¨‡„
¸i‚Z¡ enb K‡i| we‡klZ eZ©gvb hy‡M A‡bK M‡elKB aviYv K‡ib †h, mydxMY Rvj nv`x‡mi Dci wbf©i K‡ib ev Rvj nv`x‡mi
we‡ivwaZv K‡ib bv| Giƒc weåvw‡„i ch©v‡jvPbvq Ges weï× `xbx Bjg cÖPv‡i, Rvj nv`xm we‡ivwaZvq Ges weï× kixqZ wbf©i
ZvmvDd cÖPv‡i m~dxM‡Yi f~wgKv ch©v‡jvPbvq G MÖ‡’wU GKwU AmvaviY †g․wjK Kg© wn‡m‡e MY¨|
G AmvaviY gnvg~jëvb MÖ‡’wU evsjv‡`‡ki AwaKvsk Avwjg, Zvwje-Bjg I M‡el‡Ki Kv‡Q AcwiwPZ| Avgvi k¦ïi dzidzivi cxi
kvBLyj Bmjvg Aveyj Avbmvi wmwÏKxi evisevi wb‡`©k I ZvwK‡ì d‡j 2005 mv‡j Avwg Ònv`x‡mi bv‡g RvwjqvwZÓ bvgK eBwU
wjwL| eBwU cÖKv‡ki eQi Lv‡bK ci h‡kvi †Rjvi gwbivgcy‡ii gynvZvivg fvB Avmv`yj-vn e‡jb, dzidziv †_‡K B‡Zvc~‡e© cÖKvwkZ
ÔAvj-gvDh~AvZÕ MÖ‡‡’i e³‡eï mv‡_ Avcbvi Ônv`x‡mi bv‡g RvwjqvwZÕ eBwUi A‡bK wgj i‡q‡Q| Avwg AZxe AvMÖ‡ni mv‡_ ÔAvj-
gvDh~AvZÕ MÖ‡’wU Zuvi wbKU †_‡K MÖnY Kwi| cieZ©xKv‡j Bmjvgx wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Avj-wdKn wefv‡Mi mfvcwZ W. hvKvwiqv gRyg`vi
eBwUi Av‡iKwU Kwc Avgv‡K cÖ`vb K‡ib| eBwU fvi‡Z cybg©yw`ªZ n‡q‡Q e‡j Rvb‡Z †c‡iwQ|
MÖ‡’wU cvV Kivi ci G wel‡q GKwU M‡elYvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Abyfe Kwi| †KD †KD cÖ¯„ve K‡ib wc-GBP. wW M‡elYvi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv
M‡elK‡K welqwU cÖ`vb Ki‡Z| wK‡‘ wb‡RB G wel‡q wKQz †jLvi Av‡eM `gb Ki‡Z cvijvg bv| Avgvi mKj †jLv‡jwLi g~j
†cÖiYv wQ‡jb dzidzivi cxi Aveyj Avbmvi wmwÏKx| weï× ZvInx` I myb‣vZ cÖwZôvq dzidzivi Ae`vb m¤ú‡K© wKQz wjL‡Z wZwb
Avgv‡K Drmvn w`‡Zb| Zuvi Idv‡Zi K‡qKw`b c~‡e©I wZwb Avgv‡K G wel‡q wKQz wjL‡Z e‡jb| Zuvi wcZvgn kvBLyj Bmjvg Avey
eKi wmwÏKxi wb‡`©‡k Zuvi wcZ…e¨ Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx iwPZ G gnvg~jëvb ÔBjgxÕ MÖ‡’wU‡K †K•`ª K‡i weï× ZvInx` I
myb‣vZ cÖwZôvq Ges Rvj nv`xm cÖwZ‡iv‡a gvkvBL dzidzivi Ae`v‡bi wKQz welq Av‡jvPbvi AvMÖn `gb Ki‡Z cvijvg bv|
ivm~jyj-vn  e‡j‡Qb: ÒKvD‡K hw` wKQz cÖ`vb Kiv nq- hw` †KD Zvi DcKvi ev Kj¨vY K‡i- Z‡e †m †hb Zv‡K cÖwZ`vb †`q|
hw` cÖwZ`vb w`‡Z bv cv‡i Z‡e †m †hb Zvi ¸YKxZ©b I cÖksmv K‡i- †m †hb Zvi K_v ¯§iY K‡i I D‡jL K‡i...|Ó1
dzidzivi cxi-gvkvB‡Li cÖwZ Avgv‡ì FY A‡bK| Zuviv G‡`‡ki gymwjg Rb‡Mvôx‡K `x‡bi weï× †PZbvq D¾xweZ K‡i‡Qb|
RvZxq, mvgvwRK, A_©‣bwZK, ivR‣bwZK I ag©xq Db‣wZi Rb¨ Avgiv Zuv‡ì Kv‡Q FYx| G FY cwi‡kva †hvM¨ bq| Avgiv Zv‡ì
cÖwZ`vb w`‡Z cvie bv| Z‡e A‡„Z Zuv‡ì G Ae`v‡bi K_v cieZ©x cªRb¥¸wji Kv‡Q †cu․‡Q w`‡q I Zuv‡ì Rb¨ `yAv K‡i Avgv‡ì
AvswkK `vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi †Póv Kiv ìKvi| G `vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi mvgvb¨ cÖ‡Póv G MÖ‡’|
G M‡elYvwU‡K wZbwU Aa¨v‡q wef³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| ÒcwiwPwZÓ kxl©K cÖ_g Aa¨v‡qi cÖ_g cwi‡‛Q‡` dzidzivi cxi Avey eKi
wmwÏKx I Avey Rvdi wmwÏKxi msw¶ß Rxebx Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| cvkvcvwk mnxn myb‣vZ wbf©iZvq I Rvj nv`xm cÖwZ‡iv‡a
gvkvBL dzidzivi Ae`vb ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| wØZxq cwi‡‛Q‡` nv`xm I Rvj nv`x‡mi cwiPq I weavb m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv
n‡q‡Q| wØZxq Aa¨v‡q ÔAvj-gvDh~AvZÕ MÖ‡’wU Dc¯’vcbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx Zuvi MÖ‡‡’ hv e‡j‡Qb Zv ûeû
Dc¯’vcbv Kiv n‡q‡Q G Aa¨v‡qi QqwU cwi‡‛Q‡`|
Z…Zxq Aa¨v‡qi PviwU cwi‡‛Q` G MÖ‡’wUi ch©v‡jvPbvq wb‡ew`Z| cÖ_g cwi‡‛Q‡` Avjvgv Avey Rvdi KZ…©K Rvj nv`xm wel‡q
gynvwÏmM‡Yi cwifvlv Dc¯’vc‡bi welq ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx †h mKj e¨w³ I MÖ‡‡’i Dci wbf©i
K‡i‡Qb †m¸wji we¯„vwiZ ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q wØZxq cwi‡‛Q‡`| Zuvi e³‡eï Av‡jv‡K Rvj nv`x‡mi A_© wel‡q ch©v‡jvPbv
Kiv n‡q‡Q Z…Zxq cwi‡‛Q‡`| nv`xm, Zvdmxi, wdKn, ZvmvDd, ZvixL, mxivZ BZ¨vw` wel‡q cÖwm× A‡bK MÖ‡‡’i g‡a¨ we`¨gvb
A‡bK nv`xm‡K Rvj e‡j wbwðZ K‡i‡Qb Avj-vgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx| PZz_© cwi‡‛Q‡` G welqwU ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
1
Ave~ `vD`, Avm-mybvb 4/255; wZiwghx, Avm-mybvb 4/379; nvBmvgx, gvRgvDh hvIqvB` 8/181| Avjevbx, mnxûZ ZviMxe 1/234| nv`xmwU nvmvb|
4
Avj-vgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx Zuvi MÖ‡‡’i g~j Av‡jvPbvq cÖvq mv‡o Pvi kZ Rvj nv`xm msKjb K‡i‡Qb| wØZxq Aa¨v‡qi
Z…Zxq cwi‡‛Q‡` nv`xm¸wj Dc¯’vcbvi mgq Avgiv G¸wji µgmsL¨v cÖ`vb K‡iwQ| Z…Zxq Aa¨v‡q ch©v‡jvPbvi mgq Avgiv G
mKj Rvj nv`xm µg-msL¨v mn D‡jL K‡iwQ| hv‡Z cvV‡Ki Rb¨ Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKxi e³‡eï mv‡_ ch©v‡jvPbvi
Z_¨vw` wgwj‡q †`Lv mnR nq| Av‡jvPbvi cÖ‡qvR‡b KL‡bv KL‡bv MÖ‡’Kv‡ii g~j D`©y e³e¨ D‡jL K‡iwQ| Z‡e Kw¤úDUv‡ii
Aviex Ôd•UÕ ev A¶‡i D`©y wjL‡Z †h‡q †ek Amyweav n‡q‡Q Ges KL‡bv KL‡bv cÖK…Z evbvb †jLv m¤¢e nq wb|
Avj-gvDh~AvZ MÖ‡‡’i ch©v‡jvPbvq †h mKj MÖ‡‡’i Dci wbf©i Kiv n‡q‡Q †m¸wji GKwU ZvwjKv MÖ‡‡’i †k‡l cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
eZ©gv‡b Bjgx M‡elYvq iZ mK‡jB ÒAvj-gvKZvevZzk kvwgjvÓ-i mv‡_ cwiwPZ| gyw`ªZ MÖ‡’vwì cvkvcvwk ÒkvwgjvÓ-i MÖ‡’vwì
DciI wbf©i Kiv n‡q‡Q| †Kv‡bv cvVK ev M‡elK B‛Qv Ki‡j mn‡RB kvwgjvi gva¨‡g G welqK Z_¨vw` m¤ú‡K© wbwðZ n‡Z
cvi‡eb|
Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx Zuvi MÖ‡‡’ AMwYZ Avwjg, gynvwÏm, dKxn, Bgvg I eyRy‡M©i bvg D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| mvaviYZ wZwb Kv‡iv
bv‡gi mv‡_ (ivn) ev Abyiƒc `yAvi evK¨ D‡jL K‡ib wb| Avwjg-eyRyM©‡ì bv‡gv‡j‡Li ci `yAv Kiv K_K, †kªvZv ev cvV‡Ki `vwqZ¡|
wK‡‘ cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki bv‡gi mv‡_ me©`v (ivn) wjLv c~e©eZ©x AvwjgM‡Yi ixwZ bq| Avj-vgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKxi e³e¨ ûeû Dc¯’vc‡bi j‡¶¨
AvgivI `yAv-ÁvcK evK¨ wjLv †_‡K weiZ †_‡KwQ| Zuvi Av‡jvPbvi evB‡i Avgv‡ì ch©v‡jvPbvi g‡aÏ AMwYZ Avwjg, Bgvg,
gynvwÏm, dKxn I cxi-eyRy‡M©i bvg D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q| g~j MÖ‡‡’i ixwZi Abymi‡Y Avgiv Zuv‡ì bv‡gi c‡i (ivn) ev Abyiƒc wKQz
†jLv †_‡K weiZ †_‡KwQ| cvV‡Ki cÖwZ we‡kl Aby‡iva, mKj Avwjg, Bgvg, dKxn, gynvwÏm I eyRy‡M©i Rb¨ `yAv Ki‡eb Ges Zuv‡ì
bv‡gi mv‡_ ÔivwngvûjvûÕ ej‡eb| Zuv‡ì gva¨‡gB Avgiv `xb †c‡qwQ Ges Zuv‡ì Rb¨ `yAv Kiv Avgv‡ì Cgvbx `vwqZ¡| gnvb Avj-vn
G MÖ‡‡’ D‡jwLZ mKj Avwjg‡K Ges gymwjg D¤§vni mKj Avwjg‡K Adzi‡„ ingZ `vb Ki‚b| Avgxb|
Avgvi A‡hvM¨Zvi Kvi‡Y A‡bK fyjåvw‡„ i‡q †Mj| mü`q cvVK‡K Aby‡iva KiwQ †h †Kv‡bv fyjåvw‡„i K_v Avgv‡ì‡K
Rvbv‡Z| Avgiv K…ZÁZvi mv‡_ Zv MÖnY Kie|
Av‡MB D‡jL K‡iwQ †h, eBwU wjL‡Z Avgv‡K †cÖiYv w`‡qwQ‡jb dzidzivi cxi kvBL Aveyj Avbmvi wmwÏKx| Avjvn Zuv‡K
m‡e©vËg cyi¯‥vi, Adzi‡„ ingZ I gvMwdivZ `vb Ki‚b| Zuvi cyÎ dzidzivi cxi gvIjvbv Avey eKi Avãyj nvB wgkKvZ wmwÏKx
cÖvqB Avgv‡K G wel‡q Drmvn I civgk© w`‡q‡Qb| GQvov A‡b‡KB MÖ‡’wU iPbvq Drmvn I mn‡hvwMZv cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb| Bmjvgx
wek¦we`¨vj‡qi †K•`ªxq gmwR‡ì LZxe W. Av. m. g. ïAvBe Avng`, eìMÄ gv`ªvmvi gynvwÏm gvIjvbv gynv¤§v` jyrdyi ingvb
I †m‣nv®ú` QvÎ Avwid wejvn eBwUi cÖ‚d †`‡L‡Qb Ges A‡bK civgk© w`‡q‡Qb| gnvb Avjvn mevB‡K Adzi‡„ mvIqve, ingZ
I m‡e©vËg cÖwZ`vb cÖ`vb Ki‚b|
gnvb Avjvni ìev‡i mKvZ‡i Avih Kwi, G bMY¨ Kg©wU‡K `qv K‡i Keyj K‡i wbb Ges G‡K Avgvi, Avgvi wcZvgvZv, ¯¿x-m‡„vbMY,
Drmvn`vZvMY, D¯„v`MY I cvVKM‡Yi bvRv‡Zi Imxjv evwb‡q w`b| Avwgb|
Avãyjv- n Rvnv½xi
5
cÖ_g Aa¨vq: cwiwPwZ

cÖ_g cwi‡”Q`:
dzidziv I dzidzivi cxiMY
e½‡`‡k iwPZ Ges m¤¢eZ fviZxq †Kv‡bv fvlvq iwPZ me©cÖ_g Rvj nv`xm msKjb wbtm‡•`‡n fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k,
Ges we‡kl K‡i e½‡`‡k Bjg nv`xm PP©vi GKwU gvBj-djK| MÖ‡’wU iwPZ n‡q‡Q dzidzivi cxi kvBLyj Bmjvg Avey eKi
wmwÏKxi wb‡`©‡k Zuvi cyÎ dzidzivi cxi Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx KZ…©K| G `yB gnvb e¨w³‡Z¡i mvgvb¨ cwiPq Avgv‡ì
Rvbv cÖ‡qvRb| wK‡‘ Zuviv GZB Amvgvb¨ wQ‡jb †h, Zuv‡ì mvgvb¨ cwiP‡qi RbÏ e„nr cwim‡ii cÖ‡qvRb| Av‡jvPbvi
ïi‚‡Z wb‡g‣i welq¸wji cÖwZ cvV‡Ki `„wó AvKl©Y KiwQ:
cÖ_gZ: Bmjv‡gi BwZnv‡mi GKwU `ytLRbK w`K †h, Zv‡Z me©`v ivR‣bwZK I mvgwiK welq I GZ`mswkó
e¨w³Z¡‡ì cÖm½ Av‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q| wK‡‘ †h mKj ag©xq I mvs¯‥…wZK e¨w³Z¡ G mKj ivR‣bwZK I mvgwiK e¨w³Z¡‡ì‡K
cÖfvweZ K‡iwQ‡jb Ges ivR‣bwZK ev mvgwiK cwieZ©‡bi †cÖ¶vcU m„wó K‡iwQ‡jb Zv‡ì welq Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq wb, ev
AZ¨‡„ Kg ¸i‚‡Z¡i mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| d‡j ag©xq e¨w³Z¡‡ì cÖK…Z Ae`vb Kv‡ji AveZ©‡b nvwi‡q hvq Ges cieZ©x
M‡elK‡ì Rb¨ G wel‡q Z_¨wfwËK ch©v‡jvPbv KwVb n‡q hvq|
wØZxqZ: cÖPvi wegyL AvwLivZgyLx Avwjg I eyRMy ©MY wb‡R‡ì cÖPvi Ki‡Zb bv, Dci‡‘ cÖPvi Ki‡Z wb‡la Ki‡Zb|
Z…ZxqZ: Zuv‡ì RxeÏkvq I Zuv‡ì B‡‡„Kv‡ji c‡i f³iv Zuv‡ì Rxebx wj‡L‡Qb| wK‡‘ G mKj Rxebx‡Z Zuv‡ì
Bev`Z, ZvKIqv, KvivgZ BZ¨vw`B g~jZ duy‡U D‡V‡Q, Zv‡ì mgvR-ms¯‥vi, wk¶v-we¯„vi, Bjgx wL`gZ BZ¨vw` welq¸wj
†gv‡UI duy‡U D‡V wb|
gvkvBL dzidzivi †¶‡Î Dc‡ii welq¸wj meB we`¨gvb| ivR‣bwZK, mvgvwRK I mvs¯‥…wZK BwZnv‡m Zuv‡ì Ae`vb
D‡c¶v Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avi Zuv‡ì Rxebx‡Z AwaKvsk †¶‡Î Av‡eM-D‛Qvmgq cÖksmv I A‡j․wKK‡Z¡i eY©bv Qvov †Zgb †Kv‡bv
†g․wjK Z_¨ mwb‣‡ewkZ nq wb|
G mxgve×Zvi cvkvcvwk Avgv‡ì wb‡R‡`‡i A‡hvM¨Zv, mxgve×Zv I MÖ‡‡’i cÖvmw½KZvi w`‡K j¶¨ †i‡L Avgvi
GLv‡b AwZ ms‡¶‡c kvBLyj Bmjvg Avey eKi wmwÏKx I Avjvgv kvBL Avey Rvdi wmwÏKxi Rxebx Ges mnxn nv`xm I
weï× mybv‣ Z cÖPv‡i I Rvj-nv`xm, Kzms¯‥vi BZ¨vwì cÖwZ‡iv‡a gvkvBL dzidzivi Ae`vb AwZ-ms‡¶‡c Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z
PvB| gnvb Avjvni ìev‡i ZvIdxK cÖv_©bv KiwQ|
1. 1. 1. mgKvjxb cwi‡ek I HwZnvwmK †cÖ¶vcU
1757 mv‡j cjvwki civR‡qi gva¨‡g evsjvq Bs‡iR AvwacZ¨ cÖwZwôZ nq| cieZ©x GK kZvãx hver e„wUkiv µgv‡^q
hy‡×i gva¨‡g fvi‡Zi gymwjg ivR¨¸wj `Lj Kivi †Póv Ki‡Z _v‡K Ges gymwjgMYI wewfb‣fv‡e we‡`kx AvwacZ¨ cÖwZ‡iv‡ai
†Póv Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| G hy×ve¯’vi cvkvcvwk gymwjg Avwjg-Djvgv, cxi-gvkvBL I cÖPviKMY mKj cÖKvi miKvix c„ô‡cvlKZv
†_‡K ewÂZ nb| Bs‡iRMY Òag©wbi‡c¶Ó wk¶v eë¯’v Pvjy Ki‡j gymwjgMY Zv MÖnY Ki‡Z A¯^xKvi K‡ib Ges gymwjg
wkïwK‡kviMY miKvix we`¨vj‡q Mgb †_‡K weiZ _v‡K| Dci‡‘ wPi¯’vqx e‡•`ve‡¯„i gva¨‡g evsjvi me©Î Qov‡bv wQUv‡bv gv`ªvmv,
g³e, LvbKv Ges ag©xq e¨w³Z¡ I cÖwZôvb¸wji Rb¨ eivÏ jv‡LivR m¤úwË Zv‡ì †_‡K †K‡o †bIqv nq| `ª‚Z G mKj
cÖwZôvb wejyß n‡q hvq|
cvkvcvwk Ebwesk kZ‡Ki ïi‚ †_‡K L„÷vb wgkbvwiMY fvi‡Zi Ges we‡kl K‡i evsjvi me©Î A‡bKUv
†Rvihei`w¯„ K‡i Ges nv‡U evRv‡i cÖKv‡k¨ Bmjvg I Bmjv‡gi bexi () wei‚‡× we‡lv‟Mvi K‡i gymwjg‡ì‡K L„÷vb
evbv‡bvi †Póv Ki‡Z _v‡K| GQvov Avh© mgvR eªvþ-mgvR, •PZ‡bï Abymvixiv wewfb‣fv‡e Bmjv‡gi wei‚‡× e¨vcK cÖPviYv
Pvjv‡Z _v‡K| gymwjg mgv‡R fÊ cÖZviK cxi, dKxi, evDj cÖf„wZi Bmjvg we‡ivax Kg©Kv‡Êi cÖfve e¨vcK †_‡K
e¨vcKZi n‡Z _v‡K| G¸wji cÖwZev‡` K_v ejvi gZ ev weï× Bmjvgx wk¶v cÖPv‡ii gZ gvby‡li msL¨v G‡Kev‡iB weij
n‡q hvq| mvaviYfv‡e gymwjgMY wb‡R‡ì‡K wbg‣e‡Y©i wn•`y‡ì gZB g‡b Ki‡Z Af¨¯„ n‡q hvq|
e¯‘Z Ebwesk kZ‡Ki ga¨fv‡M evsjvi gymwjg Rb‡Mvôxi msL¨vMwiô Ask wb‡R‡ì‡K wbg‣e‡Y©i wn•`y‡ì gZB
GKwU ÒRvwZÓ e‡j g‡b KiZ| GKRb Òk~`ªÓ ev `wjZ wn•`y †hgb Zvi cÖwZ D‛Pe‡Yi wn•`y ev Rwg`v‡ii AvPiY‡K
Ò¯^vfvweKÓ e‡jB MÖnY Ki‡Zb, †Zgwbfv‡e mvaviY gymwjgMYI wn•`y Rwg`v‡ii AvPiY‡K Gfv‡eB MÖnY Ki‡Zb| c„_K
RvwZmZ¡vi †Kv‡bv †PZbv Zv‡ì g‡a¨ wQj bv| wk¶v w`¶v cÖvq wQj bv ej‡jB P‡j| ag©xq AvPvi, wek¦vm I †PZbvq wn•`y I
gymwjg‡ì g‡a¨ †Zgb †Kv‡bv cv_©K¨ wQj bv| ivR‣bwZK I A_©‣bwZK ¯^vaxKv‡ii †Kv‡bv †PZbvB AwaKvs‡ki g‡a¨
wQjbv|
G mg‡qB dzidzivi cxi AveyeKi wmwÏKx Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Ewbk kZ‡Ki †klfvM †_‡K Zuvi cÖPvi I ms¯‥vi cÖ‡Póv
6
ïi‚ K‡ib| evsjvi gymwjg Rb‡Mvôxi g‡a¨ ag©xq, mvgvwRK, A_©‣bwZK I ivR‣bwZK †PZbv D¾xweZ Ki‡Z Ges
µgv‡^‡q Zv ¯^vaxbZvq iƒcv‡„vwiZ Ki‡Z Zuvi I Zuvi mn‡hvMx‡ì Ae`vb wQj Acwimxg| c~e©eZ©x †h mKj ag©xq, mvgvwRK
I ivR‣bwZK `vIqvZ I ms¯‥vi Av‡•`vjb Zuvi ms¯‥v‡ii †cÖ¶vcU •Zwi K‡iwQj Zv Avgv‡ì Abyaveb Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|
1. 1. 1. 1. c~e©eZ©x ag©xq ms¯‥vi Av‡›`vjb
Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm iPbvq me©`v ivR‣bwZK cwieZ©‡bi wfwË‡Z hyM I ¯„i web¨vm Kiv nq| ag©xq Ae¯’vi weeZ©b I
cwieZ©‡bi wfwË‡Z †Kv‡bv BwZnvm iPbv Kiv nq wb| †h Kvi‡Y Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm †_‡K gymwjg D¤§vni ag©xq Ae¯’vi
weeZ©b mn‡R Abyaveb Kiv hvq bv|
ivm~jyj-vn  wewfb‣ nv`x‡m gymwjg‡ì ag©xq Ae¯’vi weeZ©‡bi K_v e‡j‡Qb| eyivB`v Avmjvgx (iv) e‡jb, ivm~jyjvn
 e‡j‡Qb:
ÒAvgvi D¤§‡Zi †kªôZg D¤§vZ hv‡ì hy‡M Avwg †cÖwiZ n‡qwQ Zviv, Gici Zv‡ì cieZ©x hy‡Mi gvby‡liv, Gici
Zv‡ì cieZ©x hy‡Mi gvby‡liv, Gici Zv‡ì cieZ©x hy‡Mi gvby‡liv| Gici Ggb gvbyliv Avm‡e hv‡ì mv¶¨ kc‡_i Av‡M
hv‡e Ges kc_ mv‡¶ï Av‡M hv‡e|Ó2
Gfv‡e Bgivb Beby ûmvBb (iv), Ave~ ûivBiv (iv), bygvb Beby evkxi (iv) I Ab¨vb¨ mvnvex †_‡K wewfb‣ mnxn mb‡`
ewY©Z nv`x‡m ivm~jyjvn () Zuvi D¤§v‡Zi cÖ_g 3 I 4 cÖR‡b¥i †kªô‡Z¡i mv¶¨ w`‡q‡Qb| Gici D¤§v‡Zi g‡a¨ ag©xq I
•bwKZ AacZb-mn Ae¶q e¨vcKfv‡e cÖmvwiZ n‡e e‡j wZwb Rvwb‡q‡Qb|3
wnRix 350 (L„÷xq 950) mv‡ji c~‡e©B G Pvi cÖR‡b¥i mgvwß N‡U| Avi BwZnv‡mi ev¯„eZvq Avgiv †`wL †h, G mgq
†_‡KB gymwjg mgv‡R e¨vcK Ae¶q N‡U| gymwjg wek¦ †QvU †QvU †`‡k wef³ n‡q hvq| dvwZgx, eyAvBnx, KvivgvZx I Ab¨vb¨
weåv‡„ kxqvMY, we‡klZ evwZbx, KvivgZx kxqvMY gymwjg we‡k¦i me©Î Zv‡ì ivóª cÖwZôv K‡ib| 334 wnRix †_‡K eby eyAvBwn
kxqvMY evM`v`-mn gymwjg iv‡óªi †K•`ªxq mKj ¶gZv `Lj K‡i| mgv‡Ri me©Î kxqvM‡Yi cÖPvwiZ Rvj nv`xm, Kzms¯‥vi,
weåvw‡„ I evwZj gZev` cÖPvwiZ, cÖmvwiZ I cÖwZwôZ n‡Z _v‡K|
ivR‣bwZK I ag©xq cwiw¯’wZi cvkvcvwk A_©‣bwZK I mvgvwRK Ae¶q e¨vcK nq| G mg‡q 5g wnRix kZK †_‡K
GKUvbv `y kZvãxiI AwaK mgq e¨vcx µz‡mW hy× Ges Gici wnRxi 7g (L„÷xq 13k) kZ‡Ki ZvZvi Avµgb I
evM`v‡ì cZb (656 wn/1258L„) gymwjg wek¦‡K G‡Kev‡i wQb‣wfb‣ I wech©¯„ K‡i †`q| G mg‡q ÁvbPP©v I M‡elYv
we‡kl K‡i ¯’wei n‡q hvq| cieZ©x hyM¸wji Ae¶q e¨vcK †_‡K e¨cKZi n‡Z _v‡K| we‡klZ Bivb, ga¨ Gwkqv I
fvi‡Zi gymwjg mgvR¸wj‡Z G Ae¶q wQj Av‡iv e¨vcK| Avi G Ae¯’v †_‡K DËi‡Yi †¶‡Î D¤§v‡Zi µgv‡^q ms¯‥vi
cÖ‡Póvi avivevwnKZvi Av‡jv‡K Avgv‡ì‡K gvkvBL dzidzivi ms¯‥vi Abyaveb Ki‡Z n‡e|
1. 1. 1. 2. gyRvwÏ` Avjd mvbx
gymwjg we‡k¦i Ges we‡klZ fvi‡Zi gymwjg mgv‡Ri Pig ag©xq Ae¶‡qi wei‚‡× †kªôZg ms¯‥vi Av‡•`vjb
cwiPvjbv K‡ib gyRvwÏ‡` Avj‡d mvbx kvBL Avng` Beby Avãyj Avnv` wmiwn•`x (971-1034 wn/1564-1624L„)| mKj
cÖKvi wkiK, Kzdi, Bjnv`, kixqZ we‡ivwaZv, mybv‣ Z we‡ivwaZv I weÀv‡Zi cÖwZev`, Bmjvgx ZvmvD‡di mwVK e¨vL¨v, G
welqK mKj Kzms¯‥vi I weåvw‡„i Ac‡bv`b, mgvR, ivóª, cÖkvmb, wk¶v, wePvi BZ¨vw` mKj †¶‡Î weï× Bmjvgx
AvnKv‡gi cÖeZ©b wQj Zuvi Ae`vb| e¯‘Z fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡ki cieZ©x mKj ms¯‥vi aviv ZuviB Kv‡Q FYx| dzidzivi
cxiMY gyRvwÏ‡` Avj‡d mvbx‡K Zv‡ì mKj wP‡„v-‡PZbv I †cÖiYvi g~j Drm wn‡m‡e my¯úófv‡e D‡jL K‡i‡Qb Ges Zuvi
gZvg‡Zi DciB wbf©i K‡i‡Qb|
1. 1. 1. 3. kvn Iqvjx Djvn †`njex
cieZ©x †h Avwjg mvaviYfv‡e mgMÖ gymwjg we‡k¦ Ges we‡klfv‡e fvi‡Z Bmjvgx wP‡„vavivq e¨vcK cwieZ©b I
ms¯‥vi mvab K‡ib wZwb kvn Iqvjx Djvn Avng` Beby Avãyi ivnxg gynvwÏm †`njex dviƒKx (1110-1176wn/1699-
1762L„)| gymwjg D¤§vni g‡a¨ weivRgvb wkiK, weÀvZ, Keic~Rv, cxic~Rv, Kzms¯‥vi, gvhnvex evovevwo I †Kv•`j,
ivR‣bwZK Aw¯’iZv, wk¶v ms¯‥vi BZ¨vw` mKj wel‡q wZwb ZvwË¡K I cÖv‡qvwMK ms¯‥vi I cwieZ©b mva‡b m¶g nb|
gvkvBL dzidziv kvn Iqvjx Djvni gZvgZ I wP‡„vaviv‡K Zv‡ì g~jbxwZ I †cÖiYvi wfwË wn‡m‡e D‡jL K‡i‡Qb|
1. 1. 1. 4. gynv¤§v` Beby Avãyj Iqvn&nve
kvn Iqvjx Djvni mgmvgwqK Aviexq ms¯‥viK gynv¤§v` Beby Avãyj Iqvn&nve bvR`x (1115-1206wn/ 1703-
1792L„), hvi ms¯‥vi Av‡•`vjb mgMÖ gymwjg we‡k¦ e¨vcK Av‡jvob I mgv‡jvPbv m„wó K‡i| wZwb ZrKvjxb Avi‡e cÖPwjZ
7
wewfb‣ cÖKv‡ii Kzms¯‥vi, wkiK, we`ÔAvZ BZ¨vwì cÖwZev` K‡ib| Zuvi e³e¨ ïay cÖwZev‡ì g‡a¨B mxgve× wQj bv|
Dci‡‘ Zuvi we‡ivax‡ì wZwb gykwiK e‡j AwfwnZ Ki‡Zb| 1745 L„÷v‡ã eZ©gvb †m․w` Avi‡ei ivRavbx wiqv‡ì AbwZ`~‡i
Aew¯’Z wìBq¨v bvgK †QvÆ MÖvg-iv‡Rï kvmK Avgxi gynv¤§v` Beby mvE` (g„Zz¨ 1765) Zuvi mv‡_ †hvM †`b| Zv‡ì
Abymvixiv Zv‡ì we‡ivax‡ì‡K gykwiK e‡j MY¨ K‡i Zv‡ì wei‚‡× hy×vwfhvb cwiPvjbv ïi‚ K‡ib| 1804 mv‡ji (1218wn)
g‡a¨ g°v-g`xbv-wnRvh-mn Avie DcØx‡ci AwaKvsk ÔmvD`xÕ-ÔInvexÕ‡ì Aax‡b P‡j Av‡m| InvexMY Z_vKvi gvRvimg~‡ni
Dci we`¨gvb mKj †m․a, ¯’vcbv I M¤^yR †f‡½ ¸wo‡q †`b| welqwU gymwjg mgv‡R e¨vcK †¶v‡fi m„wó K‡i|
ZrKvjxb ZzKx© wLjvdZ G bZzb ivRZ¡‡K Zvi AvwacZ¨ I †bZ…‡Z¡i Rb¨ AZ¨‡„ ¶wZKi e‡j g‡b K‡ib| KviY
GKw`‡K g°v-g`xbv mn Bmjv‡gi cÖvY‡K•`ª Zv‡ì nvZQvov n‡q hvq, Ab¨w`‡K g~j Avi‡e ¯^vaxb iv‡Rï DÌvb gymwjg
we‡k¦ ZzKx© ‡ì GK‛QÎ †bZ…‡Z¡i Rb¨ ûgwK n‡q ùvovq| GRb¨ ZzKx© Ljxdv ìev‡ii AvwjgM‡Yi gva¨‡g Invex‡ì‡K
ag©‡`ªvnx, Kvwdi I Bmjv‡gi Ab¨Zg kÎ‚ wn‡m‡e dvZIqv cÖPvi K‡ib| gymwjg we‡k¦i me©Î G‡ì wei‚‡× †Rviv‡jv
cÖPvivwfhvb Pvjv‡bv nq, †hb †KD G be¨ ivRZ¡‡K Bmjvgx wLjvd‡Zi ¯’jvwfwl³ g‡b bv K‡i| cvkvcvwk wZwb ZzKx©
wbq‡¿Yvaxb wgm‡ii kvmK gynv¤§v` Avjx‡K Invex‡ì wei‚‡× hy× cwiPvjbvi wb‡`©k †`b| wgkixq evwnbxi Awfhv‡bi gy‡L
1818 mv‡j mD`x ivR‡Z¡i cZb N‡U| Gici mvD`x ivRes‡ki DËi cyi‚‡liv evisevi wb‡R‡ì ivRZ¡ D×v‡ii †Póv
K‡ib| me©‡kl G es‡ki ÔAvãyj Avhxh Beby Avãyi ivngvb Avj-mvD` (1879-1953) 1901 †_‡K 1924 L„÷vã ch©‡„
`xN© hy×weMÖ‡ni gva¨‡g eZ©gvb Ô‡m․w` AviiÕ cÖwZôv K‡ib|4
L„÷xq Aóv`k kZvãx †_‡K gymwjg we‡k¦i †hLv‡bB ms¯‥vig~jK †Kv‡bv `vIqvZ ev Avn․vb cÖPvwiZ n‡q‡Q, Zv‡KB
†m․w` ÔInvexMYÕ gynv¤§v` Beby Avãyj Iqvnv‡ei Av`k© Øviv cÖfvweZ e‡j `vwe K‡i‡Qb| Aciw`‡K ZzKx© cÖPviYvq ÔInvexÕ
kãwU gymwjg mgv‡R AZ¨‡„ N„Y¨ k‡ã cwiYZ nq| Zv‡ì‡K Ab¨vb¨ weåv‡„ m¤cÖ`v‡qi †P‡qI AwaKZi N„Yv Kiv nq| d‡j
e„wUk Jcwb‡ewkK miKvi e„wUk we‡ivax Avwjg‡ì‡K Invex e‡j cÖPvi Ki‡Zb; †hb mvaviY gymwjg‡ì g‡a¨ Zv‡ì
MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv bv _v‡K| GQvov gymwjg mgv‡Ri wewfb‣ ag©xq m¤cÖ`vq G‡K Aci‡K wb•`v Kivi Rb¨ ÔInvexÕ k‡ãi e¨vcK
e¨venvi K‡ib| dzidzivi cxi Avey eKi wmwÏKx‡KI Zuvi we‡ivaxiv ÒInvexÓ e‡j AvL¨vwqZ K‡ib| wZwb I Zuvi Abymvixiv
Gi cÖwZev` K‡ib|
1. 1. 1. 5. mvB‡q` Avng` †eªjex
dzidzivi cxi-gvkvBL-mn fvi‡Zi mKj ms¯‥vi Av‡•`vj‡bi g~j Drm I cÖvYcyi‚l wQ‡jb mvB‡q` Avng` Beby
Bidvb †eªjex (1201-1246wn/1786-1831L„)
mvB‡q` Avng` wQ‡jb kvn IqvwjDjvni cyÎ kvn Avãyj Avhx‡hi (1346-1823 L„) Ab¨Zg QvÎ, wkl¨ I Ljxdv|
wZwb mgMÖ fvi‡Z gvhvi, ìMv, e¨w³ c~Rv, g„Z gvbyl‡ì bv‡g gvbZ, wkwb‣ BZ¨vw` wewfb‣ wkiK, we`ÔAvZ I Kzms¯‥v‡ii
wei‚‡× cÖPvi K‡ib| GQvov wZwb e„wUk Avwac‡Zï wei‚‡× hy× †NvlYv K‡ib| 1821 L„÷v‡ã wZwb n‡¾ Mgb K‡ib| cÖvq
wZb ermi Z_vq Ae¯’v‡bi ci wZwb fvi‡Z wd‡i Av‡mb| 1826 L„÷v‡ã wZwb e„wUk fviZ †_‡K ÔwnRiZÕ K‡i DËi cwðg
mxgv‡„ cÖ‡`‡k Mgb K‡i †mLv‡b ÔBmjvgx ivóªÕ cÖwZôvi †NvlYv †`b Ges wb‡R †mB iv‡óªi cÖavb nb| Gici Zuvi †bZ…‡Z¡
fvi‡Zi wewfb‣ AÂ‡ji gymwjg †mLv‡b GKwÎZ n‡q e„wUk I wkL‡ì wei‚‡× wRnv` †NvlYv K‡ib| K‡qKwU hy‡×i c‡i
1831 L„÷v‡ã evjv‡Kv‡Ui hy‡× Zuvi evwnbx civwRZ nq Ges wZwb kvnv`Z eiY K‡ib| cieZx© cÖvq 30 ermi mvB‡q`
Avng` †eªjexi AbymvixMY e„wU‡ki wei‚‡× wewfb‣ cÖKvi wew‛Qb‣ wRnv` I cÖwZ‡iva Pvwj‡q hvb|
mvB‡q` Avng` †eªjex I Zuvi Abymvix‡ì‡K ZrKvjxb fvi‡Zi mvaviY cxi, gvkvBL, ìMv-gvRv‡ii f³ I AbymvixMY
ÒInvexÓ e‡j AvL¨vwqZ K‡ib| wZwb I Zuvi AbymvixMY wkiK, weÀvZ, Kei-gvRvi fw³, ìMv BZ¨vwì K‡Vvi mgv‡jvPbv
Ki‡Zb Ges Zuvi Abymvix‡ì g‡a¨ wKQz gvbyl ÒgvhnveÓ A¯^xKvi Ki‡Zb| ÒInvexÓ-‡ì mv‡_ G mKj mv`„k¨‡K wfwË K‡i
mvaviY gymwjg‡ì g‡a¨ Zv‡ì‡K Invex e‡j cÖPvi Kiv nq| e„wUk kvmKMY G welqwU‡K ¸i‚‡Z¡i mv‡_ MÖnY K‡ib| 1823
L„÷v‡ã mvB‡q` Avng` †eªjex n¾ Dcj‡¶ g°vq Mgb Ki‡j Bs‡iR kvmKMY my‡K․k‡j cÖPvi K‡i †h, Ô¯^vaxbZvi bv‡g hviv
Avcbv‡ì a‡g©i evYx †kvbv‡‛Q Avm‡j Zviv Bmjv‡gi kÎ‚ Ges bex I mvnvev‡ì AcgvbKvix `j, G‡ì bvg Invex, GivB
Avcbv‡ì wcÖq ivmy‡ji () eskai‡ì Kei¸wj a․sm K‡i `ytmvn‡mi cwiPq w`‡q‡Q ... Avi ‣mq` Avng` Zv‡ìB G‡R•U
wbhy³ n‡q‡Q Ges Giv mevB Invex ZvB GivI Avcbv‡ì kª‡×q cxieyRyM© I cye©cyi‚l‡ì Kei fv½‡Z Pvq...|5
mvB‡q` Avng` †eªjexi ¯^vaxbZv Av‡•`vjb‡K wech©¯‘ Ki‡Z Ges µgv‡^‡q G Av‡•`vj‡bi cÖwZ Rbmg_©b Kgv‡Z
e„wUk‡ì G †K․kj AZ¨‡„ Kvh©Ki n‡qwQj|
dzidzivi cxi Avey eKi wmwÏKx wQ‡jb mvB‡q` Avng` †eªjexi wkl¨‡ì wkl¨| Zuvi gZv`k©‡K D¾xweZ Ki‡Z Ges
Zuvi wei‚‡× AccÖPvi †iva Ki‡Z wZwb me©vZ¥K †Póv K‡i‡Qb|
1. 1. 1. 6. wZZzgxi
8
mvB‡q` Avng` †eªjexi Ab¨Zg wkl¨ I evsjvq Zuvi cÖwZwbwa wQ‡jb gxi †bmvi Avjx Ii‡d wZZzgxi (1196-
1246wn/ 1782-1831L„)| evsjvq e„wUk kvmb cÖwZôvi K‡qK eQi ci 1782 L„÷‡ã (14 gvN 1188 evsjv) wZwb 24 ciMbv
†Rjvq Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| 1822 L„÷v‡ã wZwb n‡¾ Mgb K‡ib Ges g`xbvq mvB‡q` Avng` †eªjexi mv‡_ cwiwPZ nb| †mLv‡bB
wZwb Zvi gywi` nb Ges wLjvdZ jvf K‡ib| †`‡k wd‡i wZwb evsjvq wkiK, Kzdi, Kzms¯‥vi BZ¨vwì wei‚‡× weï× Bmjvgx
AvKx`v I Avg‡ji cÖPvi ïi‚ K‡ib| Zuvi G `vIqvZ‡KI evsjvi ìMv, gvRvi I dKxic‡’x Kw_Z cxiMY ÒInvexÓ e‡j
AvL¨vwqZ K‡ib| wn•`y Rwg`viMY I e„wUk kvmKMY G welqwU fvjfv‡e Aceënvi K‡ib|
wZZzgxi e„wUk kvm‡bi wei‚‡× ej‡jI KL‡bvB wn•`y ag© ev wn•`y Rwg`vi‡ì wei‚‡× wKQy e‡jb wb| wK‡‘ Zuvi wk¶vq
mvaviY gymwjg‡ì g‡a¨ ag©cvjb e„w× cvIqv‡Z GjvKvi wn•`y Rwg`viMY ¶z× nb| Zuviv mvaviY gymwjg cÖRv‡ì‡K Rvbvb
†h, cÖK…Z Bmjvg‡K Zuviv LyeB fvjev‡mb| Z‡e Invex gZev`‡K Zviv `gb Ki‡Z Pvb| hyMhyM a‡i gymwjgMY wn•`y‡ì
gZB bvg †i‡L‡Qb, `vwo †K‡U‡Qb, †Mvud †i‡L‡Qb, gmwR` evbv‡bvi Rb¨ e¨¯„ nb wb Ges †MvnZ¨v K‡ib wb| ZxZzgxi
Invex gZvbymv‡i `vwo ivL‡Z, †Muvd KvU‡Z, gymjgvbx bvg ivL‡Z, gymjgvb‡ì MÖv‡g gmwR` evbv‡Z I Kzievbxi bv‡g
†MvnZ¨v Ki‡Z Drmvn w`‡‛Q| G‡Z wn•`y gymwjg m¤cÖxwZ bó n‡‛Q| GRb¨ Invex gZev` `gb Kiv AZxe Ri‚ix| G‡ì
`g‡bi Kvi‡Y ÒfvjÓ gymjgvb‡ì we¶z× nIqvi ev Kó cvIqvi †Kv‡bvB KviY †bB|
GRb¨ Zviv¸wbqvi Rwg`vi ivgbvivqb evey, cuyovi Rwg`vi K…ò‡è ivq, bMicy‡ii Rwg`vi †M․ocÖmv` †P․ayix I Ab¨vb¨
cÖL¨vZ Rwg`vi mg‡eZfv‡e 5wU wel‡q †bvwUk Rvwi K‡ib: Ò(1) hvnviv ZxZzgx‡ii wkl¨Z¡ MÖnY Kwiqv Invex nB‡e, `vwo ivwL‡e,
†Muvd QvwU‡e, Zv‡ì cÖ‡Z¨K‡K wd `vwoi Dci AvovB UvKv Ges wd †Muv‡di Dci cuvP wmKv LvRbv w`‡Z nB‡e| (2) gmwR`
cÖ¯‘Z Kwi‡j cÖ‡Z¨K KuvPv gmwR‡ì Rb¨ cuvPkZ UvKv I cÖ‡Z¨K cvKv gmwR‡ì Rb¨ GK mnmª UvKv Rwg`vi miKv‡i bRi
w`‡Z nB‡e| (3) wcZv-wcZvgn ev AvZ¥xq- ¯^Rb m‡„v‡bi †h bvg ivwL‡e †m bvg cwieZ©b Kwiqv Invex g‡Z Aviex bvg ivwL‡j
cÖ‡Z¨K bv‡gi Rb¨ LvwiRvbv wd cÂvk UvKv Rwg`vi miKv‡i Rgv w`‡Z nB‡e| (4) †MvnZ¨v Kwi‡j nZ¨vKvixi `w¶Y n¯„ KvwUqv
†bIqv nB‡e, †hb †m e¨w³ Avi †MvnZ¨v Kwi‡Z bv cv‡i| (5) †h e¨w³ Invex ZxZzgxi‡K wbR evox‡Z ¯’vb w`‡e Zvnv‡K Zvnvi
wfUv nB‡Z D‡‛Q` Kiv nB‡e|Ó6
wZZzgxi Zuvi cxi mvB‡q` Avng‡ì kvnv`‡Zi K‡qK gvm ci 14/11/1831 Zvwi‡L kvnv`Z jvf K‡ib|
1. 1. 1. 7. nvRx kixqZzj-vn
evsjvi Ab¨ cÖwm× ms¯‥viK nvRx kixqZzjv n (1195-1255wn/1781-1840L„)| wZwb 1781 L„÷v‡ã Rb¥MÖnY
K‡ib| 1799 mv‡j gvÎ 18 ermi eq‡m n‡¾ Mgb K‡ib| Z_vq wZwb cÖvq 20 ermi Ae¯’vb K‡ib Ges 1818 mv‡j
†`‡k wd‡i Av‡mb| cieZ©x cÖvq 22 ermi wZwb †`‡k ms¯‥vi Av‡•`vjb cwiPvjbv K‡ib| wZwbI kixqZ we‡ivwaZv I
Kzms¯‥v‡ii wei‚‡× ms¯‥v‡ii cÖ‡Póv Pvjvb Ges Zv‡KI ÒInvexÓ e‡j AvL¨vwqZ Kiv nq| Zuvi ms¯‥vi Av‡•`vj‡bi Ab¨Zg
w`K wQj cxi-gyix`xi bv‡g wkiK-Kzdi I weÀv‡Zi cÖwZev` I cÖwZ‡iva Kiv I gymwjg Rb‡Mvôxi mvgvwRK I A_©‣bwZK
AwaKvi msi¶Y Kiv| Òcxi-gyix`x‡K Avkªq Kwiqv cuvP cxi, gvwbK cxi, gv`vi cxi, mZ¨ cxi, cxi eì cÖf„wZ ¯’vbxq
cxi‡ì gvhvi c~Rv GB †`‡ki me©Î cÖPwjZ wQj Ges †mB Dcj‡¶ evwl©K ÔDik I dvwZnv I gynvi&iv‡gi Zvwhq¨v AbywôZ
nBZ| nvRx kixÔAvZzjvn GB me Abyôvb‡K wkiK I we`&ÔAvn †NvlYv Kwiqv Zuvnvi kvMwi`MY‡K ZvInx`c‡’x LuvwU gymwjg
nB‡Z DØy× Kwiqv †Zv‡jb|....|Ó7 Zuvi g„Zzï ci Zuvi eskaiMY Zuvi G Av‡•`vjb Ae¨vnZ iv‡Lb| Z‡e Zuvi cyÎ cxi
gynv¤§v` gynwmb `y`y wgqvi g„Zzï (1862 L„÷vã) ci G Av‡•`vjb `ye©j n‡q c‡o|
1. 1. 1. 8. Ebwesk kZ‡Ki †klvs‡k e½xq gymwjg‡ì Ae¯’v
Gfv‡e Avgiv †`LwQ †h, evsjvi gymwjg mgv‡Ri ms¯‥vi cÖ‡Póv- mvB‡q` Avng` I wZZzwg‡ii ÒInvexÓ Av‡•`vjb I
kixqZzj-vni dviv‡qhx Av‡•`vjb Ebwesk kZ‡Ki cÖ_gv‡a©B †kl n‡q hvq| Awk¶v, Kzwk¶v, Kzms¯‥vi I Bmjvg we‡ivax cÖPviYvi
wkKvi n‡q gymwjg Rb‡Mvôx Bmjv‡gi weï× c_ †_‡K wePz¨Z n‡Z _v‡Kb| Ebwesk kZ‡Ki †klvs‡k evsjvi gymwjg mgv‡Ri
ag©xq-mvgvwRK Ae¯’v ms‡¶‡c wbg‣iƒc:
cÖ_gZ: ag©xq wek¦v‡mi †¶‡Î wkiK, Kzdi, weÀvZ, Kzms¯‥vi BZ¨vwì mvqjve| fÊ cxi Ges evDj I dKxix g‡Zi
cÖfv‡e cxi c~Rv, Keic~Rv, eûgywL weÀvZ, cvcvPvi I AkxjZv wQj me©e¨vcx|
wØZxqZ: G¸wji cvkvcvwk L„÷vb wgkbvwi‡ì †`․ivZ¥¨, eªvþag©, Avh©mgvR I Ab¨vb¨ m¤cÖ`v‡qi Bmjvg we‡ivax
cÖPviYv|
Z…ZxqZ: Kvw`qvbx m¤cÖ`v‡qi e¨vcK AccÖPvi I bvbv †K․k‡j gymwjg‡ì Kvw`qvbx ag©g‡Z `x¶vi cÖ‡Póv|
PZz_©Z: e„wUk wk¶v I cÖPv‡ii cÖfv‡e gymwjg mgv‡R be¨-wkw¶Z, cvðvZ¨gyLx Ògy³wP‡„vÓ ev ÒD`viÓ bvgavix Aa©-
L„÷vb, Aa©-bvw¯„K ev c~Y-© bvw¯„K wP‡„vwe`M‡Yi Avwef©ve I mgv‡R Zv‡ì e¨vcK cÖfve I cÖmvi|
9
cÂgZ: gymwjg‡ì g‡a¨ Af¨‡„ixY cÖKU `jv`wj| wkqv-mybx‣ , Invex-mybx‣ , gvhnvex-jv-gvhnvex BZ¨vw`
weZK© I we‡f`|
lôZ: gymwjg‡ì g‡a¨ wk¶vi Afve| we‡klZ weï× Bmjvgx wk¶vi Afve Ges Bmjvgx wk¶v cÖPvi I cÖmv‡ii
eë¯’v bv _vKv|
G wel‡q kvBLyj Bmjvg AveyeKi wmwÏKxi †c․Î, dzidziv cwiev‡ii Ab¨Zg †kªô Avwjg I cxi Avjvgv mvBdzÏxb
wmwÏKx Zuvi m¤úvw`Z g~jëvb M‡elYv-MÖ‡’ Òdzidzivi nRiZ: dzidzivi cxi nRiZ Avey eKi wmwÏKxÓ MÖ‡‡’i ÒmgKvjxb
Ae¯’v I dzidzivi nRiZÓ kxl©K cwi‡‛Q‡` wj‡L‡Qb: ÒDwbk kZ‡Ki †klv‡a©i w`b¸‡jv wQj gymjgvb‡ì Rb¨ Pig `y‡hv©M
I `y‡f©v‡Mi w`b | dviv‡qRx I Invex Av‡•`vj‡bi ZxeªZv ZLb cÖkwgZ| GKw`‡K wQj ¶gZvi kx‡l© Bs‡iR, Zv‡ì B‛Qv
Awb‛Qvi Dci wbf©i K‡i‡Q RvZxq Db‣wZ AebwZ| fvlvMZ I fveMZ Ø•Ø †Zv wQjB, Dci¯‘ ¯^RvwZ weRvwZi g‡a¨ ag©MZ
we‡iva, Ges mvgvwRK I mvs¯‥…wZK msNvZI wQj cÖKU|
Bmjv‡gi mwVK ag©gZ I ZË¡ wb‡q gymjgvb‡ì g‡a¨ wkqv-mybx‣ , nvbvdx-†gvnv¤§`x, †e`vZx cxi-dwKi, Kvw`qvbx
we‡iv‡ai cvkvcvwk L„÷vb, Avh©¨, evDj‡ì cÖPvi I cÖfv‡e gymwjg mgvR wQj D†£v‡„|
G mgq evsjv‡`‡ki bvbv †Rjv †_‡K Lei Av‡m gymjgv‡biv Lªx÷vb, eªvþ I wn•`y ag© Aej¤^b Ki‡Q| h‡kvni †Rjvq
wKQy msL¨K gymjgvb KvwiMi Lªxó ag© MÖnY K‡i nv‡U gv‡V Bmjvg a‡g©i wei‚‡× cªPvi K‡i †eovq| Pwe․k ciMYv †Rjvi
ewminv‡U I Lyjbvq mvZ¶xiv gnKzgvq KwZcq gymjgvb eªvþ ag© Aej¤^b K‡i| Ggb LieI cÖKvwkZ nq †h, iscyi †Rjvq wKQy
msL¨K gymjgvb †Lvj KiZvj †hv‡M nwi msKxË©b K‡i, wbivwgl Lvq Zvnv‡ì g‡a¨ gymjgv‡bi †Kvb wKQy `„ó nq bv|
Gme welq QvovI bvbv Kz ms¯‥v‡ii AÜKv‡i wbgw¾Z wQj mgvR| Avi wk¶vi Av‡jv ej‡Z hZUv wQj Zv AwZ bMY¨
†mI Avevi AwZ ¶z`ªKvq †kªYxi g‡a¨B wQj mxgve×| gymjgvb‡ì ag©xq I mvgvwRK w`‡Ki mgKvjxb ch©v‡jvPbvq GUv
LyeB ¯úó †h, hyMUv wQj mew`K †_‡KB cZ‡bi hyM|Ó8
G mg‡q e½xq gymwjg mgv‡R wKQz msL¨K fvj Avwjg I cxi-gvkvBL we`¨gvb wQ‡jb| Zuviv cÖ‡Z¨‡K wbR Avw½‡K I wbR
cwim‡i mva¨gZ weï× Bmjvgx AvKx`v I Avg‡ji PP©v I cÖPv‡ii †Póv KiwQ‡jb| Z‡e Af¨‡„ixY gZ‡f` I gZcv_©‡Kï D‡a․©
D‡V mvgwóKfv‡e e¨vcK cÖPvi, me©MÖvmx wkiK-Kzdi I Kzms¯‥v‡ii we‡ivwaZv I weï× Bmjvgx wk¶v cÖPvi I cÖmv‡i Zviv †Kv‡bv
Ae`vb ivL‡Z cviwQ‡jb bv| mevB‡K GKwÎZ Kivi †bZ…Z¡ MÖn‡Yi gZ †KD wQ‡jb bv| kvBLyj Bmjvg Avey eKi wmwÏKx G
k~b¨Zv c~iY K‡ib| LuywUbvwU gZwe‡iva‡K D‡c¶v K‡i mZ¨-mÜvbx, A‡„Z wkiK-Kzdi gy³ weï× kixq‡Zi Abymi‡Y AvMÖnx
mKj g‡Zi mKj Avwjg‡K HKë× K‡i `xbx `vIqvZ‡K mvgwMÖK RvMi‡Y iƒcv‡„wiZ Ki‡Z wZwb m¶g nb| Zuvi †bZ…‡Z¡ g~jZ
ZrKvjxb gymwjg mgvR `ywU avivq wef³ n‡q c‡o (1) KziAvb I nv`xm wfwËK weï× Bmjvgx kixqZ cvj‡b AvMÖnx wkiK-Kzdi
I weÀvZ we‡ivax Avwjg-Djvgv, cxi-gvkvBL, M‡elK, cwÊZ I mvaviY gymwjg Rb‡Mvôx I (2) wkiK-weÀvZ wbf©i ev kixqZ
Agvb¨Kvix cxi-dKxi I Zv‡ì AbymvwiMY Ges Bmjvgx kixq‡Zi cÖwZ AeÁv †cvlYKvix Z_vKw_Z M‡elKMY| nvbvdx, Avnj
nv`xm, †Ìe•`x, †R․bcyix... BZ¨vw` wewfb‣ gZ I c‡_i gvbyl- hviv A‡„Z weï× ZvInx` I kixq‡Zi wel‡q GKgZ wQ‡jb Zuviv
Zuv‡ì wewfb‣ gZ‡f` m‡Z¡I Zuvi †bZ…‡Z¡ HKë× n‡q wØZxq aviv‡K µgv‡^‡q m¼zwPZ I mgvRwew‛Qb‣ K‡i †dj‡Z m¶g nb|
G wel‡q Avjvgv mvBdzÏxb wmwÏKx wj‡L‡Qb: ÒGKw`‡K kvwiq‡Zi wk¶v‡K•`ª gv`ªvmv, Aciw`‡K ZixK‡Zi
wk¶vK‡•`ª cxixLvbKv DfqB we`¨gvb wQj | ïay ZvB bq, mgKvjxb e½ Avmvg Z_v c~e© fvi‡Z cxi gvkv‡qL I D‛P
gh©v`vm¤úb‣ Ijvgv, hv‡ì g‡a¨ eo eo †gvnv‡Ïm, `vk©wbK, gydZx Ggb mKj e¨w³‡Z¡i Dcw¯’wZ j¶¨ Kiv hvq hv AvR‡Ki
evsjvq †Kb fvi‡ZI `yjf© | †hgb kvgmyj Djvgv nRiZ †Mvjvg mvjvgvbx ... Avjvgv jyrdi ingvb e×©gvbx ... kvgmyj
Ijvgv gydZx †gv. Avãyj-vn UsKx.... kvgmyj Ijvgv nRiZ †ejv‡qZ †nvmvBb... Avjvgv Avãyj Iqv‡n` PvUMvgx .... Avj-vgv
Avãyjv n ivqcyix (†bvqvLvjx)... Avjvgv GmnvK mv‡ne e×©gvbx..... Kv‡ìxqv ZixKvi cÖL¨vZ cxi nRiZ ‣mq` †gv‡k©` Avjx
AvjK‡ìx †gw`bcxcyix, .... bKk e•`xqv gyRv‡Ïw`qv ZixKvi cÖL¨vZ cxi kvn mydx ‣mq` d‡Zn Avjx Iqmx ... gvIjbv
kvn cxi dRjyjvn mv‡ne †bvqvLvjx... mydx Avãyj Kwig h‡kvi... nRiZ eviKvZ Avjx kvn gyRv‡Ï`x .... mydx gvIjvbv
L‡qi‚Ïxb mv‡ne... AviI A‡b‡Ki bvg Rvbv hvq| .... GB mKj cxigywk©` Ges Ijvgve‡M©i Dcw¯’wZ m‡Ë¡I †`k I mgvR
†mw`b Ggb GKwU e¨w³‡Z¡i cÖ‡qvRb Abyfe K‡iwQj whwb Kg©`¶ I cÖwZfvevb e¨w³e‡M©i h_v_© g~j¨ wbiƒcYKvix n‡eb,
mK‡ji `„wó‡Z hv g~j¨nxb Zvi my² `„wói dqmvjvq Zvi g~j¨ cÖgvwYZ n‡e, whwb wew¶ß cÖwZfv‡K GK myk„“Lj wbq‡¿‡bi Øviv
Øx‡bi Kv‡R jvMv‡Z m¶g n‡eb| ..... Av‡jvP¨ hy‡M e½ Avmvg Z_v c~e© fvi‡Zi H k~b¨ ¯’vbUv c~iY nq dzidzivi nRiZ
Avey eKi wmwÏKx (it) Gi Øviv |
wZwb Kg©`¶ I cÖwZfvevb e¨w³e‡M©i h_v_© g~j¨ wbi‚c‡Yi gva¨‡g †jLbx I e³…Zvq ¶gZv m¤úb‣ e¨w³‡ì‡K
msMwVZ K‡i Øx‡bi Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ K‡i‡Qb| GKw`‡K †hgb mgKvjxb †jLK I mvwnwZ¨K‡ì Kg© cÖ‡Póv¸wj‡Z wZwb
mwµq mn‡hvwMZv K‡i‡Qb, evsjv fvlvPP©v I ag© mvwnZ¨ m„wói cUf~wg‡Z GKRb cxi gywk©` wnmv‡e Zvi f~wgKv BwZnv‡mi
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cvZvq we‡kl D‡j‡Li `vex iv‡L| Aci w`‡K Øxwb wk¶v I AvaywbK wk¶v we¯„v‡ii †¶‡Î RvwZ‡K DØyä Ki‡Z
Zuvi cÖqvm Ae¨vnZ †_‡K‡Q Ges Zvi HKvw‡„K cÖ‡Póvq Kv‡qg n‡q‡Q †`‡ki GK cÖv‡„ †_‡K Aci cÖv‡‡„ AMwYZ gv`ªvmv I
Ab¨vb¨ wk¶v cÖwZôvb| a‡g©i cÖwZ hLbB G‡m‡Q †Kvb AvNvZ M‡R© D‡V‡Q Zuvi KÉ¯î| Zvi wgk‡bi cª‡Póvq nvRvi nvRvi
c_åv‡„ wd‡i G‡m‡Q Bmjvg‡i mwVK c‡_| gymwjg gvbm n‡Z Kzms¯‥v‡ii Mvwb eûjvs‡k we`ywiZ n‡q‡Q|Ó9
1. 1. 2. dzidziv kixd
eZ©gvb fvi‡Zi cwðge½ iv‡Rï ûMjx †Rjvi Rvw½cvov _vbvi GKwU MÖvg ÒdzidzivÓ, †h MÖvg mvaviYfv‡e fvi‡Zi
gymwjg‡ì Kv‡Q Ges we‡klfv‡e evsjv‡`k, cwðge½ I Avmv‡gi gvbyl‡ì Kv‡Q Òdzidziv kixdÓ bv‡g ü`‡qi gwY‡KvVvq
we‡kl ¯’vb AwaKvi K‡i †i‡L‡Q| cwðge‡½i ivRavbx KjKvZv †_‡K cÖvq 22 gvBj (40 wK‡jvwgUvi) `~‡i (DËi-cwð‡g)
Gi Ae¯’vb| Gi †f․MwjK Ae¯’vb: 22°44N 88°08'E22.74°N 88.13°E
e½‡`‡k Bmjv‡gi BwZnv‡mi mv‡_ dzidziv RwoZ n‡q Av‡Q| wnRix Aóg kZK ev L„÷xq PZz`©k kZK †_‡K
dzidzivq gymwjg cxi-AvDwjqv, †mbvcwZ I kvmK‡ì AvMgb, Bmjvg cÖPvi, wn•`y kvmK‡ì mv‡_ hy×weMÖn, kvnv`Z,
Bmjvgx weRq, Bmjvgx wk¶v we¯„vi BZ¨vw` welq e½xq BwZnv‡m wewfb‣fv‡e Av‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q| Aóg wnRix kZK ev PZz`©k
L„÷xq kZK †_‡K Avjvni `x‡bi `vqx ev cÖPviK AvDwjqv wKivg G MÖv‡g emwZ ¯’vcb K‡ib| G‡ì AwaKvskB wQ‡jb
ivm~jyj-vn  I Zuvi wcÖqgZ mvnvexM‡Yi eskai| evsjv I fvi‡Zi Bmjvg cÖPvi I Bmjvgx Zvnhxe-ZvgvÏy‡bi we¯„v‡i
Zuv‡ì Amvgvb¨ Ae`vb i‡q‡Q|
1. 1. 3. dzidzivi cxi Avey eKi wmwÏKx
1. 1. 3. 1. Rb¥ I wk¶v-Rxeb
Bmjv‡gi BwZnv‡m, fvi‡Zi BwZnv‡m Ges we‡klfv‡e e½‡`‡ki gymwjg Rb‡Mvôxi BwZnv‡m Òdzidziv kixdÓ-‡K
whwb ¯’vqx Avmb w`‡q‡Qb wZwb Òdzidziv kix‡diÓ cÖvYcyi‚l kvBLyj Bmjvg Avjvgv kvn m~dx Avey eKi Avãyjvn Avj-gvi‚d
wmwÏKx Avj KzivBkx|
wZwb cÖ_g Lwjdv Avey eKi wmÏx‡Ki (iv) eskai wQ‡jb| Zuvi GK c~e© cyi‚l gbmyi evM`v`x 741/1340 mv‡j
e½‡`‡k Av‡mb Ges ûMjx †Rjvi †gvjv cvov MÖv‡g evm K‡ib| gvbm~i evM`v`xi Aa¯„b Aóg cyi‚l gy¯„vdv gv`vbx wQ‡jb
gyRvwÏ` Avjd mvbx kvqL Avng` wmiwn•`x (1034/1624)-Gi Z…Zxq cyÎ gvmyg ive․vbxi gyix`| gvmyg ive․vbxi Ab¨Zg
gyix` wQ‡jb mgªvU AvIisM‡he (1118/1707)| wZwb gymZdv gv`vbx‡K †gvw`bxcyi kn‡i GKwU gmwR` msjM‣ gnj I eû
jv-LvivR (wb¯‥i) m¤úwË `vb K‡iwQ‡jb|
wZwb wnRix 1263, evsjv 1252, L„÷xq 1846 mv‡j dzidzivq Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi wcZv Avjnv¾ nhiZ Avãyj
gyKZv`xi wmwÏKx AZ¨‡„ eo eyRMy © wQ‡jb| wkï Avey eK‡ii eqm hLb gvÎ 9 gvm ZLb AvbygvwbK 1263/1264 wnRix
mv‡ji w`‡K (1847 L„) Zuvi wcZv B‡‡„Kvj K‡ib| gvZv gvnve․vZzb wbmvi ZË¡veav‡b wZwb eo nb|
wZwb cÖ_‡g mxZvcyi gv`ªvmv Ges c‡i ûMjx †gvn‡mbxqv gv`ªvmv †_‡K ZrKvjxb gv`ªvmv wk¶vi m‡e©v‛P †kªYx ÒRvgvZ
DjvÓ cvk K‡ib| Gici wZwb KjKvZvi wewfb‣ cÖw_ZRkv Avwj‡gi wbKU we‡klfv‡e Bmjvgx Áv‡bi wewfb‣ kvLvi MÖ‡’vw`
Aa¨qb K‡ib| G mKj D¯„v‡ì g‡a¨ wQ‡jb gvIjvbv RvgvjyÏxb| wZwb wQ‡jb fviZxq gymwjg RvwZi cÖvYcyi‚l, hyM
ms¯‥viK ev gyRvwÏ‡` hvgvb mvB‡q` Avng` Beby Bidvb †eªjex (1201-1246 wn/1786-1831L„)-Gi Ab¨Zg wkl¨,
Ljxdv Ges cÖavb gyRvwn`| evjv‡Kv‡Ui hy‡×i c‡i mvB‡q` Avng` †eªjexi Avwjg LjxdvMY `xbx `vIqv‡Z Pvwiw`‡K
Qwo‡q c‡ob| Zuv‡ì g‡a¨ gvIjvbv RvgvjyÏxb KjKvZvq Ae¯’vb K‡i `xbx Bj‡gi cÖmv‡i iZ wQ‡jb| Avey eKi wmwÏKx
KjKvZvi wm•`ywiqv cwÆ gmwR‡` Zuvi wbKU we‡klfv‡e Zvdmxi I nv`x‡mi Ô`vIivÕ ev Aa¨qb †kl K‡ib|
Òdzidziv kix‡di BwZe„ËÓ MÖ‡‡’ gvIjvbv gyeviK Avjx ingvbx wj‡L‡Qb: Ò†Lv`vi dh‡j I Ki‡g wZwb 23 wK¤^v 24 eQi
eq‡m mg¯„ cÖKvi Gjg AvqZ¡ K‡ib| AviI wZwb g°v kixd I gw`bv kix‡d wKQzw`b Aa¨qb K‡i PwjkwU nv`x‡mi †KZv‡ei
Ômb`Õ jvf K‡ib| AZtci wZwb eû `yj©f †KZve msMÖn K‡i avivevwnKfv‡e 18 eQi Aa¨qb K‡ib|Ó10
Avjvgv mvBd‚Ïxb wmwÏKx wj‡L‡Qb: ÒKwjKvZv wm•`ywiqv cwÆ gmwR‡` gyRv‡Ï‡` AvRg, nRiZ •mq` Avng` kwn`
†e‡ijxfx (iv)-Gi Ljxdv Avjvgv nv‡dR RvgvjDÏx‡bi wbKU nv`x‡mi `vIiv †kl K‡ib| cieZ©xKv‡j wZwb gw`bv kixd
Mgb KiZ bexcv‡Ki gvRv‡ii †gvRv‡ei †gvnv‡Ïm •mq` Avwgb †iRIqvb (i) KZ…K © PwjkwU nv`x‡mi †KZv‡ei Ômb`Õ jvf
11
K‡ib|Ó
wZwb †Kvb& mv‡j g`xbv Mgb K‡iwQ‡jb Zv RxebxKviMY D‡jL K‡ib wb| Z‡e G mKj eY©bv †_‡K eySv hvq †h,
Avjvgv RvgvjyÏxb I Ab¨vb¨‡ì wbKU †_‡K wk¶v mgvß Kivi ciciB wZwb g`xbv Mgb K‡ib| cieZ©xKv‡j Avgiv †`Le
11
†h, n‡¾i md‡i †h‡qI wZwb g°v I g`xbvi AvwjgM‡bi wbKU wk¶v MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb|
Zuvi ÁvbPP©v wel‡q Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx e‡jb: ÒAvgvi evevRx †Kejv bwmn‡Zi D‡Ï‡k¨ GK`v Avgv‡K
e‡jwQ‡jb, Ôevev Avwg gv`ªvmv n‡Z dv‡iM nevi c‡iI 18 eQi Kvj GKvav‡i wewfb‣ †KZvevw` †gvZvjvqv I Aa¨qb
K‡iwQ| AwaK cwigvY †KZve †gvZvjvqv (Aa¨qb) Ki; Gjg i‡q‡Q Avjgvwi‡ZÕ..|Ó
Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx Av‡iv e‡jb: Òevev! A‡b‡Ki aviYv cxiM‡bi †KZve cÎ cov‡kvbvi cÖ‡qvRb bvB, Avmj
n‡‛Q gv‡idZ we`¨v| G †h GK åvw‡„Ki aviYv, AZxZKv‡ji Bgvg Ges IjxM‡Yi Rxeb `k©‡b Zv cÖgvY n‡q hvq| Avwg
Avgvi evevwR †Kejv‡K †`‡LwQ, †Kv_vI mdi Kv‡jI Zuvi m‡½ eo eo †KZv‡ei MuvUzwj _vKZ| cvéx wKsev Mi‚i Mvox
P‡j‡Q, wZwbI †KZve †gvZvjvqvq (Aa¨q‡b) gk¸j| evevRx wb‡R †hgb †KZve Qvov _vK‡Zb bv, Abyiƒc Avgvw`M‡KI
†KZve †gvZvjvqvi Rb¨ ZvMv`v Ki‡Zb|Ó12
Bmjvgx Áv‡bi wewfb‣ kvLvq cvi`wk©Zv AR©‡bi cvkvcvwk wZwb ZvmvDd I AvZ¥ïw×i c~Y©Zvi c‡_ AMÖmi n‡Z
_v‡Kb| †QvU †ejv †_‡KB wZwb Bev`Z, e‡•`wM I wiqvhZ-gyRvnv`vq Af¨¯„ wQ‡jb| cvwievwiKfv‡e wZwb G wel‡q A‡bK
AMÖmi wQ‡jb| Dci‡‘ KjKvZvi cÖwm× cxi m~dx d‡Zn Avjx IqvBmxi ms¯ú‡k© G‡m wZwb G wel‡q c~Y©Zvi wkL‡i
Av‡ivnY K‡ib|
ZrKvjxb mg‡q AwaKvsk cxi-gvkvBL ZixKv-ZvmvD‡di bv‡g wewfb‣ cÖKv‡ii kixqZ we‡ivax K‡g© wjß n‡Zb| ïay
gyRvwÏ‡` Avj‡d mvbx I mvB‡q` Avng` †eªjexi avivq KwZcq cxi gvkvBL weï× kixqZ-wfwËK ZixKZ I ZvmvDd
Abymi‡Y m‡Pó wQ‡jb| Òevsjv‡`‡k †h mg¯„ †jvK kwiq‡Zi cve•` n‡q Øxb Bmjvg Rvwi K‡i‡Qb Ges ZZ¡Ávb jvf
K‡i‡Qb Zv‡ì g‡a¨ gvIjvbv kvn m~dx •mq` d‡Zn Avjx mv‡ne (it) Ab¨Zg|Ó13
‣mq` d‡Zn Avjx IqvBmx wQ‡jb •mq` Avng` †eªjexi Ab¨Zg Ljxdv m~dx b~i gynv¤§v` wbRvgcyiy xi
(1275wn/1858L„) wkl¨ I Ljxdv| kvBL AveyeKi wmwÏKx `xN©w`b Zuvi mvnP‡h© KvwU‡q Kv‡`wiqv, wPkwZqv, bKkve•`xqv,
†gvRv‡Ï`xqv I †gvnv¤§v`xq ZwiKvmg~‡n c~Y©Zvi wkL‡i Av‡ivnY K‡ib Ges Zvwjg †LjvdZ jvf K‡ib| 1304 wnRix
mv‡ji 8B iweDj AvDqvj (04/12/1886L„) m~dx d‡Zn Avjx Zuvi wcÖqZg wkl¨ Avey eKi wmwÏKxi †Kv‡j †kl wbk¦vm
Z¨vM K‡ib|
G mg‡q Bjg, Avgj, ZvmvDd, ZvKIqv I mgvR-ms¯‥v‡i kvBL Avey eK‡ii cÖwmw× Pvwiw`‡K Qwo‡q c‡o| wZwb
Iqvh-bmxnZ I mgvR-ms¯‥v‡i AvZ¥wb‡qvM K‡ib| G wel‡q Zuvi Kg©c×wZ Avgiv c„_K Aby‡‛Q‡` Av‡jvPbv Kivi Avkv
ivwL|
47 ermi eq‡m 1310 wnRix gyZvweK 1892 L„÷v‡ã wZwb n¾ cvjb Dcj‡¶ wnRvh ev cweÎ g°vq Mgb K‡ib|
g°v I g`xbvq Ae¯’vb Kv‡j wZwb Z_vKvi cÖwm× AvwjgM‡Yi wbKU Bmjvgx Áv‡bi wewfb‣ kvLvq Aa¨qb K‡ib| 20 ermi
ci 1330 wnRix‡Z (1912L„÷v‡ã) cybivq cÖvq †ZikZ gyix`-mn n¾ Av`vq K‡ib| G md‡iI wZwb g°v-g`xbvi
Avwjg‡ì mv‡_ gZ wewbgq K‡ib Ges Z_vKvi A‡bK Avwjg Zvui wkl¨Z¡ MÖnY K‡ib|
g°v I g`xbvq †h mKj cÖwm× Avwj‡gi wbKU wZwb wk¶vjvf K‡ib Zv‡ì g‡a¨ g`xbvi cÖwm× dKxn I gynvwÏm
kvBLyÏvjvBj Avj-Avgxb wiÌqvb Ab¨Zg| Zuvi c~Y© bvg Avjvgv mvB‡q` gynv¤§v` Avgxb Beby Avng` Beby wiÌqvb
gv`vbx (1252-1329wn/1836 -1911 L„)| wZwb ZrKvjxb Avi‡ei cÖwm×Zg gynvwÏm‡ì Ab¨Zg wQ‡jb|14 Avey eKi
wmwÏKx Zuvi †_‡K 40wU MÖ‡‡’i Aa¨qb I cvV`v‡bi Òmb`Ó jvf K‡ib| wb‡g‣ G MÖ‡¸’ wji msw¶ß weeiY †Ìqv n‡jv:
(1) mnxn eyLvix ( )
Z…Zxq wnRix kZ‡Ki cÖwm×Zg gynvwÏm Bgvg Avjvgv Ave~ Avãyjv n gynv¤§v` Beby BmgvCj AvjÑeyLvix (194-
256wn/810-870L„) msKwjZ mnxn nv`x‡mi mycwiwPZ MÖ‡|’ nv`xm welqK cÖwm×Zg QqwU MÖ‡’ ÒAvj-KzZez ym wmËvÓ ev
Òwmnvn wmËvÓ-i cÖ_g MÖ‡|’
(2) mnxn gymwjg ( )
Z…Zxq wnRix kZ‡Ki Ab¨Zg cÖwm× gynvwÏm Bgvg gymwjg Bebyj nv¾vR Avj-KzkvBix (204-261 wn/820-875L„)
msKwjZ mnxn nv`x‡mi mycwiwPZ MÖ‡|’ nv`x‡mi Qq MÖ‡‡’i wØZxq MÖ‡|’
(3) mybvb Ave~ `vD` ( )
Z…Zxq wnRix kZ‡Ki cÖwm× gynvwÏm Bgvg Ave~ `vE` myjvBgvb Beby AvkAvm wmwRmZvbx (202-275 wn/817-
889L„) msKwjZ nv`xm MÖ‡|’ nv`x‡mi cÖwm× QqwU MÖ‡‡’i GKwU|
(4) mybvb wZiwghx ( )
Z…Zxq wnRix kZ‡Ki cÖwm× gynvwÏm Bgvg Ave~ Cmv gynv¤§v` Beby Cmv AvZ-wZiwghx (209-275wn/ 824-892L„)
12
msKwjZ cÖwm× nv`xm MÖ‡|’ nv`x‡mi cÖwm× Qq MÖ‡‡’i GKwU|
(5) mybvb bvmvC ( )
Z…Zxq-PZz_© wnRix kZ‡Ki cÖwm× gynvwÏm Bgvg Avngv` Beby ïAvBe Avj-Lyivmvbx Avb-bvmvC (315-305wn/830-
915L„) msKwjZ cÖwm× nv`xm MÖ‡|’ nv`x‡mi cÖwm× Qq MÖ‡‡’i GKwU|
(6) mybvb Beb gvRvn ( )
Z…Zxq wnRix kZ‡Ki cÖwm× gynvwÏm Ave~ Avãyjv n gynv¤§v` Beby Bqvwh` Beby gvRvn Avj-Kvhexbx (209-
273wn/824-887L„) msKwjZ cÖwm× nv`xm MÖ‡|’ nv`x‡mi cÖwm× Qq MÖ‡‡’i me©‡kl MÖ‡’|
(7) gyAvËv Bgvg gvwjK ( )
wØZxq wnRix kZ‡Ki Ab¨Zg †kªô gynvwÏm I dKxn, mycÖwm× Pvi Bgv‡gi Ab¨Zg, Bgvg gvwjK Beby Avbvm Avj-
gv`vbx (93-179 wn/712-795L„) msKwjZ cÖwm× nv`xm MÖ‡’ Avj-gyAvËv|
(8) gymbv` Bgvg Ave~ nvbxdv ( )
wØZxq wnRix kZ‡Ki Ab¨Zg †kªô Zvweqx dKxn I gynvwÏm, mycÖwm× Pvi Bgv‡gi Ab¨Zg, Bgvg Ave~ nvbxdv byÕgvb
Beby mvweZ Avj-K‚dx (80-150wn/ 699-767L„) ewY©Z nv`xm¸wji msKjb| wZwb wb‡R nv`xm¸wj MÖ‡’vKv‡i msKjb K‡ib
wb| Zuvi B‡‡„Kv‡ji ci †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv gynvwÏm Zuvi m~‡Î ewY©Z nv`xm¸wj Ògymbv`Ó AvKv‡i msKjb K‡ib| G‡ì g‡a¨
Ab¨Zg Avng` Beby Avãyj Ave~ byAvBg Bmcvnvbx (430wn)| gynv¤§v` Beby gvng~` Aveyj gyAvBwq` LvIqvwihgx (593-
655wn/1197-1257L„) ÒRvwgD gvmvbxw`j Bgvg Avex nvbxdv ( ) bv‡g G gymbv`¸wj msKjb
K‡ib| LvIqvwihgxi MÖ‡w’ UB gymbv`yj Bgvg Avex nvbxdv bv‡g me©vwaK cÖwm×|
(9) gymbv` Bgvg kvwdqx ( )
wØZxq-Z…Zxq wnRix kZ‡Ki Ab¨Zg †kªô dKxn I gynvwÏm, cÖwm× Pvi Bgv‡gi Ab¨Zg, Bgvg gynv¤§v` Beby B`&ixm
Avk-kvwdqx (150-204wn/767-820L„) ewY©Z nv`xm¸wji msKjb| Bgvg kvwdqx wb‡R G MÖ‡’ msKjb K‡ib wb| cieZ©x
hy‡Mi †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv gynvwÏm Zuvi m~‡Î ewY©Z nv`xm¸wj Ògymbv`yk kvwdqxÓ bv‡g msKjb K‡i‡Qb| G‡ì g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg Ave~
Avgi gynv¤§v` Beby RvÕdi Avb-wbmvc~ix (360 wn)| wZwb Bgvg kvwdqxi wewfb‣ MÖ‡‡’ Zuvi m~‡Î ewY©Z nv`xm¸wj GKwÎZ
K‡i Ògymbv`yk kvwdqxÓ bv‡g msKjb K‡ib|
(10) gymbv` Bgvg Avng` ( )
Z…Zxq wnRix kZ‡Ki cÖwm×Zg gynvwÏm I dKxn, cÖwm× Pvi Bgv‡gi Ab¨Zg, Bgvg Ave~ Avãyjv n Avng` Beby
gynv¤§v` Beby nv¤^vj kvBevbx (164-241 wn/ 780-855L„) msKwjZ cÖwm× nv`xmMÖ‡’| MÖ‡’wU nv`x‡mi wek¦‡Kvl wn‡m‡e
we‡ewPZ| G‡Z cÖvq GK nvRvi mvnvexi m~‡Î cÖvq 30 nvRvi nv`xm msKwjZ|
(11) gymbv` `vwigx ( )
Z…Zxq wnRix kZ‡Ki cÖwm× gynvwÏm I gydvm&wmi Ave~ gynv¤§v` Avãyjv n Beby Avãyi ivngvb Av`-`vwigx (181-
255wn/ 797-869L„) msKwjZ nv`xm MÖ‡|’
(12) gymbv` Ave~ `vD` Zvqvwjmx ( )
wØZxq-Z…Zxq wnRix kZ‡Ki cÖwm× gynvwÏm Ave~ `vE` myjvBgvb Beby `vE` Zvqvwjmx (133-204wn/ 750-819L„)
msKwjZ nv`xmMÖ‡’|
(13) gymbv` Avã Beby ûgvB` ( )
Z…Zxq wnRix kZ‡Ki cÖwm× gynvwÏm Ave~ gynv¤§v` Avã Beby ûgvB` Avj-wKm&mx (... - 249wn/... - 863 L„)
msKwjZ nv`xm MÖ‡|’
(14) gymbv` nvwim Beby Dmvgv ( )
Z…Zxq wnRix kZ‡Ki cÖwm× gynvwÏm Ave~ gynv¤§v` Avj-nvwim Beby gynv¤§v` Beby Avex Dmvgv `vwni AvZ-Zvgxgx
(186-282wn/ 802-896L„) msKwjZ nv`xmMÖ‡’|
(15) gymbv` evh&hvi ( )
Z…Zxq wnRix kZ‡Ki cÖwm× gynvwÏm Ave~ evK&i Avng` Beby Avgi Beby Avãyj LvwjK Avj-evh&hvi (...- 292 wn/
904L„) msKwjZ nv`xm MÖ‡|’ MÖ‡’wU Avj-evni‚h hvL&Lvi bv‡gI cwiwPZ|
(16) gymbv` Ave~ Bqvjv gvDwmjx ( )
Z…Zxq-PZz_© wnRix kZ‡Ki cÖwm× gynvwÏm I nvbvdx dKxn Ave~ Bqvjv Avng` Beby Avjx Bebyj gymvb‣v Avj-gvDwmjx
(211-307 wn/ 826-920L„) msKwjZ mycÖwm× nv`xmMÖ‡’| Bgvg Avng‡ì gymbv‡ì c‡iB e„nËg I cÖwm×Zg Ògymbv`Ó
wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ|
(17) mnxn Beby wneŸvb ( )
PZz_© wnRix kZ‡Ki cÖwm× gynvwÏm Ave~ nvwZg gynv¤§v` Beby wne․vb Avj-eym&Zx (.. - 354wn/..- 965 L„) msKwjZ nv`xm
13
MÖ‡’| wZwb ïay mnxn nv`xm msKj‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ G MÖ‡’ iPbv K‡ib| GRb¨ MÖ‡’wU Òmnxn Beby wne․vbÓ bv‡g cwiwPZ|
eyLvix I gymwj‡gi c‡i †h mKj gynvwÏm mnxn nv`xm evQvB K‡i msKj‡bi †Póv K‡ib Beby wne․vb Zuv‡ì Ab¨Zg| wZwb wb‡R
MÖ‡’wUi bvgKiY K‡ib: ÒAvj-gymbv` Avm-mnxn AvjvZ& ZvKvmxg Iqvj AvbIqvÓ ( )|
(18) mnxn Beby LyhvBgv ( )
PZz_© wnRix kZ‡Ki cÖwm× gynvwÏm Bgvg Ave~ evKi gynv¤§v` Beby BmnvK Beby LyhvBgv (223-311wn/ 838-923L„)
msKwjZ cÖwm× nv`xm MÖ‡’| wZwb evQvB K‡i mnxn nv`x‡mi msKjb wn‡m‡e G MÖ‡’wU iPbv K‡ib| GRb¨ MÖ‡’wU Òmnxn Beby
LyhvBgvÓ bv‡g cÖwm×| Gi g~j bvg: ÒgyLZvmvi‚j gyLZvmviÓ ( )
(19) gymvbœvd Avãyi ivh&hvK ( )
Z…Zxq wnRix kZ‡Ki cÖwm× gynvwÏm Avãyi ivh&hvK Beby ûgvg Avm-mvbAvbx (126-211wn/744-727L„) msKwjZ nv`xm
MÖ‡’| gymvb‣vd MÖ‡‡’i g~j •ewkó¨ †h, Zv ÒmybvbÓ MÖ‡‡’i gZB wdKnx gvmv‡q‡ji wfwË‡Z web¨¯„, Z‡e G‡Z ivm~jyjvn -Gi nv`xm
ev gvid‚ nv`x‡mi cvkvcvwk e¨vcKfv‡e ÒgvDK‚dÓ I ÒgvKZ‚Ó nv`xm, A_©vr mvnvex I ZvweqxM‡Yi K_v, Kg© I gZvgZ eY©bv Kiv
nq| GRb¨ mvnvex-ZvweqxM‡Yi K_v, Kg© I gZvgZ Rvb‡Z gymb‣vd MÖ‡’¸wj g~j Drm wn‡m‡e MY¨|
(20) wgkKvZzj AvbIqvi wjk kvBwLj AvKevi ( )
7g wnRix kZ‡Ki cÖwm× `vk©wbK m~dx ÒgynxDÏxbÓ I ÒAvk-kvBLyj AvKeviÓ Dcvwa‡Z L¨vZ kvBL gynv¤§v` Beby
Avjx Beby Avivex nvwZgx Zvqx Av•`vj~mx (560-638 wn/ 1165-1240L„) msKwjZ GKwU nv`x‡mi MÖ‡’| G MÖ‡‡’ wZwb
101wU nv`x‡m Kz`mx msKjb K‡ib| MÖ‡’wUi cy‡iv bvg: wgkKvZzj AvbIqvi dx gv i‚weqv Avwbjvwn wgbvj AvLevi (
)|
(21) mybvb Ave~ gymwjg Avj-Kvk&wk ( )
Z…Zxq wnRix kZ‡Ki cÖwm× gynvwÏm Ave~ gymwjg Beivnxg Beby Avãyjv n Beby gymwjg Avj-evmix Avj-Kvk&kx (...-
292 wn/905L„) msKwjZ nv`xm-MÖ‡|’
(22) gymbv` mvC` Beby gvbm~i ( )
Z…Zxq wnRix kZ‡Ki cÖwm× gynvwÏm I gydvm&wmi Ave~ Dmgvb mvC` Beby gvbm~i Lyivmvbx gv°x (... - 227wn/...-
842L„) msKwjZ nv`xm MÖ‡|’ MÖ‡’wU ÒmybvbÓ wn‡m‡eB †ewk cwiwPZ|
(23) gymvbœvd Beby Avex kvBev ( )
Z…Zxq wnRix kZ‡Ki cÖwm× gynvwÏm Ave~ eKi Beby Avex kvBev Avãyjv n Beby gynv¤§v` (159-235wn/ 776-850L„)
msKwjZ Ôgymvb‣vdÕ MÖ‡’, hv‡Z nv`x‡m ivm~j () QvovI mvnvex I ZvweqxM‡Yi K_v, Kg© I gZvgZ msKjb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
(24) mybvbyj evBnvKx Avj-Kzeiv ( )
5g wnRix kZ‡Ki Ab¨Zg cÖwm× gynvwÏm I kvwdqx dKxn eû MÖ‡’ cÖ‡YZv Ave~ evKi Avng` Beby ûmvBb evBnvKx
(384-458wn/ 994-1066L„) msKwjZ cÖwm× nv`xm MÖ‡|’
(25) ZvixL Beby AvmvwKi: ZvixL w`gvkK ( )
6ô wnRix kZ‡Ki cÖwm× gynvwÏm I HwZnvwmK Avjx Bebyj nvmvb Aveyj Kvwmg Beby AvmvwKi (499-571 wn/
1105-1176L„) msKwjZ cÖwm× BwZnvm MÖ‡|’ G MÖ‡‡’ wZwb wmwiqvi ivRavbx `vwgk‡Ki BwZnvm iPbv K‡ib| wZwb
`vwgk‡K Rb¥MÖnYKvix, g„ZzëiYKvix, emevmKvix ev AvMgbKvix mKj Avwjg, gynvwÏm, nv`xm eY©bvKvixi I mKj cÖKv‡ii
gvby‡li Rxebx I Zv‡ì ewY©Z nv`xm G MÖ‡‡’ msKjb K‡ib| cÖKZ … c‡¶ MÖ‡’wU Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm welqK GKwU wek¦‡Kvl
e‡j MY¨| 70 L‡Ê G e„nr MÖ‡w’ U cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q|
(26) ZvixL Bqvn&Bqv Beby gvqxb ( )
Z…Zxq wnRix kZ‡Ki cÖwm× gynvwÏm I ivexM‡Yi mgv‡jvPbv ev Bjgyj Rvin IqvZ ZvÕ`x‡ji Ab¨Zg †kªô Bgvg,
Ave~ hvKvwiqv BqvnBqv Beby gvqxb (158-233 wn/ 774-847L„)-Gi ivexM‡Yi Rvin-ZvÕ`xj ev MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv I
AMÖnY‡hvM¨Zv welqK gZvgZ msKjb| MÖ‡w’ U nv`x‡mi mb` wePv‡ii GKwU †g․wjK Z_¨m~Î|
(27) wkdv‡q Kvhx Bqvh ( )
6ô wnRix kZ‡Ki cÖwm× gynvwÏm I gvwjKx dKxn, MÖvbvWv, gi‡°v I Ab¨vb¨ kn‡ii wePvicwZ Kvhx Bqvh Beby g~mv
Bqvnm~ex (476-544 wn/ 1083-1149L„) iwPZ GKwU MÖ‡’| ivm~jyjvn -Gi cwiPq, AvLjvK, PwiÎ, Bev`Z, gh©v`v I
Zuvi cÖwZ gvbeRvwZi `vwqZ¡, KiYxq Avè BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© wZwb G MÖ‡’wU iPbv K‡ib| MÖ‡’wUi cy‡iv bvg: Avk-wkdv
weZvÕixwd ûK~wKj gymZvdv ( ): bex gymZvdv ()-Gi n°mg~‡ni cwiP‡q my¯’Zv|
(28) kviûm mybœvn, evMvex ( )
6ô wnRix kZ‡Ki cÖwm× gynvwÏm, gydvm&wmi I kvwdqx dKxn, ÒgywnDm mybv‣ nÓ Dcvwa‡Z L¨vZ, ÒgvmvexnÓ MÖ‡‡’i
msKjK Ave~ gynv¤§v` ûmvBb Beby gvmE` Avj-evMvex (436-510wn/ 1045-1117L„) msKwjZ GKwU nv`xm I e¨vL¨vMÖ‡’|
14
G MÖ‡‡’ wZwb `x‡bi †g․wjK wel‡q cÖvq mv‡o Pvi nvRvi nv`xm wewfb‣ nv`xm MÖ‡’ †_‡K msKjb K‡i †m¸wji
msw¶ß e¨vL¨v ev UxKv D‡jL K‡i‡Qb|
(29) Avh& hyn`y Iqvi ivKvBK, Avãyj-vn Bebyj gyevivK ( )
wØZxq wnRix kZ‡Ki cÖwm× Zvwe-Zvweqx gynvwÏm Avãyj-vn Bebyj gyevivK (118-181wn/ 736-797L„) msKwjZ
nv`xm-MÖ‡’| GwU g~jZ `ywU MÖ‡‡’i mg‡^q| cÖ_gwU ÒAvh-hyn`Ó A_©vr Ò`ywbqv-wegyLZvÓ ev wbivmw³ Ges wØZxqwU ÒAvi-
ivKvBKÓ A_©vr ü`q Mjv‡bv msev`vw`| G MÖ‡’Ø‡q Bgvg Bebyj gyevivK BLjvm, Avgj, AvwLivZ-gywLZv, whKi, wdKi,
µ•`b, AvZ¥ïw× BZ¨vw` wel‡q ewY©Z ivm~jyjvn -Gi nv`xm I mvnvex-ZvweqxM‡Yi K_v I Kg© msKjb K‡i‡Qb| G¸wj
gvmb~b ev mybv‣ Z-c×wZi ÒAvZ¥ïw×Ó ev ZvmvD‡di g~j Drm MÖ‡¸’ wji Ab¨Zg|
(30) bvIqvwì“j Dm~j, nvwKg wZiwghx ( )
PZz_© wnRix kZ‡Ki cÖwm× Avwjg ÔnvwKg wZiwghxÕ gynv¤§v` Beby Avjx (g„Zz¨ Avby. 320wn/932L„) msKwjZ GKwU
MÖ‡|’
(31) wKZveyÏyqv, Zvevivbx ( )
PZz_© wnRix kZ‡Ki cÖwm× gynvwÏm myjvBgvb Beby Avng` Aveyj Kvwmg Zvevivbx (260-360wn/ 873-971L„)
msKwjZ GKwU `yAvi MÖ‡’| G MÖ‡‡’ wZwb `yAvi fvlv, evK¨, mgq, welq, ¸i‚Z¡, dhxjZ, BZ¨vw` welqK nv`xm¸wj msKjb
K‡i‡Qb|
(32) BKwZ`vDj Bjwgj Avgvj, LZxe ( )
5g wnRix kZ‡Ki cÖwm× gynvwÏm, HwZnvwmK I eû MÖ‡’ cÖ‡YZv Ave~ evKi Avng` Beby Avjx Beby mvweZ LvZxe
evM`v`x (392-463 wn/ 1002- 1072L„) KZ…K © Bjg Abymv‡i Avgj cwiï× Kivi ¸i‚Z¡ I Bjg-wenxb Avgj I Avgj-
wenxb Bj‡gi cwiYwZ wel‡q iwPZ MÖ‡’|
(33) Avj-gymZvLivR Avjv mvnxwnj eyLvix, BmgvCjx ( )
PZz_© wnRix kZ‡Ki cÖwm× gynvwÏm I kvwdqx dKxn Avng` Beby Beivnxg Ave~ evKi Avj-BmgvCjx (277-371wn/
891-982L„) msKwjZ mnxn eyLvixi ÒgymZvLivRÓ MÖ‡’| gymZvLivR A_© g~j MÖ‡‡’i nv`xm¸wj Ab¨ mb‡` msKjb Kiv| G
MÖ‡‡’ wZwb mnxn eyLvixi nv`xm¸wj eyLvixi mb` Qvov wb‡Ri Ab¨ mb‡` msKjb K‡ib|
(34) gymZvìvK nvwKg ( )
4_©-5g wnRix kZ‡Ki cÖwm× gynvwÏm Ave~ Avãyjv n gynv¤§v` Beby Avãyjv n Avj-nvwKg Avb-wbmvc~ix (321-405wn/
933-1015L„) msKwjZ GKwU nv`xm MÖ‡’| ÒgymZvìvKÓ A_© ev` cov welq D‡jL Kiv ev fyj-ms‡kvab Kiv|
ÒgymZvìvKÓ MÖ‡’I ÒgymZvLivRÓ MÖ‡‡’i Abyiƒc c~e©eZ©x †Kv‡bv MÖ‡’‡K †K•`ª K‡i msKwjZ| ÒgymZvLivRÓ MÖ‡‡’ g~j MÖ‡‡’i
nv`xm¸wj c„_K mb‡` msKjb Kiv nq| Avi ÒgymZvìvKÓ MÖ‡‡’ g~j MÖ‡‡’i g‡a¨ msKjb Kiv DwPZ wQj Giƒc AwZwi³
nv`xm msKjb Kiv nq|15 nvwKg-Gi gymZvìvK MÖ‡’wUi c~Y© bvg ÒAvj-gymZvìvK ÔAvjvm mvnxnvBbÓ ev `yB mnxn MÖ‡‡’i
ev` cov nv`xm msKjb| Bgvg nvwKg `vwe K‡ib †h, Bgvg eyLvix I Bgvg gymwjg †h kZ©vbymv‡i Zv‡ì mnxn MÖ‡‡’ nv`xm
msKjb K‡i‡Qb †m kZ© c~iY Kiv Av‡iv A‡bK nv`xm we`¨gvb †h¸wj wZwb G MÖ‡‡’ msKjb K‡i‡Qb|
(35) Avj-dviRy evÕ`vk wkÏvn, Beby Avwe` `ybBqv ( )
Z…Zxq wnRix kZ‡Ki cÖwm× gynvwÏm eû MÖ‡’ cÖ‡YZv Avãyjv n Beby gynv¤§v` evM`v`x Ave~ evKi Beby Avwe`-`ybBqv
(208-281wn/ 823-894L„) msKwjZ GKwU nv`xm-MÖ‡’| wec‡` nZvk bv nIqv Ges K‡ói c‡i cÖkvw‡„i wel‡q nv`xm¸wj
wZwb G MÖ‡‡’ msKjb K‡ib|
(36) Avj-gymZvLivR Avjv mvnxwn gymwjg, Ave~ AvIqvbv ( )
PZz_© wnRix kZ‡Ki cÖwm× gynvwÏm Ave~ AvIqvbv BqvK‚e Beby BmnvK Avj-BmwdivCbx (...- 316wn/...- 928L„)
msKwjZ MÖ‡’| MÖ‡w’ U mnxn gymwj‡gi ÒgymZvLivRÓ, A_©vr MÖ‡’Kvi mnxn gymwj‡g msKwjZ nv`xm¸wj Bgvg gymwj‡gi gva¨‡g
eY©bv bv K‡i c„_K mb‡` msKjb K‡i‡Qb| MÖ‡’wUi c~Y© bvg ÒAvj-gymbv` Avm-mnxn Avj-gymZvLivR ÔAvjv mvnxwn gymwjg
( )|
(37) wnjBqvZzj AvDwjqv, Ave~ byAvBg ( )
5g wnRix kZ‡Ki cÖwm× gynvwÏm Avng` Beby Avãyjv- n Ave~ byAvBg Bmcvnvbx (336-430 wn/ 948-1038L„)
msKwjZ Rxebxg~jK MÖ‡’| G MÖ‡‡’ wZwb mvnvexM‡Yi hyM †_‡K Zuvi hyM ch©‡„ m~dx I eyRMy ©M‡Yi Rxebx, Kg© I Zuv‡ì ewY©Z
wKQz nv`xm msKjb K‡i‡Qb|
(38) wRqv`yj gymvjmvjvZ, myq~Zx ( )
beg-`kg wnRix kZ‡Ki cÖwm×Zg Avwjg eûMÖ‡’ cÖ‡YZv RvjvjyÏxb myq~Zx Avãyi ivngvb Beby Avex evKi (849-
15
911wn/ 1445-1505L„) msKwjZ Ògymvjmvj nv`xmÓ welqK cÖwm× MÖ‡’|
(39) Avh&hyi&wiqvZzZ Zvwniv ( )
PZz_© wnRix kZ‡Ki cÖwm× gynvwÏm Ave~ weki gynv¤§v` Beby Avng` Av`-`~jvex (224-310wn/ 839-922L„) KZ©K „
ivm~jyj-vn -Gi cwievieM© I eskai‡ì wel‡q msKwjZ GKwU cÖwm× MÖ‡|’
(40) Avgvjyj BqvIwg Iqvj-vBjv, Bebym mybxœ ( )
PZz_© wnRix kZ‡Ki cÖwm× gynvwÏm Avng` Beby gynv¤§v` Ave~ evKi Bebym mybx‣ (280-364 wn/ 894-974L„)
msKwjZ GKwU nv`xm-MÖ‡’| G MÖ‡’wU‡Z wZwb wèm I iv‡Zi wewfb‣ mg‡qi Avgj I whK&i-AvhKvi welqK nv`xm¸wj
msKjb K‡ib|
1. 1. 3. 2. Kg© I ms¯‥vi
wk¶v Rxe‡bi ci †_‡KB ev 1880 mv‡ji w`K †_‡KB kvBLyj Bmjvg Avey eKi wmwÏKx `xb cÖPvi I mgvR ms¯‥v‡i
AvZ¥wb‡qvM K‡ib| we‡klZ m~dx d‡Zn Avjxi B‡‡„Kv‡ji ci I n¾ †_‡K cÖZ¨veZ©‡bi ci- Ebwesk kZ‡Ki †kl `kK
†_‡K cieZ©x Aa© kZvãx wZwb fvi‡Zi, we‡klZ e½‡`k I Avmv‡gi gymwjg Rb‡Mvôxi ag©xq, mvgvwRK, wk¶v, mvs¯‥…wZK
mvgwMÖK RvMiY I ms¯‥v‡ii cy‡ivav wQ‡jb|
Zuvi Kg©KvÊ‡K Avgiv wb‡g‣i aviv¸wj‡Z wef³ Ki‡Z cvwi: (1) wkiK, Kzdi, weÀvZ I Kzms¯‥vigy³ weï× Bmjvgx
AvKx`v I kixq‡Zi cÖPvi, (2) fÊcxi I weK…wZ ZvmvD‡di cÖwZev` Ges kixqZ I mybv‣ ZwfwËK ZvmvD‡di cÖPvi, (3)
weï× Bmjvgx wk¶v cÖPvi I cÖmv‡ii Rb¨ gv`ªvmv cÖwZôv, Iqvh gvnwdj cÖwZôv, evsjvfvlvq MÖ‡’vw` iPbv I cÎ-cwÎKv
cÖwZôv, (4) gymjgvb‡ì g‡a¨ `jv`wj-wefw³ Kwg‡q HK¨, msnwZ I fvjevmv cÖwZôv, (5) A_©‣bwZK, mvgvwRK I
ivR‣bwZK Db‣qb, ms¯‥vi, ms‡kvab I ¯^vaxKvi AR©‡b AMÖYx f~wgKv cvjb, (6) †`‡ki evB‡iI `xbx `vIqvZ I ms¯‥v‡i
AskMÖnY|
G mKj `vwqZ¡ AvÄvg w`‡Z wZwb wewfb‣fv‡e AMÖmi nb:
1. 1. 3. 2. 1. Iqvh-gvnwdj
cÖvq Aa© kZvãx hver wZwb e„nËi evsjv I Avmv‡gi mKj AÂ‡j I MÖv‡g-M‡Ä Iqvh-gvnwdj K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi Iqvh
gvnwdj¸wji cÖfve wQj AZzjbxq| ZrKvjxb cÎ-cwÎKvi eY©bv †_‡K G cÖfve Av•`vh Kiv hvq 1907 mv‡ji Bmjvg cÖPviK
cwÎKvq GK msev‡` ejv nq: Òe½xq j¶ j¶ gymjgv‡bi cxi I †gv‡k©`, Av`k© Av‡jg, Av`k© mydx, Av`k© Iqv‡qR I Av`k©
avwg©K, ¯^RvwZermj Rbve gvIjvbv nvRx kvn †gvnv¤§` Avey eKi mv‡ne e‡½i wewfb‣ †Rjvq Mgbc~e©K gymjgvb w`M‡K Iqv‡Ri
myavcvb KivB‡Z‡Qb| mnmª mnmª †e`vZx Zvnvi Øviv †n`v‡qZ nB‡Z‡Q| ... Rbve gIjvbv mv‡ne e½‡`‡k cweÎ Bmjvg a‡g©i
D¾j cÖ`xc cÖ¾¡wjZ Kwiqv‡Qb| GBiƒc Av`k© ag©‡bZv gymjgvb mgv‡R Avi `yB PvwiRb _vwK‡j mgvR AwZ kxMÖB Db‣wZi kxl©
†`‡k Db‣xZ nBZ|Ó
K‡qK ermi c‡i 1916 mv‡ji gymwjg wn‣Zlx‡Z cÖKvwkZ GK Le‡i ejv nq: Òe‡½i AwØZxq Zvcm I AwØZxq
Iqv‡qR j¶ j¶ gymjgv‡bi cxi †gv‡k©` Rbve gvIjvbv kvn gynv¤§` Avey eKi mv‡ne GB Kq w`‡bi g‡a¨ KwjKvZvi
wLwìcyi, K‡oqv, wkqvj`n, Pv`wbPK cÖf„wZ ¯’v‡b IqvR bwmnZ Kwiqv gymjvbw`M‡K ag© c‡_ Avbqb Kwi‡Z †Póv
cvBqv‡Qb| gvIjvbv mv‡n‡ei GK GK Iqv‡Ri mfvq 5/6 nvRvi nB‡Z 10/12 nvRvi ch©‡„ †jv‡Ki mgvMg nBqvwQj,
Zvnvi Iqv‡R †hb myavaviv ewl©Z nq| KwjKvZvevmx Zuvi e³…Zvi myavcvb Kwiqv gy» nB‡Z‡Q Ges c_åv‡„ †e`vZxMY myc_
jvf Kwi‡Z‡Q| Rbve gvIjvbv mv‡ne e½‡`‡k GK hyMv‡„i Dcw¯’Z Kwiqv‡Qb | e½‡`‡k GB iƒc me©¸Yvj¼…Z Zvcm I
Iqv‡qR G hver GLbI Rb¥MÖnY K‡i bvB|Ó16
1. 1. 3. 2. 2. Ljxdv wb‡qvM
wb‡Ri Kg©Kv‡Êi cvkvcvwk wZwb kZ-kZ Avwjg‡K Bjg I AvZ¥ïw×i cÖwk¶Y w`‡q Ljxdv ev cÖwZwbwa wb‡qvM K‡i
e„nËi evsjv I Avmv‡gi wewfb‣ GjvKvq †cÖiY K‡ib, hviv cÖ‡Z¨‡K wbR wbR GjvKvq Gfv‡e `vIqvZx Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv
K‡i‡Qb|
1. 1. 3. 2. 3. gvZ…fvlvq cÎcwÎKv I cy¯—Kvw` cÖKvk
kvBLyj Bmjvg Avey eKi wmwÏKx gvZ…fvlvq eB-cy¯„K I cÎcwÎKv iPbv, cÖKvk I cÖPv‡ii Rb¨ me©vZ¥K D‡`¨vM MÖnY
K‡i‡Qb| Ebwesk kZ‡Ki †klvs‡k I wesk kZ‡Ki ïi‚‡Z e½‡`‡ki Avwjg-Djvgv I m¤£v‡„ gymwjg‡ì g‡a¨ gvZ…fvlvi cÖwZ
AgvR©bxq Ae‡njv cwijw¶Z n‡Zv| we‡klZ gvZ…fvlvq Bmjvgx eB-cy¯„K iPbv AbywPZ e‡j MY¨ Kiv n‡Zv| G mg‡q evsjv
fvlvq Bmjvgx wdKn, AvKx`v, gvmvBj welqK †Kv‡bv MÖ‡’ wQj bv ej‡jB P‡j| dzidzivi cxi Ave~ eKi wmwÏKx evsjvfvlvq
Bmjvg PP©vi Rb¨ Avwjg, M‡elK I mKj ch©v‡qi gymwjg‡K we‡klfv‡e AbycÖvwYZ K‡ib| G‡¶‡Î wZwb GK beRvMi‡Yi m~Pbv
K‡ib| Zuvi wb‡`©k, A_©vqb, Aby‡cÖiYv ev ZË¡veav‡b evsjvfvlvq iwPZ eB-cy¯„‡Ki msL¨v `y nvRv‡ii Kg bq| GQvov evsjv
16
fvlvq RvZxq I AvÂwjK ch©v‡q mvgwqK, gvwmK, mvßvwnK wewfb‣ cÖKv‡ii cÎ-cwÎKv cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ wZwb we‡klfv‡e
Drmvn, Aby‡cÖiYv, c„ô‡cvlKZv I Avw_©K mn‡hvwMZv K‡ib| Zuvi D‡Ï¨v‡M 20wUiI AwaK cÎ-cwÎKv cÖKvwkZ n‡Zv|17
1. 1. 3. 2. 4. gv`ªvmv I ¯‥zj-K‡jR cÖwZôv
wk¶v we¯„vi Qvov mgv‡Ri ¯’vqx cwieZ©b I ms¯‥vi m¤¢e bq| kvBLyj Bmjvg Avey eKi wmwÏKx weï× Bmjvgx wk¶v
we¯„vi I AwfÁ Avwjg m„wói Rb¨ evsjvi mKj AÂ‡j wecyj msL¨K gv`ªvmv cÖwZôv K‡ib| GQvov wZwb mvgwMÖKfv‡e
gymwjg mgv‡R mvaviY wk¶v I bvix-wk¶v we¯„v‡ii Rb¨ e¨vcK cÖPvi I wk¶v-Av‡•`vjb cwiPvjbv K‡ib|
1. 1. 3. 2. 5. evnvm-weZ‡K©i Av‡qvRb
weï× Bmjvgx wk¶v cÖPv‡ii cvkvcvwk wZwb wkiK, Kzdi, weÀvZ, Kzms¯‥vi, Bmjvg we‡ivax gZvgZ BZ¨vwì
cÖPviK I Abymvix‡ì mv‡_ cÖKvk¨ ÒevnvmÓ ev weZ‡K©i Av‡qvRb K‡i‡Qb| weåvw‡„ †iv‡a I weï× Bmjvgx wk¶v cÖPv‡i G
mKj evnv‡mi cÖfve wQj e¨vcK| G‡Z †hgb GKw`‡K G mKj weåvw‡„i AbymvwiMY mwVK c_ MÖnY K‡i‡Qb, A_ev mgvR
wew‛Qb‣ n‡q wM‡q‡Qb, Ab¨ w`‡K mvaviY gvby‡liv Zv‡ì weåvw‡„ †_‡K i¶v †c‡q‡Qb|
1. 1. 3. 2. 6. RvZxq I AvÂwjK ch©v‡q msMVb cÖwZôv
`jgZ wbwe©‡k‡l mKj gymwjg‡K HKë× I D¾xweZ Kivi gvb‡m Ebwesk kZvãxi †klfvM I wesk kZvãxi
cÖ_gv‡a© RvZxq I AvÂwjK ch©v‡q wewfb‣ mvgvwRK, mvwnwZ¨K I ag©xq msMVb cÖwZôv K‡ib dzidzivi cxi Avey eKi
wmwÏKx| G cÖm‡½ Avjvgv mvBdzÏxb wmwÏKx wj‡L‡Qb: Òdzidzivi nRi‡Zi D‡`¨v‡M I cÖ‡Póvq mgKvjxb Awef³ e½
Avmv‡g A‡bK¸wj msMVb M‡o I‡V| G ch©‡„ hZ`yi Rvbv hvq †h, wZwb †h msMVb¸wji g~j f~wgKvq wQ‡jb †m¸‡jv
h_vµ‡g ÒwbwLj fviZ Bmjvg cÖPviK mwgwZÓ, ÔAvÄgv‡b Iqv‡qwRbÓ, ÒBmjvg cÖPviK mwgwZÓ, AvÄygv‡b IjvgvÓ,
ÒRvwg‡qZ Ijvgv‡q evsjv I AvmvgÓ| GQvov Dbwesk kZvãxi †klv‡a© wesk kZvãxi m~Pbv †_‡K evsjv Avmv‡gi wewfb‣
†Rjvq G‡Ki ci GK †h me ag©xq, mvgvRwK I wk¶v welqK msMVb, mwgwZ, KwgwU M‡o D‡VwQj cÖvq me¸wji m‡½ Zvi
†hvM wQj| †hgb AvÄygv‡b G‡Ëdv‡K Bmjvg (b`xqv), AvÄygv‡b Bmjvwgqv (dwi`cyi ) AvÄygv‡b Zejx‡M Bmjvg (iscyi),
byi‚j Bgvb mgvR (ivRkvnx), †njvj Avngvi mwgwZ (KwjKvZv), ÔBmjvg wgkbÕ, Ôe½xq gymjgvb mvwnZ¨ mwgwZÕ, Ôdwi`cyi
gymjgvb mvwnZ¨ mfvÕ, ÔLyjbv wmwÏKx mvwnZ¨ mwgwZÕ, Ôcye©e½ I Avmvg cÖv‡`wkK gymjgvb wk¶v mwgwZÕ, Ôcvebv †Rjv
gymwjg wk¶v mwgwZÕ, ÔAvÄygv‡b Gkv‡Z Bmjvg (†bvqvLvwj) cÖf„wZi bvg we‡klfv‡e D‡jL‡hvM¨|Ó18
GLv‡b Avjvgv mvBdzÏx‡bi eY©bvi Av‡jv‡K Avey eKi wmwÏKxi D‡Ï¨v‡M cÖwZwôZ I ZuviB †bZ…‡Z¡ cwiPvwjZ RvZxq
ch©v‡qi me‡P‡q cÖwm× I cÖfve we¯„viKvix `ywU msMV‡bi msw¶ß weeiY D‡jL KiwQ:
(K) AvÄygv‡b Iqv‡qRx‡b nvbvdxqv
Avjvgv mvBdzÏxb wj‡L‡Qb: ÒnRiZ cxi AveyeKi wmwÏKx (it) Gi D‡`¨v‡M †hme mwgwZ I msMVb M‡o D‡V Zvi g‡a¨
ÔwbwLj fviZ Bmjvg cÖPviK mwgwZÕ m¤¢eZ cÖ_g | GB mwgwZi D‡`¨v³v‡ì g‡a¨ gyÝx ‡gvt †g‡ni‚jvn, Lvb evnv`yi eìywÏb
nvq`vi, Lvb evnv`yi byi gynv¤§` RvKvwiqvi bvg D‡jL cvIqv hvq | wØZxq msMVb nj AvÄygv‡b Iqv‡qRx‡b nvbvdxqv| 1904 L„t
Bmjvg wgkb bv‡g GKwU ms¯’v MwVZ n‡jI Zvi Aw¯„Z¡ LyeB Aí w`b wQj| 1911 wLª÷v‡ã AÄygv‡b Iqv‡qRx‡b evsjv ¯’vwcZ
nq| GB msMV‡bi c~‡e© †Zgb †Kvb kw³kvjx I `xN©¯’vqx ag© cÖPv‡ii msMVb mwgwZi bwRi cvIqv hvq bv| msMV‡bi mfvcwZ
wQ‡jb nRiZ cxi Avey eKi wmwÏKx (it) Ges cÖ_g m¤úv`K †g․jyfx †kL Avãyi iwng|.... AvÄygv‡bi bxwZ: ÒAvÄygv‡b
Iqv‡qRx‡b nvbvwdqv evsjv †Kvb we‡kl `j, we‡kl m¤cÖ`vq ev †Kvb wbw`©ó mfvmwgwZi bxwZ I Kvh¨© c×wZ Aej¤^b Kwiqv
cwiPvwjZ nB‡e bv| cewÎ †Kvivb I nvw`m Abyhvqx ag© cÖPvi mgvR ms¯‥vi Ges †`k I RvwZi Db‣wZ mvabB AvÄygv‡bi me․©
cÖavb eªZiƒ‡c cwiMwYZ nB‡e| cweÎ †Ljvd‡Zi †M․ie I gh©`v i¶v Kwievi Rb¨ AvÄygb Zvnvi mg¯„ kw³ mvg_©¨ wb‡qvM
Kwi‡e Ges Z¾b¨ AKywÉZ wP‡Ë hveZxq b¨vqm½Z Dcvq Aej¤^b Kwi‡e| AvÄygb cweÎ †Kvivb I nvw`‡mi wb‡`©k Abyhvqx
hveZxq ag©bxwZ, ivRbxwZ I mgvRbxwZi Av‡•`vj‡b wbf©‡q †hvM`vb Kwi‡e|Ó ... 1920 mvj †_‡K gvIjvbv i‚ûj Avwgb
AvÄygv‡bi †m‡µUvix Ges W. †gvnv¤§` knx`yjvn I †g․jfx Avãyi inxg R‡q•U †m‡K&ªUvixi `vwqZ¡ MÖnY K‡ib| AvÄygv‡bi c¶
†_‡K †eZbfy³ I A‣eZwbK A‡bK cÖPviK wb‡qvM Kiv nq, hviv evsjvi GK cÖv‡„ †_‡K Ab¨ cÖv‡‡„ weï× Bmjvgx †PZbv cÖPv‡i
wb‡qvwRZ wQ‡jb| AvÄygv‡bi Kg©KvÊ †_‡K Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB †h, `xN© Aa© kZvãxiI AwaK mgq hveZ AvÄygb ag©, mgvR, ivóª,
ivRbxwZ, wk¶vbxwZ, Av‡„R©vwZK m¤úK© BZ¨vw` mKj wel‡q AZ¨‡„ my¯úó I †Rviv‡jv e³e¨ †ck K‡i‡Q Ges mywbw`©ó w`K
wb‡`©kbv cÖ`vb K‡i‡Q|19
(L) AvÄygvb-B Djvgv- B- ev½vjv
Avjvgv mvBdzÏxb wmwÏKx wj‡L‡Qb: Ò1913 mv‡ji 15B, 16B I 17B gv‡P© e¸ov †Rjvi evwbqvcvovq wZb w`b
17
e¨vcx GK Av‡jg mw¤§jbx‡Z Gmjvg-wgkb I mgvR-ms¯‥vi Ges RvZxq Db‣wZi AMÖMwZi D‡Ï‡k¨ ÒAvÄygv‡b
IjvgvÓ bvgK GB mwgwZwU cÖwZwôZ nq| GB mfvi lô`k cÖ¯„ve Abymv‡i GKwU Kvh©-wbe©vnK †K•`ª KwgwU MVb nq:
mfvcwZ: †g․jvbv kvn mydx nvRx †gvnv. Avey eKi mv‡ne (ûMjx) I †g․jvbv •mq` †gvnv. gymv (e×©gvb)| mnKvix
mfvcwZ: †g․jfx Iqv‡n` †nv‡mb we. Gj. I †g․jfx Avãyi ingvb| ‡m‡µUvix: †g․jfx AvKivg Lvu| R‡q•U †m‡µUvix:
†g․jfx †gvnv. gwbi‚¾vgvb Gmjvgvev`x| mnKvix †m‡µUvix: †g․jfx kwn`yjvn Gg. G.| K¨vwkqvi: Avãyj nvwg` Lvu
mI`vMi| AvÄygv‡b Ijvgv‡q ev½vjvi Kg©m~Pxi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg cÖavb c`‡¶c wQj Bmjvg wgkb ev ag© cÖPvi wefvM cÖwZôv |
... AvÄygv‡b Ijvgv‡q ev½vjvi †bZ…e„•` cÖv_wgK fv‡e wgk‡bi cÖPviKMb‡K Bmjvg ag©ZË¡ fvjiƒ‡c wk¶v †Ìqvi D‡Ï‡k¨
KwjKvZvq Bmjvg ag© welqK cy¯„Kvejx mg„× GKwU KzZez Lvbv cÖwZôv K‡ib|... AvÄygv‡b Ijvgv‡q ev½vjvi GK wi‡cv‡U©
Rvbv hvq 1919 mv‡ji g‡a¨ AvÄygvb 12 Rb †eZb‡fvMx I 29 Rb Abvivix cÖPviK wbhy³ K‡i| c‡i GB msL¨v e„w× †c‡q
†eZb‡fvMx I Abvivix cÖPvi‡Ki msL¨v `vovq 66 Rb| GQvov GB msMVb ag© welqK I wfb‣ agv©ej¤^x‡ì Bmjvg m¤ú‡K©
A‡nZzK Awf‡hvM LÛbg~jK eB cy¯„K cÖKv‡ki GK e¨vcK Kg©m~Px Mªnb K‡i Ges 1919 mv‡ji g‡a¨ msMV‡bi c¶ n‡Z
†ek wKQy eBcy¯„K iPbv Kiv m¤¢e nq| GB msMV‡bi gyLcÎ wQj ÔAvj-GmjvgÕ cwÎKv|Ó20
AvÄygv‡bi †m‡µUvix gvIjvbv AvKivg Luv wj‡L‡Qb: ÒAvgv‡ì kª‡×q eÜz Rbve gvIjvbv Avãyjv ‡nj evKx Qv‡n‡ei
g‡b me©cÖ_g †Lqvj n‡jv †h, gyQjgv‡bi eZ©gvb Ae¯’v Avi Av‡jg mgv‡Ri `vwqZ¡ m¤ú‡K© civg‡k©i Rb¨ Dfq `‡ji
(nvbvdx I Avn‡j nv`xQ) Av‡jg‡ì GKwU civgk©-mfv Avn․vb Kiv †nvK| d‡j ¯’vbxq Av‡jge„‡•ì cÖ‡Póvq 1913 mv‡j
e¸ov †Rjvi evwbqvcvov MÖv‡g ÒAvÄygvb-G-Djvgv-G evsjvÓ cÖwZwôZ nq| .... Avgv‡K †m‡µUvwii `vwqZ¡ †Ìqv nq...|Ó21
AvÄygv‡b Djvgv‡q ev½vjv wel‡q evsjvwcwWqvq †jLv n‡q‡Q: ÒKjKvZvq cÖwZwôZ (1913) Djvgv‡ì GKwU msMVb| Gi
D‡Ïk¨ I j¶¨ wQj Bmjvg cÖPvi, Bmjvwg wk¶vi cÖmvi, wLª÷vb ag© cÖPviK I Ab¨vb¨ ag©ev`x‡ì kÎ‚Zvg~jK cÖPv‡ii †gvKv‡ejv
K‡i cy¯„K I cÖPvicÎ †jLv; cweÎ KziAvb I myb‣vn&i Av‡jv‡K gymwjg mgv‡Ri ms¯‥vi mvab| AvÄygv‡bi cÖwZôvZv m`m¨ wQ‡jb
gvIjvbv Aveyj Kvjvg Avhv`, gvIjvbv gwbi‚¾vgvb Bmjvgvev`x, gvIjvbv †gvnv¤§` AvKivg Lvu, gvIjvbv Avãyjvwnj evKx I
W±i gyn¤§` knx`yj-vn| msMVbwUi cÖPvi gyLcÎ wQj ÔAvj-BmjvgÕ|... AvÄygv‡bi Kg©xiv evsjv I Avmv‡gi Awkw¶Z gymjgvb‡ì
wkiK I †e`vZ m¤ú‡K© wk¶v `v‡bi †Póv K‡i| G mg‡q gymwjg RbRxeb Ab¨ ms¯‥…wZi cÖfv‡e KjywlZ n‡q c‡owQj| Kg©xiv
eûmsL¨K g³e, gv`ªvmv wbg©vY I evqZzj gvj Znwej MVb K‡i| GQvov gymjgvb‡ì •bwZKZv I msnwZ `„p Kivi j‡¶¨
mvgvwRK kvwjwk †evW© ¯’vcb K‡i| Zv‡ì Ab¨Zg ¯^c‣ wQj PÆMÖv‡g GKwU Aviwe wek¦we`¨vjq ¯’vcb| wK‡‘ cÖ‡qvRbxq Znwej
msMÖn Ki‡Z bv cvivq G ¯^c‣ ev¯„evwqZ nqwb| ... gymwjg ms¯‥vic‡’x msMVb n‡jI AvÄygvb-B-Djvgv-B- ev½vjv Ab¨ a‡g©i cÖwZ
KLbI mv¤cÖv`vwqK we‡Ølfve cÖ`k©b K‡i wb...|Ó22
kvBLyj Bmjvg AveyeKi wmwÏKx mfvcwZ wn‡m‡e AvÄygv‡b Ijvgvi †bZ…Z¡ I w`K wb‡`©kbv cÖ`vb QvovI e¨w³MZfv‡e
Avw_©K mn‡hvwMZvi gva¨‡g GwU‡K GwM‡q wb‡Z m‡Pó _vK‡Zb| G wel‡q 1914 mv‡ji 31†k A‡±vei Zvwi‡Li †gvnv¤§`x
cwÎKvi eiv‡Z Avjvgv mvBdzjvn wmwÏKx wj‡Lb: Ò¯^bvg-L¨vZ Rbve gvIjvbv kvn mydx AveyeKi mv‡ne [AvÄygv‡bi mfvcwZ] MZ
iweev‡i AvÄygv‡bi Awdm cwi`k©b Kwi‡Z AvMgb KwiqvwQ‡jb| cy¯„Kvjq I wgk‡bi Kvh© c×wZ BZ¨vw` `k©b Kwiqv we‡kl
Avb•` I mnvbyfywZ cÖKvk K‡ib I Kg©KZ©vw`‡Mi K…ZKvh©¨Zvi Rb¨ †`vqv K‡ib| Bnvi K‡qK w`b c~‡e© nRiZ gvIjvbv mv‡ne
¯^qs Bmjvg wgk‡bi Kv‡Ri Rb¨ wKQy A_© mvnvhÏ cvVvBqv w`qvwQ‡jb|Ó23
G Qvov ÒRwgq‡Z Djvgv‡q evsjv I AvmvgÓ I Ab¨vb¨ RvZxq ch©v‡qi msMV‡bi gva¨‡g dzidzivi cxi Avey eKi wmwÏKx,
Zuvi my‡hvM¨ m‡„vbMY, Ljxdv I gyix`MY evsjv I Avmv‡gi me©¯„‡ii gymwjg Rb‡Mvôx‡K e¨vcKfv‡e Av‡•`vwjZ, D‡ØwjZ I
ms¯‥vi Ki‡Z m¶g nb| we‡klZ gymwjg Rb‡Mvôxi ag©xq I mvs¯‥…wZK ¯^KxqZv cÖwZôv, KziAvb I nv`xm wfwËK weï× Bmjvgx
AvKx`v I kixqvn‡K gymwjg Rb‡Mvôxi g~javivq cwiYZ Kiv, mvgvwRK, A_©‣bwZK I ivR‣bwZK AwaKvi AR©b, fviZxq
¯^vaxbZv Av‡•`vjb, cvwK¯„vb Av‡•`vj‡b c~e©e‡½i A‡„f©~w³ I ¯^vaxbZv jv‡fi wcQ‡b G mKj msMV‡bi f~wgKv wQj Acwimxg|
1. 1. 3. 3. IdvZ
my`xN© Kg©gq Rxeb †k‡l 93 ermi eq‡m 25 gniig 1358 wn (3 •PÎ 1345, 17 gvP© 1939 L„.) ïµevi cÖv‡Z wZwb
†kl wbtk¦vm Z¨vM K‡ib| dzidzivi wgqvcvov gnjvi †Mvi¯’v‡b Zuv‡K `vdb Kiv nq| gnvb Avjvn Zuv‡K ingZ `vb Ki‚b
Ges D¤§v‡Zi c¶ †_‡K Zuv‡K m‡e©vËg cÖwZ`vb `vb Ki‚b|
kvBLyj Bmjvg AveyeKi wmwÏKxi cyÎMY:
1. kvBL gvIjvbv Ave~ bmi gynv¤§v` Avãyj nvB wmwÏKx Rb¥ 1323 wn/ 1310 evs, 1904 L„| IdvZ 13B †g 1977
(30 •ekvL 1384 evs, 24 Rgvw`Dj AvDAvj 1397 wn)|
18
2. kvBL gvIjvbv Avey Rvdi gynv¤§v` IRxûÏxb wmwÏKx| Avgiv Zuvi Rxebx c‡i Av‡jvPbv Kie|
3. kvBL gvIjvbv Avãyj Kvwì wmwÏKx| Rb¥ AvbygvwbK 1317 e½vã (1912 L„÷vã)| IdvZ 1347 e½vã
(1941L„)|
4. kvBL gvIjvbv bvRgym mvAv`vZ wmwÏKx| Rb¥ 1913L„/ 1318 e½vã/ 1333 wnRix| IdvZ 7B Rvbyqvix 1982,
11 iweDj AvDqvj 1402 wn, 22†k †c․l 1388 e½vã|
5. kvBL gvIjvbv RyjwdKvi Avjx wmwÏKx| Rb¥ Abygvb 1340 wnRix, 1326 e½vã, 1920 L„÷vã| IdvZ 21 †k
Avwk¦b 1392 e½vã, †gvZv‡eK 9 A‡±vei 1985 L„÷vã (26 gynvi&ig 1406 wn)|24
1. 1. 4. ms¯‥vi I gyRvwÏ`
1. 1. 4. 1. gyRvwÏ`: A_© I cwiwPwZ
dzidzivi cxi kvBLyj Bmjvg Avey eKi wmwÏKx evsjvi gymwjg‡ì Kv‡Q ÒgyRvwÏ` hvgvbÓ ev ÒhyM-ms¯‥viKÓ bv‡g
cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i‡Qb| G cwiP‡qi ¸i‚Z¡ m¤ú‡K© wKQz ch©v‡jvPbv cÖ‡qvRb|
Ave~ ûivBiv (iv) e‡jb, ivm~jyjv n  e‡jb:
Òwbðq Avjvn cÖwZ kZe‡l©i gv_vq G D¤§‡Zi Rb¨ Ggb gvbyl †cÖiY Ki‡eb hviv/whwb G D¤§‡Zi Rb¨ Zvi Øxb‡K
bevwqZ Ki‡e|Ó25
ZvR`x` A_© bevqb| Gi wecix‡Z nv`x‡m ÒZvMqxiÓ ev cwieZ©b I ÒBn`vmÓ ev D†¢veb k‡ãi eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q|
cwieZ©b I D†¢veb `~ixf~Z K‡i weï× mybv‣ Z I kixqZ cybi‚¾xweZ Kivi bvgB ÒZvR`x`Ó| G nv`x‡mi e¨vL¨vq AvwjgMY
GKgZ †h, ÒbevqbÓ A_© gymwjg mgv‡Ri mKj wkiK, we`ÔAvZ, Kzms¯‥vi, Bmjvg we‡ivax a¨vb-aviYv, AvPvi-AvPiY
BZ¨vw` DwV‡q w`‡q ivm~jyjvn -Gi hy‡Mi, Zuvi cÖ`wk©Z I AvPwiZ weï× Bmjvgx Cgvb, AvKx`v, Avgj I kixqZ wfwËK
`xb I mgvR cÖwZôv Kiv| GZUzKz HKg‡Zï c‡i evKx A‡bK wel‡q Zuviv gZ‡f` K‡i‡Qb| GLv‡b K‡qKwU welq
Av‡jvPbv KiwQ|
cÖ_gZ, Aviex fvlvq AÁZvi Kvi‡Y A‡b‡K g‡b K‡ib †h, Avjvn GKe¨w³‡K †cÖiY Ki‡eb whwb ZvR`x` Ki‡eb|
Aviex fvlvq hv‡ì mvgvb¨ Ávb Av‡Q ZvivI Rv‡bb †h, ( ) k‡ãi A_© (†K ev Kvnviv, whwb ev hvnviv), Bs‡iRx (who)-
Gi gZ| GRb¨ KziAvb Kvix‡g AMwYZ ¯’v‡b ( ) Gi me©bvg eûePb eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| †hgb (
) ÒGes Zv‡ì g‡a¨ Av‡Q Zviv hviv Avcbvi w`‡K Kvb †c‡Z †kv‡b|Ó26 †hLv‡b GKePb eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q †mLv‡bI
eûePb A_© n‡e| †hgb: ( ) ÒGes gvby‡li g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q †h e‡j: Avgiv Cgvb
27
G‡bwQ Avjvni Dc‡i I Av‡Liv‡Zi Dc‡i|Ó GLv‡b D‡Ïk¨ bq †h, gvby‡li g‡a¨ GKRbB gybvwdK i‡q‡Q, †h G K_v
e‡j| eis Gi A_© n‡jv: gvby‡li g‡a¨ A‡bK gvbyl Av‡Q hviv G K_v e‡j| Zvn‡j Dc‡ii nv`x‡mi A_© n‡jv, Avjvn GK
ev GKvwaK Ggb gvby‡li m„wó Ki‡eb hviv Bmjv‡gi g‡a¨ †h mKj AwZwi³ ev A‣bmjvwgK KvR, Kg©, aviYv, wek¦vm,
AvPvi ev K…wó cÖ‡ek K‡i‡Q Zv `~ixfyZ K‡i Øxb‡K Avevi AweKj ivm~jyjvn  cÖewZ©Z I AvPwiZ mvnvexM‡Yi hy‡Mi Øx‡bi
gZ K‡i cybRx©weZ I bevwqZ Ki‡eb|
wØZxqZ, ÒcÖwZ GKkZ eQ‡ii gv_vqÓ K_vwUi A_© wK? ¯^fveZtB wnRix mvj MYbv ZLb ïi‚ nq wb| nhiZ Dg‡ii
kvmbvg‡j (13-23 wn:) wnRix mvj MYbv ïi‚ nq| G‡¶‡Î ivm~jyjvn  (cÖwZ GKkZ ermi) ej‡Z wK wnRix mvj a‡i
GKkZ ermi eySv‡jb? bv Zuvi cweÎ Rb¥mgq †_‡K GKkZ ermi eySv‡jb? bv Zuvi beyqZ †_‡K? bv Zuvi IdvZ †_‡K?
cÖ‡Z¨K g‡Zi c‡¶ wKQy Av‡jg i‡q‡Qb|
Z…ZxqZ, Ògv_vqÓ ej‡Z wK kZvãxi ïi‚ eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q? bvwK †kl eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q? Av‡jgMY gZ‡f` K‡i‡Qb|
GQvov G mKj gyRvwÏ` wK kZvãxi ïi‚‡Z ev ‡k‡l Rb¥MÖnY Ki‡eb? bvwK Zviv kZvãxi ïi‚‡Z ev †k‡l g„Zz¨ eiY
Ki‡eb? bv Zv‡ì Kg©Rxe‡bi g~j mgq kZvãxi cÖ_g ev †k‡l n‡e? wewfb‣ gZ i‡q‡Q|
PZz_©Z, ÒbevqbÓ ‡Kvb †Kvb †¶‡Î n‡e? Cgvb, AvKx`v, Bev`Z, K…wó, mf¨Zv, mvgvR, ivóª, Av‡„R©vwZK m¤úK©,
wk¶v BZ¨vw` mKj †¶‡Î, bvwK wKQy †¶‡Î? hw` †KD mxwgZ K‡qKwU †¶‡Î ZvR`x` ev bevqb K‡ib Zv‡K wK gyRvwÏ` ejv
hv‡e? bvwK whwb mKj †¶‡Î Ae`vb ivL‡eb ïay Zuv‡KB gyRvwÏ` ejv hv‡e? AwaKZi MÖnY‡hvM¨ gZ n‡jv, wewfb‣ wel‡q
GKB hy‡M A‡bK gyRvwÏ` _vK‡eb| cÖ‡Z¨‡K wbR wbR Kg©‡¶‡Î ZvR`x` Ki‡eb|
cÂgZ, MZ kZvãx¸wji gyRvwÏ` Kviv wQ‡jb? Beby nvRvi, myq~Zx, gyjv Avjx Kvix cÖgyL Djvgv‡q wKivg G wel‡q we¯„
19
vwiZ wj‡L‡Qb| Zuv‡ì e³e¨ †_‡K Rvbv hvq †h, G wel‡q bvbv gywbi bvbv gZ| wØZxq wnRixi cÖL¨vZ Zv‡eqx Beby
wknve hynix (g„: 124wn:) †_‡KB G wel‡q cÖ_g Av‡jvPbv †`L‡Z cvIqv hvq| wZwb Ljxdv Dgi Beby Avãyj Avhxh‡K (g„:
101wn:) cÖ_g kZ‡Ki gyRvwÏ` e‡j MY¨ K‡i‡Qb| Z…Zxq wnRix kZ‡K Bgvg Avng` Beby nvgevj (g„: 241wn:) G wel‡q K_v
e‡jb| wZwb Dgi Beby Avãyj Avhxh‡K cÖ_g kZ‡Ki I Bgvg kvwdqx‡K (204wn:) wØZxq kZ‡Ki gyRvwÏ` e‡j g‡b Ki‡Zb|
cieZx© hyM¸wj‡Z A‡bK Av‡jg G wel‡q A‡b‡Ki bvg D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| gyRvwÏ`‡ì bv‡gi A‡bK ZvwjKv Av‡Q| G¸wji g‡a¨
A‡bK cv_©K¨ Av‡Q|
GLv‡b j¶Yxq †h, wØZxq wnRix kZvãx †_‡K `kg wnRix kZK ch©‡„ cÖvq 900 erm‡i †h mKj Avwjg
gyRvwÏ`M‡Yi ZvwjKv cÖYqb K‡i‡Qb mK‡jB gyRvwÏ` wnmv‡e g~jZ kvwdqx gvhnv‡ei Av‡jgM‡Yi bvg wj‡L‡Qb| `y GKRb
nv¤^vjx ev gvwjwK gvhnv‡ei Av‡j‡gi bvgI D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q| Z‡e †Kv‡bv nvbvdx Av‡j‡gi bvg ‡KD gyRvwÏ`M‡Yi bv‡gi
ZvwjKvq D‡jL K‡ib wb| GQvov G mKj ZvwjKvq Ggb A‡bK e¨w³‡Z¡i bvg Av‡Q hv‡ì‡K wbw`©ó GKwU †`‡ki ev
GjvKvi gvbyl Qvov wekvj gymwjg Rb‡Mvwói †KDB wP‡bb bv|28
Avjvgv hvnvex e‡jb: gyRvwÏ` GKRb n‡eb g‡b bv K‡i GKvwaK n‡eb e‡j g‡b KivB †ekx †Rviv‡jv gZ| Zvn‡j
cÖ_g kZ‡Ki gyRvwÏ` n‡eb Dgi Beby Avãyj Avhxh mn Kvwmg Beby gynv¤§v`, nvmvb evmix, gynv¤§v` Beyb wmixb cÖgyL
Avwjg, wØZxq kZ‡K Bgvg kvwdqxi mv‡_ G‡Z kixK n‡eb Bqvwh` Beby nvi‚b, Avey `vD` ZvBqvwjmx, Avknve dvKxn I
Ab¨vb¨ Avwjg, Z…Zxq kZ‡K Beby myivBR, Bgvg bvmvC, nvmvb Beby mywdqvb cÖgyL|29
Beby nvRvi AvmKvjvbx kvwdqx gvhnv‡ei eo dKxn I gynvwÏm wQ‡jb| Zv m‡Z¡I wZwb Bgvg kvwdqx‡K GKKfv‡e
gyRvwÏ` wnmv‡e MY¨ Ki‡Z AvcwË K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi K_vi mvi ms‡¶c n‡jv: gyRvwÏ` GKRbB n‡eb K_vwU wVK bq| bevqb I
ms¯‥vi n‡Z n‡e mvgwMÖK| Cgvb, AvKx`v, Kg©, e¨w³, ivóª mKj †¶‡Î whwb ms¯‥vi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb wZwbB g~jZ: GKKfv‡e
gyRvwÏ` e‡j MY¨ n‡Z cv‡ib| Avi GB mKj ¸Yvejxi GKÎ mgv‡ek GK e¨w³i g‡a¨ weij| GRb¨ mwVK K_v n‡jv wewfb‣
†`k I AÂ‡j wewfb‣ gvbyl mKj mg‡q GB `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| ... mwVK K_v n‡jv, kZvãxi gv_vq ïi‚‡Z ev †k‡l hZ gvbyl‡K
gymwjg mgv‡Ri Kzms¯‥vi, we`ÔAvZ, AbvPvi BZ¨vw` AcmviY K‡i ivm~jyjvn  I mvnvexM‡Yi hy‡Mi cwic~Y© Bmjvgx mgvR
cÖwZôvi Rb¨, Cgvb, AvKx`v, Bev`Z, Bjg, ivóª, wePvi, kvmb BZ¨vw` †¶‡Î ms¯‥vi I bevq‡bi †Póvq iZ cvIqv hv‡e mKj‡KB
gyRvwÏ` e‡j MY¨ Ki‡Z n‡e|30
gyjv Avjx Kvix wj‡L‡Qb: Djvgv‡q †Kivg G nv`x‡mi A_© wb‡q A‡bK Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| cÖ‡Z¨‡K wbR wbR cQ•`mB I
wb‡Ri ghnv‡ei Av‡jg ev †bZvMY‡K gyRvwÏ` e‡j `vex K‡i‡Qb| mwVK K_v n‡jv ( ) †h‡nZz GKePb I eûeP‡bi mgwó,
Kv‡RB G nv`x‡mi A_© Kiv DwPZ eûeP‡bi| mKj Avwjg, gynvwÏm, dKxn, Iqvwqh, ì‡ek, ivóª‡bZv †h e¨w³B Øx‡bi msi¶Y
I ms¯‥v‡i Ae`vb ivL‡eb Zv‡ì mKj‡KB †mB hvgvbvi gyRvwÏ` e‡j MY¨ Ki‡Z n‡e| GRb¨ Avgvi Kv‡Q mwVK gZ n‡jv (
) ev (†h ms¯‥vi Ki‡e) ej‡Z GK e¨w³‡K eySv‡bv nqwb| eis eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q mw¤§wjZ Rb‡Mvwó, A‡bK e¨w³‡K, hviv mevB
wg‡j ms¯‥v‡ii KvR Ki‡eb| cÖ‡Z¨K †`‡k, cÖ‡Z¨K wel‡q, mgv‡Ri cÖwZwU †¶‡Î c„_K c„_K gyRvwÏ` _vK‡eb| GQvov ms¯‥vi,
bevqb I ZvR`x` Av‡cw¶K welq| AvswkKI n‡Z cv‡i, c~Y©v½I n‡Z cv‡i|31
Gfv‡e Avgiv †`LwQ †h, gyRvwÏ` †Kvb cèx bq| Avjvn hy‡M hy‡M D¤§‡Zi ga¨ †_‡K wKQy gvby‡li gva¨‡g Øx‡bi ms¯‥vi
Kiv‡eb| hv‡ì gva¨‡g G ms¯‥vi Kivb Zuviv Rv‡bb wb ev `vwe K‡ib wb †h Zviv gyRvwÏ`| Ab¨ †KDB wbwðZiƒ‡c eyS‡Z cv‡ib
bv †h gyRvwÏ` †K? G wel‡q hv wKQy ejv nq meB Abygvb I aviYv| gyRvwÏ` †K Zv Rvbv gywg‡bi `xbx `vwqZ¡ bq, GgbwK
wbwðZfv‡e Zv Rvbv m¤¢eI bq|
Avgiv ïay GZUzKz eyS‡Z cvwi †h, Avjvn Zuvi Øxb‡K †ndvhZ Ki‡eb| hLbB Øx‡bi g‡a¨ wkiK, we`ÔAvZ, fÊvgx,
weRvZxq AvPiY, mvs¯‥„wZK civRq BZ¨vw` cÖ‡ek Ki‡e, ZLbB Avjvn Zuvi wKQy ev•`v‡K D†¢y× Ki‡eb D¤§‡Zi ms¯‥vi
Kivi Rb¨| D¤§‡Zi wekvj we¯„…Z Rb‡Mvóx‡Z AMwYZ Avjvni ev•`v G KvR AvÄvg †`‡eb|
1. 1. 4. 2. gyRvwÏ` welqK A¯úóZv I weåvwš—
ÒgyRvwÏ`Ó cwifvlvwUi wel‡q wewfb‣ A¯úóZv A‡bK gvbyl‡K weåvw‡„i g‡a¨ wbcwZZ K‡i‡Q Ges wewfb‣fv‡e Gi
Aceënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b K‡qKwU welq Av‡jvPbv KiwQ|
1. 1. 4. 2. 1. gyRvwÏ‡ì cwiPq Rvbv Avek¨K e‡j g‡b Kiv
gyRvwÏ` welqK GKwU weåvw‡„ GB †h, gyRvwÏ`-Gi cwiPq Rvbv Ges Zv‡K AbymiY Kiv Ri‚ix e‡j `vwe Kiv|
Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K Avgiv Giƒc aviYvi AmviZv eyS‡Z †c‡iwQ| Avgiv †`‡LwQ †h, †K gyRvwÏ` Zv wbY©q Ki‡Z bvbv
20
gywbi bvbv gZ| †KDB wbwðZiƒ‡c ej‡Z cv‡ib bv †h gyRvwÏ` †K? G wel‡q hv wKQy ejv nq meB Abygvb|
cÖ‡Z¨‡KB wbR gvhnve ev g‡Zi Avwjg‡ì‡K gyRvwÏ` e‡j `vwe K‡i‡Qb| Avevi Abïv Zv‡ì gyRvwÏ` nIqvi `vwe
A¯^xKvi K‡i Ab¨‡ì‡K gyRvwÏ` e‡j `vwe K‡i‡Qb| G¸wj meB ÒaviYvÓ gvÎ|
Avjvgv i‚ûj Avwgb e‡jb: ÒGe‡b nvRi †Kej kv‡dwq dwKn-MY‡K †gvRv‡Ï` †kªYxfy³ Kwiqv GK Awfbe gZ cÖKvk
Kwiqv‡Qb...| cvVK BwZc~‡e© Avcwb AeMZ nBqv‡Qb †h Ggvg Ge‡b nvRvi kv‡dqx gRnvevej¤^x wQ‡jb| Kv‡RB wZwb Lwjdv
Igvi †e‡b Ave`yj AvwRR e¨ZxZ mg¯„ kv‡dwq dwKn‡K †gvRv‡Ï` ewjqv w¯’i Kwiqv‡Qb, wK‡‘ gv‡jwK nvbvwd I nv¤^wj
dwKnM‡Yi K_v G‡Kev‡i D‡jL K‡ib bvB| GBiƒc †gvnv‡ÏQ, IqvGR, cxi-ì‡ek, Kvwi I nv‡Kg (ivóªbvqK/ kvmK-cÖkvmK)
`j‡K G‡K‡ev‡i D³ c` nB‡Z LvwiR Kwiqv‡Qb| Bnv Zvnvi GK‡PwUqv `vwe| †gvjv Avwj Kvwi Bnv `ye©j gZ ewjqv cÖKvk
Kwiqv‡Qb| eo cxi nRiZ Ave`yj Kv‡ì wRjvbx, cxi nRiZ gBbwÏb wPkwZ QvwÄwi, cxi nRiZ LvRv evnvDwÏb bKke•`x,
cxi nRiZ LvRv evwK wejvn, cxi nRiZ †RbvG` eM`v`x, cxi nRiZ †bRvgwÏb AvIwjqv cÖf„wZ Iwj‡q-Kv‡gjMY Bmjv‡gi
wK Kg Db‣wZ mvab Kwiqv‡Qb| Ggvg Avey nvwbdv, Ggvg gv‡jK, Ggvg Avng` †e‡b nv¤^j, Ggvg †evLvix, †gvm‡jg, Avey `vD`,
†Zi‡gwR, bvQvwq, Avey Rvdi Zvnvwe cÖf„wZ dwKn I †gvnv‡ÏnMY Bmjv‡gi KZ eo wnZ mvab Kwiqv‡Qb| g~jK_v Bmjv‡gi
Db‣wZ mvabKvwi cÖ‡Z¨K m¤cÖ`vq †gvR‡Ï` bv‡g AwfwnZ nB‡eb| gvIjvbv Ave`yj nvB mv‡ne kvq‡Lvj Bmjvg eìwÏb
Ave`vj nB‡Z D‡jL Kwiqv‡Qb †h, whwb †gvR‡Ï` nB‡eb, wZwb Rv‡nix I ev‡Zbx Dfq Gj‡gi Av‡jg nB‡eb| wK‡‘ wZwb
Ge‡b nvRvi nB‡Z Z…Zxq, PZz_©, cÂg, lô, mßg, Aóg I beg kZvãxi †h †gvRv‡Ï`-M‡Yi bv‡gv‡jL Kwiqv‡Qb Zvnviv †h
ZwiKZ ev ev‡Zbx Gj‡gi Av‡jg wQ‡jb, Bnvi †Kvb cÖgvb bvB, whwb Bnvi `vwe K‡ib wZwb GZ`msµv‡„ cÖgvb ‡ck Kwi‡Z
eva¨| Bnv‡Z eySv hvB‡Z‡Q †h Ge‡bvj AvwQi I †gvjv Avwj Kvwi wjwLqv‡Qb †h, whwb kwiq‡Zi †h wel‡qi †gvRv‡Ï` nB‡eb
Zuvnv‡K †mB wel‡qi cÖwm× nIqv Ri‚wi- BnvB mZ¨ gZ|Ó32
GLv‡b Av‡iv j¶Yxq †h, hv‡ì‡K gyRvwÏ` e‡j aviYv Kiv n‡q‡Q ev `vwe Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv‡ì‡K Zuv‡ì RxeÏkvq
gyRvwÏ` ejv nq wb| Dgi Beby Avãyj Avhx‡hi RxeÏkvq †KD Zv‡K gyRvwÏ` e‡jb wb| Bgvg kvwdqxi RxeÏkvq †KD
Zv‡K gyRvwÏ` e‡jb wb| G mKj hyM AwZµv‡„ nIqvi c‡i hy‡Mi mKj Av‡jg, kvmK I eyR‡y M©i Rxebx Av‡jvPbv K‡i
cieZx© hy‡Mi Av‡jgMY G‡KKRb G‡KKRb‡K ev GKvwaK e¨w³‡K gyRvwÏ` e‡j g‡b K‡i‡Qb| Avevi GK GjvKvi
Av‡jgMY hv‡K gyRvwÏ` e‡j g‡b K‡i‡Qb, Ab¨ A‡bK GjvKvi gvbyl Zv‡K ‡Pbv †Zv `~‡ii K_v Zvi bvgI ï‡bb wb|
1. 1. 4. 2. 2. wb‡R‡K gyRvwÏ` `vwe Kiv
gyRvwÏ` welqK Av‡iv fq¼i weåvw‡„ wb‡R‡K gyRvwÏ` e‡j `vwe Kiv| gyRvwÏ`‡K wPb‡Z ev AbymiY Ki‡Z n‡e G
`vwei wfwË‡Z †KD †KD wb‡R‡K gyRvwÏ` `vwe K‡i bvbv weåvw‡„ cÖPvi K‡i‡Qb|
Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm m¤ú‡K© ÁvZ mK‡jB Rv‡bb †h, Gfv‡e hy‡M hy‡M AMwYZ gvbyl wb‡R‡K ÒBgvg †g‡n`xÓ e‡j `vex
K‡i‡Q| A‡b‡K ÔgyRvwÏ`Õ `vexi ga¨ w`‡q Zvi †Mvgivwni cÖPvi ïi‚ K‡i‡Q|
fÊbex †Mvjvg Avng` Kvw`qvbx (1908) cÖ_‡g wewfb‣fv‡e Bjg, KvivgZ, Kvkd, wn•`y I L„÷vb‡ì wei‚‡× msMÖvg
BZ¨vw` `vwe Kivi c‡i 1885 L„÷v‡ã (1302 wnRix‡Z) wb‡R‡K 14k wnRix kZ‡Ki gyRvwÏ` e‡j `vex K‡i| ZLb
†_‡KB †m Ges Zvi Abymvixiv gyRvwÏ` welqK nv`xm¸wji Ace¨vL¨v Ki‡Z _v‡K| Kvw`qvbx cÖ_‡g wb‡R‡K gyRvwÏ` e‡j
`vex K‡i A‡bK gvbyl‡K weåv‡„ K‡i| GgbwK A‡bK fvj gvbyl I Av‡jg Zvi Là‡i c‡o hvq| c‡i †m Av‡iK avc D‡V
wb‡R‡K †g‡n`x `vex K‡i| ZLb GmKj fvj gvbyl‡ì A‡b‡K fvjevmv I m¤ú‡K©i Kvi‡Y Zv‡K Qvo‡Z cv‡ib bv| Gici
†m wb‡R‡K Cmv bex e‡j `vex K‡i| Gici wb‡R‡K c~Y© bex e‡j `vex K‡i|
j¶Yxq †h, Kvw`qvbxM‡Yi cÖPviYvi g~j wfwË †Mvjvg Avng`‡K Kvkd-Bjnvg I BjKv m¤úb‣ ÒgyRvwÏ`Ó e‡j `vwe
Kiv| Zvi gvn`x nIqvi, gvmxn nIqvi ev bex nIqvi `vwe `vIqv Zviv Kvkd-Bjnv‡gi welq e‡j wewfb‣ e¨vL¨v K‡i
mvaviY gymwjg‡ì weåv‡„ Kivi Rb¨ ÒgyRvwÏ`Ó cwifvlvwUB eënvi K‡i| Zv‡ì cÖPvwiZ ÒgyRvwÏ‡` AvÕhgÓ MÖ‡w’ U co‡j
cvVK Zv eyS‡Z cvi‡eb|
g~jZ †Mvjvg Avng‡ì c~‡e© †Kv‡bv ÒgyRvwÏ`Ó wb‡R‡K gyRvwÏ` `vwe K‡ib wb| weMZ 4/5 kZvãx‡Z KL‡bv KL‡bv
†Kv‡bv eyRMy © ¯^c‣ ev Kvk‡di wfwË‡Z G RvZxq K_v ej‡j ev †KD Kv‡iv wel‡q Giƒc ¯^c‣ †`L‡j Zv GKv‡„B e¨w³MZ
Abyfw~ Zi g‡a¨ mxgve× †i‡L‡Qb| †Mvjvg Avng`B cÖ_g wb‡R‡K gyRvwÏ` I Avjvni mv‡_ we‡kl m¤úK©hy³ e¨w³ e‡j `vwe
K‡i Ges Bmjv‡gi e¨vL¨v cÖ`v‡bi †¶‡Î wb‡Ri we‡kl AwaKvi `vwe K‡i| Zvi mKj gZvgZ ÒDc‡ii wb‡`©‡kÓ ev Avjvn
I Zuvi ivm~j () †_‡K †m jvf K‡i e‡j `vwe K‡i| cvkvcvwk hviv Zvi g‡Zi AbymiY K‡i bv Zv‡ì‡K weåv‡„ ev Kvwdi
e‡j `vwe Ki‡Z _v‡K| Gfv‡e gyRvwÏ` welqK A¯úóZvi Dci wfwË K‡i †m A‡bK gymwjg GgbwK Avwjg‡KI weåv‡„
Ki‡Z m¶g nq|
21
1. 1. 4. 2. 3. gyRvwÏ` ebvg hy‡Mi Bgvg
Kvw`qvbx I Abyiƒc weåv‡„MY `vex K‡i †h, gyRvwÏ`B Ôhy‡Mi BgvgÕ, Avi hy‡Mi Bgvg‡K gvb¨ Kiv Cgv‡bi Awe‡‛Q`¨
Ask| †h e¨w³ Zv‡K wPb‡e bv †m Kvwdi| wb‡g‣i K_vwU‡K Zviv `wjj wn‡m‡e †ck K‡i:
Ò†h e¨w³ Zvi hy‡Mi Bgvg‡K bv †R‡b gviv †Mj †m Rvwnjx g„Zz¨ eiY Kij|Ó
GwU kxqv‡ì evbv‡bv m¤ú~Y© wfwËnxb nv`xm bv‡gi Rvj K_v|33 nv`x‡m ÒBgv‡gi AvbyM‡Zï K_v ejv n‡q‡Q, Z‡e
hy‡Mi Bgvb bq, eis iv‡óªi Bgvg| nv`xm I wdK‡ni cwifvlvq ÒBgvgÓ ej‡Z ÒivóªcÖavbÓ eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| Bgvg kã hwÌ
m¤§vb eySv‡Z †h †Kvb †bZ…¯v’ bxq gymwj‡gi Rb¨ eënvi Kiv nq, Z‡e nv`xm kix‡d I Bmjvgx wdK‡n cvwifvwlKfv‡e
ÒBgvgÓ ej‡Z ivóªcaÖ vb‡K eySvb nq|
Bmjv‡gi gva¨‡g ivm~jyjv- n  wew‛Qb‣ Kexjv ev †MvÎ †Kw•`ªK Avie mgvR‡K we‡k¦i me©cÖ_g AvaywbK ivóª eë¯’vi
Aax‡b Av‡bb| wZwb evisevi D¤§vZ‡K ivóªxq AvbyM‡Zï ¸i‚Z¡ Rvwb‡q‡Qb Ges ivóªxq AvbyM‡Zï g‡a¨ Ae¯’vb Ki‡Z
wb‡`©k w`‡q‡Qb| ivóªcaÖ v‡bi AvbyMZ¨ eR©b Kiv ev ivóªnxbfv‡e evm Kiv‡K wZwb Rvwnjx Rxeb I GB cÖKv‡ii g„Zy¨‡K
Rvwnjx g„Zy¨ e‡j‡Qb| KviY Rvwnjx hy‡Mi gvbyl ivóª wPbZ bv Ges ivóªnxbfv‡e emevm KiZ| Kv‡RB Gfv‡e _vKv
wbtm‡•`‡n Rvwnjx Rxeb I Gfv‡e giv Rvwnjx giv| G A‡_© Zuvi wewfb‣ e³e¨ wewfb‣ MÖ‡‡’ msKwjZ n‡q‡Q|34 G A‡_©
GKwU cÖwm× nv`xm Avãyjvn Beby Dgvi (iv) †_‡K D×„Z| g`xbvi AwaevmxMY 63 wnRix mv‡j Bqvwh‡ì Ackvm‡bi
wei‚‡× we‡`ªvn K‡ib| we‡`ªv‡ni †h․w³K KviY I †cÖ¶vcU _vKv m‡Ë¡I we‡`ªvnx‡ì‡K ivóªxq AvbyMZ¨ I k„“Ljvi ¸i‚Z¡
eySv‡Z wZwb we‡`ªvnx‡ì †bZv Avãyjv n Beby gyZxi wbKU Mgb K‡i Zv‡K e‡jb, ivm~jyjvn  e‡j‡Qb:
Ò‡h e¨w³ ivóªxq AvbyMZ¨ †_‡K wb‡R‡K †ei K‡i wbj †m †Kqvg‡Zi w`b Avjvni mv‡_ mv¶vZ n‡j wb‡Ri Rb¨
†Kvb IRi AvcwË cv‡e bv| Avi †h e¨w³ Ggb Ae¯’vq g„Zz¨ eiY Kij †h, Zvi Mjvq †Kvb evBqvZ ev ivóªxq AvbyM‡Zï
kc_ †bB †m e¨w³ Rvwnjx g„Zy¨ eiY Kij|Ó35
G n‡jv wmnvn-wmËv I cÖwm× MÖ‡‡’i eY©bvq nv`xmwUi fvlv| nv`xmwU †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv AcÖwm× MÖ‡‡’ wbg‣iƒ‡c msKwjZ
n‡q‡Q:
Ò‡h e¨w³ Bgvg ev ivóªcaÖ vb Qvov g„ZzëiY Ki‡e †m Rvwnjx g„Zz¨ eiY Ki‡e Ges †h e¨w³ ivóªxq AvbyMZ¨ †_‡K
wb‡R‡K †ei K‡i wbj †m †Kqvg‡Zi w`b Avjvni mv‡_ mv¶vZ n‡j wb‡Ri Rb¨ †Kvb IRi AvcwË cv‡e bv|Ó36
GLv‡b Avgiv ¯úó †`L‡Z cvw‛Q †h, mnxn gymwj‡gi eY©bvq ÒevBqvZÓ ej‡Z †h ivóªxq AvbyMZ¨ eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q †m
K_vwUB G eY©bvq ÒBgvgÓ e‡j eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| GQvov Avgiv Av‡iv †`LwQ †h, welqwU GKv‡„fv‡e ivóªxq AvbyMZ¨ wel‡q|
Gfv‡e Avgiv †`LwQ †h, gyRvwÏ` I Bgvg GK bq| kZvãxi gyRvwÏ‡K †Pbv cÖ‡qvRbxq nIqv †Zv `~‡ii K_v m¤¢eB
bq| Dgi Beby Avãyj Avhxh †h 1g kZ‡Ki gyRvwÏ` wQ‡jb G wel‡q `y-GKRb Avwjg K_vevZ©v ïi‚ K‡i‡Qb Zuvi Idv‡Zi
cÖvq `yB hyM c‡i| Bgvg kvwdqx †h wØZxq kZ‡Ki gyRvwÏ` wQ‡jb †m wel‡q `yB GKRb Avwjg K_vevZ©v ïi‚ K‡i‡Qb Zuvi
B‡‡„Kv‡ji 2/3 hyM c‡i| Gfv‡e gyRvwÏ` wb‡q wKQy Avwjg K_vevZ©v e‡j‡Qb mswkó AvwjgM‡Yi Idv‡Zi c‡i| D¤§‡Zi
AMwYZ gymwj‡gi G wb‡q †Kvb gv_v e¨v_v KL‡bvB wQj bv|
1. 1. 4. 2. 4. gyRvwÏ` ebvg Djyj Avgi
gyRvwÏ` welqK Av‡iKwU A¯úóZv gyRvwÏ`‡KB GKgvÎ ÒDjyj AvgiÓ e‡j `vex Kiv| Djyj Avgi A_© ÒAv‡`‡ki
AwaKvixMYÓ| A‡b‡KB GKRb‡K ÒgyRvwÏ`Ó ejvi mv‡_ mv‡_ Zv‡KB ÒDjyj AvgiÓ ev ÔAv‡`k`vZvMYÕ e‡j `vwe K‡i
Zuvi gZvgZ MÖnY Kiv‡K kixq‡Zi wb‡`©k e‡j g‡b K‡ib| welqwUi e¨vL¨v cÖ‡qvRb| gnvb Avjvn e‡jb:
Ò†n gywgbMY, †Zvgiv AvbyMZ¨ Ki Avjvni, Ges AvbyMZ¨ Ki ivm~‡ji Ges †Zvgv‡ì ga¨ †_‡K ÔAv‡`‡ki
AwaKvix‡ìÕ| AZtci †Kv‡bv wel‡q hw` †Zvgiv gZwe‡iva Ki Zvn‡j Zv Avjvn I ivm~‡ji w`‡K wdwi‡q `vI; hw` †Zvgiv
22
Avjvn I †kl w`‡bi Dci Cgvb †i‡L _vK| GwU DËg Ges cwiYv‡g DrK…óZi|Ó37
Bgvg Zvevix I Ab¨vb¨ gydvm&wmi D‡jL K‡i‡Qb, ÒDj~j AvgiÓ ev Av‡`‡ki gvwjKMY ej‡Z Kv‡ì‡K eySv‡bv
n‡q‡Q †m wel‡q wZbwU gZ i‡q‡Q: (1) ivóªxq ¶gZvi gvwjKMY, (2) Avwjg I dKxnMY I (3) mvnvexMY| wbtm‡•`‡n
AvwjgMY I mvnvexM‡Yi AbymiY I AvbyMZ¨ ¸i‚Z¡c~Y© welq| Z‡e ÒAv‡`‡ki gvwjKvbvÓ g~jZ ivóªxq ¶gZv I KZ…‡© Z¡i
AwaKvix‡ì; KviY ZvivB g~jZ Av‡`‡ki gvwjK, hv‡ì Av‡`k cvjb Ki‡Z mvaviY gvbyl eva¨ nq Ges hv‡ì Av‡`k
cvjb bv Ki‡j Akvw‡„i m„wó nq| GQvov AmsL¨ nv`x‡m ivóªxq ¶gZvi gvwjK‡ì AvbyMZ¨ Ki‡Z wb‡`©k †Ìqv n‡q‡Q|
GgbwK Zviv Ryjyg Ki‡j ev Ògvby‡li †Lvj‡m kqZv‡bi A‡„iavixÓ n‡jI Zv‡ì AvbyMZ¨ eRvq ivL‡Z wb‡`©k †Ìqv
n‡q‡Q|38 GRb¨ Bgvg Zvevix e‡jb:

ÒmwVK gZ n‡jv, †h ÒDjyj AvgiÓ ev Av‡`‡ki gvwjKMY ej‡Z ivóªxq kvmK-cÖkvmKMY‡K eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| KviY
wewfb‣ mnxn nv`x‡m cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q †h, ivm~jyj-vn  Avjvni AvbyM‡Zï g‡a¨ Ges gymwjg mgv‡Ri ¯^v_© msi¶‡Y ivóªcaÖ vb,
I ivóªxq `vwqZ¡cÖvß‡ì AvbyMZ¨ Ki‡Z wb‡`©k w`‡q‡Qb|Ó39
Gfv‡e Avgiv †`LwQ †h, Djyj Avgi ev Av‡`‡ki gvwjMY g~jZ ivóªxq ¶gZvi gvwjK ev kvmK-cÖkvmKMY| Z‡e
kixq‡Zi wel‡q cÖvÁ AvwjgMY‡KI A‡bK gydvm&wmi ÒDjyj AvgiÓ e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| Zuv‡ì g‡Z kixq‡Zi cÖvÁ
AvwjgMY mK‡jB ÔDjyj AvgiÕ e‡j MY¨ nb, `x‡bi wel‡q Zuv‡ì †_‡K wk¶v-wb‡`©kbv MÖnY Ki‡Z nq| G‡¶‡Î we‡kl
†Kv‡bv e¨w³i †Kv‡bv •ewkó¨ †bB| Kv‡RB †Kv‡bv e¨w³‡K cxi, bv‡q‡e bex, gyRvwÏ` e‡j `vwe K‡i Zv‡K ÔDjyj AvgiÕ
e‡j `vwe Kiv ev Zvi gZvgZ MÖnY Kivi kiqx ¸i‚Z¡ `vwe Kiv weåvw‡„Ki|
G wel‡q Avjvgv i‚ûj Avwgb ÒevMgvwii dwK‡ii †avKvfÄbÓ MÖ‡‡’ wj‡L‡Qb: ÒZdwmi Kwei, gvqv‡jg, Lv‡Rb,
gv`v‡iK i‚ûj evqvb, i‚ûj gvqvwb, Ge‡b Rwii, Ge‡b KwQi, bvqQcyix, †`vi‡i gvbQyi, Avng`x, †mivRv¤§wbi, evn‡i
gywnZ, evqRvix, †gvRnvix (Avi KZ bvg Kwie) cÖf„wZ weLvZ Zdwmi mg~‡n D‡jvj Avgi Gi A_© †gvmjgvb ev`kvn I
kwiq‡Zi Av‡jg ewjqv wjwLZ Av‡Q; cx‡i ZwiKZ †Kvb Zdwm‡i bvB eis gKZzev‡Z Ggvg ie․vbx‡Z wjwLZ Av‡Q †h,
kwiq‡Zi gmjv gvmv‡qj MÖnY Kwi‡Z ZweK‡Zi cxiM‡Yi K_v MÖnYxq nB‡e bv| Z`¯’‡j Ggvg Avey nvwbdv I Zuvnvi
wkl¨MY Ges kwiq‡Zi Av‡jgM‡Yi K_v MÖnYxq nB‡e|...Ó40
1. 1. 4. 3. gyRvwÏ` hvgvb wel‡q dzidzivi †PZbv
dzidzivi cxi kvBLyj Bmjvg Avey eKi wmwÏKx‡K gyRvwÏ` hvgvb e‡j MY¨ Kivi †¶‡Î Dc‡ii weï× †PZbv jvjb
K‡i‡Qb Zuvi cÖvÁ m‡„vb I AbymvixMY| G wel‡q Zuvi †c․Î dzidzivi cxi Avjvgv mvBdzÏxb wmwÏKx e‡jb: ÒBmjvg we‡k¦i
ms¯‥vi‡Kiv: cÖ_g kZvãx †_‡K G ch©‡„ †h mKj gyRv‡Ï` ev ms¯‥vi‡Kiv MZ n‡q‡Qb Zuv‡ì †gvUvgywU GKwU avivevwnK bv‡gi
ZvwjKv †ck Kiv nj| Z‡e cvVKeM©‡K ¯§iY ivL‡Z n‡e †h, AgyK e¨w³ H kZvãxi gyRv‡Ï`-Gi A_© GB bq †h, H
kZvãx‡Z c„w_ex‡Z Avi Ab¨ †Kv‡bv gyRv‡Ï` wQ‡jb bv|
GK kZvãx‡Z †KejgvÎ GKRbB gyRv‡Ï` n‡eb GUv åv‡„ aviYv| c„w_exi wewfb‣ GjvKvq GKB kZvãx‡Z GKvwaK
gyRv‡Ï` n‡Z cv‡ib| gyRv‡Ï` mK‡ji L¨vwZ, bvg, cÖfve wek¦Ry‡o n‡Z n‡e Ggb †Kv‡bv kZ© gyRv‡Ï` ev hyM-ms¯‥vi‡Ki
Rb¨ bvB| ....
GLb K_v nj †h, hviv hy‡Mi ÔgyRv‡Ï`Õ n‡eb Zv‡ì‡K wKfv‡e wbY©q Kiv n‡e| G cÖm‡½ AvI‡bvj gvey`Õ †KZv‡e
ejv n‡q‡Q: ÒgyRv‡Ï` nIqv Zuvi mgmvgwqK weØvbM‡Yi cÖej aviYv e¨ZxZ Rvbv †h‡Z cv‡i bv| ....Ó
Gici wZwb 1g kZvãx †_‡K Øv`k kZvãx ch©‡„ gyRvwÏ` wbY©‡qi †¶‡Î e¨vcK gZ‡f` I bvbv gywbi bvbv gZ D‡jL
c~e©K e‡jb: ÒgvIjvbv KvivgZ Avjx †R․bcyix mv‡ne nRiZ •mq` Avng` †e‡ijex mv‡ne‡K Î‡qv`k kZvãxi †gvRv‡Ï`
w¯’i K‡i‡Qb| Avie I AvR‡gi Ab¨vb¨ †`‡k H kZvãx‡Z †Kvb †Kvb †gvRv‡Ï` wQ‡jb Zv wbY©q Kiv nq wb| PZz`k©
kZvãx‡` e½ I Avmv‡gi †gvRv‡Ï` dzidzivi nRiZ cxi mv‡ne †Kejv wQ‡jb, .... Ab¨vb¨ †`‡k †gvRv‡Ï` †Kvb& †Kvb&
†evRM© n‡q‡Qb Zv w¯’iK…Z nq wb|Ó41
1. 1. 5. dzidzivi cxi Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx
Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKxi RxebxKvi gvIjvbv †gvnv¤§` knx`yjv n wj‡L‡Qb: Ògvwn‡q †eÀvZ, †gvwn‡q mybv‣ Z,
23
gyd&Zx‡q evsjv I Avmvg, dzidziv kix‡di myweL¨vZ e‡qvt‡R¨ô cxi, Avjnv¾ nhiZ gvIjvbv kvnm~dx Avey Rvdi
†gvnv¤§` AwRûÏxb †gv¯„dv wmwÏKx Avj-†Kviv‡qkx mv‡ne (evsjv 1312) BsivRx 1906 mv‡ji Rvbyqvix gv‡mi 4 ZvwiL (9
hyjKv` 1323 wnRix) ïµevi42 Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib|Ó43
wcZvi eiKZgq ZË¡veav‡b wZwb eo n‡Z _v‡Kb| ewvo‡ZB cÖwm× Avwjg‡ì Kv‡Q KziAvb wk¶v mgvß Kivi ci g³‡e
cÖv_wgK wk¶v jvf K‡ib| cvkvcvwk cÖwm× Avwjg‡ì Kv‡Q D`©y I Aviex fvlvi cÖv_wgK cvV MÖnY K‡ib| Gici dzidziv¯’
Rywbqvi gv`ªvmvq fwZ© nb| Rywbqvi gv`ªvmvi covïbv †kl K‡i 4-5 ermi we‡klfv‡e cÖwm× AvwjgM‡Yi wbKU Aviex e¨vKiY,
Aviex mvwnZ¨ I dvm©x mvwnZ¨ Aa¨qb K‡ib|
16 ermi eq‡m 1922 L„÷v‡ã wZwb D‛Pwk¶v‡_© KjKvZv Avwjqv gv`ªvmvq fwZ© nb| ZLb G gv`ªvmvwU wQj fviZxq
Dcgnv‡`‡k D‛PZi Bmjvgx wk¶vi Ab¨Zg wek¦we`¨vjq| ZrKvjxb fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡ki cÖwm×Zg AvwjgMY GLv‡b
Aa¨vcbv Ki‡Zb| GLv‡b 5 ermi D‛PZi (m‣vZK) I wZb ermi UvB‡Uj (m‣vZ‡KvËi) ch©v‡q †jLvcov Kiv n‡Zv| Gfv‡e
1930 L„÷v‡ãi w`‡K wZwb cÖvwZôvwbK †jLvcov †kl K‡ib| Gici wZwb e¨w³MZ M‡elYv I Aa¨qb Ae¨vnZ iv‡Lb|
ZrKvjxb KjKvZv Avwjqv gv`ªvmvi jvB‡eªix, dzidzivi gv`ªvmvi jvB‡eªix, mxZvcyi gv`ªvmvi jvB‡eªix I GwmqvwUK †mvmvBwUi
jvB‡eªixi MÖ‡’vw` wZwb e¨vcKfv‡e Aa¨qb K‡ib|44 Zuvi wjwLZ ÒAvj-gvDh~AvZÓ MÖ‡’wU Zuvi e¨vcK I Mfxi Aa¨q‡bi
my¯úó cÖgvY|
Bj‡gi mKj kvLvq cvi`wk©Zv AR©‡bi cvkvcvwk wcZvi mivmwi ZË¡veavv‡b AvZ¥ïw× I ZvmvD‡di †¶‡Î wZwb cwic~Y©Zv
AR©b K‡ib|45
D‛Pwk¶v mgvß Kivi ci wcZvi AbygwZ‡Z gvÎ 27 ermi eq‡m 1351 wnRix gyZv‡eK 1933 L„÷v‡ã cweÎ n¾
cvj‡bi Rb¨ wZwb wnRvh md‡i Mgb K‡ib| wcZvi cwiPq I wb‡Ri Bjgx gh©v`vi Kvi‡Y my`~i wnRv‡hI wZwb we‡kl gh©v`v
jvf K‡ib|
cÖwm× evOvjx gwnjv 24 ciMbv †Rjvi †`M½v _vbvi A‡„M©Z fvmwjqv MÖv‡gi †eMg mvIjvZzwb‣mvi Avw_©K
mn‡hvwMZvq Ges cÖwm× fviZxq Avwjg, gyRvwn` I gynvwRi Avjvgv ivngvZzjv n wKivbex (1308wn/ 1891L„)-Gi cÖ‡Póvq I
ZË¡veav‡b 1290 wnRix‡Z (1873 L„) g°vq ÒmvIjvwZqv gv`ªvmvÓ cÖwZwôZ nq| G gv`ªvmvwU wQj †m․w` Avie Z_v Avie
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AZ¨‡„ ¸i‚‡Z¡i mv‡_ Zuvi m¤§v‡b we‡kl gvRvwjm I Av‡jvPbvi Av‡qvRb K‡ib Ges Zuvi wcZvi mv‡_ gv`ªvmvi cÖwZôvZv
mvIjvZzwb‣mvi AvZ¥xqZvi m¤ú‡K©i K_v we‡klfv‡e D‡jL K‡ib|
GQvov wnRvh I bR‡ì myjZvb Beby mvD`, A_©vr AvaywbK †m․w` Avi‡ei cÖwZôvZv Avãyj Avhxh Avj-mvD` Zuv‡K
Zuvi ivR ìev‡i †gngvb wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡ib Ges Bmjvg I gymwjg D¤§vni Db‣wZi wel‡q `xN© Av‡jvPbv K‡ib| D‡jL¨
†h, Zuvi wcZvI ev`kvn Beby mvD‡ì cwiwPZ wQ‡jb| Avjvgv Ave~ Rvd‡ii G n¾ md‡ii gvÎ 8 gvm c~‡e© 16/03/1351
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Zvwi‡L Beby mvE` Zuvi G c‡Îi DËi cÖ`vb K‡ib| Avgiv cieZ©x‡Z G c‡Îi D‡jL Kie Bbkv Avjvn|
cÖvwZôvwbK wk¶v, Aa¨qb I M‡elYv mgvß Kivi ci, we‡klZ n¾ †_‡K cÖZ¨veZ©‡bi ci †_‡K Avjvgv Avey Rvdi
wmwÏKx cwic~Y©fv‡e Bmjvg I gymwjg RvwZi Kj¨v‡Y AvZ¥wb‡qvM K‡ib| cÖvwZôvwbK †jLvcov †kl Kivi ci Zuvi wcZv
Zuv‡K e‡jwQ‡jb: Òevev, Zzwg hw` PvKzix Kwi‡Z PvI Zv ej- Avwg †Zvgvi Rb¨ gv`ªvmv Avjxqv‡Z PvKzixi eë¯’v KivBqv
†`B| Z‡e Avwg †Zvgv‡K Gj&‡g `xb wkLvBqvwQ Avjvni PvKi nBevi Rb¨|Ó wcZvi K_vi gg© wZwb fvjfv‡eB ü`q½g
K‡ib| cÖvwZôvwbK PvKixi w`‡K bv †h‡q wZwb Bmjvg cÖPvi I mgvRms¯‥v‡ii Kv‡R AvZ¥wb‡qvM K‡ib|47
Zuvi Kvh©vewj‡K Avgiv cuvP fv‡M fvM Ki‡Z cvwi: (1) weï× kixqZ I ZvmvD‡di cÖPvi, (2) Iqvh-bmxnZ, (3)
gv`ªvmv-gmwR` cÖwZôv, (4) gvbe‡mev I msMVb Ges (5) MÖ‡’ iPbv|
G mKj `vwqZ¡ AvÄvg w`‡Z wZwbI wcZvi avivq e¨vcKfv‡e †`‡ki GKcÖv‡„ †_‡K Ab¨cÖv‡„ ch©‡„ Iqvh-gvnwd‡j
Iqvh Ki‡Zb| cvkvcvwk Bjg I ZvmvD‡di cÖwk¶Y w`‡q A‡bK cÖvÁ Avwjg‡K wZwb wLjvdZ cÖ`vb K‡ib| wcZvi
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24
Iqvh-bwmn‡ZB e¨¯„ _vK‡Zb| Zuv‡ì AwaKvskB †Kv‡bv MÖ‡’ iPbv K‡ib wb| †KD †KD `y-GKwU MÖ‡’ iPbv
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Rvdi Zuvi wb‡Ri †jLv 6wU cy¯„‡Ki K_v D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| MÖ‡‡’i †k‡l, †kl wb‡e`‡bi Av‡M wZwb wj‡L‡Qb: ÒMÖ‡’Kv‡ii
Ab¨vb¨ `y®cÖvc¨ MÖ‡:’
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G MÖ‡‡’ QqwU ¯„i i‡q‡Q| (Qq ch©v‡q gymwjg D¤§vni cÖwm× Avwjg‡ì msw¶ß cwiPq D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q)| cÖ_g ¯„‡i
cÖwm× gynvwÏmM‡Yi D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q| wØZxq ¯„‡i cÖwm× gydvm&wmi‡ì D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q| Z…Zxq ¯„‡i cÖwm× gyRZvwn`
dKxnM‡Yi K_v D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q| PZz_© ¯„‡i cÖwm× HwZnvwmK‡ì D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÂg ch©v‡q cÖwm× AvDwjqv‡q wKiv‡gi
D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q| Dci‡‘ evsjvi A‡bK AvDwjqv wKiv‡gi K_v D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q| lô ¯„‡i evovevwo I Ae‡njv e¨wZ‡i‡K
dvm©x KweM‡Yi K_v D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q| me©‡kl cvV¨ MÖ‡’vwì †jLKM‡Yi cwiPq I Rxebx D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q| G MÖ‡‡’i g~j¨ 12
UvKv|
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MÖ‡’ Aa¨qb Ki‡j G welq m‡e©v‛P I P~ov‡„ mn‡hvwMZv jvf Ki‡eb| g~j¨ 2 UvKv|
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(5) wdiv‡K evwZjv ì gyj‡K ev½vj (e½‡`‡ki evwZj wdiKvmg~n)- evsjv
G MÖ‡‡’ e½‡`‡k we`¨gvb mKj evwZj wdiKvi D‡jL K‡i Zv‡ì AvKx`v, PvjPjb I Kg©Kv‡Êi weeiY †jLv
n‡q‡Q| G mKj evwZj wdiKv †_‡K euvPvi DcvqI D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q| g~j¨ 2 UvKv|
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G cyw¯„Kvq ivm~jyjv- n -Gi cweÎ cv`yKvi bKkv ev AvK…wZi cÖwZ‛Qwe †jLv n‡q‡Q| mnxn I wbf©i‡hvM¨ MÖ‡’vw`
†_‡K M„nxZ Z_¨vwì wfwË‡Z AweKj bKkv D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gi mv‡_ A‡bK ¸i‚Z¡c~Y© ÁvZe¨ welq †jLv n‡q‡Q| G
cyw¯„KvwU DjU gv`ªvmvi Rb¨ IqvKd Kiv n‡q‡Q| g~j¨ 1 UvKv|
MÖb’¸wji cÖvwß¯’vb: gyRvwÏw`qv jvB‡eªix, dzidziv kixd, †cv÷ `w¶Y w`wn, †Rjv ûMjx|Ó
gnvb wcZvi avivq my`xN© Rxebfi `xb, mgvR I RvwZi eûgyLx wL`gvZ AvÄvg w`‡q 2002 L„÷v‡ã Avjvgv Avey
Rvdi B‡‡„Kvj K‡ib| G wel‡q Zuvi RxebxKvi gvIjvbv knx`yjvn wj‡L‡Qb: Òmydx mvaK A‡b‡KB Rb¥MÖnY K‡i‡Qb, Z‡e
GBiƒc GKBmv‡_ cvw_©e I cvi‡j․wKK Kgh‡Ái mydx mvaK †h `yjf© , G K_v ejv AZz¨w³ n‡e bv| nhiZ cxi †Kejvi
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‡mevi gnvb Av`‡k© AbycÖvwYZ| wZwb wQ‡jb wesk kZ‡Ki hyM †PZbvi GK ïf Awfe¨w³| GB mvaK kvn, mydx, cxi nhiZ
Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx (ivn) MZ 29 †k A‡±vei 2002 g½jevi mÜ¨v 7.20 wgwb‡U †kl wbtk¦vm Z¨vM K‡ib|Ó 49 gnvb Avj-vn
Zuv‡K Adzi‡„ ingZ `vb Ki‚b Ges D¤§‡Zi c¶ †_‡K m‡e©vËg cyi¯‥vi cÖ`vb Ki‚b|
1. 1. 6. weï× mybœvZ wbf©iZv I Rvj-nv`xm we‡ivwaZv
1. 1. 6. 1. `vIqv‡Z dzidzivi •ewkó¨ mÜvb
Ebwesk kZ‡Ki †klfvM I wesk kZ‡Ki cÖ_gv‡a©i fviZxq I e½xq gymwjg RvwZi BwZnv‡mi mv‡_ gvkvBL dzidziv
Awe‡‛Q`¨fv‡e RwoZ| ivR‣bwZK, mvgvwRK, mvs¯‥…wZK, ag©xq, Av‡„ag©xq mKj †¶‡Î Zuviv wQ‡jb IZ‡cÖvZfv‡e RwoZ|
25
ms‡¶‡c Zv‡ì •ewkó¨ e¨vL¨v Kiv Am¤¢e| me©¯„‡ii gvbyl Zv‡ì Øviv cÖfvweZ n‡q‡Qb, fvj‡e‡m‡Qb Ges cÖ‡Z¨‡K
Zuvi wb‡Ri Abyaveb w`‡q Zuv‡ì g~j¨vqb K‡i‡Qb|
dzidzivi cxi AveyeKi wmwÏKx‡K G w`K †_‡K mvB‡q` Avng` †eªjexi mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv hvq| KziAvb-mybv‣ n I
weï× kixqZ cvj‡b AvMÖnx mKj ch©v‡qi gvbyl‡K hv`yi gZ AvKl©Y K‡iwQj mvB‡q` Avng` †eªjexi `vIqvZ| mK‡jB
Zuvi wkl¨Z¡ MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb, hwÌ Zv‡ì g‡a¨ Af¨‡„ixY gZ‡f` I `~iZ¡ wQj A‡bK †ewk| AZ¨‡„ cÖwm× GKwU welq
ÒgvhnveÓ| Zuvi Abymvix‡ì g‡a¨ †KD wQ‡jb K‡Vvi ÒgvhnveÓ-c‡’x| Avevi †KD wQ‡jb †Nvi ÒgvhnveÓ we‡ivax| wZwb
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Abymvixiv G‡KKRb G‡KKfv‡e Zuvi g~j¨vqb K‡i‡Qb| gvhnve we‡ivaxiv Zuv‡K Zv‡ì †cÖiYvi Drm wn‡m‡e wPwÎZ
K‡i‡Qb| gvhnve-c‡’xiv Zv‡K Zv‡ì gZ K‡iB wPwÎZ K‡i‡Qb| Avgiv cieZ©x‡Z G welqK wKQz Av‡jvPbv †`Le, Bbkv
Avj-vn|
dzidzivi cxi Avey eKi wmwÏKxi welqwUI GKBiƒc| wkiK, Kzdi, weÀvZ, Kzms¯‥vi, ZvmvD‡di bv‡g fÊvwgi cÖwZ
we¶z× mZ¨-mÜvbx mKj ch©v‡qi gvbyl Zuvi mvnPvh© jvf K‡i‡Qb Ges wZwb mKj‡KB Avcb K‡i wb‡q‡Qb| Lywu UbvwU
gZ‡f`¸wj‡K wZwb KL‡bvB eo K‡i †`‡Lb wb| eis G¸wji E‡a․© D‡V mKj gymwj‡gi g‡a¨ HK¨ I fvjevmvi `vIqvZ
w`‡q‡Qb| d‡j g~j¨vqb wewfb‣ iK‡gi n‡q‡Q|
wZwb gxjv`-wKqvg Rv‡qh ev •ea e‡j‡Qb| d‡j gxjv`f³MY Zuv‡K Zuv‡ì gZ K‡i wPwÎZ K‡i‡Qb| Avevi wZwb
gxjv`-wKqvg we‡ivax AvwjgMY‡K cwic~Y© gh©v`v I m¤§vb cÖ`k©b K‡i‡Qb Ges Zuv‡ì mv‡_ GKvZ¥Zv †NvlYv K‡i‡Qb|
d‡j gxjv` we‡ivaxiv Zuv‡K Zuv‡ì KvQvKvwQ wn‡m‡e wPwÎZ K‡i‡Qb|
wZwb Invex‡ì cÖwZ cÎ wj‡L Zv‡ì gvhvi-fv½vi cÖwZ mg_©b e¨³ K‡i‡Qb| Avevi wewfb‣ mg‡q Invex‡ì
Kg©Kv‡Êi mgv‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| KL‡bv gvhnve-we‡ivax‡ì mv‡_ GK‡Î msMVb K‡i‡Qb, Zv‡ì cÎcwÎKv cÖKv‡k
mn‡hvwMZv K‡i‡Qb, KL‡bv Zv‡ì wewfb‣ gZvg‡Zi wei‚‡× K‡Vvi Ae¯’vb MÖnY K‡i‡Qb| f³ I AbymvwiMY cÖ‡Z¨‡K
wb‡Ri Abyfe w`‡q Zuvi G mKj Kg©Kv‡Êi g~j¨vqb K‡i‡Qb|
G mKj wel‡qi Mfx‡i cÖ‡ek Avgv‡ì c‡¶ m¤¢e bq| Avgv‡ì G ch©v‡jvPbv g~jZ mnxn nv`xm cÖPv‡i I ÒRvj-
nv`xmÓ cÖwZ‡iv‡a gvkvBL dzidzivi Ae`vb‡K †K•`ª K‡i| G w`K †_‡K Avgv‡ì Kv‡Q cÖZxqgvb nq †h, mnxn mybv‣ ‡Zi
Dci wbf©iZv I Rvj nv`xm cÖwZ‡iva Kiv gvkvBL dzidzivi `vIqv‡Zi Ab¨Zg •ewkó¨|
kvBL Avey eKi wmÏKx me©`v Rvj I wg_¨vi wei‚‡× K_v ej‡Zb| †Kv‡bv ARynv‡ZB Rvj nv`xm, Rvj gvmAvjv,
wg_¨v Zvdmxi ev wg_¨v dvZIqvi c¶ wb‡Zb bv| Zuvi RxeÏkvq 1931 mv‡j (evsjv 1337) kixq‡Z Bmjvg cwÎKvq
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wg_¨v Zvdmxi, wg_¨v wfwËK Iqvh BZ¨vw` eR©‡bi Rb¨ Dc‡`k w`‡q‡Qb| Zuvi G wb‡`©kbv I `„wófw½ Zuvi Abymvix‡ì g‡a¨
e¨vcK cÖfve we¯„vi K‡i| Avjvgv i‚ûj Avwg‡bi wewfb‣ †jLvq Avgiv Zvi bgybv †`L‡Z cvB| Rvj nv`xm we‡ivwaZvq Zviv
wQ‡jb Av‡cvmnxb| cvkvcvwk mnxn nv`xm I KziAvb-mybv‣ n †Kw•`ªK nIqvq gZ‡f`xq gvmAvjv¸wj‡Z Zuviv mybv‣ Z †Kw•`ªK
fvimvg¨ i¶v Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Qb| wb‡g‣i K‡qKwU D`vni‡Yi gva¨‡g Avgvi welqwU ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡Z †Póv Kie| Avjvni
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1. 1. 6. 2. mybvœ Z I BwËev‡q mybvœ Z
Bmjvgx kixq‡Z Ômyb‣vZÕ A_© ivm~jyjvn ()-Gi K_v, Kg©, Aby‡gv`b ev GK K_vq Zuvi mvgwMÖK Rxebv`k©| myb‣v‡Zi `ywU
A_© cÖPwjZ| GK A‡_© myb‣vZ dih-IqvwR‡ei cieZx© ch©v‡qi Bev`Z| myb‣v‡Zi wØZxq A_© ivm~jyjvn -Gi ixwZ I c×wZ|
nv`x‡m Ômyb‣vZÕ kãwU G A‡_©B eëüZ n‡q‡Q| ms‡¶‡c Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi †h, Kg© I eR©‡b ivm~jyjvn -Gi ûeû AbyKiYB
myb‣vZ| ivm~jyjvn  †h Kg© †hfv‡e hZUzKz K‡i‡Qb †m Kg© †mfv‡e ZZUzKz Kiv Ges wZwb †h KvR K‡ib wb- A_©vr eR©b
K‡i‡Qb- Zv bv KivB myb‣vZ| †h Kg© hZUzKz ¸i‚Z¡ w`‡q cvjb K‡i‡Qb Zv ZZUzKz ¸i‚Z¡ w`‡q cvjb Kiv, †h Kg© hZUzKz ¸i‚Z¡
w`‡q eR©b K‡i‡Qb Zv ZZUzKz ¸i‚Z¡ w`‡q eR©b Kiv| GK K_vq K‡g© I eR©‡b, ¸i‚‡Z¡ I c×wZ‡Z ûeû ivm~jyjvn -Gi
AbyKiYB myb‣vZ| mvnvexMY Ges cieZ©x `y-cÖR‡b¥i Kg© I eR©bI myb‣vZ-Gi A‡„f©y³|50
BwËev‡q mybv‣ Z ev mybv‣ ‡Z beexi ûeû Abymi‡Yi ¸i‚‡Z¡i wel‡q gymwjg D¤§vni g‡a¨ †Zgb †Kv‡bv gZ‡f` †bB|
Z‡e gZ‡f` N‡U `ywU wel‡q: (1) mybv‣ ‡Zi Drm Ges (2) mybv‣ ‡Zi e¨wZµg K‡g©i weavb|
1. 1. 6. 3. myb‡œ Zi Drm
mvaviYfv‡e Avgiv eywS †h, mybv‣ Z ev ivm~jyjvn -Gi Kg© I Kg©c×wZ Rvbvi GKgvÎ m~Î nv`xm kixd| Z‡e `ywU
welq G‡¶‡Î avwg©K gvbyl‡ì g‡a¨ mgm¨v m„wó K‡i: cÖ_gZ, Rvj nv`xm Ges wØZxqZ, mybv‣ Z Rvbvi †¶‡Î eyRyMM© ‡Yi
Kg©‡K cÖgvY wn‡m‡e †ck Kiv|
26
Rvj nv`x‡mi Kvi‡Y gymwjg mgv‡R AMwYZ mybv‣ Z we‡ivax Kg©KvÊ cÖPwjZ n‡q‡Q| A‡bK K_v, Kg©,
Abyôvb ivm~jjy v- n  e‡jb wb ev K‡ib wb, wK‡‘ RvwjqvZMY Zuvi bv‡g †m¸wj cÖPvi K‡i‡Q| Avi mijcÖvY gymwjgMY G
mKj Rvj nv`xm Øviv cÖZvwiZ n‡q G mKj K‡g© wjß n‡q‡Qb| mgv‡R cÖPwjZ AwaKvsk wkiK, weÀvZ I †Ljv‡d mybv‣ Z
Abyôvbvwì wfwË Giƒc Rvj nv`xm Ges ev‡bvqvU Mí-Kvwnbx|
myb‣v‡Zi e¨wZµg K‡g© wjß nIqvi wØZxq KviY eyRyM©M‡Yi ARynvZ| mvnvex-ZvweqxM‡Yi c‡i, we‡klZ µz‡mW I ZvZvi
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cÖPj‡bi cÖfv‡e, e¨w³MZ BRwZnv‡ì Kvi‡Y ev bv-Rvbvi d‡j wKQz †Ljv‡d myb‣vZ Kg© K‡i‡Qb| Qvgv, KvIqvjx, `je×fv‡e
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AgyK eyRyM© K‡i‡Qb ev •ea e‡j‡Qb, wZwb wK Avi wKQzB ey‡Sb wb... wZwb hw` Rvb‣v‡Z hvb Zvn‡j AvgivI hve BZ¨vw` K_v
mvaviYZ ejv nq| Giƒc ARynv‡Z G mKj †¶‡Î myb‣v‡Z beex, myb‣v‡Z mvnvev Ges KziAvb I nv`x‡mi wb‡`©kbv A¯^xKvi ev
AeÁv Kiv nq|
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nv`xm I eyRMy ©M‡Yi K‡g©i ARynvZ Zviv `„pZvi mv‡_ cÖwZ‡iva K‡i‡Qb|
1. 1. 6. 4. mybœvZ ebvg weÀv‡Z nvmvbv
mybv‣ ‡Zi e¨wZµg K_v, gZ, Kg©, Abyôvb ev ixwZ cÖPj‡bi †¶‡Î Ab¨ †h welqwU we‡kl f~wgKv †i‡L‡Q Zv ÒweÀvZ
nvmvbvÓ ev fvj weÀvZ welqK weZK©| G wel‡q gvkvBL dzidzivi `„wófw½ Avgiv GLv‡b ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡Z PvB| gnvb
Avj-vni ZvIdxK cÖv_©bv KiwQ|
1. 1. 6. 4. 1. fvj weÀvZ I Lvivc weÀvZ
Avgiv Av‡MB e‡jwQ, mybv‣ Z Abymi‡Yi ¸i‚Z¡ mK‡jB ¯^xKvi K‡ib| Z‡e mybv‣ ‡Zi e¨wZµg Kg© Kivi †¶‡Î, A_©vr
†h Kg© ivm~jyjvn - A_ev mvnvex-ZvweqxMY- K‡ib wb Zv Kivi wel‡q e¨vcK gZ‡f` we`¨gvb| Zuviv hv K‡ib wb Zv
Kiv‡K wewfb‣ nv`x‡m ÒweÀvZÓ A_©vr D†¢veb Ges ÒBn`vmÓ A_©vr ÒbZzb evbv‡bvÓ ejv n‡q‡Q| wewfb‣ nv`x‡m evisevi
Òmyb‣vZÓ-Gi wecix‡Z ÒweÀvZÓ I ÒBn`vmÓ (be-D†¢veb ev be-D†¢vweZ) kãØq D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges ejv n‡q‡Q †h,
ÒmKj weÀvZB weåvw‡„Ó| Avevi mvnvex-ZvweqxM‡Yi †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv e³‡e¨ †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv bZzb Kg© ev weÀv‡Zi cÖksmv
Kiv n‡q‡Q|
G mKj e³‡eï wfwË‡Z gymwjg D¤§vni Bgvg I AvwjgMY weÀv‡Zi wel‡q gZ‡f` K‡i‡Qb| †KD weÀvZ‡K
fvj I Lvivc `y †kªYx‡Z wef³ K‡i‡Qb| †KD †KD Giƒc †kªYxfvM A¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb|
Bgvg kvwdqx †_‡K fvj weÀv‡Zi K_v ewY©Z n‡q‡Q| Bgvg evBnvKx, Mvhvjx, Beb nvRvi I A‡bK cÖwm× Avwjg
weÀvZ nvmvbvi Aw¯„Z¡ ¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb| Zuv‡ì g‡Z, †h weÀvZ ev bZzb Kg© Øviv †Kv‡bv mybv‣ Z evavMÖ¯„ ev e¨vnZ nq bv
Zv weÀv‡Z nvmvbv ev fvj weÀvZ| Avi †h weÀvZ mybv‣ ‡Zi e¨wZµg, mybv‣ ‡Zi wecixZ, A_ev †h weÀvZ Øviv †Kv‡bv
mybv‣ Z e¨vnZ ev evavMÖ¯„ nq Zv weÀv‡Z mvB‡qqvn ev Lvivc weÀvZ|
Zuv‡ì e³e¨ †_‡K my¯úó †h, Zuviv `xb cvj‡bi DcKiY mswkó welqvw`‡KB ÒweÀvZ nvmvbvÓ e‡j‡Qb, †h¸wj‡K
†KD `x‡bi Ask e‡j g‡b K‡i bv, eis DcKiY e‡j g‡b K‡i| †hgb Bjg wk¶vi Rb¨ gv`ªvmv cÖwZôv Kiv, `xbx Bjg
wk¶vi Rb¨ Aviex e¨vKiY wk¶v Kiv BZ¨vw`| Ògv`ªvmvÓ-q bv c‡o N‡i, gmwR‡` ev D¯„v‡ì evwo‡Z e‡m Bjg wkL‡j
Bj‡gi mvIqve Kg n‡e ev Avè Kg n‡e e‡j †KD g‡b K‡ib bv, eis mK‡jB gv`ªvmv‡K DcKiY wn‡m‡eB MY¨ K‡ib
Ges Bjg-Gi MfxiZvi Dci mvIqve wbf©i K‡i e‡j ey‡Sb| Z‡e cieZ©xKv‡j G cwifvlvwU Db¥y³fv‡e eënvi Kiv
n‡q‡Q|51
1. 1. 6. 4. 2. mKj weÀvZB Lvivc
Gi wecix‡Z A‡bK Avwjg I eyRyM© weÀv‡Z nvmvbvi Aw¯„Z¡ A¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb| Zuv‡ì g‡Z, mybv‣ ‡Zi e¨wZµg
†Kv‡bv Kg© ev K_v‡K `x‡bi A‡„f©y³ KivB weÀvZ Ges mKj weÀvZB weåvw‡„| Zuviv e‡jb, ivm~jyjvn  I mvnvexMY hv
K‡ib wb, ev †h c×wZ‡Z †h Bev`Z K‡ib wb †m Kg© ev c×wZ KL‡bv `x‡bi Ask n‡Z cv‡i bv| Giƒc †Kv‡bv Kg©, ixwZ,
c×wZ ev gZvgZ‡K `x‡bi A‡„f©y³ Kiv ev `x‡bi ixwZ‡Z cwiYZ Kiv weÀvZ Ges mKj weÀvZB c_åóZv| Bgvg
gvwjK I Bgvg Avng` Beby nv¤^vj G‡ì Ab¨Zg|
Zuv‡ì e³e¨ †_‡K my¯úó †h, ZuvivI `xb cvj‡bi DcKiY ev RvMwZK welqvw`‡Z D†¢veb wb‡la ev AvcwË K‡ib
wb| Zuv‡ì g‡Z, RvMwZK wel‡q ev DcKi‡Yi †¶‡Î D†¢veb weÀvZ bq; KviY †KD G‡K `x‡bi Ask g‡b K‡ib bv| Z‡e
†KD hw` DcKiY ev RvMwZK welq‡K `x‡bi Ask g‡b K‡i Z‡e Zv weÀvZ n‡e| †hgb Bjg wk¶v Kiv KziAvb I mybv‣ n
wb‡`©wkZ Bev`Z| G Bev`Z cvj‡bi †¶‡Î cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY D†¢veb wbwl× bq| Z‡e hw` †KD mybv‣ Z c×wZ‡K AeÁv
27
K‡i ev D†¢vweZ c×wZ‡K `x‡bi Ask g‡b K‡i, †hgb gv`ªvmvq bv c‡o N‡i ev gmwR‡` D¯„v‡ì Kv‡Q hZB Bjg
wkLyK mvIqve ev eyRywM© wKQz Kg n‡e e‡j g‡b K‡i Z‡e Zv weÀvZ e‡j MY¨ n‡e|52
1. 1. 6. 4. 3. gyRvwÏ` Avjd mvbxi `„wó‡Z weÀvZ nvmvbv
cieZ©x cÖwm× eyRyM‡© ì g‡a¨ Bgvg ive․vbx gyRvwÏ`-B Avjwd mvbx kvBL Avng` wmiwn•`x AZ¨‡„ `„pZvi mv‡_
weÀv‡Z nvmvbvi Aw¯„Z¡ A¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb Ges we`ÔAv‡Zi †kªYxwefv‡Mi wb•`v K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi gvKZzevZ kix‡d G cÖm‡½
A‡bK e³e¨ i‡q‡Q| GK¯’v‡b wZwb e‡jb:
ÒAvjvn ZvÕAvjvi wbKU †Mvc‡b Ges cÖKv‡k¨ Ac`¯’, fMœcÖvq Ges †gvnZvwRi mwnZ Kuv`vKvwU Kwiqv Avkªq
Pvwn‡ZwQ †h, Øx‡bi g‡a¨ hvnv wKQy b~ZbZ¡ nBqv‡Q, hvnv bex‡q Kvixg () I †Lvjvdv‡q iv‡k`x‡bi hy‡M wQj bv, hwÌ Dnv
cÖfv‡Zi b¨vq mgy¾¡j nq, Z_vwc †hb nhiZ bex‡q Kvixg -Gi Imxjvq Avgv‡K Ges Avgvi mwnZ m¤^wÜZ hvnviv
Zvnvw`M‡K D³ Kvh©mg~‡n AvK…ó bv K‡ib Ges D³ we`ÔAv‡Zi †mŠ›`h©-gy» bv K‡ib|
Av‡jgMY ewjqv _v‡Kb †h, we`ÔAvZ `yB cÖKvi Ñ ÔnvmvbvÕ, I Ômv‡qÄvn&Õ| nvmvbv (fv‡jv we`ÔAvZ) H †bK
Avgj‡K ejv nBqv _v‡K hvnv nhiZ bex‡q Kvixg  Ges †Lvjvdv‡q iv‡k`x‡bi Rgvbvq wQj bv e‡U, wKš‘ Dnv †Kv‡bv
mybvœ Z‡K DVvBqv †`q bv| Ômv‡qÄvnÕ (Lvivc we`ÔAvZ) H Avgj‡K ejv nq hvnv mybvœ Z‡K DVvBqv †`q| G dKxi †Kv‡bv
we`ÔAv‡Zi g‡a¨B †mŠ›`h© Ges b~i (Av‡jv) Ae‡jvKb Kwi‡Z‡Q bv ; Dnv‡Z †m ïayB Zgkvgq Abyfe Kwi‡Z‡Q|
`„wónxbZv‡nZz we`ÔAvwZM‡Yi Kvh© hwÌ GLb PvKwPK¨gq `„wó‡MvPi nB‡Z‡Q wKš‘ Zx¶è `„wó jvf Kwi‡j Rvwb‡eb †h,
Bnv‡Z ¶wZ I jw¾Z nIqv e¨ZxZ †Kv‡bvB jvf nq bv| (cÖZy¨‡l Rvwb‡e Zzwg wè‡mi b¨vq : wbkx‡_ Kvnvi mv‡_ K‡iQ
cÖYq|)
mvB‡q¨`yj evkvi nhiZ bex‡q Kvixg  digvBqv‡Qb †h, Ò†h e¨w³ Avgv‡ì GB Kv‡h© (kixq‡Zi Kv‡h©) b~ZbZ¡
Kwi‡e hvnv Bnvi g‡a¨ bvB Zvnv gi`y`Ñ (cwiZ¨³)|Ó AZGe hvnv gi`y` Zvnvi g‡a¨ †mŠ›`h© Avi †Kv_v nB‡Z Avwm‡e!
AviI wZwb digvBqv‡Qb, ÒAZtci wbðq DrK…ó evK¨ Avjvni †KZve Ges DrK…ó Av`k© nhiZ †gvnv¤§v`  -Gi Av`k©|
hveZxq beD™¢vweZ Kvh©B †Mvgivnx (c_ åóZv)|Ó AviI wZwb digvBqv‡Qb †h, Ò†h e¨w³ Avgvi c‡i RxweZ _vwK‡e Aek¨
†m eû gZ‡f` †`wL‡Z cvB‡e; ZLb †Zvgiv Avgvi mybœZ I Lyjvdv‡q iv‡k`x‡bi mybœvZ `„pfv‡e aviY KwiI Ges Pe©bKvix `š—
Øviv Zvnv AuvKovBqv awiqv ivwLI| †Zvgiv b~Zb Kvh©mm~n nB‡Z weiZ _vwKI| †h‡nZz cÖ‡Z¨K b~Zb Kvh© we`ÔAvZ Ges
cÖ‡Z¨K we`ÔAvZB †Mvgivnx ev åóZv|Ó AZGe, hLb cÖ‡Z¨K b~Zb Kvh© we`ÔAvZ Ges cÖ‡Z¨K we`ÔAvZB c_åóZv, ZLb
we`ÔAv‡Zi g‡a¨ my›ì nIqvi Kx A_© nq| D³ nv`xm G ai‡bi K_v evwZj Kwiqv †`q| nv`x‡mi Av‡jv‡K we`ÔAv‡Zi g‡a¨
†Kv‡bv we`ÔAvZ‡K ev` †Ìqvi AeKvk ev wewkóZv bvB (Ggb †Kv‡bv K_v bvB †h, †Kv‡bv we`ÔAvZ fv‡jv I †Kv‡bv we`ÔAvZ
Lvivc)| myZivs, cª‡Z¨K we`ÔAvZB mv‡qÄvn& ev wbK…ó|
nhiZ bex‡q Kwig () digvBqv‡Qb †h, ÒhLbB †Kv‡bv m¤cÖ`vq †Kv‡bv we`ÔAv‡Zi D™¢veb NUvq ZLbB †mB cwigvY
mybœvZ Zv‡ì ga¨ †_‡K we`vq †bq ; Kv‡RB GKwU mybœvZ AuvKovBqv awiqv _vKv GKwU we`ÔAvZ D™¢veb Kiv nB‡Z DËg|Ó
nhiZ nvmvb (iv.) nB‡Z ewY©Z Av‡Q †h, wZwb ewjqv‡Qb : ÒhLbB †Kv‡bv m¤cÖ`vq GKwU we`ÔAvZ D™¢veb K‡i ZLbB Avj-vn
Zvnv‡ì ga¨ nB‡Z Abyiƒc mybœvZ Zzwjqv †bb, c‡i wKqvgZ ch©š— Avi Zvnv‡ì g‡a¨ †mB mybœvZ wdivB‡q †`b bv|Ó53
Ab¨Î wZwb wj‡L‡Qb: ÒRvbv Avek¨K †h, †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv we`ÔAvZ ev b~Zb Kvh© hvnv‡K Av‡jgMY ÔnvmvbvÕ - DrK…ó ewjqv
fvweqv‡Qb, hLb Zvnv‡Z fv‡jvfv‡e wPš—v Kwiqv †`Lv hvq ZLb eySv hvq †h, †mB¸wjI mybœvZ webóKvix| h_v, g„Z e¨w³i
Kvd‡bi mwnZ cvMwo cÖ`vb, Bnv‡K Av‡jgMY we`ÔAv‡Z nvmvbv ewjqv‡Qb ; A_P GB we`ÔAvZB mybœvZ webóKvix| †Kbbv wZb
e¯¿ cÖ`vb mybœvZ , Bnv Zvnv nB‡Z AwZwi³, Kv‡RB D³ mybœvZ‡K AcmvwiZ Kiv nBj| Avi GB AcmviY KivB DVvBqv
†Ìqv| GBiƒc †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv gvkv‡qL cvMwoi kvgjv (†jR) ev cy‛Q evgw`‡K ivLv DrK…ó ewjqv _v‡Kb, A_P Dnv ¯‹ÜØ‡qi
gaëZ©x ¯’v‡b ivLvB mybœvZ| AZGe, Bnv †h mybœvZ webóKvix Zvnv cÖKvk¨ K_v| GBiƒc Av‡jgMY bvgv‡hi wbq¨v‡Zi mgq †`‡j
Giv`v Kiv m‡Ë¡I gy‡L D‛PviY Kiv DrK„ó Kvh© ewjqv‡Qb| wKš‘ Dnv nhiZ bex‡q Kvixg () nB‡Z mve¨¯— nq bvB| Ômnxn&Õ
wKsev ÔhqxdÕ †Kv‡bv cÖKv‡ii †iIqvZB G wel‡q bvB| †Kv‡bv mvnvex ev †Kv‡bv Zv‡eqx nB‡ZI ewY©Z bvB †h, Zuvnviv wRnŸv Øviv
D‛PviY Kwiqv wbq¨vZ Kwiqv‡Qb| eiÂ ewY©Z Av‡Q †h, hLb BKvgZ ejv nBZ ZLb Zvnviv ZvKex‡i Zvnixgv ewj‡Zb| Kv‡RB,
Bnv we`ÔAvZ Ges (Zuvnviv) Bnv‡K nvmvb ewjqv _v‡Kb| Avwg Rvwb †h, GB we`ÔAvZ wK cwigvY mybœvZ eis dih AcmvwiZ
K‡i| †Kbbv Bnv Rv‡qh ivLvi d‡j AwaKvsk e¨w³B wRnŸv Øviv D‛PviY KwiqvB ¶vš— nq, Ag‡bv‡hvwMZvi cÖwZ †Kv‡bvB åƒ‡¶c
K‡i bv| wKš‘ †`‡ji (Aš—‡ii) wbq¨vZ hvnv dih Zvnv cwiZ¨³ nBqv bvgvR webó nIqvi ch©vq DcbxZ nq|
Ab¨vb¨ hveZxq we`ÔAvZ I b~Zb Kvh©mg~nI GB cÖKv‡ii| Bnviv nvmvbv ev mvB‡qÄvn †h †Kv‡bv cÖKv‡iB nDK bv
†Kb, mybvœ Z nB‡Z AwZwi³ Ges AwZwi³ZvB wgUvBqv †Ìqv I wgUvBqv †ÌqvB DVvBqv †Ìqv| AZGe, nhiZ bex‡q
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Kvixg () -Gi Abymi‡Yi cÖwZB ms‡¶c Kiv KZ©e¨ Ges mvnvevM‡Yi cvqiex ev AbymiY h‡_ó g‡b KivB
DwPZ|... Aek¨ Ô†KqvmÕ ev Zzjbv Kwiqv gvmAvjv D×vi Kiv Ges ÔGh‡Znv`Õ A_©vr, †Póv Kwiqv gvmAvjv Avwe®‹vi Kiv
†Kv‡bv µ‡gB we`ÔAv‡Zi Aš—fy©³ b‡n| †Kbbv Dnv KziAvb kix‡di A_© cÖKvkK, AwZwi³ †Kv‡bv Kv‡h©i wb‡`©kK b‡n|
myZivs, Ò†n `~i`k©xMY, †Zvgiv Dc‡`k MÖnY Ki|Ó54
Ab¨Î wZwb wj‡L‡Qb : Òme©‡kªô bmxnZ BnvB †h, nhiZ bexcvK () -Gi Øxb AbymiY Kiv I Zvnvi mybœvZ Av`vq Kiv
I we`ÔAvZ nB‡Z euvwPqv _vKv| hwÌ we`ÔAvZ cÖvZtKv‡ji wbg©j Ae¯’v nB‡ZI D¾¡j nq, Z_vwc cÖK…Zc‡¶ Zvnv‡Z †Kv‡bv b~i
bvB| Dnv‡Z †Kv‡bv †iv‡Mi JlaI bvB| †Kbbv Zvnv `yB Ae¯’v nB‡Z gy³ b‡n, nq Bnv mybœvZ‡K GKev‡i `~i Kwiqv w`‡e, bv
nq wb‡¯—R Kwiqv w`‡e| wb‡¯—R Ae¯’vq Aek¨B Dnv mybœv‡Zi AwZwi³ nB‡e hvnv cÖK…Zc‡¶ mybœvZ‡K `~iKvix (gbmyLKvix),
†Kbbv †Kv‡bv `wj‡ji AwZwi³ K_v †mB `wj‡ji `~iKvix|
AZGe, Rvbv ‡Mj we`ÔAvZ †h †Kv‡bv iK‡giB nDK bv †Kb, nq Dnv mybœvZ‡K DrcvUb Kwi‡e, bv nq Dnvi `ye©j Ae¯’v
nB‡e| Bnvi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv iK‡gi †mŠ›`h© bvB| eo `ytL †h, hLb Øxb Bmjvg c~Y© ZLb Zvnviv we`ÔAvZ‡K †Kgb Kwiqv ÔnvmvbvÕ
ewjqv ûKzg †`b| Bnviv wK Rv‡bb bv †h ÒAvKgvjÓ (wbLuyZ) I ÒAvZgvgÓ (c~Y©) I Ò†iRvÓ (mš‘wó) nv‡mj nIqvi ci Øx‡bi
g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv b~Zb KvR cq`v Kiv nvmvb ev my›ì nB‡Z eû `~‡i| ÒdvgvRv evq`vj nv‡° Bjv`&`vjvj&Ó Ñwbf©y‡ji AwZwi³ nBj
fyj| hw` Zvnviv Bnv Rvwb‡Zb †h Øx‡bi g‡a¨ bZzb Kvh©‡K nvmvb ejv Øxb‡K ÔKv‡gj b‡nÕ GB K_v ejv nB‡e Ges †bqvgZ‡K
Am¤ú~Y© ejv nB‡e| GBiƒc ûKzg †Ìqv KLbB DwPr bq|Ó55
Ab¨Î wZwb e‡jb: Òme©‡kªô bwmqZ, hvnv Avgvi wcªq †Q‡j I Zvgvg eÜzeM©MY‡K Kiv hvB‡Z‡Q, Dnv GB †h Ñ
mybvœ ‡Zi AbymiY Kiv Ges we`ÔAvZ nB‡Z euvPv| Bmjvg w`b w`b Mwie nBqv hvB‡Z‡Q Ges gymjgv‡bi msL¨v Aí nBqv
hvB‡Z‡Q| hZB gymjgvb gwi‡Z _vwK‡e ZZB Bmjvg Mwie nB‡Z _vwK‡e| Ggb wK c„w_exi Dci GKRbI ÔAvjvn
Avjvn... Õ ejv †jvK _vwK‡e bv| †mŠfvMëvb H e¨w³ whwb Bmjv‡gi GB `wi`ª Ae¯’vq †Kv‡bv cwiZ¨³ mybvœ Z nB‡Z
GKwU‡K euvPvBqv iv‡Lb Ges cÖPwjZ we`ÔAv‡Zi GKwU‡K gvwiqv †d‡jb|
GLb H mgq †h nRiZ bexcvK  -Gi ci nvRvi ermi Pwjqv wMqv‡Q Ges †Kqvg‡Zi AvjvgZ¸wj Qvqv w`qv‡Q|
mybvœ Z ev mZ¨ beyq¨v‡Zi hyM `~‡i Pwjqv hvIqvi Rb¨ †Mvcb nBqv‡Q Ges wg_¨v †ewk Avmvi Rb¨ we`ÔAvZ †ewk cªKvwkZ
nBqv‡Q| GLb GBiƒc GKRb kw³kvjx †jv‡Ki Avek¨K whwb mybvœ Z‡K mvnvh¨ (RxweZ) K‡ib Ges we`ÔAvZ‡K `~i K‡ib|
we`ÔAvZ‡K cÖPwjZ Kwi‡j Øxb aŸsm nBqv hvB‡e| nv`xm kix‡d Av‡Q : Ôwhwb †Kv‡bv we`ÔAvZx‡K m¤§vb Kwi‡jb wZwb
Bmjvg‡K aŸsm Kwi‡Z mvnvh¨ Kwi‡jb|Õ
Avcwb ïwbqv‡Qb †h, m¤ú~Y©fv‡e GBw`‡K j¶¨ Kiv Avek¨K †h, mybœvZmg~‡ni g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv GKwU mybœvZ Rvwi nBqv
hvq Ges we`ÔAv‡Zi wfZi nB‡Z †Kv‡bv (GKwU) we`ÔAvZ `~i nBqv hvq ; we‡kl Kwiqv GB hy‡M| †Kbbv Bmjvg Lye `ye©j
nBqv wMqv‡Q| Bmjvgx imygZ (cÖ_v I fveaviv) ZLbB Rvwi nBqv hvB‡e hLb mybœvZ‡K m¤ú~Y©fv‡e cvjb Kiv nB‡e Ges
we`ÔAvZ‡K `~i Kiv hvB‡e| AZxZ w`‡b g‡b nq †Kn we`ÔAv‡Zi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv †mŠ›`h© †`wLqv _vwK‡eb| †m Kvi‡Y Zvnviv
†Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv we`ÔAvZ‡K ÔnvmvbvÕ ewjqv‡Qb, wKš‘ GB dwKi GB K_vq GKgZ b‡nb| we`ÔAvZ‡K †Kv‡bv iK‡gB ÔnvmvbvÕ
Rvbv Pwj‡e bv| Zvnv‡Z AÜKvi Qvov Avi wKQyB `„ó nq bv| bex Kvixg () ewjqv‡Qb : ÔKzjy we`ÔAvZxb `vjvjvZzbÕ
ÑÔcÖ‡Z¨K we`ÔAvZB c_ åóZv|Õ
Bmjv‡gi GB `yw`©‡b wbivcËv wbf©i K‡i mybvœ Z Av`vq Kivi Dci Ges mg¯— Ag½j we`ÔAvZ nB‡Z Avwmqv‡Q|
cÖ‡Z¨K we`ÔAvZB KzVv‡ii b¨vq| Bnv Bmjv‡gi wfwË‡K aŸsm K‡i| mybvœ Z‡K D¾¡j ZviKvi b¨vq `„ó nq| Bnv †Mvgivnxi
AÜKv‡i c_ cÖ`k©K|
Avjvn ZvÔAvjv eZ©gvb hy‡Mi Av‡jgMY‡K †hb Ggb ¶gZv †`b hvnv‡Z Zuvnviv †Kv‡bv we`ÔAvZ‡K Avgj Kiv †hb
Rv‡qh bv e‡jb| hwÌ H we`ÔAvZ Zvnv‡ì `„wó‡Z cÖvZtKv‡ji b¨vq wbg©j nq, Z_vwc Zvnviv †hb Zvnv ïf ewjqv MÖnY bv
K‡ib| †Kbbv mybvœ ‡Zi evwn‡i kqZv‡bi †auvKv †Ìqvi m¤¢vebv AZ¨š— AwaK|
AZxZKv‡j Bmjvg kw³kvjx wQj, †mBRb¨ we`ÔAv‡Zi AÜKvi‡K `~i Kiv m¤¢e nBZ| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv we`ÔAv‡Zi wfZi
Bmjv‡gi †mŠ›`‡h©i Rb¨ ZvnvI Av‡jvwKZ g‡b nBZ Ges †mBRb¨ ÔnvmvbÕ-Gi ch©v‡q AvwmZ| wKš‘ cÖK…Zc‡¶ Zvnvi g‡a¨
†Kv‡bv wbR¯^ †mŠ›`h© wQj bv| GLb Bmjvg AZ¨š— `ye©j, †mB Rb¨ we`ÔAv‡Zi AÜKvi‡K `~i Kiv †hb m¤¢e bq| GLb c~‡e©i
b¨vq c‡ii Av‡jgw`‡Mi †Kv‡bv d‡Zvqv †Ìqv DwPZ b‡n| †Kbbv cÖ‡Z¨K mg‡qi ûKzg wewfbœ| GLb `ywbqv‡Z we`ÔAv‡Zi
AvwaKëkZ meB AÜKv‡ii mgy`ª nBqv wMqv‡Q Ges my&bœvZ ¶wYK cÖfv`v‡bi ci jyKvBqv wMqv‡Q ewjqv g‡b nB‡Z‡Q|
we`ÔAv‡Zi AvMgb G AÜKvi‡K AviI Mfxi Kwi‡Z‡Q Ges mybœv‡Zi b~i Kg nBqv hvB‡Z‡Q| mybœvZ Abymv‡i KvR Kiv GB
AÜKvi `~i Kivi b¨vq| Bnv‡Z mybœv‡Zi †mŠ›`h© AviI ax‡i ax‡i AwaKZi nBqv hvB‡e| GLb Avcbv‡ì B‛Qv †h Avcbviv
29
we`ÔAv‡Zi AÜKvi‡K evovB‡ZI cv‡ib Avevi mybœv‡Zi †mŠ›`h©‡KI D¾¡jZi Kwi‡Z cv‡ib| nq Avjvni `j‡K cyó
K‡ib ev kqZv‡bi `j‡K cyó K‡ib| (Avjv Bbœv wnRevjvwn ûgyj gyd‡jûb Avjv Bbœv wnRevk&kvqZv‡b ûgyj Lv‡mi‚b ÑmZK© nI,
Avjvn ZvÔAvjvi `j mvdj¨ cvB‡e Ges kqZv‡bi `j aŸsm nB‡e|)Ó56
1. 1. 6. 4. 4. gvkvBL dzidzivi `„wó‡Z weÀvZ nvmvbv
dzidzivi cxi Avey eKi wmwÏKx I Zuvi cyÎMY g~jbxwZ wn‡m‡e weÀv‡Z nvmvbvi Aw¯„Z¡ ¯^xKvi Ki‡Zb| cvkvcvwk
weÀv‡Z nvmvbv‡K `x‡bi Ask ev †g․wjK welq e‡j MY¨ Kivi we‡ivwaZv K‡i‡Qb|
weÀv‡Z nvmvbv bq, BwËev‡q myb‣vZ ev ivm~jyjvn -Gi ûeû AbyKiY‡KB Zuviv mKj eyRywM©i g~j wn‡m‡e MY¨ K‡i‡Qb|
1957 mv‡ji 24 †k b‡f¤î Rwgq‡Z Ijvgv‡q nvbvwdqvi evwl©K Awa‡ek‡b mfvcwZi fvl‡Y dzidzivi cxi Avãyj nvB wmwÏKx
e‡jb: Ò¯§iY ivwL‡eb, †gv‡gb‡ì wZbwU `R©v (¯„i) Av‡Q: Gjgyj GwKb, AvBbyj GwKb I nv°zj GwKb|... cÖ_g `R©vi †gv‡gbMY
myb‣‡Zi G‡Ëev Kwi‡Z Kwi‡Z wØZxq †kªYx‡Z Ges †mB ¯’vb nB‡Z †mB myb‣‡ZiB G‡Ëev Kwi‡Z Kwi‡Z Z…Zxq `R©vq Db‣xZ nB‡Z
cv‡ib| myb‣v‡Z †Ljvd (e¨wZµg) AvKx`v ev AvPiY Øviv Zvnv m¤¢e bq| Bmjv‡gi GK A_© Avjvn‡Z AvZ¥-mgc©Y| ûRyicvK
()-Gi A‡c¶v GB AvZ¥mgc©‡Yi †gQvj (`„óv‡„-bgybv) Avi †Kn AwaK w`‡Z cvwi‡eb bv| myZivs Zuvnvi myb‣v‡Zi AbyKiY e¨ZxZ
GB GwK‡bi cÖ_g I wØZxq Øvi AwZµg Kwiqv Z…Zxq Øvi ch©‡„ †KnB Db‣xZ nB‡Z cvwi‡e bv| fÊcxi I fÊ eyRyM©w`‡Mi m¤^‡Ü
GBLv‡bB mZK© nB‡Z nB‡e|Ó57
G cÖm‡½ Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx e‡jb: Ò‡gvU K_v ÒMwÏbkxb kãwU †e`vqv‡Z nvmvbv nB‡jI Bnv mybZ ‣ kã
b‡n| KviY GB kãwU nRiZ bex ()-Gi mvnvev Ges AZxZ Kv‡ji cxiv‡b cxiw`‡Mi Rvgvbvi eû c‡i cÖKvk cvBqv‡Q|
Ljxdv kãwU mybv‣ Z I Aviex kã Ges MwÏbkxb D`©y-cvwk© wgwkªZ kã| LuvwU cxiw`‡Mi Rb¨ mybZ ‣ x kã Z¨vM Kwiqv †e`vqvZ
58
kã eënvi Kiv wVK b‡n|Ó
G †_‡K Avgiv eyS‡Z cvwi †h, gvkvBL dzidzivi `„wó‡Z cÖ‡Z¨K weÀvZ nvmvbvi wecix‡Z myb‣vZ i‡q‡Q| A_©vr K_vwU ev
KvRwU AweKj ivm~jyj-vn -Gi gZ cvjb Kiv myb‣vZ| Avi kixq‡Zi `jxj, eyRyM©M‡Yi Avgj ev D¤§v‡Zi eënv‡i wfwË‡Z
e¨wZµg c×wZ‡Z Av`vq Kiv weÀvZ nvmvbv| KL‡bv G‡K Ômyb‣vZ D¤§vZÕ ejv nq| †hgb, Ljxdv kãwU myb‣vZ Avi MwÏbkxb
kãwU weÀvZ nvmvbv| Abyiƒcfv‡e ÒAvm-mvjvgy AvjvBKv AvBDnvb bvweq~¨Ó myb‣vZ I ÒBqv bvex mvjvgy AvjvBKvÓ weÀvZ nvmvbv,
g‡b wbq¨vZ Kiv myb‣vZ, Avi gy‡L D‛PviY Kiv Ômyb‣vZ D¤§vZÕ ev ÔweÀvZ nvmvbvÕ| whwKi, ì‚`, mvjvg BZ¨vw` Bev`Z e‡m e‡m,
g‡b g‡b, g„`yk‡ã gvmb~b ev mvnvex-ZvweqxM‡Yi eëüZ kã I evK¨ w`‡q cvjb KivB myb‣vZ| Avi GRb¨ ùvov‡bv, `je×fv‡e,
D‛Pk‡ã, jvdvjvwd K‡i ev cieZ© hy‡Mi fvlv, kã ev evK¨ w`‡q Av`vq Kiv weÀv‡Z nvmvbv| †mvgevi wmqvg cvj‡bi gva¨‡g
ivm~jyj-vn ()-Gi R‡b¥i Avb•` I K…ZÁZv cÖKvk Kiv gxjv` cvj‡bi myb‣vZ c×wZ| Avi gxjv` gvnwdj weÀvZ nvmvbv ev myb‣vZ
D¤§vZ| G¸wj meB ivm~jyj-vn () I mvnvex-ZvweqxM‡Yi hy‡Mi A‡bK c‡i cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q| gvkvBL dzidzivi g‡Z weÀv‡Z
nvmvbv‡K Rv‡qh ev gymZvnmvb ejvi A_© G bq †h Zv myb‣vZ beex ev myb‣vZ mvnvev †_‡K DËg| weÀv‡Z nvmvbv‡K myb‣v‡Zi †P‡q
DËg ej‡j †Zv myb‣vZ‡K AcQ•` Kiv n‡jv| Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKxi fvlvq LuvwU cxi ev LuvwU myb‣vZ f³ gywg‡bi Rb¨ myb‣vZ
†Q‡o weÀvZ nvmvbv MÖnY Kiv DwPZ bq|
gvkvBL dzidzivi Dch©y³ e³e¨ Ges cieZ©x e³e¨¸wj †_‡K †h mgw‡^Z wPÎwU Avgv‡ì mvg‡b cÖwZfvZ nq Zv
wbg‣iƒc:
(K) mKj Bev`‡Z K‡g© I eR©‡b, ¸i‚‡Z¡ I c×wZ‡Z ivm~jyjvn -Gi ûeû AbyKiY ev BwËev‡q myb‣vZB gywg‡bi g~j
`vwqZ¡ I mKj eyRywM©i Drm| ivm~jyj-vn  hv K‡ib wb Zv Kiv ev wZwb hv K‡i‡Qb Zv eR©b Kiv †Ljv‡d myb‣vZ| K‡g© ev eR©‡b,
¸i‚‡Z¡ ev c×wZ‡Z myb‣v‡Zi e¨wZµg A_© †Ljv‡d myb‣vZ| †Ljv‡d myb‣vZ ev myb‣v‡Zi e¨wZµg K‡g© ev eR©‡b n‡Z cv‡i| A_©vr
(1) ivm~jyj-vn  hv K‡i‡Qb Zv bv Kiv, A_ev (2) ivm~jyjvn  hv K‡ib wb- A_©vr eR©b K‡i‡Qb- Zv Kiv| welq`ywU G‡K
Ac‡ii mv‡_ Awe‡‛QÏ¨fv‡e RwoZ| Dfq‡¶‡ÎB †Ljv‡d myb‣v‡Zi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv eyRywM© †bB| wZwb hv K‡i‡Qb Zv ev` w`‡j Avjvn
Lywk n‡eb, A_ev wZwb hv K‡ib wb Zv bv Ki‡j Avjvn bvivh n‡eb, A_ev wZwb hv K‡ib wb Zv Ki‡j Avjvn †ewk Lywk n‡eb
Giƒc wP‡„v †Kv‡bv gymwjg K‡ib bv|
wZwb hv K‡i‡Qb Zv eR©b Kiv Zuvi wb‡`©kbvi Av‡jv‡K Rv‡qh n‡Z cv‡i, Z‡e Zv KL‡bv DËg n‡Z cv‡i bv ev Zv bv
Kiv `x‡bi Ask n‡Z cv‡i bv| Abyiƒcfv‡e wZwb hv K‡ib wb Zv Kiv Rv‡qh n‡Z cv‡i Z‡e Zv Kiv KL‡bv DËg n‡Z cv‡i
bv ev `x‡bi Ask n‡Z cv‡i bv| eyRywM© I mvIqve g~jZ myb‣v‡Zi g‡a¨, myb‣v‡Zi e¨wZµg †Kv‡bv K‡g©i g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv eyRywM© ev
mvIqve †bB, Z‡e Zv Rv‡qh n‡Z cv‡i|
(L) wZwb hv K‡ib wb Zv KivB g~jZ bZzb Kg©, D†¢veb ev ÒweÀvZÓ e‡j MY¨| wZwb hv K‡ib wb Zv wZb cÖKv‡ii
30
n‡Z cv‡i:
cÖ_g cÖKvi: wZwb K‡ib wb Ges Ki‡Z wb‡la K‡i‡Qb| †KD †KD Giƒc wb‡lavÁv‡K bvbviƒc e¨vL¨v K‡i weK…Z
K‡ib Ges Giƒc ewR©Z I wbwl× welq‡KI ÒweÀv‡Z nvmvbvÓ bvg w`‡q ïay Rv‡qh-B bq, Dci‡‘ `x‡bi Ask ev `x‡bi
Rb¨ DcKvix e‡j MY¨ K‡ib| †hgb Ke‡ii Dci †m․a-BgviZ •Zwi Kiv, evwZ †Ìqv, Avjvn Qvov KvD‡K mvR`v Kiv,
Mvb-evRb Kiv, wec‡`-Avc‡` Avjvn Qvov KvD‡K WvKv BZ¨vw`| G¸wj KziAvb-nv`x‡m my¯úófv‡e wb‡la Kiv n‡q‡Q, wK‡‘
A‡b‡K bvbv ARynvZ I e¨vL¨vi gva¨‡g G welqK wb‡lavÁv evwZj K‡i Giƒc Kg©¸wj‡K ÒweÀv‡Z nvmvbvÓ bvg w`‡q
Rv‡qh K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e gvkvBL dzidziv Giƒc Kg© KwVbfv‡e wb‡la K‡i‡Qb|
wØZxq cÖKvi: wZwb hv K‡ib wb Ges Ki‡Z wb‡laI K‡ib wb| Z‡e Kg©wU Kivi cÖ‡qvRb ev †cÖ¶vcU Zuvi hy‡M wQj|
A_©vr †h KviY, cÖ‡qvRb ev ARynv‡Z Kg©wU cieZ©x hy‡M Kiv n‡q‡Q †m KviY, cÖ‡qvRb ev ARynvZ Zuvi hy‡MI we`¨gvb wQj
ev †ck Kiv m¤¢e wQj, wK‡‘ Zv m‡Ë¡I wZwb Zv eR©b K‡i‡Qb| †hgb, whKi ev wZjvIqv‡Zi Rb¨ ùvov‡bv, bZ©b-Kz`©b Kiv
BZ¨vw`|
Z…Zxq cÖKvi: wZwb hv K‡ib wb Ges Ki‡Z wb‡laI K‡ib wb| g~jZ Kg©wU Kivi cÖ‡qvRb ev †cÖ¶vcU Zuvi hy‡M wQj
bv †m Rb¨ wZwb Zv K‡ib wb| A_©vr †h cÖ‡qvRb ev ARynv‡Z Kg©wU cieZ©x hy‡M Kiv n‡q‡Q †m cÖ‡qvRb Zuvi hy‡M wQjB bv|
†hgb Bjg wk¶v, KziAvb wk¶v, `vIqvZ, ZvhwKqv BZ¨vwì Rb¨ Rb¨ wm‡jevm-KvwiKzjvg ev wewfb‣ c×wZ m„wó Kiv,
Abvie fvlv eënvi Kiv BZ¨vw`|
wZwb hv K‡ib wb Ges Ki‡Z wb‡laI K‡ib wbwe‡klZ cÖ‡qvRb bv _vKvi Kvi‡Y eR©b K‡i‡Qb- Zv Kiv A‣ea bq,
Z‡e Zv Kivi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv eyRywM© ev mvIqve †bB ev Zv `x‡bi Ask bq| G wel‡q Avwjg‡ì gZvgZ we‡klY Ki‡j wZbwU
aviv cvIqv hvq:
(1) G¸wj‡K ÒweÀvZÓ e‡j XvjvIfv‡e bv-Rv‡qh ejv|
(2) G¸wj‡K ÒweÀvZ nvmvbvÓ AvL¨vwqZ K‡i G¸wj‡K `x‡bi Ask evwb‡q †djv| A_©vr G¸wj bv Ki‡j eiKZ
Kg n‡e ev `xb`vwi wKQzUv Ac~Y© _vK‡e e‡j aviYv Kiv| Dci‡‘ G¸wj‡K `xb`vwi I `jv`wji gvcKvwV
evbv‡bv|
(3) G¸wj‡K ÒweÀvZ nvmvbvÓ wn‡m‡e A_ev ÒDcKiYÓ wn‡m‡e Rv‡qh ejv, Z‡e `x‡bi Ask e‡j MY¨ bv Kiv|
(M) gvkvBL dzidzivi gZvgZ †_‡K cÖZxqgvb nq †h, Zuviv Z…Zxq avivq wQ‡jb| Zuviv Giƒc †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv welq‡K
ÒweÀvZ nvmvbvÓ ev Òmyb‣v‡Z D¤§vZÓ e‡j Rv‡qh ev •ea e‡j MY¨ K‡i‡Qb, Z‡e G‡K eyRwy M©, `x‡bi Ask ev `xb`vwii
gvcKvwV evbvb wb| eis weÀv‡Z nvmvbv‡K Rv‡qh ev gymZvnmvb (fv‡jv) ej‡jI cvkvcvwk Zv eR©b K‡i ûeû mybv‣ ‡Zi
Abymi‡Yi Drmvn w`‡q‡Qb| BwËev‡q mybv‣ Z ev mybv‣ ‡Zi ûeû AbymiY Kiv‡KB eyRywM©i GKgvÎ c_ e‡j MY¨ K‡i‡Qb|
m‡e©vcwi gvkvBL dzidziv mKj †¶‡Î mnxn nv`x‡mi Dci wbf©i Ki‡Z Ges Rvj nv`xm eR©b Ki‡Z wb‡`©k
w`‡q‡Qb| nv`x‡mi mnxn-hqxd ev RvwjqvwZ wbY©‡qi †¶‡Î gynvwÏmM‡Yi wm×v‡„B P~ov‡„ e‡j MY¨ K‡i‡Qb| G wel‡q
†Kv‡bv eyR‡y M©i gZvgZ, †jLwb, D×„wZ ev K‡g©i Dci wbf©i Kiv eR©b K‡i‡Qb Ges Ki‡Z wk¶v w`‡q‡Qb| Avgiv GLv‡b G
wel‡q Zuv‡ì wKQz gZvgZ ch©v‡jvPbv Kie|
1. 1. 6. 5. gxjv`-wKqvg
1. 1. 6. 5. 1. gxjv`-wKqvg: Bev`Z ebvg c×wZ
gxjv`-wKqvg cÖm‡½ gvkvBL dzidzivi gZvgZ †_‡K Dc‡ii welqwU cÖwZfvZ nq|59 Ògxjv`Ó Abyôv‡bi gva¨‡g
A‡bK¸wj gvmb~b ev myb‣vZ-m¤§Z Bev`Z cvjb Kiv nq| †hgb, ivm~jyjvn  -Gi fvjevmv, m¤§vb, gne․Z I fw³ ü`‡q m„wó
Kiv I e„w× Kiv, ivm~jyjvn  -Gi Rb¥, Rxebx, Kg©, AvK…wZ, cÖK…wZ, Zuvi gh©v`v, gnZ¡, myb‣vZ, AvPvi-AvPiY BZ¨vw` Av‡jvPbv
Kiv, ivm~jyj-vn  -Gi Dci ì‚` I mvjvg cvV Kiv, Zuvi Rb¥ Dcj‡¶ Avb•` I K…ZÁZv cÖKvk Kiv BZ¨vw`| G‡¶‡Î
gZ‡f` g~jZ c×wZ‡K wN‡i| G mKj Bev`‡Zi w`‡K ZvwK‡q A‡bK eyRyM© G‡K Rv‡qh e‡j‡Qb| Avevi c×wZi bZzb‡Z¡i
Kvi‡Y A‡b‡K G‡K weÀvZ ev eR©bxq e‡j MY¨ K‡i‡Qb| hviv G‡K Rv‡qh, gymZvnmvb ev gymZvnve e‡j‡Qb Zuviv g~jZ G
welqK Bev`Z¸wj cvj‡bi w`‡KB j¶¨ K‡i‡Qb, c×wZ‡K Ri‚ix ev Avek¨Kxq e‡j MY¨ K‡ib wb| Avi hviv G‡K weÀvZ
e‡j‡Qb Zviv G mKj Bev`‡Zi we‡ivwaZv K‡ib wb, eis Zuviv G mKj Bev`Z mvnvex-ZvweqxM‡Yi c×wZ cvj‡bi Dci ¸i‚Z¡
w`‡q‡Qb| cieZ©xKv‡j welqwU wb‡q A‡bK evovevwo n‡q‡Q| A‡b‡KB gxjv`-wKqvg‡K bex‡cÖ‡gi `wjj I myb‣xq‡Zi cwiPq
e‡j MY¨ K‡i‡Qb| ivm~jyjvn -‡K nvwhi-bvwhi I gxjv` Abyôv‡b Dcw¯’Z e‡j `vwe K‡i‡Qb| gxjv`‡K •ea cÖgvY Ki‡Z
A‡bK Rvj nv`x‡mi Avkªq MÖnY K‡i‡Qb Ges gxjv` Abyôvb‡K Rvj nv`xm wfwËK AwZfw³g~jK Kvwnbx eY©bvi Avm‡i cwiYZ
K‡i‡Qb|
31
1. 1. 6. 5. 2. gxjv`-wKqvg Rv‡qh, Z‡e `xb ev mywbœqZ bq
dzidzivi cxi Avey eKi wmwÏKx I Zuvi cyÎMY gxjv`-wKqvg‡K Rv‡qh e‡j MY¨ K‡i‡Qb| G‡K mybv‣ ‡Z beex ev
mybv‣ ‡Z mvnvevi gZ ¸i‚Z¡c~Y© bq, eis D¤§v‡Zi mybv‣ Z wn‡m‡e Rv‡qh e‡j‡Qb| cvkvcvwk Zuviv G‡K Ri‚ix g‡b Kiv, `x‡bi
Ask g‡b Kiv, mybx‣ q‡Zi cÖgvY g‡b Kiv, gxjv` we‡ivax‡ì Lvivc g‡b Kiv, ivm~jyjvn -Gi fw³‡Z evovevwo Kiv, Zuv‡K
nv‡hi-bv‡hi (Dcw¯’Z I `k©K) e‡j g‡b Kiv, Zuv‡K Avwjgyj MvBe (MvBe ev A`„k¨ Áv‡bi AwaKvix) e‡j `vwe Kiv,
gxjv` cÖgvY Ki‡Z Rvj nv`x‡mi Avkªq MÖnY Kiv Ges gxjv` Abyôv‡b fw³g~jK Rvj nv`xm eY©bv Kivi †Nvi we‡ivwaZv
K‡i‡Qb|
kvBLyj Bmjvg Avey eKi wmwÏKx e‡jb: Òwgjv` kix‡d †Kqvg Kiv †gv¯„vnQvb| hw` †KD †g․jy` kixd cvV Kv‡j †Kqvg
K‡i, Z‡e †Kn Zv‡K Rei`w¯„ K‡i emv‡eb bv| hw` †KD e‡m ZvIqvjv` kixd c‡o, Z‡e Zv‡KI †Kn †Rvi K‡i DVv‡eb bv|
mvgvb¨ †gv¯„vnQvb welq wb‡q †Kn `jv`wj K‡i wef³ n‡eb bv| †Kqvg Kiv Avwg fvjB g‡b Kwi| †Kqv‡gi mgq †Kn e‡m
_v‡K †Knev ùvovq Bnv fvj bq| ZrcÖwZ †Lqvj ivL‡eb| wK‡‘ †Kqvg Kiv †gv¯„vnQvb mzb‣v‡Z D¤§Z| mzb‣Z wZb cÖKvi: (1)
mzb‣‡Z D¤§Z, (2) mzb‣‡Z Qvnvev, (3) mzb‣‡Z bvevex| Gj‡g Mv‡qe Avjvn Zvqvjv nhiZ bex Kwig‡K () hZì Rvwb‡q
w`‡q‡Qb ZZ`~i Rv‡bb| Mv‡q‡ei gvwjK Avjvn Zvqvjv- Giƒc AvwK`v ivwL‡eb| nhiZ bex () †h Mv‡qe Rv‡bb †mB
Mv‡qe‡K Gj‡g nQzwj e‡j|Ó60
Zuvi cyÎ I Zuvi ¯’jvwfwl³ dzidzivi cxi kvBLyj Bmjvg gvIjvbv Avãyj nvB wmwÏKx e‡jb: Òwgjv` I †Kqvg †Kvb
gymjgv‡bi gvcKvwV bv| wgjv`-‡Kqvg Ki‡jI †KD Rvnvb‣v‡g hv‡e bv, bv Ki‡jI †KD Rvnvb‣v‡g hv‡e bv| eis hviv
wgjv`-‡Kqvg I Luwy UbvwU welq wb‡q †drbv dvmv` Ki‡e- ZvivB Rvnvb‣v‡g hv‡e|Ó61
fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k gxjv`-wKqvg we‡ivax AvwjgM‡Yi Ab¨Zg wQ‡jb Avey eKi wmwÏKxi mgmvgwqK †Ìe‡•ì cÖwm×
Avwjg Avj-vgv Avkivd Avjx _vbex (1280-1362wn/ 1863-1943L„)| gxjv`-wKqvg we‡ivwaZv I Ab¨vb¨ Kvi‡Y mgmvgwqK
Ab¨ cÖwm× Avwjg Avjvgv Avng` †ihv Lvb †eªjex (1272-1340 wn/ 1856-1921L„) I Ab¨vb KwZcq Avwjg Zuvi wei‚‡×
wewfb‣ dvZIqv †`b, GgbwK Zuv‡K Kvwdi e‡j †NvlYv K‡ib| kvBLyj Bmjvg Avey eKi wmwÏKx evisevi e‡j‡Qb, Avwg I
Avkivd Avjx _vbex GKB g‡Zi| wK‡‘ wZwb KL‡bvB Avjvgv †ihv Lvb †eªjexi mv‡_ GKvZ¥Zv †NvlYv K‡ib wb ev KL‡bvB
Zvi MÖnY‡hvM¨Zvi K_v e‡jb wb| wZwb, Zuvi m‡„vb I AbymvwiMY Avjvgv _vbex‡K AZ¨‡„ gh©v`v cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb| Avjvgv
_vbexi wei‚‡× dvZIqvi cÖwZev‡` kvBL Avãyj nvB wmwÏKx †NvlYv K‡ib: ÒnvKxgyj D¤§Z nhiZ gvIjvbv Avkivd Avjx
_vbex (in)-†K Iiv Kv‡di e‡j! wZwb hw` Kv‡di nb Z‡e gymjgvb †K n‡e Mu¨v? wZwb hw` gymjgvb bv nb Z‡e †Zv
Dcgnv‡`‡k †KD gymjgvb bq| ï‡b †i‡L `vI, Avwg `yÕR‡bi g‡Z Pwj| GKRb n‡jb Avgvi Iqv‡j` mv‡ne †gvRv‡Ï‡`
Rvgvb (in), Avi Aci Rb n‡jb nvKxgyj D¤§Z nhiZ gvIjvbv Avkivd Avjx _vbex (in)|Ó wZwb Zuvi eo †Q‡j‡K
e‡jwQ‡jb: Òevev, AvgivI †Ìe•`x|Ó62
1. 1. 6. 5. 3. nvwhi-bvwhi I Rvj-nv`xm cÖm½
kvBLyj Bmjvg Avey eKi wmwÏKx ivm~jyj-vn  ev Ab¨ KvD‡K nvwhi-bvwhi (Dcw¯’Z I cÖZ¨¶`k©x) e‡j wek¦vm
Kiv‡K Kzdix e‡j †NvlYv K‡ib| Zuvi G gZ I Avbylw½K Ab¨vb¨ g‡Zi wei‚‡× evMgvwi wbevmx AvwjgwÏb kvn bvgK GK
e¨w³ ÒZwiK‡Z ivm~j iv‡n nKÓ bv‡g GKwU cy¯„K iPbv K‡ib| kvBL Avey eKi wmwÏKxi wb‡`©‡k Avjvgv i‚ûj Avwgb G
cy¯„‡Ki wei‚‡× ÒevMgvwii dwK‡ii †avKvfÄbÓ bv‡g GKwU cy¯„K iPbv K‡ib| mnxn nv`xm wbf©iZv I Rvj nv`xm
cÖwZ‡iv‡a gvkvBL dzidzivi Awe¯§iYxq cÖ‡Póvi GKwU bgybv G MÖ‡’wU| G MÖ‡‡’i wKQz welq GLv‡b D‡jL KiwQ|
Avjvgv i“ûj Avwgb wj‡L‡Qb: ÒeË©gv‡b †e`vwZ `‡ji †hiƒc evovevwo nBqv‡Q, Zvnv‡Z nRi‡Zi fwel¨ØvYx ¯úófv‡e
cwijw¶Z nB‡Z‡Q| nRiZ bwe () †kl hy‡M GK`j cÖeÂK wg_¨vev`x †jv‡Ki Avwef©ve nIqvi K_v ewjqv‡Qb, AweKj
ZvnvB NwUqv‡Q| G¶‡Y ZwiK‡Z imyj iv‡n nK bvgK GKLvwb cy¯„K †`wLqv AevK nBjvg, evMgvix wbevmx AvwjgwÏb kvn
bvgK GKRb AcwiwPZ †jvK ‡KvivY I nvw`Q aesm Kivi evmbvq D³ evZxj cy¯„K iPbv Kwiqv‡Q| †jLK bMY¨ nBqvI
GKRb †`kgvb¨ Av‡jgKz‡ji wk‡ivgwY Ges ZvcmKz‡ji ‡M․ie i‡Z‣i (dzidzivi cxi Avey eKi wmwÏKxi) Dci Ah_v
†`vlv‡ivc Kwiqv wb‡Ri a„óZv cÖKvk Kwiqv‡Q| †jL‡Ki we`¨vi †`․o GZ †h, KZK¸wj Rvj ev Ag~jK nvw`m wjwLqv cy¯„‡Ki
K‡jei e„w× Kwiqv‡Q|
†jLK GB cy¯„‡Ki cÖ_g c„ôvq ( ) (Zzwg bv n‡j b‡fvgÊjx m„wó KiZvg bv)- GB K_vwU
nvw`m ewjqv D‡jL Kwiqv‡Qb| wK‡‘ †gvjv Avwj Kvix ÒgIRyqv‡Z KweiÓ MÖ‡‡’i 59 c„ôvq wjwLqv‡Qb: mvMvbx ewjqv‡Qb †h,
D³ nvw`mwU Rvj| dvZvIqvq AvwRwR 1/122c„. Ò..D³ nvw`m: ÔjvIjvKv jvgv LvjvK‡Zvj AvdjvKÕ †Kvb †KZv‡e †`wL
32
bvB| dvZvIqvq Gg`vw`qv, 4/19 c„. ÒGB DwjwLZ nvw`mwU †Kvb †KZv‡e †`wL bvB, Bnv ¯úó Rvj ewjqv
AbywgZ nq|Ó
wZwb 5 c„ôvq GB K_vwU nvw`m ewjqv wjwLqv‡Qb: ( ): (†h wb‡R‡K wPbj †m Zvi
ie․‡K wPbj)| wK‡‘ Ggvg QvLvwe gvKv‡Q‡` nvmvbvi 198 c„ôvq I †gvjv AvwjKvix gIRyqv‡Z Kwei MÖ‡‡’i 59 c„m&Vvq
wjwLqv‡Qb: Ò.... ÒGe‡b Zvqwgqv ewjqv‡Qb, Dnv Rvj nvw`m| Qvgqvwb ewjqv‡Qb, Dnv nRiZ bwe ( )-Gi Kw_Z nvw`m
ewjqv cÖgvwYZ nq bvB| bvevwe e‡jb, Dnv nRiZ bwe () nB‡Z cÖgvwYZ nq bvB|
wZwb D³ cy¯„‡Ki 6 c„ôvq wb‡g‣v³ K_vwU nvw`m ewjqv cÖKvk Kwiqv‡Qb: ( )- Òhvnvi
cxi bvB Zvnvi cxi kqZvbÓ| wK‡‘ †jLK Bnv †Kvb wek¦vm‡hvM¨ nvw`‡m †`wLqv‡Qb? Bnvi mb` wK? hZ¶Y wZwb GB
nvw`‡mi mb` †ck Kwi‡Z bv cv‡ib ZZ¶Y Dnv Rvj nvw`m ewjqv MY¨ nB‡e|
†jL‡Ki we`¨vi cwigvY GZ †h, wZwb Aviwe fvlv wVK Kwiqv wjwL‡Z cv‡ib bv, wZwb D³ cy¯„‡Ki 2 c„ôvq
wjwLqv‡Qb: ( ): ÔAvwjMY g‡ib bvÕ| †h e¨w³ Aviex b‡nvwgi cvV Kwiqv‡Q, †mI ewj‡Z cv‡i †h, D³
Gevi‡Zi kã ågvZ‣K, cÖK…Z c‡¶ GBiƒc GeviZ wVK nB‡e ( )| Bnv k‡ãi wnmv‡e ejv nBj, wK‡‘ GB
kã¸wj †KvivYI b‡n Ges nvw`m b‡n| †KvivY kwi‡d Av‡Q. Òwbðq Zzwg (†n ‡gvnv¤§`) g„Z Ges wbðq ZvunvivI (cÖvPxb
bweMYI) g„Z|Ó †jL‡Ki `vweK…Z K_vwU GB Avqv‡Zi †Ljvd nBj wKbv? .....
1. 1. 6. 5. 4. bex-IjxM‡Yi wbKU mvnvh¨ cÖv_©bv wkiK
wZwb cÖ_‡g `yBUx e‡qZ wjwLqv‡Qb, cÖ_g eqZ GB: Ô‡n Avwj! Avgvi Dci Áv‡bi Øvi Lywjqv `vI, †Lv`vi Iqv‡¯„
Avgvi cv_i †`j †gvg (big) Kwiqv `vI|
†jLK GB cÖ_g Gevi‡Z nRiZ Avwj (iv)-†K g‡bvevÃv c~Y©Kvix aviYv Kwiqv Zvnvi wbKU Gjg I Ávb Pvwnqv‡Qb|
†KvivY I nvw`‡m AvjvnZvqvjv e¨ZxZ Ab¨‡K g‡bvevÃv c~Y©Kvix aviYv Kiv‡K †kiK Kv‡dix ejv nBqv‡Q| kvn Ave`yj
AvwRR †`njex Zdmx‡i AvwRwRi cÖ_g cvivi 127 c„ôvq wjwLqv‡Qb: .... ÒGK`j †gvk‡iK wec` mg~n †gvP‡bi Rb¨
Ab¨w`M‡K WvwKqv _v‡K GBiƒc DcKvi mvab D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖZ¨¶fv‡e A‡bï w`‡K i‚Ry Kiv †k‡iK|Ó
kvn AwjDj-vn †`njex mv‡ne dI‡Rvj Kwei MÖ‡‡’i 4 c„ôvq wjwLqv‡Qb: Ò‡ki‡Ki A_© GB †h, †Lv`vZvqvjvi Lvm
†QdvZ¸wj A‡bï Rb¨ mve¨¯„ Kiv, h_v (wbR) Giv`v Abyqvqx c„w_exi Kvh¨¨ cwiPvjbv Kiv BZ¨vw`|Ó
kvn iwdDwÏb mv‡ne †iQvjv‡q bRy‡ii 21 c„ôvq wjwLqv‡Qb: .... ÔKvnviI wbKU cÖZ¨¶fv‡e g‡bvevÃv c~Y© Kwi‡Z
hvPTv Kiv Ges Zvnv‡K wnZvwn‡Zi KË©v wek¦vmKiv ¯úóeo †kiK|Õ
KvwR QvbvDjv cvwbcwZ Gkiv‡`vËv‡jweb MÖ‡‡’i 18 c„ôvq wjwLqv‡Qb: Ôg„Z AvIwjqv I bweM‡Yi wbKU †`vIqv
PvIqv Rv‡qR b‡n, (Rbve) imy‡j †Lv`v () ewjqv‡Qb †`vIqv Gev`Z, Zrc‡i wZwb GB AvqvZ cvV Kwi‡jb: †Zvgv‡ì
cÖwZcvjK ewjqv‡Qb, †Zvgiv Avgvi wbKU †`vqv Ki, Avwg †Zvgv‡ì Rb¨ Keyj KwieÕ... hvnviv Avgvi Gev`Z nB‡Z
GbKvi K‡i, AwP‡i Zvnviv jvwÃZ Ae¯’vq Rvnvb‣v‡g cÖ‡ek Kwi‡eÕ| wbi¶i e¨w³iv ewjqv _v‡K, Ô†n kv‡qL Ave`yj
Kv‡ì wRjvwb wK¤^v LvRv kvgQwÏb cvwbcwZ (Avgv‡K) AvjvnZvqvjvi Rb¨ wKQy `vIÕ, Rv‡qR b‡n, †kiK I Kv‡dix
nB‡e|
AviI †Lv`vZvqvjv ewjqv‡Qb, Ôhvnviv Avjvn e¨ZxZ A‡bï wbKU †`vqv Pv‡n Zvnviv †Zvgv‡ì b¨vq ev•`v| Zvnv‡ì
wK ¶gZv Av‡Q †h KvnviI gZje c~Y© K‡i!Õ
†jLK Dc‡iv³ `jxj mg~n Abyhvqx †Kb Kv‡di nB‡eb bv? cvVK, †h †jLK cÖ_g Q‡ÎB Kv‡dwi I †gvk‡iwK gZ
cÖPvi Kwiqv‡Qb wbi¶i †jvKw`M‡K Zvnvi †KZve cvV Kiv G‡Kev‡i bvRv‡qR|
1. 1. 6. 5. 5. bex-IjxM‡Yi nvqvZ ebvg MvBex Bjg I ¶gZv
†jLK cÖ_g c„ôvq wjwLqv‡Qb: Ôdzidzivi (cxi Rbve nRiZ) gvIjvbv AveyeKi mv‡ne ewjqv _v‡Kb †h, Ô†h e¨w³
imy‡jvjvn ()-†K nv‡Ri bv‡Ri Rvwb‡e, Kv‡di nB‡eÕ, Bnv‡Z eySv hvq †h, wZwb nRi‡Zi nvqv‡Zi K_v gvb¨ K‡ib bv,
GRb¨ `x‡bi GbKviKvix nB‡jb|
DËi: bweMY, IwjMY eis cÖ‡Z¨K Bgvb`vi ev Kv‡di †Mv‡i RxweZ _v‡Kb| ..... Bnv‡Z cÖgvwYZ nBj †h, cÖ‡Z¨K
Bgvb`vi I Kv‡d‡ii i‚n †Mv‡i RxweZ _v‡K| bweMY †Mv‡i RxweZ _vwK‡j Zvnviv ‡h cÖ‡Z¨K ¯’v‡b nv‡Ri bv‡Ri _vwK‡eb,
Bnvi cÖgvY wK? kwn`MY RxweZ Av‡Qb, Zvnviv wK cÖ‡Z¨K ¯’v‡b nv‡Ri bv‡Ri nB‡eb?
kvn Ave`yj AvwRR †`njex (in) Zdwm‡i AvwRwRi 172 c„ôvq wjwLqv‡Qb: Ô†ki‡Ki we¯„vwiZ weeiY, PZz_© cÖKvi
†kiK- cxi ci¯„MY (cxi-c~RvwiMY) ewjqv _v‡K †h, †evRM© e¨w³ K‡Vvi cwikªg I mva¨ mvabvq Avjvn Zvqvjvi wbKU
evKwm× (gKey‡jv‡Ïvqv) Ges kvdvqv‡Zi †hvM¨ nBqv _v‡Kb| hLb wZwb GB c„w_ex Z¨vM K‡ib, ZLb Zvnvi i‚‡ni gnv
¶gZv I AwZwi³ cÖmviZv jvf nq| †h e¨w³ Zvnvi iƒc †aqvb K‡i, Zvnvi Dc‡ekb DÌvb ¯’vb wK¤^v †Mv‡i †mR`v I c~Y©
bgªZv K‡i, D³ cxi ü`‡qi cÖmviZv I (†`n nB‡Z) gy³ nIqvi Rb¨ D³ Ae¯’v AeMZ nb Ges `ybBqv I †Kqvg‡Z Zvnvi
m¤^‡Ü mycvwik K‡ib|
33
(kvn Iqvwj Djvn †`njexi) KI‡jvj Rwgj, 34 c„ôv: ÔAvjvn e¨ZxZ Ab¨‡K wec` D×viKË©v Rvbv GB Rb¨
wbwl× †h, g`` Kiv wZbwU †Qdv‡Zi (¸‡Yi) Dci wbf©i K‡i, cÖ_g Gjg, wØZxq KzìZ, Z…Zxq ingZ| †Kbbv †h e¨w³ A‡bï
gZje AeMZ bv nq, †m e¨w³ wKi‚‡c A‡bï mvnvh¨ Kwi‡e, Avi hw` (Dnv) AeMZ nB‡ZI cv‡i, wK‡‘ †KvìZ (¶gZv) bv
iv‡L Z‡e wKiƒ‡c g‡bvevÃv c~Y© Kwi‡e? Avi hw` Gjg I †KvìZ Dfq _v‡K, wK‡‘ ingr (`qv AbyMÖn) bv _v‡K, Z‡e wKi‚‡c
mvnvh¨ cÖKvk nB‡e| wK‡‘ D³ wZbwU welq Lvm †Lv`vZvqvjvi †QdvZ, GB Rb¨ Avjvn e¨ZxZ A‡bï wbKU g`` (wec` D×vi
I gZje c~Y©) PvIqv Rv‡qR b‡n| †Kvb †Mvi c~RvKvix ewjqv _v‡K †h, Avjvn Zvqvjv AwjMY‡K Gjg I †Kvìr `vb
Kwiqv‡Qb, Kv‡RB Zvnv‡ì wbKU g`` (wec` D×vi I gZje c~Y©) PvIqv wbwl× nB‡e †Kb? Bnvi DËi GB †h, hw` Zzwg
mZëv`x nI, Z‡e †KvivY, nvw`m wK¤^v D¤§‡Zi GRgv nB‡Z cÖgvY Ki †h, AwjM‡Yi Gjg Giƒc me․©e¨vcx †h, Zvnv‡ì wbKU
`~i wbKU nv‡Ri I Mv‡qe mgvb Ges cÖ‡Z¨K wbwg‡l mg¯„ c„w_exi (†jv‡Ki) g‡bvevÃv AeMZ _v‡Kb Ges wec` †gvP‡bi
(gykwKj †KvkvBi) ¶gZv iv‡Lb| g~j K_v, GBiƒc (`vwe) cÖgvY Kiv m¤¢eci b‡n, Kv‡RB evZxj ZK©Kvwi‡ì K_v å‚‡¶c
Kivi †hvM¨ b‡n|Ó
gvIjvbv BmnvK †`njex †gqv‡Zvj gvQv‡qj †KZv‡ei 44 c„ôvq wjwLqv‡Qb: Ô2 cÖk‣: hw` cye․©v‡`kevwmMY e‡jb, Bqv
imyjyj-vn, Bqv AvIwjqv-Ijvn wK¤^v cwðg †`mevwmMY e‡jb Bqvimyjvjvn Z‡e wK nB‡e? DËi: hw` †Kn ì‚` I Qvjvg
†cu․QvBevi Rb¨ ÔBqv ivm~jvjvnÕ e‡j, Z‡e Rv‡qR nB‡e| hw` †Kn Avjvn e¨ZxZ A‡bï m¤^‡Ü aviYv K‡i †h, G mgq Avwg
(Zvnv‡K) WwvK, wZwb ïwb‡Z cvb wK¤^v g‡bvevÃv c~Y© Kivi ¶gZv iv‡Lb, wK¤^v `ybBqvi Kvh© wbe©vn K‡ib, A_ev Avjvn Zvqvjvi
Kvh© cwiPvjbvq Askx`vi Av‡Qb, Z‡e Bnv‡Z Avjvn Zvqvjvi kwiK Kiv nB‡e| Bnv evZxj Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨B cqM¤^‡i †Lv`v ()
†cÖwiZ nBqv‡Qb| Kvnv‡KI Mv‡qwe Gj‡g, †gvZjvK †Kvì‡Z (c~Y© ¶gZvq) Ges `ybBqvi Kvh©¨ cwiPvjbvi m¤^‡Ü Avjvni mwnZ
kwiK Kiv PvB bv| Avjvn e¨ZxZ Ab¨‡K GBiƒc WvKv †Kvdi I †kiK| †Kviv‡bi AvqvZ, nvw`m I †dK‡ni †iIqvGZ Bnvi
cÖgvY| Avjvn ewjqv‡Qb, ejyb (†gvnv¤§`), Avjvn e¨ZxZ †h †Kn Avmgvb I Rwg‡b Av‡Q Mv‡qe Rv‡b bv Ges Zvnviv †Kvb
mgq RxweZ nB‡eb, Zvn Zvnviv AeMZ b‡nb| Avjvn ewjqv‡Qb, †Kvb& e¨w³ D³ †jvK A‡c¶v AwaKZi †Mvgivn (åv‡„) †h
Avjvn e¨ZxZ Giƒc e¨w³i wbKU †`vIqv Pv‡n †h, †m †KqvgZ Aewa Zvnvi DËi w`‡e bv Ges Zvnviv Bnv‡ì †`vIqv m¤^‡Ü
AbwfÁ (†e-Lei) _vwK‡e|Ó ÒZzwg Avjvn e¨ZxZ Giƒc e¯‘i wbKU †`vIqv KwiI bv †h †Zvgvi jvf Kwi‡Z cv‡i bv Ges ¶wZ
Kwi‡Z cv‡i bv| hw` Zzwg Giƒc Kvh© Ki, Z‡e Zzwg wbðq AZ¨vPvwiw`‡Mi A‡„M©Z nB‡e|Ó
gvIjvbv Ave`yj nvB jvLbex gRgyqv dvZvIqvi 1g L‡Û (327/328) c„ôvq wjwLqv‡Qb: cÖk‣: Avcbviv G wel‡q wK
e‡jb, GB †`‡ki mvaviY †jvK‡ì ¯^fve GBiƒc nBqv‡Q †h Zvnviv wec` Kv‡j `~i c_ nB‡Z bweMY wK¤^v †evRM©
AwjMY‡K g`` PvIqvi D‡Ï‡k¨ Wv‡K Ges aviYv K‡i †h, Zvnviv mg¯„ mgq nv‡Ri bv‡Ri, †h mgq Avgiv Zvnvw`M‡K
WvwK, Zvnviv AeMZ nBqv gZje c~Y© Kivi Rb¨ †`vqv K‡ib, Bnv Rv‡qR wK bv?
DËi: Dc‡iv³ Kvh¨©wU nvivg eis ¯úó †kiK, †Kbbv Bnv‡Z Avjvn Zvqvjv e¨ZxZ A‡bï Gjg Mv‡qe Rvbvi cÖwZ
wek¦vm Kiv nq, GBiƒc wek¦vm ¯úó †kiK| kwiq‡Z †ki‡Ki A_© GB †h, †Lv`vi RvZ, wK¤^v Zvnvi Lvm †mdv‡Z A_ev
Gev`‡Z Ab¨‡K Zvnvi mwnZ kwiK Kiv| Gj‡g Mv‡qe †Lv`vi Lvm †QdvZ| †dK‡n AvKe‡ii UxKvq Av‡Q, (nRiZ) bwe
() Mvq‡e (RvwZ) Rv‡bb, GBiƒc wek¦vm Kwi‡j, nvbvwdMY Zvnvi Kv‡di nIqv ¯úó dZIqv w`qv‡Qb| Dc‡iv³ (Mv‡qe
Rvbvi) aviYv †KvivY kwi‡di Avq‡Zi †Ljvd|
ev¾vwRqv Mª‡‡’ Av‡Q, Avgv‡ì Av‡jgMY ewjqv‡Qb, †h e¨w³ e‡j †h, cxiM‡Yi i‚n nv‡Ri, †jv‡Ki Ae¯’v Rv‡bb, †m
e¨w³ Kv‡di nB‡e| GBiƒc D³ dvZIqvi 361 c„ôvq I Z…Zxq L‡Ûi 5 c„ôvq wjwLZ Av‡Q| AviI wØZxq L‡Ûi 36 c„ôvq
wjwLZ Av‡Q: hw` †Kn wek¦vm K‡i †h, MI‡Q AvR‡gi Giƒc ¶gZv Av‡Q †h, hw` †Kn †Kvb ¯’vb nB‡Z Zvnv‡K Wv‡K Z‡e wZwb
Dnv ïwb‡Z cvb Ges Zvnvi Ae¯’vi w`‡K j¶¨ K‡ib Z‡e GB AvwK`v wKiƒc? DËi: GB AvwK`v †gvmjgvbM‡Yi AvwK`vi
†Ljvd eis Bnv †kiK| cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki kã cÖ‡Z¨K ¯’vb nB‡Z cÖ‡Z¨K mgq ïbv Lvm †Lv`vZvqvjvi †mdvZ, †Kvb ev•`vi g‡a¨ GB
†mdvZ bvB|Ó
nvw`‡q ev½vjv †Kvr†ev¾vgvb, MI‡Q Ìivb Rbve nRiZ gvIjvbv cxi kvn †gvn¤§` AveyeKi mv‡ne Bmjv‡gi †mB
mZ¨ gZ cÖPvi Kwiqv Bmjv‡gi gnv DcKvi mvab Kwiqv‡Qb †e`vqvwZ dwKi‡ì A‡„i‡K Zvnvi GB eRª mgvb mZ¨ c_
cÖ`k©b `»xf~Z Kwiqv †dwj‡Z‡Q| GRb¨ Zvnviv Cl©vciek nBqv Zvnvi Dci Ah_v †`vlv‡ivc Kwiqv wb‡R‡ì A‡„`v© n
wgUvB‡Z‡Q|
†jLK D³ cy¯„‡Ki 1 c„ôvq GKwU nvw`‡mi Abyev‡` wjwLqv‡Qb ÒnRiZ ewjqv‡Qb †h e¨w³ Avgv‡K †`wLqv‡Q †m
e¨w³ nK‡K (Lv`v‡K) †`wLqv‡Q|Ó †jLK D³ nvw`‡mi Rvj Abyev` Kwiqv‡Qb| Av‡kqv‡Zvj jvgqv‡Zi Z…Zxq L‡Û (628
c„ôvq), †giKv‡Zi 4_© L‡Û 536/538 c„ôvq D³ nvw`‡mi GBiƒc gg© wjwLZ Av‡Q: Ô†h e¨w³ Avgv‡K †`wLqv‡Q, mZ¨
mZ¨B Avgv‡K †`wLqv‡Q|Õ †jL‡Ki Abyev‡` eySv hvB‡Z‡Q †h, nRiZ‡K †`wL‡j †Lv`vZvqvjv‡K †`Lv nB‡e, †Lv`vZvqvjv
nv‡Ri bv‡Ri Kv‡RB nRiZI nv‡Ri bv‡Ri| Bnv‡Z wZwb wn•`y‡ì b¨vq nRiZ‡K †Lv`vi AeZvi eywSqv‡Qb| †Kvb Av‡jg
GBiƒc Kv‡dwi gZ aviY Kwi‡Z cv‡ib bv|
34
nRiZ ()-†K ¯^‡c‣ †`wL‡j, Zvnvi nv‡Ri bv‡Ri nIqv cÖgvwYZ nq bv| †j‡K ¯^c‣ †hv‡M g°v I gw`bv
kwid‡K †`wLqv _v‡K, Zvnv‡Z wK g°v I gw`bv kwid nv‡Ri bv‡Ri nB‡e? gaëË©x cÏ©v DwVqv hvIqvq †jv‡K ¯^‡c‣i ev
Kvk‡di Øvivq `~iw¯’Z e¯‘ ‡`wL‡Z cvq| Rbve nRiZ bwe () m~h©¨ MÖn‡bi mgq †e‡nkZ, †`vRL †`wLqvwQ‡jb| †gkKvZ
129 c„ôv `ªóe¨| nRiZ Igvi (iv) gw`bv kwi‡di gQwR‡` †Lvrev cvV Kv‡j we‡`‡ki Qvwiqv bvgK †mbvcwZi hy‡×i Ae¯’v
`k©b Kwiqv wQ‡jb| †gkKvZ 546 c„ôv| Bnv‡Z wK †e‡nkZ †`vRL I bvnvqv•` kni nv‡Ri I bv‡Ri nB‡e?
†jL‡Ki †jLvq eySv hvq †h, nRiZ ()-†K nv‡Ri bv‡Ri bv Rvwb‡j Zvnvi †imvjvZ A¯^xKvi Kiv nq, GRb¨ Ôgi`y`
jvI¤§wZÕ nB‡Z nq! wK‡‘ †iQvj‡Zi A_© wK nv‡Ri bv‡Ri Rvbv †h, Zvnv‡K nv‡Ri bv‡Ri bv Rvwb‡j Zvnvi †iQvjvZ ¯^xKvi Kiv
nB‡e? Ab¨vb¨ cqM¤îY‡K †jLK nv‡Ri bv‡Ri Rv‡bb bv, Bnv‡Z wK Zvnv‡ì †iQvjZ A¯^xKvi Kiv nB‡e? Dc‡iv³ weei‡Y
cÖgvwYZ nq †h, †h e¨w³ nRiZ ()-†K nv‡Ri bv‡Ri Rv‡b †m e¨w³ gi`y` I D¤§Z nB‡Z LvwiR nB‡e|Ó ....63
evMgvwii dwK‡ii †avKvfÄb cyw¯„Kv †_‡K D×„Z Avjvgv i‚ûj Avwg‡bi e³e¨ GLv‡bB †kl| gxjv`-wKqv‡gi •eaZvi
wel‡q Avjvgv i‚ûj Avwg‡bi GKwU en‡mi weeiY msKwjZ n‡q‡Q ÒwmivRM‡Äi evnvQÓ bvgK MÖ‡‡’| G evnv‡Q wZwb
†Rviv‡jvfv‡e wgjv`-wKqv‡gi •eaZvi wel‡q `wjj-cÖgvY †ck K‡ib| Zuvi e³‡eï cÖvmw½K wKQz Ask D×„Z KiwQ|
1. 1. 6. 5. 6. gxjv‡` `xbx Av‡jvPbvB g~j Bev`Z, c×wZ bq
Avjvgv i“ûj Avwgb e‡jb: G¶‡Y †g․jy` m¤^‡Ü Av‡jvPbv Kiv hvDK| G‡`‡k wgjv` Dcj‡¶ nRi‡Zi Rb¥e„Ëv‡„,
Zuvnvi wQbv PvK, evj¨-Rxe‡bi NUbvejx, gvÕ†RRv, †givR I Av‡Liv‡Z D¤§‡Zi kvdvqvZ BZ¨vwì K_v ejv nBqv _v‡K| hw`
†KvivY Ges Qwnn ev MÖnY‡hvM¨ nvw`Q Øviv GB mg¯„ welq eY©bv Kiv nq, Z‡e GB wgjv` cvV AweKj †KvivY I nvw`Q cv‡Vi
Zzj¨ nB‡e; Bnv‡K †Kvb Av‡jg †e`qvZ ewj‡Z cv‡ib bv| KviY hw` Bnv †e`qvZ nq, Z‡e †Kvib nvw`Q cvVI †e`qvZ
nBqv hvB‡e| ... Dc‡iv³ AvqvZ I nvw`Q mg~‡n nRi‡Zi wgjv‡ì K_v cÖgvY nBj| g~j K_v GB †h, †Kvivb I nvw`‡Q
Dwj-wLZ K_v¸wj wgjv` Kv‡j cvV Kiv nB‡j †Kvb Av‡jg Bnvi Dci GbKvi Kwi‡Z cv‡ib bv| Aek¨ Rvj nvw`m I gIRy
†iIqvGZ cvV Kiv bvRv‡qR| GBiƒc Rvj †iIqvGZ ev` w`qv Qwnn Qwnn& nvw`Q cvV Kiv Avek¨K| ....
wgjv‡ì gRwj‡m ì‚` cvV Kiv Rv‡qR| nvw`Q kwi‡d Av‡Q: †h †Kvb `j gRwj‡k ewmqv AvjvnZvqvjvi †RKi
bv K‡i Ges Zvnv‡ì bwei Dci ì‚` bv c‡o, Zvnv‡ì c‡¶ cwiZvc nB‡e| hw` Avjvn B‛Qv K‡ib, Z‡e Zvnvw`M‡K
kvw¯„ w`‡eb; Avi hw` B‛Qv K‡ib, Z‡e Zvnvw`M‡K gvd Kwi‡eb| .... Dc‡iv³ nvw`‡Q Iqv‡R I wgjv‡` gRwj‡k ì‚`
kwid cov I Ges Avj-vnZvqvjvi bvg D‛PviY Kiv Ri‚wi eySv hvq| ..... ì‚` kwid Pz‡c Pz‡c cov Rv†qR Ges Aí Aí
AvIqv‡R covI Rv‡qR|
†KviAvb I Qwnn nvw`Q DØ„Z Kwiqv †h wgjv` cvV Kiv nq, Dnv AweKj †KviAvb nvw`Q cvV Kiv nB‡e| ...
wgjv‡ì †Kqvg eû msL¨K Ggvg I weØvb †gv¯„vnve ewjqv‡Qb| ....
QvÎw`M‡K `xwb Gj&g wk¶v †Ìqvi Rb¨ gv`ªvmv M„n cÖ¯‘Z Kiv, †Pqvi †e‡Âi Dci wk¶K I QvÎw`‡Mi ewmqv covb ev
cov, m¤§y‡L GKLvbv †Uwej ivLv, QvÎw`‡Mi wbKU nB‡Z †eZb jIqv, wk¶KM‡Yi †eZb jIqv, K¬vm wefvM Kiv, Gg‡Znvb
jIqv, cyi¯‥vi †Ìqv, GB mg¯„B byZb Kvh©¨; Aek¨ †e`qv‡Z nvQvbv, GBiƒc wk¶v †Ìqv, †iIqvwR Zvwjg, Bnv‡K gvIjvbv
Ave`yi ingvb Qv‡ne bvRv‡qR ewj‡eb wK bv? Avwg ewj, hw` †Kvb †iIqvwR Kvh©¨ kwiqv‡Zi cwi‡cvlK nq, Z‡e †e`qv‡Z
nvQvb nB‡e, Dnv bvRv‡qR nB‡Z cv‡i bv|
1. 1. 6. 5. 7. gxjv` gvnwd‡ji Rvj nv`xm
wgjv` kwi‡d gIRy (Rvj) nvw`Q ev †iIqvGZ D‡jL Kiv bvRv‡qR, Bnv Avwg Kj¨ mfvq cÖKvk KwiqvwQ|
ÔjvIjvKv jvgv LvjvK‡Zvj AvdjvKÕ K_vUx nvw`m bq| gvIjvbv kvn Avãyj AvwRR †`njex I gvIjvbv Avkivd Avwj
Qv‡ne wbR wbR d‡Zvqvi †KZv‡e wjwLqv‡Qb †h, GB K_vwU †Kvb nvw`‡Qi †KZv‡e `„wó‡MvPi nq bvB|
AvKvkvi (ivm~jjy v- n  †_‡K DKvkvi cÖwZ‡kva †bIqvi) K_v Rvj mZ¨, Bnv IQy‡j †RviRvwbqv wUKvq Av‡Q| ...
DÏy© wgjv` kwi‡di †KZv‡e KZK¸wj Rvj K_v Av‡Q, Dnv cvV Kiv Rv‡qR b‡n, wK‡‘ ZvB ewjqv g~j wgjv` kwid‡K
bvRv‡qR ejv hvB‡Z cv‡i bv| hw` RvbvRv bvgv‡Ri mgq ev jvk `vdb Kivi mgq ¯¿x‡jv‡Kiv D‣‛Pt¯^‡i †iv`b Kwi‡Z
Kwi‡Z m‡½ hvq, Z‡e wK RvbvRv ev `vdb Z¨vM Kwi‡Z nB‡e bv ¯¿x‡jv‡Ki †iv`b eÜ Kivi †Póv Kwi‡Z nB‡e? GBiƒc
b¨vqcivqb Av‡jgw`M‡K gRwj‡m Rvj †iIqvGZ ¸wj D‡jL Kwiq wgjv` cvVKvix gybkxw`M‡K AeMZ KivBqv Zrmg¯„
wgjv` Kv‡j D‡jL Kwi‡Z wb‡la Kwi‡Z nB‡e, wK‡‘ Zvnv bv Kwiqv g~j wgjv` kwid‡K †e`vqvZ ev bvRv‡qR ewjqv D‡jL
Kiv KLbI m½Z nB‡Z cv‡i bv|
Rvj †iIqvGZ D‡jL Kiv †Kej wgjv` cvV Kv‡j †h bvRv‡qR Zvnv b‡n, eis IqvR eY©bvKvwi †g․jwe Av‡jgMY
Ô†`viv‡Zvbv‡Qwnb †KZv‡eiÕ †iIqvGZ¸wj D‡jL Kwiqv IqvR Kwiqv _v‡Kb D³ †KZv‡ei A‡bK †iIqvGZ Rvj ev
Ag~jK| G‡¶‡Î wK IqvR bwQnZ Kiv bvRv‡qR ewj‡Z nB‡e, bv Rvj †iIqvGZ ¸wj D‡jL Kiv bvRv‡qR ewj‡Z nB‡e?
35
1. 1. 6. 5. 8. nv`xm-MÖš’mg~‡n we`¨gvb Rvj nv`xm
AviI GKwU K_v, gybkx †jv‡Kiv Qwnn ev Rvj †iIqvGZ cix¶v Kwi‡Z wKiƒ‡c cvwi‡eb? Bnv AwZ KwVb e¨vcvi|
Rvj nvw`Q Kvnv‡K e‡j? †h nvw`QUv wg_¨vev`x †jvK KË…©K Kw_Z nBqv‡Q| Dnv‡K Rvj nvw`Q ejv nq| Ggvg Ge‡bv-
nvRvi Av¯‥vjvwb dZ‡nvj evwii †gvKÏgvi wjwLqv‡Qb †h, Qwnn †evLvwii KZK¸wj Giƒc ivwe Av‡Q hvnvw`M‡K we×vb&¸b
wg_¨vev`x w¯’i Kwiqv‡Qb| Ggvg †evLvwi, bvBg †e‡b nv¤§v` ( ) nB‡Z Qwnn †evLvwi‡Z GB nvw`QUv D‡&jL
Kwiqv‡Qb: Avgi †e‡b gqgyb ewjqv‡Qb, Avwg Rv‡nwjq‡Zi mgq GKwU evbi‡K †`wLqvwQjvg †h, †mB evbiUv e¨vwfPvi
(†Rbv) KwivwQj Ges mg¯„ evbi mg‡eZfv‡e D³ evbi‡K cÖ¯„ivNvZ KwiqvwQj| Bnv‡Z AvwgI Zvnv‡ì mwnZ Dnv‡K cÖ¯„
ivNvZ KwiqvwQjvg| Avng`x †cÖ‡m gyw`ªZ Qwnn ‡evLvwi, 1-543 c„óv `ªóe¨|
Ggvg †evLvwi GB nvw`QwU D‡j-L KiZt eb¨ cïi †Rbv I Dnv‡ì Dci n` Rvwi Kivi gZ mg_©b Kwiqv‡Qb| wK‡‘
Bnv bBg †e‡b nv¤§v‡ì Rvj K_v|
wgRv‡bvj-G‡Z`vj, 3-241 c„ôv: (Ggvg) AvRw` ewjqv‡Qb †h, bBg †e‡b nv¤§v` nvw`Q cÖ¯‘Z KwiZ Ges (Ggvg Avey
nvwbdv) †bvgv‡bi Acev‡ì D‡Ï‡k¨ wg_¨v Mí cÖ¯‘Z KwiZ| GB bBg eY©bv Kwiqv‡Q †h, †Lv`vZvqvjv GKwU hye‡Ki b¨vq
AvK…wZ-avix, Zuvnvi c`Øq meyR i‡½i dj‡K Av‡Q Ges Dnv‡Z mye‡Y©i `~Lvbv cv`y&Kv (RyZv) Av‡Q|
Ggvg †evLvwi †gvnv¤§` †e‡b Zvjnvi ( ) nvw`Q MÖnY Kwiqv‡Qb| Ggvg Ge‡bv nvRvi
†gvKvÏgvi 525 c„ôvq wjwLqv‡Qb: Ò‡jv‡K (†gvnv‡ÏQMY) †hb Zv‡K wg_¨vev`x aviYv Kwi‡Zb|Ó Avi wZwb IQvG` †e‡b
Rv‡q‡ì ( ) nv`xm MÖnY Kwiqv‡Qb, wK‡‘ D³ †gvKÏgvi 453 c„ôvq wjwLZ Av‡Q †h, (Ggvg) bvQvwq
Zvnv‡K cwiZ¨³ I (Ggvg) Ge‡bv gvBb Zvnv‡K Rvj nvw`Q cÖ¯‘ZKvix ewjqv D‡jL Kwiqv‡Qb| g~j K_v, GZ eo
†gvnv‡ÏQ Ggvg †evLvwi ¯’v‡b ¯’v‡b wg_vev`x †jv‡Ki Rvj nvw`Q ARvwbZ fv‡e D‡jL Kwiqv Dnv mZ¨ nvw`Q ewjqv aviYv
Kwiqv‡Qb|
(Avj-vgv Avãyj nvB jvLbex iwPZ) AvR‡evqv dv‡Rjv 45-46 c„ôv: Ge‡bv gvRvi g‡a¨ KZK¸wj Rvj nvw`Q Av‡Q|
GBiƒc †Qnvn-‡QË¡vi Ab¨vb¨ †KZve¸wji Ae¯’v Abygvb Ki‚b| †Qvbv‡b `vi‚Kzrwb I †Qvbv‡b eqnwK BZ¨vw`‡Z A‡bK Rvj
nvw`Q Av‡Q|
G¶‡b Rvj nvw`Q¸wji AmviZv cÖKvk Kwi‡Z nB‡e, bv nvw`‡Qi †KZve¸wj cov GKev‡i bvRv‡qR ewjqv †NvlYv
Kwi‡Z nB‡e|
1. 1. 6. 5. 9. Zvdmxi-MÖš’mg~‡n we`¨gvb Rvj nv`xm
G¶‡Y Avmyb ZdwQi¸wji g‡a¨ Rvj nvw`Q Av‡Q wK Zvnvi mgv‡jvPbv Kiv nDK| ZdwQ‡i Ge‡bv Rwii I ZdwQ‡i
Ge‡bv KwQi AwZ DrK…ô ZdwQi, GB `yB ZdwQ‡ii nvw`¸wj MÖn‡Yi Dchy³| ZØ¨Zx‡Z Ab¨vb¨ ZdwQ‡i A‡bK Rvj nvw`Q
Av‡Q, (Bgvg dLi‚Ïxb ivhxi iwPZ) ZdwQ‡i Kwe‡ii 1/34 c„ôvq ( )- (†`vqv` D‛PviYKvix‡ì g‡a¨
AvwgB me‡P‡q †ewk evK-‡m․•`‡h©i AwaKvix)- GB K_vwU nvw`Q ewjqv wjwLZ Av‡Q, wK‡‘ Bnvi †Kvb Qb` ev g~j nvw`‡Qi
†KZv‡e bvB| ZgB‡Rvj Kvjvg †gbvj LweQ 40 c„ôv `ªóe¨|
ZdwQ‡i Avngwì 27 c„ôvq Qyiv †R‡bi ZdwQ‡i GB g‡¤§©i GKwU nvw`Q Av‡Q: ÔgQwR‡` `ybBqvi K_v ewj‡j Pwjk
erm‡ii Avgj (Gev`Z) bó nBqv hvq|Ó Bnv‡K nvw`Q ewjqv D‡jL Kiv nBqv‡Q, wK‡‘ gIRyqv‡Z Kwe‡ii 69 c„ôvq Dnv‡K
Rvj nvw`m ejv nBqv‡Q|
GBiƒc ZdwQi eqRwe I Kvk¨v‡d cÖ‡Z¨K Qyivi †klvs‡k †h Qyivi dwRjZ †jLv Av‡Q, Zvnvi AwaKvsk Rvj nvw`Q|
G‡¶‡Î Rvj nvw`Q¸wj Rvj eywS‡Z ev Rvj ewjqv cÖKvk Kwi‡Z nB‡e, ZvB ewjqv wK ZdwQi cvV bvRv‡qR ewjqv
cÖKvk Kwi‡Z nB‡e?
GBiƒc †dK‡ni †KZv‡e `yB PviwU Rvj nvw`Q Av‡Q, †n`vqv †KZv‡e `yB GKwU Rvj nvw`Q Av‡Q| G‡¶‡Î wk¶‡Kiv
†n`vqv wk¶v †Ìqv Kv‡j Rvj nvw`Q ¸wji Ae¯’v wkl¨w`M‡K ÁvZ KivBqv w`‡eb, BnvB Zvnv‡ì KË©e¨| †dK‡ni
†KZv‡e `yB PvwiwU Rvj nvw`Q Av‡Q ewjqv wK †dKn wk¶v Kiv wb‡la nBqv hvB‡e?
1. 1. 6. 5. 10. ZvmvDd-MÖš’mg~‡n we`¨gvb Rvj nv`xm
GBiƒc ZvQvIqv‡di †KZv‡e A‡bK Rvj nvw`Q Av‡Q, cxivb cxi Qv‡ne ¸bBqv‡ZvËv‡jweb †KZv‡ei 145-146 c„ôvq
bBg ‡e‡b nv¤§‡ì Qb‡` wb‡g‣v³ Rvj nvw`QwU D‡jL Kwiqv‡Qb: ÔnRiZ ewjqv‡Qb Avgvi D¤§Z 73 †diKv nB‡e, Z¤§‡a¨
Avgvi D¤§‡Zi g‡a¨ cÖavb weåvUKvix Dnviv nB‡e- hvnviv Avcb Avcb iv‡q Kvh©¨mgy‡n †KqvQ Kwi‡e Ges nvjvj‡K nvivg
Kwi‡e I nvivg‡K nvjvj Kwi‡e| wgRv‡bvj-G‡Z`vj 3|238c„ôv: ... †gvnv¤§` †e‡b Avwj e‡jb, Avwg D³ nvw`Q m¤^‡Ü
(Ggvg) GnBqv †e‡b gB‡bi wbKU wRÁvmv KwiqvwQjvg Bnv‡Z wZwb ewjqvwQ‡jb, D³ nvw`‡Qi †Kvb g~j bvB (A_©vr Dnv
evZxj nvw`Q)|
GBiƒc cxivb cx‡ii Ô†Q‡i©vj AvQiviÕ †KZv‡ei 2/9 c„ôvq Av‡Q: ÒAvwg †L`v‡K `vwonxb hye‡Ki AvK…wZ‡Z
†`wLqvwQ|Ó Bnv‡K nvw`Q ewjqv D‡jL Kiv nBqv‡Q| wK‡‘ wgRv‡bvj G‡Z`vj †KZv‡e Bnv‡K Rvj K_v ewjqv cÖgvY Kiv
36
nBqv‡Q| GBiƒc ZvQvIqv‡di A‡bK †KZv‡e `yB PviwU Rvj nvw`Q †`wL‡Z cvIqv hvq, G‡¶‡Î ZvQvIqv‡di
†KZve cov bvRv‡qR nB‡e wK?...Ó64
1. 1. 6. 5. 11. mvgwMÖK ch©v‡jvPbv
Avjvgv i‚ûj Avwg‡bi G e³e¨ Ges gvkvBL dzidzivi e³e¨ †_‡K cÖZxqgvb nq †h, gxjv` wel‡q Zuv‡ì `„wófw½ myb‣vZ-
‡Kw•`ªK wQj| myb‣v‡Zi Av‡jv‡K gxjv‡ì g~j Bev`Z KziAvb-nv`xm Av‡jvPbv Kiv, kªeY Kiv, Iqvh-bmxnZ, ì‚`-mvjvg cvV
BZ¨vw`| G¸wj myb‣vZ wb‡`©wkZ ¸i‚Z¡c~Y© Bev`Z| G mKj Bev`Z †h †Kv‡bv bv‡g ev c×wZ‡Z cvjb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| gvkvBL
dzidzivi e³e¨ †_‡K cÖZxqgvb nq †h, Zuviv Giƒc `„wófw½i wfwË‡ZB gxjv`-wKqvg Rv‡qh I gymZvnmvb ev fvj e‡j MY¨
K‡i‡Qb| Zuv‡ì K_vi Av‡jv‡K eySv hvq AweKj ivm~jyjvn () I mvnvexM‡Yi myb‣vZ gZ †mvgevi wmqvg cvjb K‡i gxjv`
cvjbB m‡e©vËg Ges Zuv‡ìB c×wZ‡Z Bjg, Iqvh, mxivZ, kvgvBj BZ¨vwì gvRwj‡m KziAvb-nv`xm I mxivZ-kvgvBj
Av‡jvPbv Kivi g‡a¨ Zuv‡ìB gZ gne․‡Z, g„`y k‡ã ì‚`-mvjvg cvV KivB gxjv‡ì m‡e©vËg c×wZ| myb‣v‡Zi e¨wZµg c×wZ
A‣ea bq| Z‡e myb‣v‡Zi e¨wZµg c×wZ‡K myb‣v‡Zi †P‡q DËg g‡b Ki‡j ev Bev`‡Zi Ask g‡b Ki‡j Zv‡Z ivm~jyjvn  I
mvnvexM‡Yi myb‣vZ‡K AeÁv Kiv nq|
†hgb gv`ªvmvi †¶‡Î g~j Bev`Z Bjg wk¶v Kiv I wk¶v †Ìqv| GwU KziAvb-mybv‣ n wb‡`©wkZ ¸i‚Z¡c~Y© Bev`Z|
gmwR‡`, myd&dvq ev `vi‚j AviKv‡gi gZ †Kv‡bv evwo‡Z e‡m AweKj ivm~jyjvn  I mvnvex‡ì c×wZ‡Z Giƒc Bjg PP©v
Kiv m‡e©vËg| wK‡‘ wk¶v_©x‡ì myweavi Rb¨ bZzb wKQz c×wZ G‡¶‡Î Pvjy Kiv n‡q‡Q| †hgb, †Pqvi †e‡Âi Dci wk¶K I
QvÎw`‡Mi e‡m covb ev cov, m¤§y‡L GKLvbv †Uwej ivLv, K¬vm wefvM Kiv, Gg‡Znvb jIqv BZ¨vw`|
G mKj c×wZ †Kv‡bvwUB A‣ea bq| mybv‣ ‡Zi e¨wZµg e‡j G¸wj‡K A‣ea ev weÀvZ e‡j MY¨ Kivi †Kv‡bv wfwË
†bB| Avevi G¸wj‡K `xb ev Bev`‡Zi Ask g‡b KiviI †Kv‡bv wfwË †bB| †KD hw` g‡b K‡ib †h, D¯„v‡ì mvg‡b †Uwej
ivLvi Kvi‡Y, †e‡Âi Dci emvi Kvi‡Y, cix¶v ev BgwZnv‡bi Kvi‡Y ev mybv‣ Z-ewnf©yZ †Kv‡bv wba©vwiZ wm‡jevm ev c×wZi
Kvi‡Y Bjg wk¶vi mvIqve-eiKZ †ewk nq, Giƒc c×wZ ev` w`‡j Bev`Z, fw³ ev eiKZ Kg n‡e, ev †Mvbvn n‡e Zvn‡j
Zv AvcwËKi I Òmybv‣ Z-AcQ•`Ó Kiv e‡j MY¨ n‡e| Giƒc aviYvB weÀvZ ev weÀvZ mvB‡qqvn ch©v‡qi| Avi hw`
c×wZ‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY e‡j MY¨ K‡i g~j Bev`‡Zi w`‡K j¶¨ ivLv nq Zvn‡j c×wZ‡K weÀvZ ejvi †Kv‡bv my‡hvM
†bB|
GLv‡b g~j n‡jv cÖvmw½K Bev`Z cvjb, c×wZ bq| Avi GRb¨B gvkvBL dzidziv gxjv`-wKqvg A‣ea ejvi
we‡ivwaZv Ki‡jI gxjv`-wKqvg bv Kivi we‡ivwaZv K‡ib wb| hviv gxjv`-wKqvg K‡ib wb Ges hviv Gi we‡ivwaZv K‡i‡Qb
Zuv‡ì‡K Zuviv Mvwj †`b wb| Dci‡‘ Zv‡ì‡K AbymiYxq e¨w³Z¡ wn‡m‡e †NvlYv K‡i‡Qb| c¶v‡„‡i hviv gxjv`-wKqvg
K‡i‡Qb, wK‡‘ G wb‡q `jv`wj ev SMov-wdZbv K‡i‡Qb, G‡K mywb‣q‡Zi wfwË e‡j MY¨ K‡i‡Qb, ivm~jyjvn -‡K nvwhi-
bvwhi, Avwjgyj-MvBe BZ¨vw` e‡j `vwe K‡i‡Qb, G Dcj‡¶¨ Rvj-evwZj nv`xm I Mí-Kvwnbx Av‡jvPbv K‡ib Zv‡ì
K‡Vvi cÖwZev` K‡i‡Qb|
1. 1. 6. 6. K`g-eywm
gvkvBL dzidzivi mybv‣ Z-wbf©iZv I Rvj nv`xm we‡ivwaZvi welqwU cÖwZfvZ nq K`g-eywm wel‡q Zuv‡ì
`„wófw½‡Z|65 ÒZvwnq¨vnÓ ev kª×v-Ávcb wel‡q mybv‣ Z n‡jv mvjvg I gymvdvnv| n¯„Pz¤^b I KcvjPy¤^b ivm~jyj-vn  I
mvnvexM‡Yi g‡a¨ mxwgZ ch©v‡q cÖPwjZ wQj| Z‡e G¸wji †Kv‡bv dhxjZ mnxn nv`x‡m ewY©Z nq wb| g~jZ ivm~jyjvn 
Zuvi D¤§vZ‡K mvjvg-gymvdvnv wk¶v w`‡q‡Qb I Gi Adzi‡„ mvIqve I eiK‡Zi K_v D‡jL K‡i‡Qb|
K`g-eywQ ev K`g-gywQ ej‡Z eySv‡bv nq kª×v Rvbv‡Z Kv‡iv cv‡q Pzgy LvIqv, cv‡q nvZ w`‡q nv‡Z Pzgy LvIqv ev nvZ
w`‡q cv ¯úl© Kiv| ivm~jjy v- n  I mvnvexM‡Yi hy‡M G ixwZ cÖPwjZ wQj bv| ivm~jyj-vn  -Gi ìev‡i Zuvi 23 erm‡ii
beyqZx wR‡•`wM‡Z Zuvi j¶vwaK mvnvexi †KD †KD `yB GKevi G‡m‡Qb Ges †KD †KD mnm&ªvwaKevi G‡m‡Qb| GmKj
†¶‡Î Zuv‡ì mybv‣ Z wQj mvjvg cÖ`vb| KL‡bv KL‡bv †`Lv n‡j Zuviv mvjv‡gi c‡i nvZ wgwj‡q‡Qb, ev gymvdvnv K‡i‡Qb|
`yÕGKwU †¶‡Î Zuviv GKRb Av‡iK R‡bi nv‡Z ev Kcv‡j Pzgy †L‡q‡Qb ev †KvjvKzwj K‡i‡Qb|
hqxd ev Awbf©i‡hvM¨ K‡qKwU e¨wZµgagx© NUbvq †`Lv hvq †KD ivm~jyjvn  -Gi cv‡q Pzgy †L‡q‡Qb| ivm~jyjvn
 23 erm‡ii beyqZx wR‡•`wM‡Z j¶ gvby‡li AMwYZevi AvMg‡bi NUbvi g‡a¨ gvÎ 4/5wU NUbv ewY©Z n‡q‡Q| †m
eY©bv¸wj cÖvq meB hqxd ev `ye©j I Awbf©i‡hvM¨| G mKj NUbvq †Kv‡bv mycwiwPZ mvnvex Zuvi c`Pz¤^b K‡ibwb, K‡i‡Qb
bZzb Bmjvg MÖnY Ki‡Z Avmv K‡qKRb †e`yCb ev Bûw`, hviv ìev‡i _v‡Kwb ev ìev‡ii Avè I myb‣vZ RvbZ-bv|66
Ave~ evK&i, Dgvi, Dmgvb, Avjx, dv‡Zgv, †ejvj () I Zuv‡ì g‡Zv AMwYZ cÖ_g KvZv‡ii kZ kZ mvnvex
37
cÖ‡Z¨‡K 23 erm‡i Kgc‡¶ 10 nvRvi evi Zuvi ìev‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i‡Qb| wK‡‘ †KD KL‡bv GKeviI Zuvi K`g
gyevi‡K Pzgy Lvbwb ev †mLv‡b nvZ †i‡L †mB nv‡Z Pzgy Lvbwb| Kv‡RB Dc‡iv³ 3/4wU e¨wZµg NUbvi Av‡jv‡K eo‡Rvi
cv‡q Pzgy LvIqv ÔRv‡qhÕ ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi we‡kl †¶‡Î Av‡e‡Mi d‡j ev ¶gv PvIqvi Rb¨ hw` †KD
Kv‡iv cv Rwo‡q a‡i ev cv‡q Pzgy Lvq Zv bv-Rv‡qh n‡e bv| Z‡e Zv mybv‣ Z bq Ges Zv‡Z †Kv‡bv we‡kl mvIqve ev
dhxjZI †bB| m‡e©vcwi Zv ÒAwaK AvèÓ cÖKvkK bq; KviY ÒK`g-eywQÓ bv Ki‡j hw` Avè Kg nq Zvn‡j †Zv eyS‡Z
n‡e Lyjvdv‡q iv‡k`xb, Avkviv‡q gyevk&kviv, bex-cwievi I mvnvexMY mK‡jB Kg Avè wQ‡jb, ïay G mKj KwZcq A-
gymwjg ev bI-gymwjgB †ewk Avè K‡i‡Qb|
gvkvBL dzidziv Giƒc `„wófw½B †cvlY Ki‡Zb| Zuviv ÒK`geymxÓ Rv‡qh ej‡Zb, Avevi Zv wbi‚rmwnZ Ki‡Zb I
evav w`‡Zb| G wel‡q Zuv‡ì A‡bK K_v I Kg© cÖwm× i‡q‡Q| dzidzivi cxi kvBL Avey eKi wmwÏKxi wb‡`©‡k Avjvgv
i‚ûj Avwgb ÒGRnv‡ivj nK ev K`geyQi d‡Zvqvi mgv‡jvPbvÓ bv‡g GKwU cy¯„K iPbv K‡ib| GLv‡b D³ MÖ‡‡’i wKQz
cÖvmw½K D×„wZ cÖ`vb KiwQ|
Avjvgv i“ûj Avwgb wj‡L‡Qb: eË©gv‡b K`geywQi d‡Zvqv bv‡g GKLvbv cy¯„K e½-fvlvq gyw`ªZ nBqv‡Q, ... D³
drIqv‡Z KZK¸wj Rvj nvw`Q nRi‡Zi Qwnn nvw`Q ewjqv D‡jL Kiv nBqv‡Q, Ag~jK cÖk‣ Kwiqv Dnvi DËi w`‡Z
mva¨mvabv Kiv nBqv‡Q, †dK&‡ni KZK evZxj †iIqvGZ Bnv‡Z wjwLZ nBqv‡Q, †dK&‡ni Gevi‡Zi mwnZ GKUx Gevi‡Zi
Rvjgg© cÖKvk Kiv nBqv‡Q, ....
1. 1. 6. 6. 1. fÊ m~dxM‡Yi Kg©Kv‡Êi cÖwZev‡ì cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
†jLK mv‡ne D³ cy¯—‡Ki 4 c„ôvq wjwLqv‡Qb,Òhv‡q` ewj‡Z‡Q †h, †Kvb Av‡jg ev †evRM© †jv‡Ki K`geywQ Kiv
†k‡iKx Ges Kv‡dix, Ggb wK ewj‡Z‡Q, †h e`geywQ Kwi‡e Zvnvi wcQ‡b bvgvR cov hvq bv Ges Zvni RvbvRv bvgvR
†`vi¯„ bq Ges GB `jxj Dcw¯’Z K‡i †h, K`geywQ Kwi‡Z SzwK‡Z nq| Bnv‡Z †mR`vi ¯îƒc Av‡Q|Ó
Avgv‡ì DËi: ... †jLK hw` K`geywQi †k‡iK I Kv‡dwi nIqvi KwíZ cÖm½ DÌvcb bv Kwiqv cxi‡Z¡i evZxj
`vweKvixi c‡¶ †eMvbv ¯¿x‡jvK‡ì Øviv nvZ cv wUwc‡q jIqv, evZvm jIqv, •Zj gÏ©b Kwiqv jIqv Ges ¯^vgxi †L`gZ Z¨vM
KivBqv wb‡Ri †L`gZ jIqvi cÖm½ DÌvcb Kwiqv gydwZ mv‡n‡ei wbKU nB‡Z drIqv jBqv †`‡k †`‡k cÖPvi Kwi‡Zb, Z‡e
Kv‡Ri gZ KvR Kwi‡Zb| K`geywQ †k‡iK I Kv‡dix nIqvi KwíZ cÖk‣ Kwiqv gydwZ mv‡n‡ei mgq e„_v bó I Kvwj Kjg
Ab_©K e¨q Kwiqv‡Qb, Bnvi Rb¨ Avgv‡ì Av‡¶c nB‡Z‡Q|
evZxj dwK‡ii `j †RKi Kiv Kv‡j bË©b KyÏb© Kwiqv P‡cUvNv‡Z cw_‡Ki `vuZ fvw½qv w`qv _v‡K Ges Kz, Kv , û,
nv ewj‡Z ewj‡Z M„‡ni Avovi Dci DwVqv _v‡K, ¯¿x‡jv‡Kiv D‛P k‡ã †RKi Kwi‡Z Kwi‡Z Djw½bx nBqv _v‡K- cÖk‣Kvix
hw` gydwZ mv‡n‡ei wbKU nB‡Z GB wel‡qi drIqvwU jBqv PvcvBqv w`‡Zb, Z‡e eywSZvg †h, mZ¨B wZwb Bmjv‡gi wKQy
†L`gZ Kwiqv‡Qb|
evZxj †RKiKvix cyi‚l I ¯¿x‡jvKiv GB gRwj‡k ewmqv evZxj cx‡ii wbKU& d‡qR jB‡Z Avi¤¢ K‡i, cxiRx Ô†nvÕ
kã Kwiqv DwV‡j, ¯¿x‡jv‡Kiv I cyi‚‡liv bvPvbvwP, nvZvnvwZ, a¯„vaw¯„ ... VvkvVvwk Kwi‡Z _v‡K... hw` cÖk‣KvixåvZv
kvnRvnvbcy‡ii gydwZ mv‡n‡ei wbKU nB‡Z GB wel‡qi drIqvUx wRÁvmv Kwiqv †`‡k cÖKvk Kwiqv w`‡Zb, Z‡e eywSZvg
†h, wZwb GKRb Gmjv‡gi wn‣Zlx I nRi‡Zi LvwU D¤§Z|
†h fÛ cxi bKke•`xqv-†gvRv‡Ïw`qv ZwiKvi `yB GKwU QeK wk¶v Kwiqv wb‡R‡K cxi ewjqv `vex K‡i ev Zvnvi
gywi‡ìv D³ Abychy³ cxi‡K `ybBqvi †kªôZg cxi ewjqv †NvlYv Kwi‡Z KzÚv †eva K‡ib bv Ges D³ ZwiKvi wk¶v_©x
nIqvi `vex Kwiqv D‛P k‡ã †RKi Kiv Rv‡qR e‡jb, cÖk‣Kvix gydwZ mv‡n‡ei wbKU nB‡Z GBiƒc Kv‡h¨©i drIqvUx cÖPvi
Kwi‡Z j¾v †eva Kwi‡jb †Kb? G¶‡b Avgv‡ì e³e¨ GB †h, K`geywQ `yB cÖKvi: †h K`geywQ‡Z g¯„K bZ Kwi‡Z nq
bv, Dnv Rv‡qR wKbv, Bnv‡Z gZ‡f` nBqv‡Q| Avi †h K`geywP i‚Kz ev ‡QR`v cwigvY SzwKqv Kwi‡Z nq, Dnv wbwl×|
1. 1. 6. 6. 2. wZiwghxi `ye©j nv`xm I nv`xm hvPvB‡qi g~jbxwZ
D³ cy¯—‡Ki 4-6 c„ôvi msw¶ß mvi: ÒnRiZ bwe Kwig () Gi Qwn nvw`Q nB‡Z Ges cÖavb cÖavb BgvbM‡Yi
†iIqvGZ nB‡Z K`geywQ Rv‡qR _vKv cÖgvwYZ nBqv‡Q| h_v †Zi‡gwR kwi‡di (nvw`‡Q) Avwmqv‡Q: ..... AZtci Zvnviv
(wqûwìv) iQyjyj-vn () Gi c`Øq Pz¤^b KwiqvwQj|Ó
Avgv‡ì DËi:- nvu, †Zi‡gwR kix‡di 2q L‡Û (98 c„óvq) D³ nvw`QwU DwjwLZ nBqv‡Q| Ggvg †Zi‡gwR D³
nvw`Q mwnn ewj‡jI Z`‡c¶v †hvM¨Zg †gvnv‡ÏQ Ggvg bvQvwq Ges Ggvg †gvÄvwi wK ewjqv‡Qb, Zvnv gydwZ mv‡ne
†`wLqv‡Qb wK? †n`vqvi UxKv, Avqwb, 4_© LÛ, 254 c„ôv: Ò(Ggvg) bvQvqx ewjqv‡Qb, D³ nvw`QUx †gvbKvi (RBd)|
(Ggvg) †gvÄwi ewjqv‡Qb, (D³ nvw`‡mi ivwe) Ave`yjvn †e‡b Qv‡jgvi Rb¨ nvw`mUx †gvbKvi (RBd) nBqv‡Q, †Kbbv,
†m e¨w³ †`vlvw‡^Z| bvQ‡evi ivBqvn 1/32/33 c„ôv|
(Ggvg) †Zi‡gwR KwQi †e‡b Ave`yjvn nB‡Z C‡ì evi ZKexi msµv‡„ GKUx nvw`m †iIqvGZ Kwiqv Dnv ÒAvQÕnÕ
38
(mgwaK mwnn) ev nvQvb ewjqv D‡jL Kwiqv‡Qb; wK‡‘ Ggvg Avng`, Ge‡bvgBb, bvQvqx, `viKzrwb, Avey †Rviqv
kv‡dwq D³ KwQi †e‡b Ave`yjv n‡K cwiZ¨³, Rvj nvw`Q cÖ¯‘ZKvix BZ¨vw` ewjqv nvw`mwU i` Kwiqv‡Qb| AviI D³
c„ôv- mvigg©: Ò(Ggvg) Ge‡bv `vnBqv ewjqv‡Qb, †Zi‡gwRi wbR †KZv‡e A‡bK nvw`m nvQvb (ga¨g †kªYxi ev DrK…ó)
ewjqv Kw_Z nBqv‡Q, A_P Zrmg¯„ Rvj nvw`Q Ges Zrmg‡¯„i Qb` evZxj|Ó
g~jK_v, wqû`x‡ì K`geywQ msµv‡„ nvw`QwU hLb Ggvg bvQvqx I †gvÄixi g‡Z RBd, ZLb †Kej Ggvg †Zi‡gwRi
g‡Z Dnv mwnn ewjqv M„nxZ nB‡Z cv‡ibv Ges D³ RBd nvw`QwU cÖgvYiƒ‡c †ck Kiv hvB‡Z cv‡i bv|
wØZxq: wqûw`w`‡Mi kwiqZ c„_K, Zvnv‡ì kwiq‡Z Dnv Rvq‡R _vwK‡Z cv‡i| hw` Zvnviv wb‡R‡ì kwiqZ
Abyhvqx Dnv Kwiqv _v‡K Ges G Rb¨ nRiZ () Zvnw`M‡K wb‡la bv Kwiqv _v‡Kb, Z‡e Bnv gymjgvbw`‡Mi c‡¶
K`geywQ Rv‡qR nIqvi cÖgvY ¯îƒc †ck Kiv hvB‡Z cv‡i bv|
Z…Zxq: GB K`g-eywQ (c`Pz¤^b) wZb cÖKvi nB‡Z cv‡i--- cÖ_g GB †h, nRiZ bwe () D‛P¯’v‡b wQ‡jb Ges Pz&¤^bKvix
wqû`xiv wbg‣¯’‡j _vwKqv g¯„K AebZ bv Kwiqv K`geywQ KwiqvwQj| wØZxq GB †h, Kvev N‡ii nvRv‡i AvQIqv` (Kvj cv_i)
Pz¤^‡bi b¨vq n¯„ Øviv c` ¯úk© Kwiqv D³ n¯„ Pz¤^b KwiqvwQj| Z…Zxq iKz †QR`vi b¨vq g¯„K SzKvBqv c` Pz¤^b KwiqvwQj| wqû`xiv
Dc‡iv³ wZb cÖKv‡ii g‡a¨ †Kvb cÖKvi c`-Pz¤^b KwiqvwQj, Zvnv D³ nvw`‡Q ¯úófv‡e D‡jL Kiv nq bvB, Kv‡RB ... D³ Awbw`©ó
g‡¤§©i nvw`QwU g¯„K SzKvBqv K`geywQ Kivi `jxj nB‡Z cv‡i bv|
PZz_©: †gkKvZ, 401 c„óv: GK e¨w³ ewjj, Bqv iQyjvjvn, GKRb †jvK Zvnvi fvB wK¤^v eÜzi mwnZ mv¶vr K‡i, GB
e¨w³ wK Zvnvi Rb¨ g¯„K I c„ô bZ Kwi‡e? nRiZ ewj‡jb, bv| †m e¨w³ ewjj, Z‡e wK †m e¨w³ Zvnvi †gvqvbvKv Kwi‡e ev
Zvnv‡K Pz¤^b Kwi‡e? nRiZ ewj‡jb, bv| †m e¨w³ ewjj, Z‡e wK †m e¨w³ Zvnvi n¯„ awiqv †gvQvdvnv Kwi‡e? wZwb ewj‡jb:
nvu| †Zi‡gwR Bnv †iIqv‡qZ Kwiqv‡Qb| GB nvw`‡Q K`geywQ Kiv wbwl× nIqv eySv hvq| nRi‡Zi K_v (nvw`Q KIwj) I Kvh©¨
(nvw`m †dwj) GZ`yf‡qi g‡a¨ we‡iva nB‡j, nRi‡Zi K_vB AMªMb¨ nBqv _v‡K| G ¯’‡j K`geywQ bv Kivi gZ ejer nB‡e|
1. 1. 6. 6. 3. wdKnx MÖ‡š’i nv`xm hvPvB Qvov MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq
D³ cy¯—K 6 c„ôv: ÒnRiZ iQy‡j Kwig () AviI digvBqv‡Qb Ò‡h e¨w³ Avcb gv‡qi cv‡q Pzgv w`j, †m †hb
†e‡n‡¯„i †P․Kv‡V Pzgv w`j|Ó †`v‡i©vj †gvLZvi , cÂg LÛ, 242 c„ôv|
Avgv‡ì DËi: wgQwi Qvcv †`v‡ivj †gvLZv‡ii cÂg LÛ bvB| Aek¨ wgQwi Qvcv kvwg †KZv‡ei cvuP LÛ Av‡Q|
D³ kvwg †KZv‡ei nvwmqv‡Z †`v‡ivj †gvLZvi gyw`ªZ nBqv‡Q| G¯„v¤^y‡ji gyw`ªZ kvwg †KZv‡ei nvwkqvq †`v‡ivj †gvLZv‡ii
5g L‡Û 361 c„ôvi Ges wgmwi Qvcvi 5/259 c„ôvq D³ nvw`mwU webv Qb‡` DwjwLZ nBqv‡Q|
†`v‡ivj †gvLZvi BZ¨vw` †dK‡ni †KZv‡e †Kvb K_v nvw`m ewjqv wjwLZ _vwK‡jI Dnv †h cÖK…Zc‡¶ nRi‡Zi
nvw`m nB‡e Bnv ejv hvq bv| †`v‡ivj †gvLZv‡iii 1/35 c„ôvq GB K_vwU: Ô†e‡n¯„evwmw`‡Mi fvlv Aviwe Ges `wi dvwm©
nB‡eÕ- nvw`Q ewjqv wjwLZ nBqv‡Q| wK‡‘ †gvnv‡ÏQ cÖei Avjvgv †gvjv AvwjKvix gIRyqvZ Kwei †KZv‡ei 55 c„ôvq
wjwLqv‡Qb †h, Dnv nvw`m b‡n, eis Rvj K_v|
GRb¨ †Kej †dK‡ni †KZv‡e †Kvb K_v nvw`m ewjqv †jLv _vwK‡j, †`wL‡Z nB‡e †h, Dnv †Kvb wek¦vm‡hvM¨
nvw`‡mi †KZv‡e Av‡Q wKbv? Dnvi mwnn Qb` Av‡Q wK bv? hZ¶Y Bnv bv Rvbv hvq, ZZ¶Y Dnv nvw`m ewjqv `vwe Kiv
hvq bv| G¶‡Y gydwZ mv‡ne‡K wRÁvmv Kwi †h, DwjwLZ nvw`mwU †Kvb nvw`‡mi †KZv‡e Av‡Q? Dnvi Qb` wK? wZwb
hZ¶Y Dnv cÖKvk Kwi‡Z bv cv‡ib ZZ¶Y Dnv nvw`m ewjqv Mb¨ &nB‡e bv| ....
1. 1. 6. 6. 4. nvwK‡gi gymZvìvK MÖ‡š’i evwZj nv`xm
D³ cy¯—K 7/8 c„ôv: Avjvgv kvwg K`geywQ Rv‡qR nIqv mg_©b Kwi‡Z wMqv wb‡gv³ nvw`mwU nv‡K‡gi Qb‡` eY©bv
Kwiqv‡Qb| GK`v GK e¨w³ bwe Kwig ()-Gi wbKU Avwmqv ewjqvwQj, †n iQyjjy vn, Avgv‡K Ggb wKQy †`Lvb hvnv‡Z
Avgvi `yp wek¦vm nq ... (nRiZ ZvnvB Kwi‡jb)| Ae‡k‡l †m e¨w³ bwe Kwig ()-Gi AbygwZ jBqv Zvunvi g¯„‡K Ges
cv‡q Pz¤^b Kwij|
Avgv‡ì DËi: ‡n`vqvi UxKv Avqwb 4/255 c„ôv: Ggvg Rvnvex ewjqv‡Qb, GB nvw`‡mi GKRb ivwe Av‡Qg †e‡b
nve․vb cwiZ¨³ (Rvj nvw`m cÖ¯‘ZKvix)| Bnv‡Z eySv †Mj †h, nv‡K‡gi nvw`mwU evZxj| gydwZ mv‡n‡ei GBiƒc evZxj
nvw`m Øviv cÖgvY †ck Kiv wVK nq bvB Ges Dnv K`geywQ Rvq‡R nIqvi cÖgvY nB‡Z cv‡i bv|
1. 1. 6. 6. 5. mybvœ ‡Z mvnvevi wecix‡Z dvZIqv MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq
D³ cy¯—K 8 c„ôv: Avjvgv AvBwb wjwLqv‡Qb, ïf cÖvwß gvb‡m cweÎ ¯’vbmg~n Pz¤^b Ges †mB iKg †bK †jv‡Ki n¯„
c` Pz¤^b Lye fvj|
Avgv‡ì DËi: Qwnn †evLvixi UxKv Avqwbi 4/6 c„ôvq D³ GeviZ wjwLZ Av‡Q, wK‡‘ Bnv Avjvgv AvBwbi K_v b‡n,
eis †kL RqbwÏ‡bi gZ| Bwb †Kvb gRnv‡ei †jvK wQ‡jb, A‡MÖ ZvnvB w¯’i Ki‚b c‡i Zvnvi drIqv gvb¨ Kivi Dchy³
wKbv we‡ePbv Kiv hvB‡e|
GB †kL RqbwÏb Qv‡ne cvK¯’vbmg~n Pz¤^b Kivi drIqv w`qv‡Qb| nRiZ bwe () I Zvnvi mvnvevMY gvKvg
39
Beivwng, RgRg Kzc, mvdv gviIqv, wgbv, AvivdvZ BZ¨vw` †Kvb ¯’v‡b Pz¤^b K‡ib bvB, nvRv‡i AvQIqv` e¨ZxZ
†Kvb cÖ¯„i Pz¤^b K‡ib bvB| hw` cvK ¯’vb mg~n Pz¤^b Kiv Rv‡qR nBZ, Z‡e Zvunviv Kwi‡jb bv †Kb?
Avjvgv Avqwb wb‡R D³ c„ôvq wjwLqv‡Qb: Dnv‡Z cÖgvwYZ nq †h, †h cÖ¯„i ev `ªe¨¸wj Pz¤^b Kwi‡Z kwiq‡Zi Av‡`k
nq bvB, Zrmgy`q Pz¤^b Kiv wbwl×| Bnv‡Z †kL RqbwÏ‡bi gZ i` nBqv †Mj| wØZxq, wZwb K`geywQ Kivi drIqv w`‡jI
g¯„K AebwZ Kwiqv K`gPzwQ Kivi K_v †Kv_vq ewjqv‡Qb?
1. 1. 6. 6. 6. wdK‡ni MÖš’vewj‡Z we`¨gvb Rvj nv`xm
D³ cy¯—K 8 c„ôv: hvqjvqx I Kvwd †KZv‡e wjwLqv‡Qb... Avjvgv Rqjwq ZveB‡bv nvKv‡qK †KZv‡ei 6ô L‡Ûi 25
c„ôvq wjwLqv‡Qb, Kvwd †KZv‡e Av‡Q †h, cÖv‡„ievmxMY bwe () Gi n¯„c` Pz¤^b Kwi‡Zb| .... Kvwd †dK‡ni †KZve,
Dnv †Kvb nvw`‡mi †KZve b‡n, Dnv‡Z †Kvb K_v nvw`m ewjqv wjwLZ _vwK‡jB †h nvw`m nB‡e, Bnv ¯^xKvi Kiv hvB‡Z
cv‡i bv| gIRyqv‡Z Kwe‡ii 55 c„ôvq wjwLZ Av‡Q †h, Kvwd cÖ‡YZv ewjqv‡Qb †h, nvw`‡m Av‡Q, †e‡nkZevmxw`‡Mi fvlv
Aviwe I dvwm© nB‡e wK‡‘ Bnv nvw`m b‡n, eis Rvj K_v| G¶‡Y Avgv‡ì e³e¨ GB †h, Kvwd †KZv‡ei wjwLZ K_vwU
†Kvb wek¦vm‡hvM¨ nvw`‡mi †KZv‡e Av‡Q? Dnvi mb` wK? gydwZ mv‡ne A‡MÖ Dnvi Qb` eY©bv Ki‚b, c‡i Dnv cÖgvY¯’‡j
eënvi Kwi‡eb|
†KviAvb kwid myiv ZIev: ÒcÖv‡„ievmxMY (†e`yCb/eÏy mKj) KwVb Kv‡di I †gvbv‡dK|Ó †KviAvb myiv dZvn: ÒD³
eÏyiv hvnv Zvnv‡ì A‡„‡i bvB ZvnvB wbR imbv Øviv cÖKvk KwiZ|Ó Kv‡di I †gvbv‡dKMY Bmjv‡gi weavb gvwb‡e ‡Kb?
Zvnv‡ì Kvh©¨ kiwq‡Zi `jxj nB‡e wKi‚‡c? D³ cÖKvi eÏy`j nRi‡Zi K`geywQ KwiqvwQj, eo eo mvnvev G&Biƒc K`geywQ
KwiqvwQ‡jb wK? hw` K`geywQ Kiv DrK…ó weavb nBZ, Z‡e nRiZ †Lvjvdv‡q iv‡k`xb Dnv Z¨vM Kwi‡Zb bv| ...
1. 1. 6. 6. 7. cxi-eyRyM© wb®úvc bb Ges Zuv‡ì Kg© `jxj bq
D³ cy¯—K 9 c„ôv: gKvgv‡Z mvBw`qv‡Z Av‡Q: nRiZ LvRv (†KZvewÏb) Zvnvi cxi †gvi‡k‡ì K`geywQ Kwi‡Z
ewj‡jb, wZwb Zvnvi wbR cx‡ii cv‡qi Dci cwo‡jb|
Avgv‡ì DËi: gKvgv‡Z mvBw`qvi †iIqvGZ mZ¨ wKbv, Zvnv wKiƒ‡c Rvbv hvB‡e? nRiZ bwe () g¯„K SzKvB‡Z
wb‡la Kwiqv‡Qb, G ‡¶‡Î GKRb cxi mv‡ne Bnvi wecixZ Kwi‡j, Zvnvi Kvh©¨ Avgv‡ì `jxj nB‡e? A_ev nRi‡Zi
ûKzg gvb¨ Kwi‡Z nB‡e?
mywdw`‡Mi Kvh©¨ nvjvj I nvivg nIqv `jxj nB‡Z cv‡i bv| G¯’‡j Ggvg Avey nvwbdv Ggvg Avey BDQyd I Ggvg
†gvnv¤§` (in)-Gi drIqv MÖnY‡hvM¨ nB‡e, Avey eKi wkejx I Avey nvQvb bywii Kvh¨© MÖnYxq nB‡e bv|
Avgv‡ì Ávb I wek¦vm GB †h, Dc‡iv³ cxiMY g¯„K AebZ Kwiqv K`geywQ K‡ib bvB| cx‡ii cv‡qi Dci cwoqv
hvIqvi A_© K`geywQ nB‡Z cv‡i bv, †Kbbv Dcyo nBqv bv cwoqv wPr nBqv covi m¤^vebv Av‡Q| Bnv‡Z wKi‚‡c K`geywQ
nB‡e? GKwU †jvK A‡bï cv‡qi Dci cwoqv †M‡j wØZxq †jv‡Ki cv AvnZ (RLgx) nB‡Z cv‡i| Bnv cx‡ii Am‡‡„v‡li
KviY e¨ZxZ Avi wK nB‡Z cv‡i? cx‡iiv wK gvQyg (†e‡Mvbvn) wQ‡jb †h, Zvnv‡ì cÖ‡Z¨K Kvh©¨ Rv‡qR nB‡e?
1. 1. 6. 6. 8. wdKn I dvZIqv MÖš’vewji Rvj nv`xm
D³ †KZve 9 c„ôv: d‡Zvqv nvwe †KZv‡e Avwmqv‡Q| GKe¨w³ bex Kwig () Gi wbKU Avwmqv ewjqvwQj, †n
iQyjjy v- n (), Avwg cÖwZÁv KwiqvwQ †h, †e‡nk‡Zi †P․Kv‡V Ges ûiMY‡K Pz¤^b Kwie, ZLb nRiZ Zvnv‡K Zvnvi gv‡qi
cv‡q Ges ev‡ci Kcv‡j Pz¤^b Kwi‡Z Av‡`k Kwi‡jb|
Avgv‡ì DËi: Bnv †dK‡ni †KZv‡ei nvw`m, Bnv †Kvb wek¦vm‡hvM¨ nvw`‡mi †KZv‡e Av‡Q Ges Bnvi mb` wK,
gydwZ mv‡ne hZ¶Y cÖKvk Kwi‡Z bv cv‡ib, ZZ¶Y Bnv nvw`m ewjqv cÖKvk Kiv Rv‡qR nB‡Z cv‡i bv| †gvjv Avwj
Kvix gIRyqv‡Z Kwei †KZv‡ei 74 c„ôvq wjwLqv‡Qb: Ô†h e¨w³ igRv‡bi †k‡l Rygvq GKwU diR bvgvR KvRv cwo‡e
Zvnvi Rxe‡bi 70 erm‡ii cÖ‡Z¨K bvgv‡Ri KvRv Av`vq nBqv hvB‡eÕ, GB nvw`mwU wbðq evZxj †Kbbv †Kvb Gev`Z eû
erm‡ii KvRvi wewbgq nB‡Z cv‡i bv, Bnvi Dci GRgv nBqv‡Q| †bnvqv wK¤^v †n`vqvi Aewkó UxKv¸wj‡Z KvRvq Igwii
K_v DwjwLZ _vwK‡jI Dnv AMÖvn¨, †h‡nZz Zvnviv †gvnv‡Ïm wQ‡jb bv Ges Zvnviv †Kvb †gvnv‡Ïm ch©‡„ nvw`‡mi mb`
D‡jL K‡ib bvB|
Rbve gydwZ mv‡ne, hLb †bnvqv, †Kdvqv, Gbvqv †KZv‡ei webv Qb‡ì nvw`m evZxj nBj, ZLb nvwe †KZv‡ei webv
Qb‡ì nvw`m †Kb AMÖvn¨ nB‡e bv? Ggvg RvjvjwÏb wmDwZ jqvwj‡q gQbyqv †KZv‡ei 90 c„ôvq wjwLqv‡Qb: ÔGe‡bv Avw`
I eqnwK GB nvw`mwU D‡jL Kwiqv‡Qb, †h e¨w³ gvZvi jjU Pz¤^b K‡i Dnv Zvnvi c‡¶ †`vR‡Li A‡„ivj ¯îƒc nB‡e|
Bnv RBd nvw`m|Õ Bnv‡Z eySv hvq †h, nvwe †KZv‡ei nvw`mwU evZxj|
D³ cy¯—K 10 c„ôv: hLb A‡bKv‡bK nvw`m Ges †dKnvi †iIqvGZ nB‡Z K`geywQ Rv‡qR _vKv cÖgvwYZ nBqv‡Q,
ZLb K`geywQKvix †gvk‡iK Kv‡di Ges nvigKvix bq, myZvivs †h e¨w³ DwjwLZ K`geywQ‡K Kv‡dix †k‡iK Ges nvivg
e‡j †m wbZv‡„B AÁ bv`vb Ges gyL© Rv‡nj|
40
Avgv‡ì DËi: gydwZ mv‡ne GKwU wb‡Ï©vl mwnn nvw`m K`geywQ Rv‡qR nIqv m¤^‡Ü †ck Kwi‡Z cv‡ib
bvB; KviY Zvnvi 1b¤î wjwLZ nvw`mwU Ggvg †Zi‡gwR mwnn ewjqv `vex Kwi‡jI Ggvg bvQvqx RBd ewjqv‡Qb| Avi
nvw`mZ‡Ë¡ hvnv‡ì wKwÂs Ávb Av‡Q Zvnviv Rv‡bb †h, Ggvg bvQvwqi gZ Ggvg †Zi‡gwRi gZ A‡c¶v mgwaK cÖej| Zvnvi
2/6/8 b¤î wjwLZ nvw`mUx evwZj| AviI Dc‡iv³ RBd ev evZxj nvw`m¸wj‡Z g¯„K AebZ Kwiqv K`geywQ Kivi K_v
bvB| †dK‡ni †iIqvG‡Z eySv †Mj †h, e„nr `j dwKn weØvb K`geywQ wbwl× ewjqv‡Qb, †Kej wKbBqv cÖ‡YZv Dnv Rv‡qR
ewjqv‡Qb, Avi wKbBqv ‡KZvewU RBd g‡Z cwic~Y© Av‡Q ewjqv weØvb RMr Dnv wek¦vm†hvM¨ †KZve ewjqv aviY K‡ib bv|
Bnv m‡Ë¡I wKbBqv cÖ‡YZv g¯„K SzKvBqv K`gPzwQ Kivi drIqv cÖ`vb K‡ib bvB| G‡¶‡Î K`geywQ Kiv †h †k‡iK I Kv‡dwi
b‡n, GB gZ mZ¨ nB‡jI AwaKvsk dwKn weØvb †h K`geywQ wbwl× ewjqv‡Qb Zvnviv wK gydwZ mv‡n‡ei g‡Z wbZv‡„B AÁ,
bv`vb I gyL© Rvnj? wQ, wQ, fvweqv wPw‡„qv K_v ewj‡Z nq| hw` dwKn weØvbMY g~L© Rv‡ni nB‡jb Z‡e Kvnv‡ì drIqv gvb¨
Kwi‡Z nB‡e?
Rbve, GKAvawU nvw`‡m K`geywQ Kivi K_v Av‡Q, D³ K`geywQ wKfv‡e wQj, Zvnv wbY©q Kiv myKwVb, nRiZ () DU,
†NvUK ev †Kvb evn‡b Av‡ivnx wQjb wK¤^v D‛P ¯’v‡b wQ‡jb GgZve¯’vq †jv‡K Zvnvi K`geywQ KwiqvwQ‡jb, A_ev †hiƒc nvRv‡i
AvQIqv`‡K n¯„ Øviv ¯úk© Kwiqv D³ n¯„ Pz¤^b Kivi ixwZ Av‡Q, †mBiƒc fv‡e nRi‡Zi cv n¯„ Øviv ¯úk© Kwiqv D³ n¯„ Pz¤^b
KwiqvwQ‡jb| A_ev b~Zb Bmjv‡g †Kn Giƒc Kwiqv _vwK‡e, c‡i nRiZ g¯„K AebZ Kwi‡Z wb‡la Kwi‡j Avi †Kn K`geywQ
K‡ib bvB, GB Kvi‡Y eo eo mnmª mnmª Qvnvev K`geywQ K‡ib bvB ev Bnvi cÖgvY cvIqv hvq bv, GB `yBwU NUbvq wqû`x wea¤§©x
eÏy ev be-Bmjvgavix Awkw¶Z †jvK Øviv Bnv AbywôZ nBqv wQj, ZvnvI †gvnv‡ÏQM‡Yi g‡Z `ye․©j Qb`| AviI nvw`m †dwj‡Z
K`geywQ mve¨¯„ nB‡jI nvw`Q KIwj‡Z Dnv wbwl× nBqv‡Q, GB mg~n Kvi‡Y dwKnMY K`geywQi nvw`Q ¸ß †`v‡l †`vlvw‡^Z
fvweqv ev Awbw`©ó g¤§©evPK I MÖn‡Yi A‡hvM¨ aviYv Kwiqv Z¨vM Kwiqv‡Qb Ges K`geywQ bvRv†qR ewjqv‡Qb, G¶‡Y †mB
dwKnMY wKQy‡ZB gyL© Rv‡nj nB‡Z cv‡ib bv| ...
1. 1. 6. 6. 9. Kei-Pz¤^b nvivg Ges K`geywQ eR©b Kiv DwPZ
D³ cy¯—K 18/19 c„ôv: AvjgMxwi I d‡Zvqv G-nvex †KZv‡e Av‡Q †h, wcZvgvZvi Kei Pz¤^b Kivq †Kvb †`vl
bvB| Bnv MvivGe †KZv‡e Av‡Q|
Avgv‡ì DËi: †gqv‡Z gvmv‡qj, 77 c„ôv: ... cÖk‣ wcZvgvZvi Kei Pz¤^b Kivi ûKzg wK? DËi: wcZv gvZvi †Mvi
Pz¤^b Kiv mwnn g‡Z Rv‡qR b‡n| gv`v‡iRb‣eyqZ †KZv‡e Av‡Q, †Mvi Pz¤^b Kiv, Dnvi Dci †QR`v Kiv Ges Dnvi Dci
g¯„K ¯’vcb Kiv nvivg I wbwl×| wcZvgvZvi †Mvi Pz¤^b Kiv m¤^‡Ü †dK‡ni †iIqvGZ D‡jL K‡ib, mwnn g‡Z Dnv Rv‡qR
b‡n|Ó
gRgyqv dvZvIqvq jv‡¶è․we 3/67 c„ôv:.... cÖk‣: wcZvgvZvi †Mvi Pz¤^b Kiv Rv‡qR Av‡Q wK bv? DËi: nvivg, Avwj
Kvwi cÖf„wZ ¯úófv‡e Bnv D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| ..... †Ìe‡•ì gvIjvbv gydwZ AvwRRyi ingvb mv‡n‡ei RvIqve:- ... g~j
K`geywQ nB‡Z ci‡nR KivI mgwaK GnwZqvZ (mveavbZv), g¯„K SzKvBqv K`geywQ Kiv †Kvb cÖKv‡iB b‡n| †Kbbv;
(gv_v bv SzwK‡q K`geywQ Kv‡iv g‡Z nvivg I Kv‡iv g‡Z nvjvj, Avi) nvivg I nvjv‡ji g‡a¨ gZ‡f` nIqv †¶‡Î nvivg‡K
cÖej mve¨¯„ Kiv nB‡e, Avi g¯‥K SzKvb mK‡ji g‡Z nvivg| K`geywQi A_© c`Pz¤^b Kiv; wK‡‘ (n¯„ Øviv c` ¯úk© Kwiqv
n¯„Pz¤^b Ges c`Pz¤^b) GB Dfq A_© MÖnY Kiv hvB‡Z cv‡i...|Ó67
1. 1. 6. 7. Kei whqviZ ebvg Kei fw³
1. 1. 6. 7. 1. Keifw³i wkiK-weÀvZ I AvwjgM‡Yi cÖwZwµqv
cÖ_g wZb eiKZgq hy‡Mi c‡i gymwjg we‡k¦ `xbx wel‡q µgv‡^‡q Ae¶q NU‡Z _v‡K| wkqv gZev‡ì AvwacZ¨ Qwo‡q
c‡o| Zv‡ì gva¨‡g bvbvwea wkiK-weÀvZ cÖmvi jvf Ki‡Z _v‡K| Gici µz‡mW hy‡×i a․sm, ZvZvi‡ì nv‡Z evM`v‡ì
cZb I gymwjg we‡k¦i e¨vcK a․smhÁ| µgv‡^‡q eûgywL ag©xq Ae¶q D¤§vZ‡K MÖvm K‡i| me‡P‡q fqvbK wQj Kei-gvhvi
†Kw•`ªK wkiK-weÀvZ| gymwjg we‡k¦i me©Î eyRyM©M‡Yi gvhvi¸wj gywZ©c~RK‡ì cÖwZgvi ¯’vb `Lj K‡i| gywZ©c~RKMY †hfv‡e
gywZ©i cÖwZ fw³ cÖKvk K‡ib I ei-Avkxe©v` ev mvnvh¨ cÖv_©bv K‡ib, wVK †mfv‡eB gymwjgMY Ke‡ii cÖwZ fw³cÖKvk I
Keievmxi wbKU †_‡K ei-Avkxe©v` ev mvnvh¨ cÖv_©bv Ki‡Z jvM‡jb|68
cieZ©x hy‡Mi AvwjgMY Kei‡Kw•`ªK Abyôvbvwì wel‡q wewfb‣ gZ †cvlY K‡i‡Qb| †KD wewfb‣ Òe¨vL¨viÓ gva¨‡g G mKj
Abyôvb •ea Kivi †Póv K‡i‡Qb| Kei whqviZ-Gi bv‡g Kei c~Rv ev Keifw³‡K Zuviv •eaZv w`‡q‡Qb| c¶v‡„‡i A‡bK
Avwjg, we‡klZ ga¨cÖv‡Pï †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv Avwjg I ms¯‥viK Keic~Rv I Keifw³i we‡ivwaZv Ki‡Z †h‡q Kei whqviZI evwZj
K‡i w`‡q‡Qb ev wbi‚rmvwnZ K‡i‡Qb|
fviZxq ms¯‥viKMY, we‡klZ gyRvwÏ` Avjd mvbx, kvn IqvwjDjvn gynvwÏm †`njex, mvB‡q` Avng` †eªjex I Zuvi
41
Abymvix †R․bcyi, †Ìe•` I dzidzivi gvkvBLMY G wel‡q mybv‣ Z wbf©i ga¨c‡’v Aej¤^b K‡i‡Qb| Zuviv Kei
fw³i bv‡g Keic~Rv I Kei‡Kw•`ªK wkiK-weÀv‡Zi K‡Vvi we‡ivwaZv K‡i‡Qb| cvkvcvwk mybv‣ Z c×wZ‡Z Kei whqvi‡Zi
¸i‚Z¡ cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb|
dzidzivi cxi kvBL Avey eKi wmwÏKxi gZvg‡Zi g‡a¨ Avgiv Giƒc mybv‣ Z-wbf©i ga¨c‡’v †`L‡Z cvB| wZwb mybv‣ Z
c×wZ‡Z Kei whqviZ Drmvn w`‡q‡Qb, wK‡‘ Kei †Kw•`ªK wkiK weÀvZ wb‡la K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi G mybv‣ Zwbf©i ga¨c‡’v
Kie‡Kw•`ªK Z_vKw_Z mydx‡ì fvj jv‡M wb| Zviv Zv‡K whqviZ we‡ivax ev Invex e‡j wPwÎZ Ki‡Z †Póv K‡i‡Qb|
weÀvZf³‡ì GwU mycwiwPZ Af¨vm| Zuviv cÖwm× ms¯‥viK I Avwjg‡ì mwVK gZvgZ Dc¯’vcb bv K‡i Zv‡K RbM‡Yi
Kv‡Q Bmjvg we‡ivax ev IjxM‡Yi we‡ivax e‡j Dc¯’vcb K‡ib| †hb RbMY Zuvi Kv‡Q bv hvq ev Zuvi gZvgZ Av‡M †_‡KB
N„Yv K‡i|
1. 1. 6. 7. 2. Kei whqviZ, g„Z IjxM‡Yi Rxeb I Ke‡i evwZ
Gi GKwU bgybv Avgiv Avjvgv i‚ûj Avwg‡bi †jLv ÒevMgvwii dwK‡ii †avKvfÄbÓ MÖ‡‡’ †`L‡Z cvB| G MÖ‡‡’i wKQz
weeiY Avgiv B‡Zvc~‡e© gxjv` cÖm‡½ D‡jL K‡iwQ| G MÖ‡‡’i GK¯’v‡b Avjvgv i‚ûj Avwgb wj‡L‡Qb: Ò†jLK (ZwiK‡Z
imyj iv‡n nK MÖ‡‡’i †jLK AvwjgwÏ kvn) Dnvi 2 c„ôvq wjwLqv‡Qb: Ôdzidzivi (Rbve nRiZ gvIjvbv cxi Qv‡n‡ei) gZ
GB †h, AwjMY g„Z Zvnv‡ì †Mv‡i cÖ`xc R¡vjvb Ges †Mvi wRqviZ nvivg| Bnv‡Z eySv hvq †h, wZwb AwjM‡Yi RxweZ
_vKvi K_v Agvb¨ K‡ib| hLb bwe I AwjMY RxweZ, ZLb Zvnv‡ì IiQ Kiv Ges †evRM©‡Mi Ke‡i cÖ`xc Rvjvb
Rv‡qR|
DËi: Rbve †gvRv‡Ï‡` Rvgvb gvIjvbv cxi mv‡ne e‡jb †h, bweMY, AwjMY eis cÖ‡Z¨K gvbyl †Mv‡i RxweZ
_v‡Kb| bwe, Awj I cÖ‡Z¨K gymjgv‡bi Kei wRqviZ Kiv QIqv‡ei Kvh©¨| Z‡e wZwb AKvi‡Y Ke‡i cÖ`xc Rvjvb wbwl×
ewjqv cÖPvi Kwiqv _v‡Kb| Bnv †e`vqvwZ dwKi`j e¨ZxZ mK‡jB ¯^xKvi Kwiqv _v‡Kb| †gkKv‡Zi 71 c„ôvq Avey`vD`,
†ZigwR I bvmvwq nB‡Z nRi‡Zi GB nvw`mwU D×„Z Kiv nBqv‡Q: ... Òhvnviv Ke‡ii Dci gmwR` Ges cÖ`xc ¯’vcb K‡i
(nRiZ) Zvnv‡ì Dci jvbZ w`qv‡Qb|Ó
†giKvZ 1/47 c„ôv: Ke‡i cÖ`xc R¡vjvb GB Rb¨ wbwl× nBqv‡Q †h, Dnv‡Z A_© bó Kiv nq, †Kbbv cÖ`x‡c KvnviI
†Kvb DcKvi nq bv, wØZxq Bnv Rvnvb‣v‡gi j¶Y, Z…Zxq Ke‡ii m¤§vb Kiv nB‡Z weiZ ivLvi Rb¨ wbwl× nBqv‡Q, †hiƒc
Kei‡K gm‡R` Kiv wbwl× nBqv‡Q|
Av‡kq¨v‡ZvjvgqZ 1/136 c„ôv: Òimy‡j †Lv`v () D³ e¨w³‡ì Dci jvbZ w`qv‡Qb hvnviv Kei‡K gmwR‡` cwiYZ
K‡i, AviI wZwb D³ e¨w³‡ì Dci jvbZ Kwiqv‡Qb hvnviv Ke‡ii Dci Dnvi m¤§v‡bi Rb¨ cÖ`xc ¯’vcb K‡i| KZK
msL¨K weØv‡bi g‡Z m¤§v‡bi Rb¨ bv nB‡jI Ace¨q I A_© bó Kivi †nZz nvivg nB‡e| †Kn †Kn e‡jb hw` gby‡lï
MgbvMg‡bi Rb¨ cÖ`xc ¯’vcb Kiv nq, wK¤^v cÖ`x‡ci Av‡jv‡K †Kvb Kvh©¨ Kiv nq Z‡e Rv‡qR nB‡e, GB Ae¯’vq Ke‡ii Rb¨
cÖ`xc Rvjvb nBj bv, Dnv‡Z †Mv‡i Av‡jvK Kiv D‡Ïk¨ b‡n|
g~j K_v Ke‡ii m¤§v‡bi Rb¨ A_ev Ace¨‡qi Rb¨ Ke‡i cÖ`xc R¡vjvb nvivg, nRiZ imy‡jvjvn () Bnvi Rb¨
jvbZ w`qv‡Qb, G¶‡Y †PivM R¡vjvb imy‡ji c_ ev mZ¨ gZ nBj, bv wb‡la Kiv imy‡ji c_ nBj? Dc‡iv³ weei‡Y
dzidzivi nRiZ †Kvr‡evj Avj‡gi gZ imy‡ji c_ I evMgvwii wPkZx bvgavix dwK‡ii gZ kqZv‡bi c_ nIqv cÖgvwYZ
nBj|
Ke‡i †PivM ¯’vcb bv Kwij †h AwjM‡Yi g„Z nIqv gvwbqv jB‡Z nB‡e, Bnv cvM‡ji cÖj‡cvw³ b‡n wK? cÖ‡Z¨K
Bgvb`vi I Kv‡di †Mv‡i RxweZ _v‡K G‡¶‡Î Zvnv‡ì Ke‡i wK Av‡jvK w`‡Z nB‡e? AwjMY †Mv‡i RxweZ _vwKqv wK
`ybBqvi Kv‡R Kg© K‡ib †h, †PivM bv R¡vjvB‡j Zvnv‡ì KvR K¤§© eÜ nBqv hvB‡e? GBiƒc evZxj gZ cÖPvi Kiv wK
†avKvevwR b‡n?69
1. 1. 6. 7. 3. Avj-vgv mvBdzwÏb wmwÏKxi weeiY
kvBLyj Bmjvg Avey eKi wmwÏKxi Kei‡Kw•`ªK wkiK-weÀvZ we‡ivwaZv I mybv‣ Z wfwËK Kei whqviZ cÖwZôvi
Av‡•`vj‡bi my•ì eY©bv w`‡q‡Qb Zuvi †c․Î Avjvgv mvBdzÏxb wmwÏKx| wZwb wj‡L‡Qb:
ÒmgKvjxb Bmjvg cÖPviK, †gvnv¤§`x, gymwjg wn‣Zlx, Avj-Gmjvg, Bmjvg-`k©b, kwiqZ, iIk‡b †n`v‡qZ, e½byi
cÖf~wZ cwÎKv¸wj Øviv Rvbv hvq †h, Av‡jvP¨ hy‡M Awef³ e½-Avmv‡gi gymjgvb mgv‡R A‣bmjvwgK bvbv ixwZ bxwZi cÖPjb wQj
Ges Kzms¯‥v‡ii AÜKv‡i wbgw¾Z wQj mgvR| eo cx‡ii ìMvcyRv, kxZjvcyRv, cvuP cx‡ii c~Rv, em‡‡„i KvjxcyRv, K‡jivi
KvjxcyRv, fv`ª gv‡m gbmvcyRv, j¶xi cyRv, gvwbK cxi, mZ¨ cxi, cxi gv`v‡ii ev `wiqv MvRxi cyRv, eb wewe dv‡Zgv, Ijv
wewe, cxi gv`v‡ii euvkc~Rv, GBiƒc AmsL¨ KwíZ welq‡K †K•`ªK‡i cyRv ev bvbv ai‡bi AvPvi AvPiY Ges Abyôvb nZ| ....
gymwjg mgv‡R GB ai‡bi KzcÖ_v ev Kzms¯‥vi-Gi D†¢veb m¤ú‡K© ejv n‡q‡Q †h, c~e© hy‡M hviv Bmjvg a‡g©i mykxZj
42
QvqvZ‡j G‡mwQ‡jb, Zv‡ì A‡b‡Ki ag©xq Áv‡bi Afve †nZz ag©gZ cwieZ©‡bi c‡iI c~‡e©i gvbwmKZvi cwieZ©b bv
NUvq A‡bK ms¯‥vi Zv‡ì g‡a¨ A¶yb‣ †_‡K hvq| wØZxq KviY wnmv‡e ejv hvq †h, bvbv ag© I e‡Y©i gvbyl GKB m‡½ cvkvcvwk
GKB mgv‡R emevm †nZz ag©xi Ávbk~b¨, AÁ gymjgv‡biv Aci a‡g©i K…wó-KvjPvi Øviv cÖfvweZ nq Ges Zv‡ì fvev‡„i N‡U|
Z…ZxqZ mgKvjxb †e`vZx fÛ cxi dwKiviI mgv‡Ri wKQy wKQy Kzms¯‥v‡ii Rb¨ A‡bKvs‡kB `vqx wQj| W. Avwbmy¾vgvb mv‡ne
AviI GKwU KviY †`Lvb †h, ag© m¤ú‡K© ¯^vZ‡¿¨‡evaI Avevi GK ai‡bi †c․ËwjKZvi Rb¥ w`‡qwQj| wn•`y †è-†èx‡ì
msL¨vwaK¨ I Zv‡ì ¸Yvejxi cwiPq gymwjg gvb‡m †h cÖwZwµqvi m„Æ K‡i Zvi d‡j Gme †è †èxi gymjgvb cÖwZiƒc M‡o
I‡V| wn•`y eb`yM©vi cÖwZc¶ gymjgvb‡ì ebwewe d‡Zgv, ev‡Ni †èZv `w¶Y iv‡qi iƒcv‡„i MvRx cxi Kvjy ...| gymjgvb mgv‡R
LvRv wLwRi eìcxi, gvwbK cxi I cvuP cx‡ii DcvmbvI †`Lv hvq| GB me cx‡ii HwZnvwmK Aw¯„Z¡ wQj wKbv, †m m¤^‡Ü
wbtmsk‡q wKQy ejv P‡j bv| wn•`yiv †hgb cx‡ii Av¯„vbvq gvbZ Ki‡Zb I gmwR‡` wkiwb w`‡Zb, †Zgwb gymjgvbivI wn•`y †è-
†èx‡ì ¯§iY Ki‡Zb|
GB mKj Kzms¯‥vi¸wji wei‚‡× †mv‛Pvi nb Î‡qv`k kZvãxi gyRv‡Ï` •mq` Avng` †eijfx (i)-Gi Lwjdv nRiZ
gvIjvbv KvivgZ Avjx mv‡ne (i)| ... cieË©xKv‡j GB ms&¯‥vi Av‡•`vjb Dfq-e½ Avmv‡g e¨vcKiƒc aviY K‡i PZy`©k
kZvãxi gyRv‡Ï` cxi AveyevKvi-Gi wgk‡bi gva¨‡g| kni bMi MÖvg-M‡Äi cÖwZ aywjKbv dzidzivi nRi‡Zi c`¯ú‡k© ab¨
n‡qwQj| dzidzivi nRiZ Ges Zvi wgkb †hvMv‡hvM-wew‛Qb‣ `yM©gwMwi Kv‡„vi cjx‡Z Kzms¯‥vi wbimb Ki‡Z Ges a‡g©i
cÖPvi cÖmv‡i Dévi b¨vq Qy‡U wQ‡jb Aa©kZvãxiI AwaK Kvj a‡i| GKw`‡K †hgb Pj‡Z †_‡K‡Q IqvR-bwmnZ Aci w`‡K
mgKvjxb cÎ-cwÎKv †hgb-Bmjvg-cÖPviK, gymwjg wn‣Zlx, kwiqZ, Bmjvg `k©b, e½byi, nvbvdx, iIk‡b †n`v‡qZ I
Ab¨vb¨ cwÎKv¸wj‡Z avivevwnK cÖKvk n‡Z †_‡K‡Q Kzms¯‥vi we‡ivax bvbv iPbv, wbeÜ| ...
dzidziv kix‡di wbKUeZ©x `jcwZcyi MÖv‡g nRiZ kvn gywbi (i) gvRvi I ìMv‡K †K•`ª K‡i †h weivU †gjv nZ
Ges cyRv nZ, dzidzivi nRiZ wb‡R `vwo‡q †_‡K D³ ìMv¸wj bó K‡i wQ‡jb Ges †gjv Zz‡j wQ‡jb| GK mgq
KjKvZv I kniZjx GjvKvq 24wU gni‡gi ìMvn GKB w`‡b fvw½‡q wQ‡jb| nvIov †Rjvi gvwYK cxi MÖv‡gi gvby‡li
Kv‡Q †kvbv, †mLv‡b cx‡ii gvRvi I ìMv cyRv nZ, dzidzivi nRi‡Zi †Póvq Zv eÜ nq| GBfv‡e e½-Avmv‡gi cªvq
MÖv‡gi gvRvi I ìMvc~Rv ZviB HKvw‡„K †Póvq eÜ n‡qwQj|
MÖvg M‡Ä AvÄygv‡b Iqv‡qRx‡bi cÖPviKw`‡Mi IqvR bwmnZ Aci w`‡K dzidzivi nRiZ Ges Zvi AbyMvgx‡ì
e¨vcK †jLv †jLbxi d‡j MÖvg evsjvi gymwjg mgvR †_‡K Kz-ms¯‥vi eûjAs‡k `~i nq Ges gymjgvb‡ì cÖK…Z
gymjgvb‡Z¡i fve dz‡U D‡V|Ó70
1. 1. 6. 7. 4. AvRgx‡i gvhvi †Kw›`ªK wkiK-weÀvZ cÖwZ‡iva
kvBLyj Bmjvg Avey eKi wmwÏKx evsjvi evB‡iI Kei-gvhvi †Kw•`ªK wkiK-weÀvZ †iva K‡i mybv‣ Z †Kw•`ªK
whqviZ cÖPv‡ii Rb¨ †Póv K‡ib| G wel‡q Avjvgv mvBdzÏxb wmwÏKx wj‡L‡Qb:
Ò1341 mv‡j Bs 1934 mv‡j 13Bs A‡±vei kwbevi Aciv‡ý gyRv‡Ï‡` Rvgvb wn•`y¯’vb åg‡Y iIbv nb| D³ åg‡Y cÖvq
kZvwaK †jvK Zvui m½x wQ‡jb| åg‡Yi D‡Ïk¨ wQj AvIjxqvM‡Yi we‡kl K‡i Bgv‡g ZixKvZM‡Yi wRqviZ Zrmn wn•`y¯’v‡bi
gvRvimgy‡ni †e`vZ Kvh©¸wji A_©vr A‣bmjvwgK wµqvKjv‡ci cÖwZev` Kiv| †h Kvi‡Y †e`vqvZ `g‡bi Gk‡Znvimg~n I
Avek¨Kxq wKZvevw` m‡½ wb‡qwQ‡jb| ... GB ¯’v‡b ïaygvÎ AvRwgi kix‡di NUbvejx msw¶ßfv‡e eY©bv Kiv nj|
cxi †Kejv hLb Zvnvi m½xMY‡K jBqv AvRgxi †&ók‡b †c․QvB‡jb ZLb mÜv cÖvq AZxZ nBqv wMqv‡Q| gvRvi
kix‡di R‣bK Lv‡`g •mq` †nv‡mb eLk mv‡ne cxi mv‡n‡ei AvMgb evZ©v kªeY Kwiqv †jvKRbmn †ók‡b Avwmqv wecyj
m¤â©bvi mwnZ Zvnvi wbR evUx‡Z jvBqv †M‡jb|----- Z_vKvi evrmwiK Iim D³ wè‡mi gvÎ 2/3 w`b cy‡e© AbywóZ nBqv
wMqv‡Q| wK‡‘ †jv‡Ki fxo cÖejiƒ‡cB wQj| .... myjZvbyj wn•` nRiZ LvRv gCbyÏxb wPkZx (i)-Gi gvRvi kix‡d
wRqvi‡Zi mgq †h `„k¨ cwi`„ó nBqvwQj Zvnv AeY©bxq| D³ gvRvi kix‡d AÁ gymjgvbMY dzj wkibx PovBqv, wmR`v,
eymv (Pz¤b^ ) w`qv †hgb wkiK-†e`vqv‡Zi ¸Yv‡n wjß nB‡ZwQj, †Zgwb gvRv‡ii evwn‡i Mvbev`¨, KvIqvjx, KiZvjx BZ¨vw`
bvbv cÖKvi RNb¨ kqZvbx cÖwµqvq b„Z¨MxZ Kwiqv h‡_ó ¸Yv‡ni fvMx nB‡ZwQj| ... fxo †f` Kwiqv gvRvi kix‡d XywK‡Z
mg_© nB‡j Z_vKvi Lv‡`gMY Zvnvw`‡Mi gv_v bxPz Kwiqv gvRvi kix‡di Pvì XvKv w`‡Z jvwMj Ges †Rvic~e©K
Zvnvw`M‡K †mR`v KivBqv we`vq w`j| GBiƒc bvbv cÖKvi exfrm KvÛ wZwb ¯^P‡¶ `k©b Kwiqv Dnvi cÖwZKviv‡_© Zzg~j
Av‡•`vjb, Ae‡k‡l wZwb wRnv` †NvlYv Kwi‡ZI KzwÚZ nB‡jb bv | ....... nvRvi nvRvi †jv‡Ki m¤§y‡L ¸i‚M¤¢xi ¯^‡i †mB
RNb¨ Kv‡h©i cÖwZev` Kwi‡Z jvwM‡jb| Zvnvi Av‡`kµ‡g †e`qvZ `g‡bi Gk‡Znvimg~n weZiY Kiv nj| ... hvnviv
gvRv‡i dz‡j wkiYx PovBqv mIqve nvwmj Kvgbv Kwi‡ZwQj Zvnvw`‡Mi åv‡„gZ `~i Kwievi gvb‡m `yB LvÂv wgVvB Lwi`
Kwiqv Dcw¯’Z Mixe wgmwKbw`‡Mi wbKU weZiY Kwi‡jb Ges Zvnvi mIqve LvRv mv‡ne (i)-Gi cvKi‚‡ni Dci eLkvBqv
43
w`‡jb|
ûRyi †Kejv †h `yB wZb w`b Z_vq Ae¯’vb KwiqvwQ‡jb, AbeiZ IqvR bwmnZ Kwiqv KvUvBqvwQ‡jb| eoB Avðv‡h©i
welq GB †h, Z_v nB‡Z wdwievi c~e© wèm •eKv‡j hLb cybivq gvRvi kix‡d Mgb Kwi‡jb ZLb †`Lv †Mj †mB Mvb, evRbv,
wkiK, †e`vZ BZ¨vw` meB iwnZ nBqv wMqv‡Q| ... cieË©xKv‡j AvRwg‡i cybivq †k‡iK, †e`vZ †mR`v mRy` Pvjy nBevi ci
wenvi, BD. wc-i ‡Kvb L¨vZbvgv †g․jvbv wKsev cxi mv‡ne H RNb¨Zg †k‡iK I †e`vZ‡K DrLvZ Ki‡Z gyRv‡Ï‡` Rvgvb
dzidzivi nRi‡Zi b¨vq †Kvb c`‡¶c wb‡qwQ‡jb e‡j Avgv‡ì Rvbv bvB...|Ó71
1. 1. 6. 7. 5. InvexM‡Yi Kie fv½v mg_©b
Kei †Kw•`ªK wkiK weÀv‡Zi Kvi‡Y bR‡ì cÖwm× ms¯‥viK gynv¤§v` Beby Avãyj Iqvn&nve I Zuvi AbymvwiMY cvKv
Kei I Ke‡ii Dci evbv‡bv †m․a, M¤^yR BZ¨vw` †f‡½ †dj‡Zb| G wel‡q Zviv nv`x‡mi cÖgvY †ck Ki‡Zb| wewfb‣
nv`x‡m Kei cvKv Ki‡Z Ges Ke‡ii Dci †m․a wbg©vY Ki‡Z wb‡la Kiv n‡q‡Q| mnxn gymwjg I Ab¨vb¨ MÖ‡‡’ msKwjZ
nv`x‡m ivm~jyjvn  cvKv ev DPz Kei †f‡½ †dj‡Z ev mgvb K‡i w`‡Z wb‡`©k w`‡q‡Qb| 1925 wLªóv‡ã eZ©gvb †m․w`
Avi‡ei cÖwZôvZv bR‡ì ev`kvn Avãyj Avhxh Beby Avãyi ivngvb gK¡v gyKviivgv I g`xbv gybvIqvivmn cy‡iv †nRv‡Ri
wbq‡¿Y MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi bR`x evwnbx †nRv‡Ri mKj gvRvi I Ke‡ii Dci •Zwi BgvivZ, M¤^yR BZ¨vw` †f‡½ wbwðý K‡i
†`q| Invex evwnbxi G KvR we‡k¦i A‡bK ag©cÖvY gymjgvb LyeB b¨°viRbK, wb•`bxq I IjxM‡Yi Am¤§vb GgbwK Kzdix
ch©v‡qi e‡j MY¨ K‡ib|
wK‡‘ dzidzivi cxi Avey eKi wmwÏKx G Kg©‡K nv`x‡mi AbymiY wnmv‡e †g‡b †bb ev mg_©b K‡ib| Kei, M¤^yR
BZ¨vw` fv½v‡Z eyRMy ©M‡Yi †Kv‡bv Aegvbbv ev †Mvbvn n‡q‡Q e‡j wZwb g‡b K‡ibwb, eis nv`x‡mi AbymiY wnmv‡e Zv
mg_©b K‡i‡Qb| 16/03/1351 wn (19/07/1932wn) Zvwi‡L wZwb ev`kvn Avãyj Avhxh Beby mD‡ì wbKU †jLv GK c‡Î
wZwb wj‡Lb:
ÒAvgiv ï‡b AvmwQ †h, Avcbvi ivR‡Z¡ †nRv‡Ri cÖvPxb ¯§„wZwPýmg~n I cweÎ gvhvimg~‡ni M¤^R y Avcbvi wb‡`©‡k
†f‡½ †djv n‡q‡Q Ges †mme wbwðý n‡q wM‡q‡Q| wbtm‡•`‡n nv`x‡mi AbymiY wnmv‡e GB KvR GK w`K †_‡K Ab¨vq
bq| Z‡e Avðh© nB †h, Avcbvi †`‡ki AwaKvsk Awaevmx `vwo Kv‡Ub A_ev †Ljv‡d mybv‣ Z-fv‡e Qv‡Ub| Zv‡ì †`Lv‡`wL
Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki gvby‡livI µgv‡^‡q GB KwVb Ab¨vq KvRwU Ki‡Z ïi‚ K‡i‡Q| Avcbvi D¾¡j PwiÎ I Abvwej ¯^fv‡ei
Dci wbf©i K‡i G Aag Avkv Ki‡Q †h, Avcwb Avcbvi †`‡k †hmKj N„wYZ we`ÔAvZ I kixqZ we‡ivax KvR msNwVZ nq
†m¸wj G mKj K‡g© wjß‡ì †n`vqv‡Zi Rb¨, Zv‡ì cÖwZ ggZv ekZ Ges Zv‡ì Ae¯’v ms‡kvab Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ †iva
Ki‡eb; Zvn‡j Avcwb Dfq RM‡Zi m„wóKZ©v Avjvn ZvAvjvi AbyM‡Ö n Dfq RM‡Zi †m․fvM¨ jv‡f mg_© n‡eb| Avgiv
gwngvw‡^Z Avjvn ZvÔAvjvi mgx‡c Avcbvi I Avcbvi ivR‡Z¡i ¯’vwq‡Z¡i Rb¨ `yAv KiwQ|Ó72
Zuvi G cÎwU Zuvi mybv‣ Z †Kw•`ªKZv cÖgvY K‡i| Kei cvKv Kiv ev cvKv Kei †f‡½ †djvi wel‡q Invex‡ì gZwU
†h‡nZz nv`xm wfwËK Kv‡RB Zv‡K †g‡b wb‡q‡Qb| cvkvcvwk `vwo welqK cÖgvwYZ mybv‣ Z webó nIqvi †Nvi AvcwË cÖKvk
K‡i‡Qb|
1. 1. 6. 7. 6. Kei †Kw›`ªK Dik cÖ_v ms¯‥vi
Kei †Kw•`ªK Abyôvb¸wji Ab¨Zg wQj ÒDikÓ| Dim ( ) k‡ãi A_© weevn ev wgjb| g„Zzï gva¨‡g Avjvni
mv‡_ Avjvni Ijxi wgjb n‡q‡Q Ges G wgj‡bi gnv¶Y‡K cÖwZermi Òweevnevwl©KxÓ wn‡m‡e cvjb K‡i, G Dcj‡¶¨
eiKZ, Avkxe©v` I Kie¯’ eyRy‡M©i Ò‡bK bRiÓ jv‡fi D‡Ï‡k¨ Di‡ki cÖPjb nq| G cÖ_v g~jZB mybv‣ Z we‡ivax| GQvov G
Abyôvb g„Z eyR‡y M©i cÖwZ AwZfw³, Zuvi Keic~Rv I wkiK cÖmv‡i mnvqZv K‡i| m‡e©vcwi G Dcj‡¶ bvbvwea A‣ea Kg©
AbywôZ nq| G wel‡q Avjvgv mvBdzÏxb wmwÏKx e‡jb:
ÒmgKvjxb e½ I Avmv‡g fÛ cxi, dwKi‡ì Øviv AviI GKwU Kzms¯‥vi e¨vcKfv‡e we¯„vi jvf K‡i| Zv nj cx‡ii
gvRvi ev Kei‡K †K•`ª K‡i cx‡ii Rb¥ wKsev g„Zy¨ wèm Dcj‡¶¨ †gjv I Di‚k Abyôvb; hv AvRI †Kvb †Kvb ¯’v‡b †`Lv hvq|
44
... G wel‡q ZrKvjxb ÔAvj-BmjvgÕ cwÎKvi GKwU gZ msw¶ß fv‡e D×„Z Kiv nj|......ÒAvRKvj †Kej cyi‚l b‡n
eis cx‡ii ìMv‡n wQb‣x I †bqvR PovBevi Rb¨, cx‡ii Ki‡e ei cÖv_©bv Kwievi Rb¨ nvRvi nvRvi ¯¿x‡jvK hvBqv _v‡K| Ke‡i
†h Ii‡ki bv‡g evwl©K †gjv e‡m Zvnv‡Z †gvmjgvb ¯¿x‡jv‡Ki †Vjv‡Vwj‡Z cyi‚‡li RvbcÖvY DôvMZ nq| Giƒc †gjvq eo eo
cxi-†gv‡k©`MY ¯^-¯^ `jej mn nvwRi nBqv ZvIqvd (cx‡ii Ke‡ii Pvicv‡k †Nviv) †ek¨vi bvP-Mvb `k©b I kªe‡Y gnv cyY¨
m&Âq Kwiqv Av‡mb!........ GLb GB ‡e`vZx (A‣bmjvwgK) `‡ji wei‚‡× GB †Mvi c~RK, cxi c~RK, `M©v c~RK `‡ji wei‚‡×
cÖwZev` Kiv diR nBqv wMqv‡Q|Ó73
kvBL Avey eKi wmwÏKx Dik cÖ_vi ms¯‥v‡i wØgyLx c`‡¶c MÖnY K‡ib| GKw`‡K wZwb Gi wei‚‡× e¨vcK cÖPvi Pvjvb
Ges A‡bK Dik I †gjv wZwb eÜ K‡ib| Aciw`‡K Kei †Kw•`ªK, Rb¥ ev g„Zz¨ZvwiL wfwËK Di‡ki cwie‡Z© wZwb Iqvh-
gvnvwdj wfwËK Bmv‡j mvIqv‡ei cÖPjb K‡ib| wZwb Gi bvg †`b: Ògnwd‡j Iqvh `vi hvgvb-Av-Cmv‡j mvIqveÓ| GwUI
Zuvi myb‣vZ wbf©iZvi GKwU w`K| Iqvh-gvnwdj GKwU AZ¨‡„ ¸i‚Z¡c~Y© gvmb~b Bev`Z| G Bev`‡Zi Rb¨ RbM‡Yi myweav‡_©
ZvwiL wba©viY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Rb¥w`b ev g„Zz¨w`‡b bh, Kv‡iv Rb¥-g„Zz¨ Dcj‡¶¨ bq ev Kei †Kw•`ªK bq, eis GKv‡„B Iqvh
gvnwdj-Gi Av‡qvRb K‡i, gvnwd‡ji g‡a¨ g„Z AvZ¥xq ¯^R‡bi Rb¨ gvMwdiv‡Zi `yAv Kiv myb‣vZ mgw_©Z| Gfv‡e GKw`‡K
†n`v‡q‡Zi Drm wn‡m‡e Iqvh-gvnwdj¸wji ¯’vwq‡Z¡i eë¯’v nq| Aciw`‡K Dik, Rb¥-g„Zz¨ ZvwiL cvjb I Kei‡Kw•`ªK
Abyôvbvw` Acmvi‡Yi eë¯’v nq|
G m¤ú‡K© wZwb e‡jb: ÒAvgvi evox‡Z erm‡ii 21/22/23†k dvêyb ZvwiL wba©vwiZ Kwiqv GKwU Iq‡Ri gvnwdj
Kwi| H Zvwi‡L Avgvi cxi wK¤^v `v`v cx‡ii g„Zz¨ nq bvB| Avwg Rvwb, Avjvn ewjqv‡Qb: †n Cgvb`viMY, †Zvgiv wb‡Rw`M‡K
I wb‡R‡ì cwiRb‡K AwM‣ nB‡Z i¶v Ki| GB Avqv‡Zi gg© Aej¤^‡b, Avgvi evox‡Z †`kx we‡`kx mKj‡K Avg `vIqvZ
w`qv eû Av‡jg, Ijvgv, nv‡dR, Kvix KZ©„K IqvR bwQnZ KivBqv I wb‡R Kwiqv kwiq‡Zi ûKzg AvnKvg RvbvBqv †`B| hw`
†Kvb †`‡k †Kvb gQjv jBqv gZ‡f` _v‡K, Z‡e GB gn‡d‡j _vwKqv Zvnvi gxgvsmv Kwiqv jb| GB gn‡d‡j cÖvq cÖZ¨n
25/30 nvRvi †jvK nv‡Ri _v‡K| H wZb w`‡bi GK w`b 60/70 LZg †KviAvb kwid, Qziv GLjvQ I dv‡Znv, Kv‡jgv
BZ¨vw` covb nq| GB mg‡¯„i mvIqve nRiZ bwe ()-Gi I hveZxq Awj AvDwjqv, MIQ, KzZze I hveZxq †gvQjgvb‡ì
i‚‡ni Dci QvIqve †iQwb Kiv nq| GB Rb¨ GB gvnwd‡ji GK bvg Bmv‡j QIqve| hw` †Kn GB gvn‡dj‡K I‡ivQ ev Ab¨
wKQz e‡j Z‡e Zvnv †Kn ïwb‡eb bv|Ó74
1. 1. 6. 8. ZvmvDd I cxi-gyix`x
1. 1. 6. 8. 1. ZvhwKqv-ZvmvDd: cÖK…wZ, weeZ©b I cÖwZwµqv
KziAvb-mybv‣ n wb‡`©wkZ ZvhwKqv bdm ev AvZ¥ïw× AR©‡bi cÖwµqv mvnvex-ZvweqxM‡Yi cieZ©x hy‡M ÒBjg-ZvmvDdÓ
bv‡g cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i|75 Bmjv‡gi cÖ_g hyM¸wj‡Z ZvmvDd wQj mybv‣ Z wbf©i| mybv‣ Z wb‡`©wkZ ZvhwKqv AR©‡bi Rb¨
mybv‣ Z wb‡`©wkZ Bev`Z¸wj mybv‣ Z c×wZ‡Z cvjbB wQj ZvmvD‡di g~j wfwË| cieZ©xhy‡M Gwel‡q e¨vcK Ae¶q †`Lv
†`q| µ‡mW hy‡×vËi Ges we‡klZ ZvZvi Avµg‡bvËi gymwjg we‡k¦ m~dx gvkvBLMYB g~jZ `xbx `vIqv‡Zi aviv Ae¨vnZ
iv‡Lb| cvkvcvwk ZvmvD‡di bv‡g e¨vcK wkiK-weÀvZ I Kzms¯‥vi me©Î cÖmvwiZ n‡q hvq| weMZ K‡qK kZvãx hver
wewfb‣ †`‡k A‡bK Avwjg ZvmvD‡di bv‡g G mKj weåvw‡„i cÖmviZvi Kvi‡Y g~j ZvmvDd‡KB `vqx K‡i G‡K eR©bxq e‡j
gZ cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb| Zuviv XvjvIfv‡e ZvmvDd I m~dx we‡ivax e³e¨ †ck K‡ib| Ab¨w`‡K A‡bK Avwjg ZvmvDd
mg_©‡bi bv‡g wewfb‣ cÖKv‡ii Kzms¯‥vi, Rvj-nv`xm I wkiK-weÀv‡Zi mg_©b Ki‡Z _v‡Kb|
G‡¶‡Î fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡ki mycÖwm× ms¯‥viKMY mgw‡^Z ga¨c‡’v AbymiY K‡ib| GKw`‡K Zviv ZvmvD‡di bv‡g
cÖPwjZ mKj wkiK-weÀvZ I Kzms¯‥v‡ii K‡Vvi cÖwZev` K‡ib| Aciw`‡K Zuviv KziAvb-mybv‣ n wb‡`©wkZ ZvhwKqv I
BLjvm AR©‡bi DcKiY wn‡m‡e ZvmvDd‡K mwVKfv‡e eënvi K‡ib I cÖPvi K‡ib| G avivi cy‡ivav wQ‡jb gyRvwÏ`-B
Avjd-B mvbx kvBL Avng` wmiwn•`x (1564-1624L„/971-1034 wn)| Zuvi c‡ii ms¯‥viM‡Yi Ab¨Zg wQ‡jb kvn
IqvwjDjvn gynvwÏm †`njex (1114-1176wn/ 1703-1762L„) I Zuvi cyÎ kvn Avãyj Avhx‡hi cÖwm×Zg wkl¨ mvB‡q`
Avng` Beby Bidvb †eªjex (1201-1246wn/ 1786-1831L„)|
mvB‡q` Avng‡ì wkl¨M‡Yi gva¨‡g †R․bcyi, †Ìe•` I dzidzivi avivi m„wó| G avivi cÖmviZv I weKv‡k we‡kl Ae`vb
iv‡Lb dzidzivi cxi Avey eKi wmwÏKx| G wel‡q we¯„vwZi Av‡jvPbv GLv‡b D‡Ïk¨ bq| G‡¶‡ÎI gvkvBL dzidziv wKfv‡e Rvj
nv`xm cÖwZ‡iv‡a I mnxn myb‣vZ cÖwZôvq m‡Pó †_‡K‡Qb Zvi mvgvb¨ D`vniY D‡j‡Li †Póv Kie|
1. 1. 6. 8. 2. ZvmvDd †Kw›`ªK weåvwš— cÖwZ‡iv‡a
kvBLyj Bmjvg Avey eKi wmwÏKxi ms¯‥vi Av‡•`vj‡bi Ab¨Zg w`K wQj ZvmvD‡di bv‡g cÖPwjZ wkiK, weÀvZ I
weåvw‡„i cÖwZ‡iva| G wel‡q Avjvgv mvBdzÏxb wmwÏKx e‡jb:
45
bexcvK () Gikv` K‡ib, Avgvi Kv‡j Avgvi D¤§Z DËg n‡e, Zvici Zvi cieZ©x Kvj I Zvici
cieZ©x Kv‡ji D¤§Z (DËg n‡e)| GB wZb Kvj‡K Lvqi‚j Ki‚b ev DËg Kvj ejv nq| ewb©Z nvw`‡mi ggv©_ © nj, wZb
Kv‡j †hgb fv‡jvi fvM †ekx n‡e, †Zgwb D³ wZb Kv‡ji ci g‡•ì fvM †ewk n‡e, wg_¨v cÖej n‡e| cÖKvk _v‡K †h,
bexcv‡Ki hy‡Mi `yi‡Z¡i d‡j ax‡i ax‡i gvby‡li g‡a¨ †hgb †`Lv w`j AjmZv, Øx‡bi cÖwZ D`vmxbZv, Aciw`‡K weRvZxq
ms¯‥…wZi cÖfve gymwjg gvb‡m AbycÖ‡ek NU‡Z _vKvq `ª‚Z g‡•ì fvM evo‡Z _v‡K, d‡j Avwef©ve n‡Z _v‡K wbZ¨ bZzb `j
I g‡Zi| GK †kªYxi g‡a¨ ZvmvDd ev mydx mva‡bi bv‡g Ingci¯„x ev Kíbv c~Rv I nvw`m †KviAvb ewnf©yZ bvbv ai‡bi
†e`vZx wµqvKjvc †`Lv †`q |
ax‡i ax‡i GB åv‡„ mydx mva‡bi avivq cÖvY mÂvwiZ nq weRvZxq `k©‡bi gva‡g| d‡j g~j Øxb Bmjvg †_‡K
wewPQb‣ n‡q c‡o mydxev‡ì GKUv aviv| GB åv‡„ mydxev‡ì mwnZ Bmjvgxq mydxev‡ì cv_©KÜv †Kv_vq Zvi mwVK aviYv
I Áv‡bi Afv‡e cÖ‡Z¨K hy‡Mi gvbyl GB †kªYx Øviv Pig ¶wZMÖ¯„ n‡q‡Q Ges G‡ì PµRv‡j †d‡m wM‡q CgvbI nvwi‡q‡Q|
Z‡e nuv, gnvb Avjvn GB D¤§‡Z †gvnv¤§`xi Ici ing KiZ hy‡M hy‡M Ggb wKQy wKQy e¨w³‡Z¡i †cÖiY K‡i‡Qb hviv G‡ì
wei‚‡× wPiKvj †mv‛Pvi †_‡K‡Q Ges GB mKj †e`vZx‡ì MwZ‡iva Ki‡Z Zv‡ì †Póv Ae¨vnZ †_‡K‡Q Rxe‡bi †kl w`bwU
ch©‡„|
Avey `vD‡ì nvw`‡m ewY©Z Av‡Q: wbðq AvjvnZvqvjv D¤§‡Z †gvnv¤§`xi Rb¨ †cÖiY K‡i _v‡Kb cÖ‡Z¨K kZvãx‡Z
Ggb e¨w³‡Z¡i whwb D¤§‡Zi Rb¨ Zv‡ì Øx‡bi ev a‡g©i ms¯‥vi K‡i _v‡Kb|
A‣bmjvwgK cÖ_v ev Kzms¯‥v‡ii ms¯‥vi Ki‡Z Ab¨vq-AbvPvi Ges åv‡„ cxiev` ev mydx mvabvi wei‚‡× fvi‡Zi
gvwU‡Z †h e¨w³ cÖ_g †mv‛Pvi nb wZwb n‡jb nRiZ †mL Avng` minv•`x dvi‚Kx gyRv‡Ï` Avj‡dmvbx (i)| bKke•`x
gyRvwÏ`x ZwiKv GB Dcgnv‡`‡k eûj cÖPvwiZ n‡qwQj | ... cieZ©xKv‡j fviZxq gymjgvb‡ì g‡a¨ weag©x AvPvi AvPiY Ges
åv‡„ mydx ev cxiev‡ì cÖfve †iv‡a whwb `„p msKí nb wZwb n‡jb Øv`k kZvãxi gyRv‡Ï` nRiZ kvn Ijx Djvn †`njex
(i)| kvn Ijx Djvni (i) •ecweK wP‡„v avivi cÖZ¨¶ †Kvb cÖfve ZLbB evsjv‡`‡k †`Lv †`qwb ... Z‡e Gi c‡iv¶ cÖfve
†`Lv †`q •mq` Avng` †e‡ijfx (i) cÖewZ©Z ms¯‥vi Av‡•`vj‡bi gva¨‡g| KviY ‣mq` Avng` †e‡ijfx (i)-Gi wP‡„vaviv
wQj kvn Ijx Dj-vn (i)-Gi a¨vb aviYv cÖmyZ| •mq` Avng` †e‡ijfx (i)-Gi cÖewZ©Z ms¯‥vi Awfhvb Ges Zvi Kvh©KviY
mg~n wePvi we‡klY c~e©K mgKvjxb Ijvgviv we‡kl K‡i Zvi Ab¨Zg cÖavb wkl¨ nRiZ KvivgZ Avjx †R․bcyix (i) Zv‡K
Î‡qv`k kZvãxi gyRv‡Ï` ev ms¯‥viK e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| ...
Î‡qv`k kZvãxi gyRv‡Ï` nRiZ •mq` Avng` (i)-Gi Lwjdv ev cÖwZwbwa ¯îƒc c~e©e‡½ †e`vZx cxi ev åv‡„ mydxev`
Ges Ab¨vb¨ Kzms¯‥v‡ii wei‚‡× nRiZ KvivgZ Avjx (i) Zvi Awfhvb‡K Ae¨vnZ †i‡LwQ‡jb Ges G †¶‡Î wZwb A‡bKvs‡k
mdjZvI AR©b K‡ib| Z‡e evsjv fvlvfvlx gymwjg gvb‡m Zv mg¨K Av‡jvob Av‡bwb| KviY Zvi cÖPvi gva¨g wQj D`©y| ...
cieË©xKv‡ji nRiZ cxi Avey eKi wmwÏKx dzidzivex (i) wQ‡jb G‡ìB DËim~ix GKRb gyRv‡Ï`| .... GB dzivdzivi nRi‡Zi
ag© mvabv I Kg©gq Rxe‡bi GKwU we‡kl Ges D‡jL‡hvM¨ w`K nj åv‡„mydx ev Rvj cxi dKxi-ev‡ì ms¯‥v‡ii gva¨‡g cÖK…Z
ZvmvDd ev Ava¨vwZ¥K wk¶vi weï× I wbg©j aviv‡K cÖevwnZ Kiv|
Bmjvg cÖPviK, gymwjg wn‣Zlx, Bmjvg `k©b, Avj-Bmjvg wewfb‣ cÖÎ cwÎKv n‡Z Rvbv hvq †h, Av‡jvP¨ hy‡M e½
Avmv‡gi gymwjg mgvR ag©xq †¶‡Î AwaK ¶wZMÖ¯„ nq åv‡„ mydxev` I cxi-dwKiev‡ì cªfv‡e| AvR‡Ki w`‡b Zv‡ì
Kvh©Kjv‡ci K_v ïb‡j kixi wkD‡i D‡V| Øxb Cgvb wb‡q †e‡P _vKv †mw`b gymjgvb‡ì Rb¨ LyeB KwVb wQj| Avh©-
Lª÷vb‡ì Øviv Cgv‡bi †h bv ¶wZ mvab n‡q‡Q, Zvi †_‡K kZ¸Y ¶wZ n‡q‡Q GB †kªYxi fÛ cxi dwKi Øviv | Giv
ZvmvDd ev mydxZ‡Ë¡i Ace¨vL¨v KiZ| †hgb gymjgvbw`M‡K Bmjvg I kwiqZ wegyL K‡iwQj Abyiƒc mgKvjxb bvbv
Kzms¯‥v‡ii cÖe©ZKI Giv wQj| Ges G‡ìB Øviv †m w`b gymwjg mgv‡Ri i‡Ü« i‡Ü« wkiK I †e`v‡Zi AbycÖ‡ek N‡U| Ges
wec_Mvgx n‡q c‡o e½ Avmv‡gi j¶ j¶ gymjgvb| mgKvjxb wKQy åv‡„ cxi I mydx‡ì bvg Avjvgv‡q wn•` nRiZ
gvIjvbv i‚ûj Avwgb (iv)-Gi eB cy¯„‡K D‡jL cvIqv hvq| †hgb my‡ik¦ixqv, gx‡ik¦ixqv, mvZKvwbqv (P&ÆMÖvg), evMgvixqv
(fviZ), gvBR-fvÛvixqv, AvRvbMvQxqv, RRevBqv (weµgcyi), byi‚jvnci‚jxqv (XvKv), kvn †bRvgywÏb, (dwi`cyi) cÖgyL|
GB mKj cxi‡ì cÖfve cÖwZcwË ZLb e¨vcK wQj e‡j Rvbv hvq| Z‡e AwaKvsk AÁ Awkw¶Z †jv‡KivB wQj G‡ì
Abymvix| H mKj cxi dwKi‡ì wµqvKjvc I ag©xq gZev` †h wK wQj, Zv msw¶ß fv‡e D×„Z Kiv nj|
(1) bvgv‡Ri cª‡qvRb bvB, †R‡Ki Ki‡jB n‡e| (2) Giv kwiqZ Bmjvg n‡Z gv‡idvZ‡K c„_K RvbZ (3) G‡ì
KviI KviI ag©xq wek¦vm nRiZ †gvnv¤§` () gvbyliƒcx †Lv`v (4) c„w_ex‡Z Avjvi `k©‡b wek¦vmx (5) †KviAvb me©‡gvU
40 cviv, 30 cviv wjwLZ eB AvKv‡i Avi 10 cviv wmbvq wmbvq iw¶Z n‡q Avm‡Q, hvi Lei †g․jyfxiv iv‡L bv| (6) GB
†ekiv cxi dwKiM‡Yi aviYv wQj Avjvn byigq e¯‘ (‡R¨vwZ)| D‡jL¨ †h, G wek¦vm Zv‡ì åv‡„ I Kzdix| KviY b~‡ii
wecixZ AÜKvi Ges by‡ii jq, ¶q e„w× Av‡Q, gnvb Avjvn jq, ¶q, e„w× Ges †Kvb iKg cÖwZØw•` n‡Z cweÎ| (7)
GKgvÎ nRiZ Avjx (i)-†K Ava¨vwZ¥‡Ki mgªvU aviYv Ki‡Zv Ges bexcv‡Ki Ab¨me mvnvev‡ì cÖwZ Kz aviYv ivLZ| (8)
46
bex cvK () Ges cx‡ii cÖwZ nv‡Ri bv‡R‡ii wek¦vm ivLZ| A_©vr mKj mgq cxi Avgv‡ì Kv‡Q Av‡Qb e‡j
aviYv KiZ| D‡jL¨ †h, Avjvn Qvov Ab¨ KviI cÖwZ Giƒc wek¦vm Kzdix| (9) Av`‡gi m„wó n‡qwQj Avjvi AvK„wZ‡Z|
(10) Avjv‡K †g‡q‡Q‡ji iƒ‡cB GKgvÎ mwVK eySv m¤¢e| GB ai‡bi AmsL¨ Kydix wek¦vm ev a¨vb-aviYv Zv‡ì g‡a¨
we`¨gvb wQj|
G nj Zv‡ì ag©xq wek¦v‡mi w`K| Zv‡ì Avi GwU w`K wQj RNb¨Zg bvbv wµqvKjv‡ci, hvi KZK¸wj nj
h_vµ‡g Mvb evRbv, bZ©b Ky`©b I D‛P ¯^‡i wRwKi, cxi †mR`v, cx‡ii Kei‡K †a․Z K‡i †mB cvwb cvb Kiv, KvIqvjxi
gRjxm Kiv| cxi mv‡n‡ei Rb¨ ci ¯¿x‡jv‡Ki mv‡_© wbR©b evm, cx‡ii Qwe ivLv, cx‡ii bv‡g IwRdv cov, DËi cwðg
†Kv‡Y evM`v`x wmR`v Kiv, †Mvi c~Rv, cx‡ii ìRvq wkb‣x I gvb‣Z Kiv, Avgvem¨v, c~wb©gv, wKsev cx‡ii Rb¥, g„Zz¨ w`‡b ¯¿x
cyi‚l mw¤§wjZ n‡q †Xvj, Zejv, nvi‡gvwbqvg mn RvK Rg‡Ki m‡½ Iik Abyôvb Kiv | Bgvg †nv‡m‡bi ìMv Ges cvK
cvÄvZ‡bi c~Rv| Giƒ‡c AmsL¨K A‣bmjvwgK ev †eØxwb cÖ_v Zv‡ì g‡a¨ we`¨vgvb wQj|
mgKvjxb Avi GK †kªYxi AwZ RNb¨Zg †e`vZx dwKi‡ì ZrciZv I cÖfve m¤ú‡K© 1899 mv‡ji Bmjvg cÖPviK
cwÎKvq †h AwfgZ e¨³ n‡q‡Q Zv nj: dwKi gZvej¤^x GK †kªYxi †jvK Avgv‡ì mgv‡Ri me©bvk mvab Kwi‡Z AMÖmi
nBqv‡Q| GB m¤úvª`vq Bmjvg a‡g©i fxlYZg kÎ‚| wn•`y eªþY, L„÷vb, ev bvw¯„Kw`‡Mi Øviv †h ¶wZ mvab bv nB‡Z‡Q
gymjgvb bvgavix GB mKj f³ cvl‡Êi Øviv Zvnvi kZ ¸Y ¶wZi Abyôvb nB‡Z‡Q| Bnv‡ì fxlY I exfrm gZ¸wj Rb
mvavi‡Yi cwiÁvZ b‡n, wkw¶Z †jvK GB m¤cÖ`v‡qi c„‡óv‡cvlK bv‡nb, wK‡‘ hvnvw`M‡K jBqv wekvj g~mjgvb mgvR
MwVZ †mB mij wek¦vmx wbi¶i gymjgvbMY Bnv‡ì Kzn‡K cwZZ nBqv Rvnvb‣v‡gi c_ cwi®‥vi Kwi‡Z‡Q| ... Bnviv hw`
gymjgvb bv‡g cwiwPZ nB‡Z cv‡i Zvnv nB‡j c„w_ex‡Z Kv‡di k‡ãi Aw¯„Z¡B _vwK‡Z cv‡i bv| KZK¸wj H•`ªRvwjK Kvh©
I †fjwKevRx †`wLqv eY©-Ávbk~b¨ mij wek¦vmx K…lK †kªYxi gymjgvbMY mn‡RB Bnv‡ì c`vbyKiY K‡i|... GB
RÄvj¸wji ms¯‥vi Kwi‡Z bv cvwi‡j Bnviv kªxNªB e½‡`k Drmb‣ w`‡e|....
cÖKvk _v‡K †h, GB mKj dwKi gZvej¤^xMY †mw`b wewfb‣ bv‡g cwiwPZ wQj Ges G‡ì ixwZ bxwZ G‡K Ac‡ii †_‡K
wKQy wKQy hwÌ ¯^Z‡¿ wQj g~jZ Giv mK‡jB GKB m¤cÖ`vqfy³| (Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx iwPZ) Ôevsjv‡`‡ki ev‡Zj †dK©vÕ
bvgK eB †_‡K wKQy †e`vZx dwKi‡ì bvg Rvbv hvq, h_v my‡ik¦ixqv, gx‡iik¦ixqv, gvBRfvÛvixqv, R‡jik¦ixqv, Zi‚Yxqv,
IqvR`vwbqv, `skgvix, evDwjqv, †bovBqv cÖf„wZ|..
Av‡jvP¨ hy‡M e½-Avmv‡gi N‡i N‡i †e`vZxiv †h Bmjvg ewn©f~Z gZev` we¯„vi K‡i Ava¨vwZ¥K ev ZvmvId ZË¡‡K
weK…Z K‡iwQj Ges cxi gywixwì bv‡g †h fÛvwg kyi‚ n‡qwQj dzidzivi nRiZ Ges Zvi wgkb H åv‡„ cxiev‡ì ms¯‥v‡ii
mv‡_ mv‡_ Zv‡ì MwZ‡iv‡a cÖvq GKUv kZvãx a‡i Awfhvb Ae¨vnZ iv‡Lb, GKw`‡K evsjv Avmv‡gi MÖvgM‡Ä, kn‡i bM‡i
IqvR bwmnZ Aciw`‡K eB cy¯„K cÎ cwÎKvi cÖPvi I cÖKv‡ki gva¨‡g| Avevi cÖ‡qvR‡b †e`vZx‡ì †gvKvwejv Ki‡Z
n‡q‡Q wgkb‡K evnvm ev ag© mfvq Ask MÖnY K‡i |...Ó76
1. 1. 6. 8. 3. mydxM‡Yi g‡a¨ cÖPwjZ Rvj nv`xm cÖwZ‡iva
Rvj nv`xm I Rvj ZvdmxiB g~jZ mKj weåvw‡„i Drm| gvkvBL dzidziv G¸wj cÖwZ‡iv‡ai †Póv Pvjvb| Avgiv cieZ©x
Av‡jvPbvq †`Le †h, Avjvgv Ave~ Rvdi wmwÏKxi ÔAvj-gvDh~AvZÕ MÖ‡’wU Gi cÖK…ó D`vniY| GQvov Avgiv †`‡LwQ †h, Avjvgv
i‚ûj Avwgb m~dxM‡Yi g‡a¨ nv`xm bv‡g eûj cÖPwjZ Ò†h wb‡R‡K wPbj †m Zvi ie․‡K wPbjÓ K_vwU‡K Rvj e‡j wbwðZ
K‡i‡Qb| Abyiƒcfv‡e eûj cÖPwjZ ÒIjxMY g‡ib bvÓ-K_vwUI wfwËnxb I KziAvb we‡ivax e‡j wZwb wbwðZ K‡iQb| GQvov
cxi-gyix`x welqK nv`xm bv‡g Kw_Z Òhvnvi cxi bvB Zvnvi cxi kqZvbÓ- K_vwUi cÖwZev` K‡i‡Qb Ges GwU Rvj e‡j D‡jL
K‡i‡Qb|
1. 1. 6. 8. 4. Djyj Avgi I bv‡q‡e bex cwifvlvi Aceënvi †iva
cx‡ii Av‡`k gvb¨ Kiv dih cÖgvY Ki‡Z fÊ cxiMY ÒDjyj AvgiÓ I Òbv‡q‡e bexÓ cwifvlv `ywUi Aceënvi K‡ib|
Ôbv‡q‡e bexÕ K_vwU KziAvb-myb‣vni cwifvlv bq| nv`x‡m mKj Avwjg‡K ÒIqvwimyb bexÓ ev Òbexi DËivwaKvixÓ e‡j D‡jL
K‡i ejv n‡q‡Q †h, ivm~jyjvn ()-Gi †i‡L hvIqv- KziAvb I nv`x‡mi- Bjg hvi hZ †ewk Zvi DËivwaKvi ZZ †ewk| A‡b‡K
ÔIqvwim bexÕ A‡_© Ôbv‡q‡e bexÕ kãwU eënvi K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e fÊiv `vwe K‡i †h, AgyK evwZbx Bjg ev ¶gZvi AwaKvix e¨w³B
GKgvÎ bv‡q‡e bex| welqwU †h‡nZz evwZbx, Kv‡RB Zv cix¶v Kivi Dcvq †bB, cÖ‡Z¨‡KB B‛QvgZ `vwe ev A¯^xKvi Ki‡Z
cvi‡e| Kv‡RB Zviv `vwe KiZ †h, Giƒc ¸Y ev ¶gZv †Kej Avgv‡ì cx‡iiB Av‡Q| wZwbB bv‡q‡e bex| Avi bv‡q‡e bex A_©
bexi cÖwZwbwa I ZuviB mv‡_ we‡kl m¤úK©hy³| Zuvi Òwb‡`©‡kBÓ wZwb me wKQz e‡jb| KziAvb-nv`x‡mi mwVK e¨vL¨v wZwbB w`‡Z
cv‡ib| Kv‡RB KziAvb-nv`xm ev kixq‡Z wK Av‡Q Zv we‡eP¨ bq; eis bv‡q‡e bexi ûKzg gvbvB eo dih| wZwb kixq‡Zi
†Ljvd ej‡jI Zv gvb¨ KivB Avjvn cvIqvi c_|
47
gnvb Avjvn e‡j‡Qb: Ò†n gywgbMY, †Zvgiv AvbyMZ¨ Ki Avjvni, Ges AvbyMZ¨ Kiv ivm~‡ji Ges
†Zvgv‡ì ga¨ †_‡K ÔAv‡`‡ki AwaKvix‡ìÕ|Ó77 Giv `vwe Ki‡Zb †h, cxiB ÒDjyj AvgiÓ ev ÔAv‡`‡ki AwaKvixMYÓ|
Kv‡RB wbwe©Pv‡i Zvi ûKzg gvbv dih|
G weåvw‡„i cÖwZev` K‡i Avjvgv i‚ûj Avwgb ÒevMgvwii dwK‡ii †avKvfÄbÓ MÖ‡‡’ wj‡L‡Qb: Ò‡jLK 3q c„ôvq myiv
†bQvi AvqZwU... D×„Z Kwiqv ¯^xq Rv‡njx we`¨vq e¨vL¨v Kwiqv‡Q †h, Ô†n Bgvb`viMY †Lv`vZvjv‡K fq Ki I Zvnvi
diR¸wji ûKyg gvb¨ K‡iv I imy‡ji myb‡‣ Zi Av‡`kvbyeZ©x nI Ges †Zvgv‡ì nv‡K‡gi ûKzg gvb¨ Ki A_©vr cx‡i
ZwiK‡Zi ûKzg gvb¨ Ki †Kbbv ZvnvivB bv‡q‡e bex|Õ G¶‡Y wRÁvmv †h ÔdiR¸wjÕ, Ômyb‣ZÕ, Ôcx‡i ZwiKZÕ I Ôcx‡i
ZwiKZB bv‡q‡e bexÕ BZ¨vw` g‡bvw³ K_v GB Avq‡Z †Kv_vq Av‡Q? Bnv‡KB wK ‡KvivY kwid Pzwi Kiv e‡j bv? ...
Zdwmi Kwei, gvqv‡jg, Lv‡Rb, gv`v‡iK i‚ûj evqvb, i‚ûj gvqvwb, Ge‡b Rwii, Ge‡b KwQi, bvqQcyix, †`vi‡i gvbQyi,
Avng`x, †mivRv¤§wbi, evn‡i gywnZ, evqRvix, †gvRnvix (Avi KZ bvg Kwie) cÖf„wZ weL¨vZ Zdwmi mg~‡n D‡jvj Avgi
Gi A_© †gvmjgvb ev`kvn I kwiq‡Zi Av‡jg ewjqv wjwLZ Av‡Q; cx‡i ZwiKZ †Kvb Zdwm‡i bvB eis gKZzev‡Z Ggvg
ie․vbx‡Z wjwLZ Av‡Q †h, kwiq‡Zi gmjv gvmv‡qj MÖnY Kwi‡Z ZwiK‡Zi cxiM‡Yi K_v MÖnYxq nB‡e bv| Z`¯’‡j Ggvg
Avey nvwbdv I Zuvnvi wkl¨MY Ges kwiq‡Zi Av‡jgM‡Yi K_v MÖnYxq nB‡e|...Ó78
1. 1. 6. 8. 5. hvwnix I evwZbx Bj‡gi bv‡g weåvwš— †iva
mvaviYfv‡e `xbx Bjg wkL‡jB †h †Kv‡bv gymwjg m‡PZb n‡q hvb Ges G mKj fÊ-cÖZviK‡ì ¶à‡i mn‡R c‡ob
bv| Avi Mfxi I cÖk¯„ Bj‡gi AwaKvix cÖvÁ AvwjgMY mn‡RB KziAvb-nv`x‡mi Av‡jv‡K G‡ì fÊvwgi gy‡Lvk Ly‡j †`b|
GRb¨ Giv ÒRvwnix BjgÓ I ÒevwZbx BjgÓ fvMvfvwM K‡i Rvwnix Bjg ev kixq‡Zi Bj‡gi wei‚‡× we‡lv‟Mvi K‡i
mijcÖvY gymwjg‡ì‡K Bjg I Avwjg‡ì cÖwZ we‡Ølx K‡i †Zv‡j, †hb Zviv Bjg bv wk‡L I Avwjg‡ì K_v bv ï‡b|
Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKxi MÖ‡‡’i Av‡jvPbvq Avgiv †`Le †h, hvwnix Bjg I evwZbx Bj‡gi wefw³wU kxqv‡ì
Avwe¯‥vi I wkqv AvKx`v| cieZ©x hy‡Mi A‡bK cÖwm× m~dx Òhvwnix BjgÓ I ÒevwZbx BjgÓ cwifvlv eënvi Ki‡jI
evwZbx Bjg ej‡Z hvwnix Bj‡gi wfwË‡Z ü`‡qi AbyfywZ ev Ae¯’v wbq‡¿Y eywS‡q‡Qb| Zviv hvwnix Bj‡gi ¸i‚Z¡ n«vm
K‡ib wb|
gvkvBL dzidzivi Ab¨Zg •ewkó¨ Òhvwnix BjgÓ ev KziAvb, nv`xm, wdKn, Dm~j BZ¨vw` cyw_MZ Bj‡gi Dci
m‡e©v‛P ¸i‚Z¡ Av‡ivc Kiv| evsjvi me©Î Rvwnix Bj‡gi D‛P wk¶v cÖwZôvb gv`ªvmv cÖwZôv Kiv, cÖ‡Z¨K gymwj‡g gv`ªvmvq
co‡Z DØy× Kiv, Òhvwnix AvwjgMY‡KÓ m¤§vb Ki‡Z †kLv‡bv, cÖ‡Z¨K Ljxdv I gyix`‡K gv`ªvmv cÖwZôv I Bjg wk¶vq
DØy× Kiv BZ¨vw` dzidzivi cxiM‡Yi mycwiwPZ Kg©aviv|
evMgvixi cxi AvwjgÏxb kvn Zvi ÒZwiK‡Z imyj iv‡n nKÓ MÖ‡‡’ Òhvwnix Bj‡giÓ wei‚‡× we‡lv‟Mvi K‡i bvbv K_v
e‡jb| GK¯’v‡b wZwb e‡jb, Mvox Mvox †KZve cvV Kiv... BZ¨vw` imy‡ji mybZ‣ ewjqv Rvbv GKv‡„B åg|Ó
Avjvgv i‚ûj Avwgb G K_vi cÖwZev‡` Bjg, Avwjg I dKxnM‡Yi dhxjZ I gh©v`v welqK AvqvZ I nv`xm¸wj D‡jL
K‡i‡Qb| GK ch©v‡q wZwb e‡jb: Avkev‡nvb‣vRv‡qi I †bQvej Gn‡ZQve cÖf„wZ †KZv‡e Av‡Q: ... ÔG‡jg I Av‡jg‡K N„Yv
Kwi‡j Kvwdi nB‡Z nq|Õ G¶‡Y evMgvwii †jL‡Ki Dci (hvnvi A`„‡ó †eva nq GKLvbv †KZve cvVI Ry‡U bvB) Gmjvg
Abyhvqx wK d‡Zvqv nB‡e Zvnv ejyb|
Ab¨Î evMgvixi cxi e‡jb, Gj‡g Rv‡nix‡Z †Lv`v cvIqv hvq bv, Ges †gv‡k©` mv‡e LuvwU gywi`‡K P¶z Øviv †Lv`v
†`LvBqv Qv‡ob|Ó
Avjvgv i‚ûj Avwgb e‡jb: wK †Nvi Kzdix Kvjvg| cvVK , Qwnn †evLvix I †gvm‡j‡g Av‡Q, imy‡j Kwig (mt)
ewjqv‡Qb: ... A_©vr Gjg (Rv‡nix) wk¶v gvb‡m ewnM©Z nB‡j, cÖZ¨veZ©b ch©‡„ †Lv`vi c‡_ _vKv nq| †gkKv‡Z Av‡Q ...
A_©vr Gjg wk¶v Kiv cÖ‡Z¨K †gvmjgv‡bi Dci diR| bwe Kwig () AviI ewjqv‡Qb †h, †h †gvmjgvb Gmjvg cÖPvi
gvb‡m Gjg (Rv‡nix) wk¶v Kwi‡Z Kwi‡Z g„Zz¨gy‡L cwZZ nq †Lv`vZvÕjv Zvnv‡K †e‡nk‡Z (beyIqZ e¨ZxZ) bexM‡Yi
mgvb gh©v`v w`‡eb|Ó... GZØ¨ZxZ AviI eû nvw`m I AvqvZ Øviv Rv‡nix Gjg cÖkswmZ nBqv‡Q| Avi Rv‡nj †gviv°ve
(cuvo AÁ) †jLK Zvnv‡K †Lv`v cÖvwßi c_ bq ewjqv ÔwRw•`KÕ nBj wKbv Zvnv weÁ cvVKMY kªeY Ki‚b| .... cvVK †`Lyb,
†e`vwZ †jLK Gjg Rv‡nix‡K N„Yv I †Lv`v cÖvwßi c_ bq ewjqv wKiƒ‡c Bgvb bó Kwij!
hLb nRiZ gymv (Av) Zzi ce․©‡Z hvBqv †Lv`vZvjv‡K †`wL‡Z evmbv K‡ib ZLb me․©kw³gvb AvjvnZvjv wZi¯‥vi
fv‡e ewjqvwQ‡jb, Ô†n gymv Avgv‡K †`wL‡Z cvB‡e bv|Õ †KvivY gvwR‡` AviI Av‡Q †h, hLb ZRwj cwZZ nBj, ZLb gymv
(Av) msÁvk~b¨ nBqv cwoqv †M‡jb| GB AvqvZ Øviv ¯úóB Rvbv †Mj †h, ZRwj †Lv`v bq, hw` Zvnv nq, Z‡e
‡Lv`vZvqvjvi D³ AvqvZ... A_¨v©r ÔAvgv‡K KLbI †`wL‡Z cvB‡e bvÕ- wg_¨v nBqv hvq, Ges GBiƒc aviYvKvix Kv‡di|
48
†KvivY kwi‡di myiv Avbqv‡g Av‡Q ... A_¨v©r P¶z Zvnv‡K †`wL‡Z cvB‡e bv, wZwb P¶z‡K †`‡Lb| Zdwmi
Ge‡b Rwi‡i I bvqQvcyixi 7g L‡Û I Ab¨vb¨ Zdwm‡i ewY©Z Av‡Q †h, †Lv`vZvÕjv gLjyK‡K †`‡Lb gLjyK (c„w_ex‡Z) †Lv`v‡K
†`wL‡Z cvB‡e bv| evMgvixi †jLK e‡j †h, †gv‡k©` mv‡ne LuvwU gywi`‡K P¶z Øviv †Lv`v †`LvBqv Qv‡ob| G¶‡Y cvVK fveyb
†Lv`v-`k©K †e`qvwZ `j kqZv‡bi m½x I Kv‡di nBj wKbv| Lye m¤¢e Zvnviv Zvnv‡ì kqZvb †Lv`v †`wLqv _vwK‡e bZzev
Giƒc Kzdyix Kvjvg †gvmjgv‡bi gyL I Kjg nB‡Z ewnM©Z nB‡e wKiƒ‡c?79
1. 1. 6. 8. 6. Imxjv mÜvb ebvg cxi aiv
gnvb Avjvn KziAvb Kvix‡g e‡j‡Qb:
Ò†n gywgbMY, †Zvgiv Avjvn‡K fq Ki, Zuvi •bKU¨ mÜvb Ki Ges Zuvi c‡_ msMÖvg Ki, hv‡Z †Zvgiv mdjKvg
n‡Z cvi|Ó80
G Avqv‡Zi e¨vL¨vq Bgvg Beby Rvixi Zvevix (310 wn) e‡jb:
ÒZuvi w`‡K Imxjv mÜvb Ki| Gi A_©: Zuvi w`‡K •bKU¨ mÜvb Ki, A_©vr †h Kg© Ki‡j wZwb m‡‘ó nb Zv K‡i|
Imxjv kãwU ÔZvIqvm&mvjZzÕ K_v †_‡K ÔdvqxjvnÕ Ih‡b M„nxZ Bmg| ejv nq ÔZvIqvm&mvjZz Bjv dzjvb we-Kvhv, A_©vr
Avwg AgyK KvR K‡i Agy‡K wbKUeZ©x n‡qwQ|Ó81
Imxjv A_© †h •bKU¨ Zv Avgiv Avhv‡bi `yAv †_‡KI eyS‡Z cvwi| G `yAvq Avgiv ewj, †n Avjvn, gynv¤§v` ()-‡K
Imxjv `vb Ki‚b, A_©vr Zuv‡K Avcbvi •bKU¨ I m‡e©v‛P wbKUeZ©x gh©v`v cÖ`vb Ki‚b|
Bgvg Zvevix wewfb‣ Rvwnjx Kwei KweZv D×„„Z K‡i cÖgvY K‡ib †h, Imxjv kãwUi A_© •bKU¨| AZtci wZwb mvnvex
I ZvweqxMY †_‡K G Avqv‡Zi e¨vL¨vq Zv‡ì gZvgZ mb` mn D×„Z K‡ib| mvnvex Avãyjvn Beby Ave․vm (iv), Zvweqx
Ave~ Iqvwqj, AvZv Beby Avwe ivevn, KvZv`vn Beby w`ÔAvgvn, gyRvwn` Beby Rvei, nvmvb evmix, Avãyjv- n Beby Kvmxi, myÏx
Avj-Kvexi, Beby hvB`, cÖgyL gydvm&wmi †_‡K wZwb D×„„Z K‡i‡Qb †h, mK‡jB e‡j‡Qb ÔZuvi Imxjv mÜvb KiÕ A_© Zuvi
•bKU¨ mÜvb Ki, A_©vr Zuvi AvbyMZ¨ I †ihvgw•`g~jK †bKKg© K‡i Zuvi •bKU¨ I gne․Z jv‡f m‡Pó nI|82
G AvqvZwU g~jZ gywg‡bi mdjZvi g~j Kg©¸wj eY©bv K‡i‡Q: (1) Cgvb, (2) ZvKIqv, (3) mvgwMÖK †bKKg© I (4)
wRnv`| wb‡Ri cÖwZ gywg‡bi `vwqZ¡ Cgvb I ZvKIqvi gva¨‡g g~j †ejvqvZ AR©b Kiv| ZvKIqv g~jZ dih cvjb I nvivg
eR©b‡K †K•`ª K‡iB AvewZ©Z| Gici AwZwi³ bdj Bev`Z I wewfb‣ †bK Avg‡ji gva¨‡g Avjvni •bKU¨ jv‡f
cÖwZ‡hvwMZv Ki‡Z n‡e| m‡e©vcwi mgvR, RvwZ I gvbeZvi Rb¨ `xb cÖPvi, cÖmvi, msi¶b I wRnv` Ki‡Z n‡e|
Avgiv Rvwb †h, †bKKvi gvbyl‡ì mvnPvh© MÖnY KivI GKwU ¸i‚Z¡c~Y© †bK Avgj| G A‡_© weMZ K‡qK kZ‡K `y-
GKRb gydvm&wmi cx‡ii mvnPvh© MÖnY Kiv‡K ÒImxjvÓ ev Avjvni •bKU¨ jv‡fi †bK Avgj e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| wK‡‘
evMgvixi cx‡ii gZ A‡b‡K G Avqv‡Zi Rvj e¨vL¨v Ges B‡Zvc~‡e© D‡jwLZ Rvj nv`xm Òhvi cxi †bB Zvi cxi kqZvbÓ
BZ¨vwì Dci wbf©i K‡i evMgvwii dwK‡ii gZ A‡b‡KB cxi aiv dih e‡j cÖPvi K‡i mijcÖvY mvaviY gvbyl‡K cxi
bvgavix Kv‡iv ¶à‡i co‡Z eva¨ K‡i| GQvov Zviv cxi‡K Avjvn I ev•`vi gv‡S ga¨¯„ZvKvix ev DwKj e‡j cÖPvi K‡i|
kixqZ wePvi bv K‡i cx‡ii Av‡`k gvb¨ Kiv Ri‚ix e‡j cÖPvi K‡i|
e¯‘Z KziAvb I mybv‣ ‡Zi Av‡jv‡K gywg‡bi g~j `vwqZ¡ ÒZvhwKqv bdmÓ| weï×fv‡e kixqZ I mybv‣ Z cvjb Ki‡jB
g~j ZvhwKqv AwR©Z nq| D‛PZi ZvhwKqv ev Mfxi BLjvm AR©‡bi Rb¨ †hvM¨ †bKKvi gvby‡li mvnPh© LyeB DcKvix| G
welqwUI mybv‣ Z wb‡`©wkZ| G ch©vq AR©b g~jZ Ò‡bK Kg©Ó, dhxjZ ev Avjvni •bK‡Uï cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi welq, `x‡bi g~j
dih-IqvwRe †Kv‡bv `vwqZ¡ bq| gyRvwÏ`-B Avjwd mvbx, kvn Iqvwj Djvn gynvwÏm †`njex, mvB‡q` Avng` †eªjex
cÖgy‡Li wjLwb‡Z G welq evisevi ¯úó Kiv n‡q‡Q|83
weMZ K‡qK kZvãx hver †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv Avwjg cxi aiv ev gyix` nIqv ÒdihÓ ev Òdih AvBbÓ e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb|
K_vwU KziAvb, myb‣vn, wdKn Z_v kixqZ wei‚×| KviY KziAvb I nv`x‡m Giƒc †Kv‡bv wb‡`©k †bB| mvnvex, Zvweqx, Zvwe-Zvweqx
Ges Pvi Bgvg-mn Bmjv‡gi cÖ_g cÖvq mnmª erm‡ii †Kv‡bv dKxn Giƒc gvmAvjv ev dvZIqv †`b wb| Bmjv‡gi cÖ_g nvRvi
eQ‡i †Kv‡bv mvnvex, Zvweqx, Bgvg, dKxn, cxi, eyRyM© †KD KL‡bv KvD‡K cx‡ii Kv‡Q evBqvZ ev gyix` bv nIqvi Kvi‡Y AvcwË
49
ev wb•`v K‡ib wb| AMwYZ Bgvg, Avwjg, dKxn, gynvwÏm, gydvm&wmi KL‡bv Kv‡iv nv‡Z evBqvZ K‡i gyix` nb wb|
me©ve¯’vq evwYwR¨K cxiMY G K_vwU‡K Zv‡ì ¯^v‡_© eënvi K‡ib| Zviv cÖPvi Ki‡Z _v‡Kb †h, cxi aiv dih|
Gici ej‡Z _v‡K †h, cxi Qvov g„Zz¨ n‡j †m Kvwdi!!! Gfv‡e GKwU weåvw‡„ Av‡iv A‡bK weåvw‡„i c_ Ly‡j †`q|
ZvhwKqv bdmB Bev`Z| G Bev`‡Zi we‡kl gh©v`vi ¯„i AR©‡b †bKKvi gvbyl‡ì mvnPvh© GKwU g~jëvb DcKiY| wK‡‘
cÖ_gZ ÒZvhwKqvi Rb¨ cxi aivÓ dih e‡j `vex Kiv nq| Gici Òcxi aivÓ c„_K dih e‡j MY¨ Kiv nq| Gici cxi‡K
Avjvn I ev•`vi g‡a¨ ga¨¯„ZvKvix e‡j g‡b K‡i ejv nq, cxi Qvov †Kv‡bv Bev`Z Keyj n‡e bv| Gici †e-cxi‡K Kvwdi
ejv nq!!!
Gi D`vniY Bjg wk¶v dih nIqvi Kvi‡Y gv`ªvmvq fwZ© n‡q mb` jvf dih e‡j `vwe Kiv| Gici gv`ªvmvq fwZ©
nIqv‡K c„_K Bev`Z e‡j `vwe Kiv| Bjg wk¶v Ki‚K ev bv Ki‚K mK‡ji Rb¨ gv`ªvmvq fwZ© nIqv dih e‡j `vwe Kiv|
Gici gv`ªvmvq fwZ© bv n‡j Zvi †Kv‡bv Bev`Z Keyj n‡e bv e‡j `vwe Kiv| Gici †e-gv`ªvmv gymjgvb‡ì‡K Kvwdi
ejv!!!
Av‡iKwU D`vniY, wRnv`, `vIqvZ ev Avgi wej-gvi‚d... dih nIqvi `vwe‡Z ivRbxwZ ev `je× `vIqvZ‡K dih
e‡j `vwe Kiv| Gici G¸wj‡K c„_K Bev`Z e‡j MY¨ Kiv| Gici G¸wj bv Ki‡j †Kv‡bv Bev`Z Keyj n‡e bv e‡j `vwe
Kiv| Gici †e-ivRbxwZ ev †e-`vIqvZ gymjgvb‡ì Kvwdi ejv!!!
Imxjv welqK Ab¨ weåvw‡„ Imxjvi A_© wb‡q| Avgiv †`‡LwQ †h, KziAvb-nv`xm I ZrKvjxb Aviex fvlvq Imxjv A_©
•bKU¨| cieZ©x hy‡M Aviex fvlvq Imxjv ej‡Z A‡bK mgq Ò‣bK‡Uï DcKiYÓ ( ) eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
wK‡‘ evsjv I Ab¨vb¨ fviZxq fvlvq ÒImxjvÓ ej‡Z A‡bK mgq gva¨g ev ga¨¯’ eySv‡bv nq| cxi‡K ÒImxjvÓ e‡j `vex Kiv
Ges Imxjv A_© Òga¨¯’Ó ev ga¨¯’ZvKvix e‡j aviYv Kivi wfwË‡Z G mKj fÊcxi cxi‡K Avjvn I ev•`vi g‡a¨ Òga¨¯’ZvKvixÓ
e‡j `vwe K‡i‡Qb| Zv‡ì `vwe, RvMwZK gnvivRvi wbKU Keywjq¨v‡Zi Rb¨ †hgb DwRi-g‡¿x ev wcÖqcvÎ‡ì ga¨¯’Zv cÖ‡qvRb,
†Zgwb gnvb Avjvn‡K mivmwi Bev`Z K‡i jvf n‡e bv, eis GKRb cxi‡K Imxjv, DwKj ev ga¨¯’ZvKvix wn‡m‡e MÖnY bv Ki‡j
Avjvn cvIqv hv‡e bv|
e¯‘Z Giƒc wek¦vmB wQj Avi‡ei Kvwdi‡ì wki‡Ki g~j wfwË| Zv‡ì G hyw³ eY©bv K‡i gnvb Avjvn e‡jb:
ÔÔAvi hviv Avj-vn Qvov Ab¨vb¨ AvDwjqv (AwffveK ev eÜz) MÖnb K‡i‡Q Zviv e‡j, Avgiv †Zv G‡ì ïay GRb¨B
Bev`vZ Kwi †h Giv Avgv‡ì‡K Avjvni mvwb‣‡a¨ †cu․‡Q †`‡e| Zviv †h wel‡q gZwe‡iv‡a wjß i‡q‡Q Avjvn Zvi dqmvjv
K‡i †`‡eb| †h wg_¨vev`x Kvwdi Avjvn Zv‡K mrc‡_ cwiPvwjZ K‡ib bv|ÕÕ84
G Avqv‡Zi e¨vL¨vq Bgvg Zvevix e‡jb: ÒAvjvn ej‡Qb, Avjvn e¨ZxZ Ab¨ hv‡ì‡K Zviv Ijx wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i‡Q
Zviv Avjvn Qvov Zv‡ì‡K fvjev‡m I Bev`Z K‡i Ges e‡j, †n Avgv‡ì Dcvm¨MY, Avgiv †Zv †Zvgv‡ì GKgvÎ GRb¨B
Bev`Z-e•`bv KiwQ †h, †Zvgiv Avgv‡ì‡K Avjvni wbKU •bKU¨ I gh©v`v cvB‡q †`‡e Ges Avgv‡ì nvRZ cÖ‡qvR‡bi
wel‡q Avjvni wbKU mycvwik Ki‡e|... cÖwm× Zvweqx gydvm&wmi gyRvwn` (104 wn) e‡jb: KzivBk Zv‡ì gywZ©¸wj‡K G K_v
ejZ Ges Zv‡ì c~e©eZ©xMY wdwikZvMY‡K Zv ejZ, Cmv Beby gwiqg‡K (Av) Zv ejZ Ges DhvBi (Av)-‡K Zv ejZ|Ó85
G wel‡q kvn IqvwjDjvn †`njex e‡jb: Òwki‡Ki nvKxKZ GB †h, †Kv‡bv gvbyl †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv m¤§vwbZ gvby‡li
†¶‡Î aviYv Ki‡e †h, D³ e¨w³ Øviv †h mKj A‡j․wKK Kvh© msNwUZ ev cÖKvwkZ nq Zv D³ e¨w³i c~Y©Zvi ¸‡Y ¸Yvw‡^Z
nIqvi Kvi‡Y| G mKj A‡j․wKK Kvh© cÖgvY K‡i †h, mvaviY gvby‡li g‡a¨ cvIqv hvq bv Giƒc wKQz we‡kl ¸Y D³ e¨w³i
g‡a¨ we`¨gvb| Giƒc ¸Y g~jZ GKgvÎ AvjvniB Av‡Q| Avjvn hv‡K ÔDj~wnq¨ZÕ ev Giƒc we‡klZ¡ cÖ`vb K‡ib, A_ev
ÔAvjvnÕ †h e¨w³i mËvi mv‡_ mswgwkªZ nb, A_ev †h e¨w³ Avjvni hvZ ev mËvi g‡a¨ ÔdvbvÕ ev wejywß jvf K‡i Ges
Avjvn mËvi mv‡_ ÔevKvÕ ev Aw¯„Z¡ jvf K‡ib, ev Abyiƒc †Kv‡bv fv‡e †h e¨w³‡K Avjvn Giƒc ¶gZv ev c~Y©Zv cÖ`vb K‡ib
wZwbB †Kej Zv cÖvß nb| Gfv‡e gvby‡li Dj~wnq¨vZ ev Hk¦wiK ¶gZv ev ¸Y jv‡fi c×wZ I cÖKvi m¤ú‡K© gykwiK‡ì
g‡a¨ A‡bK wfwËnxb Kzms¯‥vi we`¨gvb|...Ó86
wZwb Av‡iv e‡jb: ÒG mKj gykwiK wek¦m„wói e¨vcv‡i Ges we‡k¦i we„nr welq¸wj cwiPvjbvi e¨cv‡i Avjvni †Kv‡bv
kixK Av‡Q e‡j wek¦vm KiZ bv| Zviv GK_vI ¯^xKvi KiZ †h, Avjvn hw` †Kv‡bv wKQzi wm×v‡„ †bb ev †Kv‡bv welq wba©viY
K‡ib Z‡e Zv cwieZ©b ev †iva Kivi ¶gZvI Kv‡iviB †bB| Zviv †KejgvÎ we‡kl wKQz wel‡q wKQz ev•`v‡K kixK KiZ|
KviY Zviv g‡b KiZ †h, GKRb gnvivR Zvi `vm‡ì‡K Ges Zvi wbKUeZ©x wcÖq gvbyl‡ì‡K Zvi iv‡Rï wewfb‣ GjvKvq
50
wKQz †QvULvU `vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi Rb¨ †cÖiY K‡ib Ges cieZ©x wb‡`©k bv †Ìqv ch©‡„ GmKj †QvULvU welq wb‡R‡ì
B‛QvgZ cwiPvjbv Kivi ¶gZv Zv‡ì‡K cÖ`vb K‡ib| Zviv Av‡iv aviYv KiZ †h, GKRb gnvivR Zvi cÖRvM‡Yi LuywUbvwU
welq wb‡R m¤úb‣ ev cwiPvjbv K‡ib bv, eis Aaxb¯’ cÖkvmK I Kg©KZ©v‡ì‡K G mKj welq cwiPvjbvi `vwqZ¡ †`b| G
mKj Kg©KZ©vi Aax‡b hviv Kg© K‡ib ev Zv‡ì mv‡_ mym¤úK© iv‡Lb Zv‡ì wel‡q G mKj Kg©KZ©vi mycvwik wZwb MÖnY
K‡ib| mKj ivRvi gnvivRv ivRvwaivR gnvb AvjvnI Abyiƒcfv‡e Zuvi wKQz •bKU¨cÖvß ev•`v‡K Dj~wn¨v‡qi Dc‡X․Kb cÖ`vb
K‡i‡Qb Ges G‡ì weiw³ I m‡‘wó‡K Zvi Ab¨vb¨ ev•`v‡ì †¶‡Î cÖfvegq K‡i w`‡q‡Qb|
G Rb¨ Zviv g‡b KiZ †h, G mKj •bKU¨cÖvß ev•`vi •bKU¨jv‡fi †Póv Kiv Ri‚ix, †hb Zv cÖK…Z gnviv‡Ri wbKU
Zv‡ì Keywjq¨v‡Zi Imxjv n‡Z cv‡i| Avi wnmve I cÖwZd‡ji mgq G‡ì kvdvÔAvZ gnvb Avjvni ìev‡i Keywj¨qvZ I
MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv cv‡e| G aviYv Zv‡ì g‡bi g‡a¨ Mfxifv‡e †cÖw_Z n‡q hvq| GRb¨ Zv‡ì gb e‡j †h, G mKj •bKU¨cÖvß
ev•`v‡ì mvg‡b mvR`v Ki, Zv‡ì Rb¨ RevB-DrmM© Ki, Zv‡ì bv‡g Kmg Ki, Zv‡ì A‡j․wKK ¶gZvi Kvi‡Y Zv‡ì
Kv‡Q Îvb I mvnvh¨ cÖv_©bv Ki, cv_‡i, Zvgvq, wcZ‡j ev Ab¨ wKQz‡Z Zv‡ì Qwe I cÖwZK…wZ G‡K ivL, G‡ì G mKj
cÖwZ…KwZ mvg‡b †i‡L G‡ì iƒ‡ni (AvZ¥vi) cÖwZ gyZvIqv¾vn nI| µgv‡^‡q cieZ©x cÖRb¥¸wji gvby‡liv gyLZ © vi Kvi‡Y
87
G‡ì G mKj gywZ© I cÖwZK…wZ‡KB cÖKZ … Bjvn ev gvÔe~` e‡j wek¦vm Ki‡Z _v‡K|Ó
gyRvwÏ`-B Avjd-B mvbx, kvn IqvwjDjvn I mvB‡q` Avng` †eªjexi avivq dzidzivi cxi Avey eKi wmwÏKx, Zuvi
m‡„vb I Ljxdv-mnPiMY G mKj weåvw‡„ `~i K‡i weï× mybv‣ ZwfwËK ZvmvDd I cxi-gyixwì aviv cÖeZ©‡b m‡Pó nb|
evMgvwii dwK‡ii †avKvfÄb cy¯„‡K Avjvgv i‚ûj Avwgb wj‡L‡Qb: Ò†KvivY, nvw`m, Gj‡g ZvQvIq‡d m¤ú~Y© AbwfÁ
†jLK ( ) (Zuvi w`‡K Amxjv mÜvb Ki) AvqZwUi A‡_© wjwLqv‡Qb †h, cxi aiv di‡R Av‡qb, †h e¨w³
cx‡ii wbKU gywi` bv nBqv gwiqv hvq †m wbðq Kv‡di nBqv g‡i|
cvVK, cxi-†kªV gvIjvbv kvn AwjDjvn †`njex (in) KI‡jvj Rwg‡ji 14 c„ôvq wjwLqv‡Qb (
), A_¨v©r gywi` nIqv mybZ
‣ | AviI wjwLqv‡Qb ( ), A_¨v©r Ògywi` nIqv Iqv‡Re
b‡n, mybZ‣ ewjqv mg¯„ cxiI GgvgM‡Yi GRgv nBqv‡Q|Ó AviI Av‡Q †h ( ), A_©r
`xb Gmjv‡gi GgvgMY gywi` bv nIqv e¨w³i Dci GbKvi (AvcwË) K‡ib bvB|...
cÖK…Z K_v GB †h, gywi` nIqv mybZ ‣ | hw` †Kn gywi` nBevi A‡MÖB gviv hvq, Z‡e Z¾b¨ †m wKQz‡ZB Kv‡di nB‡e
bv| evMgvwii †jLK cxi aiv di‡R Av‡qb I †e-cxi wbðqB Kv‡di nBqv g‡i- BZ¨vw` MvRvLyix K_v wjwLqv wb‡R Kv‡di
nBj wKbv Zvnv nRiZ bwe Kwi‡gi GB nvw`mwU ¯úóB ewjqv w`‡Z‡Q h_v... A_¨©vr †h e¨w³ dv‡QK wK¤^v Kv‡di bq,
Zvnv‡K dv‡QK wKsev Kv‡di ewj‡j †h e‡j †mB dv‡QK wK¤^v Kv‡di nq| Qwnn †evLvix|
†h Avqv‡Z AwQjv †Póv Kivi ûKzg Kiv nBqv‡Q D³ Avq‡Zi e¨vL¨vq Zdwm‡i eqRwe 2/148 c„ôvq, Kwe‡ii 3/339
c„ôvq, Ge‡b Rwii 6/131/132 c„ôvq, gvqv‡jg I Lv‡R‡bi 239 c„ôvq I Zdwm‡i gv`v‡i‡Ki 1/21 c„ôvq wjwLZ Av‡Q †h,
ÔAwQjvÕ k‡ãi A_© ÔGev`Z, †KvieZ I †bwKi Kvh©¨KjvcÕ| Avq‡Zi g¤§© GB †h, †Zvgiv Gev`‡Zi Kvh© ¨¸wj Ki| Bnv‡Z Ôcxi
AbymÜvbÕ wKiƒ‡c mve¨¯„ nB‡e? †Kvb †Kvb ZwiKZ-c‡’xi (g‡Z) Dnvi g¤§© cxi AbymÜvb nB‡jI Dnv AKvU¨ `jxj nB‡Z cv‡i
bv ev Dnv nB‡Z Dnvi diR nIqv mve¨¯„ nB‡Z cv‡i bv|
wØZxq, hvnvi cxi bvB, Zvnvi cxi kqZvb nB‡e, †jLK Bnv‡K nvw`m ewjqv D‡jL Kwiqv‡Qb, wK‡‘ Bnv nvw`m b‡n|
Z‡e †jL‡Ki cxi MÖnY diR nIqvi `vex Bnv‡Z wKi‚‡c mve¨¯„ nB‡e?
Ab¨ †Kvb cÖgv‡Y cxi MÖnY diR nB‡jI diR Z¨vM Kwiqv gwi‡j †h Kv‡di nB‡e, Bnvi cÖgvY †Kv_vq? webv
GbKv‡i diR Z¨v‡M Kv‡dix drIqv †Ìqv LvwiwR‡ì gZ|Ó88
cxi-gyix`xi kiqx weavb cÖm‡½ dzidzivi cxi kvBLyj Bmjvg Avey eKi wmwÏKx evsjv 1337 mv‡j (1931L„)
kixq‡Z Bmjvg cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ Zuvi ÒIQxqr-bvgvÓ-q e‡jb: ÒKv‡gj A_©vr †hvM¨ cx‡ii wbKU gywi` nIqv mybr‣ Ges Bnv
†bK KvR|Ó89
1. 1. 6. 8. 7. cx‡ii Av‡`k‡K kixq‡Zi E‡aŸ© ¯’vb †Ìqv
ZvmvDd I cxi-gywi`xi bv‡g cÖPwjZ weåvw‡„¸wji Ab¨Zg cxi‡K Djyj Avgi, bv‡q‡e bex ev ÒImxjvÓ e‡j `vwe
K‡i webvwePv‡i ev webv hvPvB‡q Zvi Av‡`k cvjb Kiv Ri‚ix e‡j `vwe Kiv| A_ev cx‡ii wb‡`‡k© Avjvn I Zuvi ivm~‡ji
() wb‡`©k ev kixqZ Agvb¨ Kiv •ea ev Ri‚ix e‡j g‡b Kiv| G¸wj meB KziAvb I nv`x‡mi wb‡`©‡ki my¯úó j“Nb I
Bn~`x-L„÷vb‡ì wkiKx gZ| G g‡Zi c‡¶ Zv‡ì g~j Ò`jxjÓ Dc‡ii cwifvlv¸wji Ace¨vL¨v Ges wKQz Rvj Mí-Kvwnbx
Ges †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv eyR‡y M©i gZvgZ| KL‡bv Zviv KziAvb-nv`x‡mi wecix‡Z Kwei KweZv D‡jL K‡i e‡j, AgyK Kwe
e‡j‡Qb, cxi ej‡j Rvqbvgv‡R g` †X‡j †b‡e...|Ó KL‡bv Zuviv cÖwm× eyRMy ©‡ì bv‡g Rvj Mí evwb‡q e‡j, Zuvi Kv‡Q
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GKRb gyix` n‡Z wM‡qwQj, wZwb Zv‡K e‡jwQ‡jb, Avgv‡K ivm~j ej‡Z n‡e, A_ev †Zvgv‡K g` †L‡Z n‡e...|
Giƒc Rvj Mívw`‡K Zviv KziAvb-nv`x‡mi my¯úó wb‡`©‡ki wecix‡Z eënvi K‡i Ges eyRyM©‡ì bvg ï‡b A‡b‡KB cÖZvwiZ
nq|
gyRvwÏ` Avjd mvbx, kvn IqvwjDjvn I mvB‡q` Avng` †eªjexi avivq gvkvBL dzidziv G mKj weåvw‡„ Ac‡bv`‡bi
†Póv K‡i‡Qb| cx‡ii fw³i bv‡g cxi‡K bexi gh©v`vq †bIqv, ev bexi fw³i bv‡g bex‡K Avjvi mgK¶ evbv‡bv BZ¨vw`
weåvw‡„i wel‡q kvBLyj Bmjvg AveyeKi wmwÏKx evisevi mZK© Ki‡Zb| Zuvi RxeÏkvq cÖKvwkZ Dch©y³ ÒIQxqr-bvgvÓq
wZwb e‡jb:
Ò†iQvjvrgvÕe nRiZ bex Kwig ()-‡K Avjvn ZvÕjv mg¯„ gLjy‡Ki Dci †kªôZ¡ Gbv‡qZ Kwiqv‡Qb, Zuvnvi dwRjr
A‡bï †P‡q A‡bK †ekx| wK‡‘ wZwb Avjvi ev•`v I Zv'†e`vi| †KviAvb kix‡d Av‡Q:
Òejyb, Avwg †Zvgv‡ì b¨vq gLjyK e¨ZxZ bwn, Avgvi wbKU Inx bv‡Rj Kiv nBqv‡Q; GKgvÎ gvÕey` Avjvn e¨ZxZ
†Zvgv‡ì †Kn gvÕe`y bvBÓ| hvnv‡Z †Kn nhiZ bex Kixg ()-‡K AvjvnZvÕjvi mwnZ †Kv‡bv cÖKvi kixK bv K‡i, Zvnvi
Rb¨B †Lv`vZvÕjv D³ AvqvZ bv‡Rj Kwiqv‡Qb| AvjvnZvÕjv KvnviI †g‡Qj b‡nb, wZwb †e-‡g‡Qj- AZzjbxq .... Avj-vni
ev•`v nhiZ ivm~jyjvn -‡K †Kn mxgv AwZµg Kwiqv ZvÕixd bv K‡i, GRb¨ nv`xQ kix‡d nRiZ digvBqv‡Qb: ...
Ò†Zvgiv Avgv‡K Giƒc ZvÕixd KwiI bv †hiƒc (†Mvgivn `j) BQv (Av)-†K ZvÕixd Kwiqv‡Q (A_©vr Zuvnv‡K †Lv`vi †eUv
cÖf„wZ evbvBqv‡Q); †Zvgiv (Avgv‡K) ej, Avjvni ev•`v I Zuvnvi ivQzj|Ó ...
ZwiK‡Zi cxiMY †h mg¯„ KIj †KviAvb-nv`xQ †gvZv‡eK Zrmgy`‡qi Avgj Kwi‡Z nB‡e| hw` †Kv‡bv cx‡ii KIj
kixq‡Zi †Ljvd nq, A_©vr †m KI‡ji wei‚‡× kwiqZ mv¶¨ †`q, Z‡e Zvnv Avgj Kiv Rv‡qR b‡n| .... cxi wK¤^v †h †Kn
†Kvi&Avb-nv`x‡Qi †Ljvd †Kvb K_v ewj‡j ev †Kvb †iQ‡gi cÖPjb Kwi‡j †gvQjgvbMY Z`byhvqx Avgj Kwi‡Z cv‡i bv- D³
K_v ev †iQg bv-Rv‡qR I evwZj| ... cxiMY bex b‡nb, Zuvnviv bexi D¤§r| bexMY Avjvn b‡nb, Zuvnviv Avjvni ev•`v I
gvLjyK| bex‡K Avjvn ZvÕjvi kixK ev †KvbI cÖKvi Zuvnvi Askx Kiv GQjv‡gi †Ljvd| ... Avjvn‡K Avjvn, bex‡K bex,
Ggvg‡K Ggvg I cxi‡K cxi ewjqv wek¦vm Kiv GQjv‡gi wbqg| bex‡K Avjvn, A_ev cxi‡K bex ejv GQjv‡gi †Ljvd| ...
AvIwjqvw`M‡K †ejv‡q‡Zi `R©vq, Qvnvevw`M‡K Qvnvevi `R©vq, bexw`M‡K bexi `R©vq Ges AvjvnZvÕjv‡K Ijywnqv‡Zi `R©vq
iwL‡Z nB‡e| ... Gev`Z-e‡•`Mx GKgvÎ Avjvi Rb¨B gvLQzQ (wbw`©ó)| Avjvn e¨ZxZ KvnviI Gev`r Kiv, Kvnv‡KD †QR`v
Kiv Rv‡qR b‡n| ... cqM¤î, cxi wK¤^v KvnviI Kei-‡mR`v, Kei-‡evQv †Ìqv Rv‡qR b‡n| †gvQjgvb‡ì c‡¶
†gvQjgv‡bi Kei †RqviZ Ges QvIqve †iQvbx Kiv Rv‡qR|Ó90
1. 1. 6. 8. 8. mvB‡q` Avng` †eªjexi wLjvdZ-bvgv
gvkvBL dzidzivi `„wó‡Z cxi-gywi`xi †PZbv Abyaveb Ki‡Z mvB‡q` Avng` †eªjex †Ìqv wLjvdZbvgvwU D‡jL
KiwQ| wZwb 2 iv kvevb 1239 wnRix mv‡j (1jv GwcÖj 1824 L„÷v‡ã) gvIjvbv KvivgZ Avjx †R․bcyix‡K wb‡g‣i
wLjvdZ-bvgv wj‡L †`b| g~j dvm©x wLjvdZ-bvgv I Zvi D`©y Abyev` gvIjvbv KvivgZ Avjxi iscyi¯’ Ke‡ii cv‡k
we`¨gvb| GLv‡b evsjv Abyev` †ck Kiv n‡jv:
ÒdKxi mvB‡q¨` Avng‡ì c¶ †_‡K gnvb Avjvni c‡_i mÜvbx‡ì Ges †mB me©‡kªô c_ wb‡`©kbvKvixi c‡_i mKj
cw_K‡ì wbKU mvaviYfv‡e Avi GB dKx‡ii mv‡_ Avjvni Rb¨ Avjvni m‡‘wó AR©‡bi c‡_ Dcw¯’wZ‡Z Abycw¯’wZ‡Z gne․Z
†cvlYKvix‡ì wbKU we‡klfv‡e G welqwU ¯úó _vK‡Z n‡e †h, ZixK‡Zi wk¶Kg¸jxi wbKU evBAv‡Zi D‡Ïk¨ GUvB †h,
G‡Z gnvb Avjvni m‡‘wó AR©‡bi c‡_ Pjv mnR n‡e| Avi Avjvni m‡‘wó AR©‡bi c_ Av‡jv‡Kv¾j kwiAv‡Zi AbyKiY
Abymi‡Yi wfZi mxgveä| c¶v‡„‡i †h e¨w³ nhiZ gynv¤§` gy¯„vdv () KZ…©K wbav©wiZ kwiAvZ e¨ZxZ Ab¨ †Kvb Dcvq
Aej¤^‡b Avjvni m‡‘wó AR©‡bi aviYv †cvlY K‡i, wbtm‡•`‡n †m wg_y¨K I c_åó| Zvi `vwe wfwËnxb Ges KY©cv‡Zi
A‡hvM¨| nhiZ gynv¤§` gy¯„dv  KZ…©K wba©vwiZ kwiAv‡Zi wfwË `yÕwU wel‡qi Dci cÖwZwôZ| cÖ_gwU n‡jv wkiK eR©b Avi
wØZxqwU n‡jv we`ÕAvZ eR©b|
wkiK eR©b ej‡Z GLv‡b hv eySv‡bv n‡‛Q Zv n‡jv, wdwikZv, wR¡b, cxi, †gvi‡k`, I¯„v`, kvMwi` Avi bex I
IjxM‡Yi ga¨ n‡Z KvD‡K mgm¨vmg~‡ni mgvavbKvix e‡j aviYv †cvlY Kiv hv‡e bv Ges Kvi‚i wbKU D‡Ïk¨ c~iY I cÖ‡qvRb
wgUv‡bvi Rb¨ cÖv_©bv Kiv hv‡e bv| Zv‡ì KvD‡KI Kj¨vY †c․Qv‡bv, wec` gywmeZ `~ixKiY Avi mgm¨v mgvav‡bi ¶gZvq
¶gZvevb e‡j aviYv Kiv hv‡e bv| eis Zv‡ì mKj‡KB wb‡Ri g‡Zv Avjvni Ávb I ¶gZvi †gvKv‡ejvq AcviM I A¶g
e‡j g‡b Ki‡Z n‡e| KL‡bv wb‡Ri nvRvZ gvKmy` cyiY Kivi Rb¨ bexMY, IjxMb, †bKKvi ev•`vMY Ges wdwikZvM‡Yi
Kvi‚i bv‡g bhi-gvb‣Z Kiv hv‡e bv| Z‡e Zv‡ì cÖwZ GZUzKz aviYv ivL‡e †h, Zviv AgyLv‡c¶x Avjvni AZ¨‡„ gKeyj ev•`v|
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Avjvni wbKU Zv‡ì gKeyj nevi cÖwZ †bK aviYv †cvl‡Yi mydj mv_©KZv GZUzKz †h, gnvb Avjvn ZvÕAvjvi
m‡‘wó AR©‡bi Rb¨ gvbyl Zv‡ì AbyKiY-AbymiY Ki‡e, c_-wb‡`k©bvKvix Zv‡ì‡KB aviYv Ki‡e| Zv‡ì cÖwZ G aviYv
†cvlY Kiv hv‡e bv †h, Kv‡ji AveZ©b weeZ©‡b, wec` gywme‡Zi AvMg‡b cÖ¯’v‡b Zviv ¶gZvevb Ges G aviYvI †cvlY Kiv
hv‡e bv †h, Zviv A`„k¨ AwZ•`ªxq- MvBe Ges `„k¨gvb welqvwì mg¨K Ávb iv‡Lb| GUv GRb¨ †h, GUv wb‡iU wkiK I Kzdi|
cweÎ Cgv‡bi AwaKvix †Kv‡bv e¨vw³i G N„wYZ AvwK`v wek¦v‡mi mv‡_ Rwo‡q cov KL‡bv Rv‡qh bvB|
we`ÕAvZ eR©‡bi gg©K_v n‡jv, mg¯„ Bev`vZ, gyAvgvjvZ Avi RxweKv I Av`Z-Af¨v‡m nhiZ LvZvg~j Avw¤^qv
gynv¤§` ivmyjyj-vn -Gi ZixKv‡K m¤c~Y© kw³ I D‛P mvnwmKZvi mv‡_ AvKwo‡q a‡i ivL‡Z n‡e| c¶v‡„i ivmyj-vj-vn -
Gi ci Ab¨vb¨ †jv‡Kiv †h me ixwZbxwZ ch©v‡qi Kg©Kv‡Êi D†¢veb NwU‡q‡Q †hgb Avb•` Drm‡ei Ges †kvfv Abyôv‡bi
ixwZbxwZ, Kie mg~n‡K my‡kvwfZ Kiv, Ke‡ii Dci †m․a-BgviZ ev M¤^R y •Zwi Kiv, Ii‡ki bv‡g AbywôZ mr †gjv
BZ¨vw`‡Z Ab_©K A_© e¨q Kiv, Zvwhqv evbv‡bv, GZØ¨ZxZ G ch©v‡qi Ag~jK be-D†¢vweZ Ab¨vb¨ †h me welqvw` mgv‡R
weivR Ki‡Q KL‡bv G m‡ei AvM-wcQ hvZvqvZ Ki‡Z bvB| eis mva¨vbyhvqx Gme wKQy‡K wgwU‡q †èvi Kv‡R †Póv cÖ‡Póv
Pvjv‡Z n‡e| cÖ_gZ, wb‡R Gme wKQy cÖZ¨vL¨vb Ki‡e| AZtci cÖ‡Z¨K gymjgvb‡K G me wKQy cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡i Pjvi Rb¨
Avne․vb Rvbv‡e| GUv GRb¨ Ki‡Z n‡e †h, kwiAv‡Zi AbyKiY-AbymiY †hgb dih †Zgwb mrKv‡Ri Av‡`k Ges Ab¨vq
Aciva RwbZ K_v-Kv‡R evav †`qvI diR|
hLb G Av‡jvP¨ e³e¨wU gb-†gavq e×g~j n‡q †Mj ZLb m‡Zï mÜvbx mK‡ji cÖwZ wb‡`©k iB‡jv ‡h Gme welq
`„wóc‡_ †i‡L G‡K A‡bï mv‡_ evBAvZ Ki‡e| we‡kl K‡i †g․jfx mv‡n‡ei †n`v‡qwZ Kvh©µg gymwjg mgv‡R Øxwb welqvw`
†c․wQ‡q †`qv Ges mwVK c_ wb‡`©kbv ...| wZwb A_©vr †g․jfx KvivgZ Avjx G dKx‡ii nv‡Z evBAvZ K‡i‡Qb Ges dKxi
Zv‡K mvgbv mvgwb ûeû Gme welqvw` cwi¯‥vi K‡i e‡j w`‡q‡Q| Avi Zv‡K evBAvZ †bevi Rb¨ Ges meKvw` wk¶v †`qvi
†¶‡Î Avgvi wb‡Ri c¶ †_‡K cÖwZwbwa K‡iwQ| Zvi `vwqZ¡ eva¨Zvg~jK Kibxq iB‡jv, wZwb DcwiD³ welqvw` `„pZvi mv‡_
¯^qs wb‡R cwicvjb Ki‡eb Avi A‡„i I P¶z‡K Avjvn ZvAvjvi w`‡K wbweó ivL‡eb Ges Av‡jv‡KvR¡j kwiAv‡Zi AbymiY‡K
†Mvcb-cÖKvk¨ me©ve¯’vq mvg‡b †i‡L Pj‡eb| ZvQvov wki‡Ki me AcweÎZv Avi we`ÕAv‡Zi cuPv `yM©×gq me welqvw`‡K wbR
†_‡K `yi Ki‡eb| AZtci mKj mwVK Ávb mÜvbx‡ì‡K G Kv‡Ri w`‡K AvK…ó Ki‡eb Ges wb‡Ri nv‡Z evBAvZ †bqvi
e¨vcv‡i wb‡Ri c¶ †_‡K †Póv Ki‡eb Ges cwic~Y©fv‡e Gme Kv‡Ri Rb¨ AvMÖnvw‡^Z Ki‡eb, KL‡bv Gme wel‡q Abxnv
†cvlY Ki‡eb bv| †Kbbv GB evBAv‡Zi g‡a¨ DcKvwiZvi c~Y© Avkv i‡q‡Q| hv GB dKxi‡ì eÜz‡ì nv‡Zi Dci AbywôZ
n‡e| G‡Z BbkvAvjvn Kv‡jgv‡Mv e¨vw³ g•` ixwZbxwZ †_‡K cweÎ n‡Z cvi‡e| ZvQvov Zv‡ì A‡„‡i gnvb kwiAv‡Zi gh©v`v
I ¸i‚Z¡ ¯’vb cv‡e Ges G wel‡q Avwg dKxi †`vqv Ki‡Z _vK‡ev †hb †m evBAvZ AwZ g~jëvb I Kj¨vYKi mvd‡jï Drm
nq| wZwb Avjvni m‡‘wó-mÜvbx Avkv-†cvlYKvix‡ì wk¶vq ms‡kva‡b g‡bcÖv‡Y †Póv Ki‡eb| Zv‡ì †_‡K evBAvZ wb‡eb,
Zv‡ì‡K AvZ¥ïw×i c_-c‡’v evZwj‡q w`‡eb| gnv gh©v`vevb Avjvn Avwg dKxi Ges Avgv‡ì mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³ mKj Lvm
Av‡„wiKZv I gne․Z †cvlYKvix‡K ZvInxèv`x wbôvevb Av‡jv‡Kv¾¡j kwiAv‡Zi AbyKiY-AbymiYKvix‡ì `jfy³ Ki‚b|
Avgxb| mxj †gvni|Ó91
e¯‘Z wkiK I weÀvZ DrLvZ K‡i, weï× ZvInx` I mybv‣ ‡Zi †PZbvq D¾xweZ kixq‡Zi cwic~Y© Abymvix cweÎ
A‡„i I BLjv‡mi AwaKvix gywgb‡ì cÖwk¶‡Yi Rb¨B mvB‡q` Avng` †eªjex I ZuviB avivq †R․bcyi, dzidziv I †Ìe‡•ì
cxi-gvkvBL ZvmvDd I cxi-gywi`x eënvi K‡i‡Qb| Kv‡ji AveZ©‡b Zuv‡ì Abymvix‡ì g‡aÏ Kg-‡ewk A‡bK e¨wZµg
I wePz¨wZ cÖ‡ek K‡i‡Q| Gfv‡eB cÖwZwU ms¯‥vi Av‡•`vjb Zvi dj`v‡bi ci wSwg‡q hvq, KjywlZ nq Ges cieZ©x
ms¯‥v‡ii †cÖ¶vcU •Zwi nq|
1. 1. 6. 9. ZvKjx` I gvhnve cÖm½
1. 1. 6. 9. 1. ZvKjx` cÖm‡½ kvn Iqvwj Djvn †`njex
ZvKjx` I gvhnve92 welqwU wb‡q Pig gZ‡f` I weZK© Pj‡Q MZ K‡qK kZvãx hveZ| fviZxq Avwjg‡ì g‡a¨
kvn Iqvwj Djvn gynvwÏm †`njex (1176wn/1762L„) cÖ_g G wel‡q we‡kl Av‡jvKcvZ K‡ib| wZwb gvhnve AbymiY I
nv`xm Abymi‡Yi g‡a¨ mg‡^‡qi wel‡q wKQz K_v e‡jb| Bmjvgx ZvKjx‡ì g~jgg© e¨vL¨v K‡i wZwb e‡jb:
53
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Ò`xb weK…Z nIqvi GKwU KviY whwb gvÕm~g (fyj †_‡K msiw¶Z) bb Zvi ZvKjx` (wbwe©Pvi AbymiY) Kiv| A_©vr
bex Qvov Ab¨ Kv‡iv ZvKjx` Kiv, GKgvÎ bexiB gvÕm~g nIqv cÖgvwYZ| Giƒc ZvKjx‡ì nvKxKZ n‡jv, †Kv‡bv GKRb
Avwjg BRwZnv` Ki‡eb, Avi Zvi AbymvixMY aviYv Ki‡eb †h, wZwb wbwðZiƒ‡c A_ev AwaKvsk †¶‡Î mwVK wm×v‡„
w`‡q‡Qb, d‡j Zviv G wm×v‡‡„i Kvi‡Y GKwU mnxn nv`xm cÖZ¨vL¨vb Ki‡e| ingZ-cÖvß (gymwjg) D¤§vn †h ZvKjx‡ì
•eaZvi wel‡q GKgZ n‡q‡Qb †m ZvKjx` G ZvKjx` bq| gymwjg D¤§vn GKgZ n‡q‡Qb †h, gyRZvwn`M‡Yi ZvKjx` Kiv
•ea, mv‡_ mv‡_ GK_vi Ávb ivL‡Z n‡e †h, gyRZvwn` fyj Ki‡Z cv‡ib Avevi mwVK gZI w`‡Z cv‡ib| Ges mv‡_ mv‡_
†m gvmAvjvq bex ()-Gi e³e¨ Rvbvi Rb¨ AvMÖn-DÏxcbv _vK‡e Ges `„p wm×v‡„ _vK‡e †h, hw` ZvKjx`-K…Z wel‡qi
†Ljvd †Kv‡bv mnxn nv`xm cÖKvk cvq Z‡e ZvKjx` eR©b Ki‡e Ges nv`xm AbymiY Ki‡e|Ó93
1. 1. 6. 9. 2 mvB‡q` Avng` †eªjexi gvhnvex-jv gvhnvex mgš^q
G welqK weZ‡K©i e¨vcK DÌvb N‡U mvB‡q` Avng` †eªjexi (1246wn/1831L„) Abymvix‡ì gva¨‡g| Zuvi
Abymvix‡ì g‡a¨ A‡b‡K ZvKjx` we‡ivax ev gvhnve-we‡ivax wQ‡jb Ges A‡b‡K gvhnve AbymiY Ki‡Zb I ZvKjx`‡K
Ri‚ix e‡j MY¨ Ki‡Zb| wZwb wb‡R mgw‡^Z gZvgZ †ck K‡i‡Qb| gvhnve AbymiY‡K •ea I cÖksmbxq e‡j D‡jL
K‡i‡Qb, Avevi mnxn nv`xm †c‡j †m wel‡q Kv‡iv ZvKjx` bv K‡i nv`xm gvbvi wel‡q Drmvn w`‡q‡Qb| Zuvi Giƒc e³e¨
Dfq g‡Zi AbymvwiMY wbR wbR Avw½‡K e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Qb|
G wel‡q gvIjvbv KvivgZ Avjx †R․bcyix Zuvi ÔwKZv‡e GQ‡ZKvgvZÕ MÖ‡‡’ wj‡L‡Qb: ÒnhiZ gywk©‡` einK nhiZ
mv‡q¨` Avng` (Kz. i‚)-Gi Rvgvbvq `yB cÖKv‡ii †jvK wQj| GK cÖKvi hvnviv Gj‡g nv`x‡mi wk¶v †Ìqv I wk¶v Kiv‡K
Ab_©K g‡b KwiZ Ges Dnvi †Kvb g~j¨ eywSZ bv| Avi wØZxq cÖKv‡ii †jvK wQj hvnviv †dKvni Dci Avgj Kiv Ges
wbw`©ó GK e¨w³i AbymiY Kiv‡K A¯^xKvi KwiZ Ges GB Pvi gvhnve‡K †eÀvZ ewjZ| Kv‡RB Dfq `j‡K eySvBevi
D‡Ï‡k¨ Ggb ÁvbMf© Av‡jvPbv Kiv nBqv‡Q hvnv‡Z Dfq `j g•` bv e‡j Ges wb‡R‡ì evûj¨ K_v nB‡Z wdwiqv Avwmqv
Avn‡j mybv‣ Zzj Rvgv‡Zi AvwK`v (wek¦vm) Abyhvqx wb‡R‡ì AvwK`v‡K wVK Kwiqv †bq| GB K_vi mg_©‡b Avwg (mvB‡q`
Avng` †eªjex iwPZ) Ô‡mivZzj †gv¯„vwKgÕ wKZv‡ei wØZxq Aa¨v‡qi wØZxq cwi‡‛Q‡ì cÖ_g †n`v‡q‡Zi Z…Zxq fywgKvi eY©bv
wjwLqv w`‡ZwQ, gb w`qv †kvb|
Ôkixq‡Zi ûKzg AvnKvg Avgj Kwievi g‡a¨ Pvi gvhnv‡ei AbyKiY Kiv mg¯„ gymjgvb‡ì g‡a¨ cÖPjb Av‡Q| wK‡‘
Cgv‡bi g‡a¨ ZvKjx` (A‡bï AbymiY) Rv‡qh bq eis m„wóKZ©v‡K wb‡R eywSqv mywSqv wek¦vm Kiv Cgv‡bi kZ©| †h wb‡R
†gvRZv‡n` bq Ggb e¨w³i Avg‡ji g‡a¨ †Kvb GK †gvRZv‡n‡ì wK¤^v wbw`©ó Pvi gvhnv‡ei GK gvhnv‡ei Abymvix nIqv
Rv‡qh Av‡Q| Zvnviv wbR wbR Bgv‡gi gvhnv‡ei ZvKjx` Kwi‡Z‡Q Ges Ab¨ Bgv‡gi gvhnv‡ei ZvKjx`‡K A¯^xKvi K‡i
bv Ges GB Pvi gvhnve e¨ZxZ cÂg gvhnve‡K nK ev mZ¨ ewjqv Rv‡b bv Ges cÂg gvhnv‡ei ZvKjx`‡K Rv‡qh g‡b
K‡i bv| †gvU K_v †h †gvRZv‡n` bq Zvnvi Rb¨ GBiƒc ZvKjx` fvj| ZvKjx` Avm‡j im~jjy v n -Gi Zv‡e`vix, wK‡‘
hvnvi GR‡Znv` (cÖ‡Póv) Kivi ¶gZv Av‡Q †m cqM¤î ()-Gi †gvRZv‡n`M‡Yi g‡a¨ ïay GKR‡bi G‡j‡gi Dci
wbR‡K mxgve× ivwL‡e bv; †Kbbv Bnv‡Z Ab¨ gvhnve ev‡Zj nIqv eySv hvq, †h‡nZy Gj‡g beex mg¯„ Av‡jg‡ì g‡a¨B
we¯„vi jvf Kwiqv‡Q| mg‡qi Pvwn`vi Abycv‡Z cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki wbKU G‡jg †cu․wQqv‡Q| †h mgq ûRyi () ÔidvBqv`vBbÕ
Kwi‡Zb H mg‡qi nv`xm Bgvg kvdx (in)-Gi wbKU †cu․wQqv‡Q| cieZ©x mg‡q nv`x‡mi wKZvevw` †jLv nBqv‡Q Ges
Dnv‡Z mg¯„ G‡jg GKÎxKiY Kiv nBqv‡Q| myZivs †h gvmAvjvi e¨vcv‡i mnxn nv`xm cvIqv hvq Ges hvnvi A_© cwi¯‥vi
eySv hvq Ges Dnv wejyßK…Z bq Ges A‡bï wbKU †kvbvi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv, eis †m wb‡RB mnxn, Mv‡qi gvbmyL (wejyßK…Z
bq) BZ¨vw` eywS‡Z cv‡i, Zvnvi Rb¨ †mB gvmAvjvi e¨vcv‡i Kvnv‡iv AbymiY Kwievi cÖ‡qvRb bvB| †Kbbv †mB
gvmAvjvi g‡a¨ †m wb‡RB †gvRZv‡n`| Avi †gvRZv‡n‡ì Rb¨ A‡bï AbyKiY Kiv Rv‡qh bq| GB Rvgvbvq Ggb A‡bK
e¨w³ Av‡Q †h Avn‡j nv`xm‡K wb‡Ri †bZv ev cwiPvjK ewjqv gv‡b Ges g‡b cÖv‡Y Zvnvi cÖwZ gne․Z iv‡L Ges Zvnvi
m¤§vb Kiv‡K Ri‚ix g‡b K‡i| †Kbbv Ggb e¨w³ cqM¤î ()-Gi G‡j‡gi AvgjKvix Ges †Kvb cÖKv‡i cqMv¤î ()-
Gi eÜzZ¡ jvf Kwiqv Rbv‡e im~jjy v ni () •bKU¨ nv‡Qj Kwi‡Z Pvq| Avi †gvKv‡j`MY †gvRZv‡n‡ì m¤§vb I gh©v`v
fvjiƒ‡cB Rv‡b| Zvnv‡ì mveavb Kwievi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv|Ó94
gvIjvbv KvivgZ Avjx †R․bcyixi D×„wZ GLv‡bB †kl| G wel‡q mvB‡q` Avng` †eªjexi gvjdzhvZ Ôwmiv‡Z
gymZvKxgÕ MÖ‡‡’i D`©y Abyev‡ì fvl¨ wbg‣iƒc: ÔAvg‡ji †¶‡Î mg¯„ gymwjg D¤§vni g‡a¨ cÖPwjZ Pvi gvhnv‡ei AbymiY Kiv
LyeB fvj| Z‡e ivm~jyjvn -Gi Bjg‡K GK e¨w³i Bj‡gi g‡a¨ mxgve× bv Rvbv DwPZ| eis Zuvi Bjg mg¯„ RM‡Zi
54
g‡a¨ Qwo‡q c‡o‡Q| mg‡qi Abycv‡Z cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki wbKU G‡jg †cu․‡Q‡Q| †h mgq wKZvevw` †jLv nBqv‡Q ZLb G
G‡j‡gi msKjb cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q| myZivs †h gvmAvjvi e¨vcv‡i mnxn, my¯úó I MvBi gvbm~L (A-iwnZ) nv`xm cvIqv hv‡e
†m gvmAvjvq †Kv‡bv gyRZvwn‡ì AbymiY Ki‡e bv| Ges Avn‡j nv`xm‡K wb‡Ri †bZv †R‡b A‡„i †_‡K Zv‡ì gne․Z
Ki‡e| Ges Zv‡ì m¤§vb Kiv‡K wb‡Ri Rb¨ Ri‚ix g‡b Ki‡e| †Kbbv Ggb e¨w³ cqM¤î ()-Gi G‡jg enbKvix|
GKfv‡e †m Zuvi mvnPh© jvf K‡i Zuvi wbKU gKeyj n‡q wM‡q‡Q| Avi gyKvwj`MY †Zv gyRZvwn‡ì m¤§vb I gh©v`v
fvjiƒ‡cB Rv‡b| Zvnv‡ì mveavb Kwievi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv|Ó95
mvB‡q` Avng‡ì f³iv cÖ‡Z¨‡K Zuvi G K_v wbR wbR Avw½‡K I Abyf‡e e¨vL¨v K‡ib| ÔAvnj nv`xmÕ ev ÔMvBi
gyKvwj`ÕMY G‡K Zv‡ì wb‡R‡ì c‡¶ e‡j e¨vL¨v K‡ib| Zviv e‡jb, gvhnve-c‡’xMY gvhnve AbymiY IqvwRe e‡jb,
c¶v‡„‡i mvB‡q` Avng` G‡K Òmy•ìÓ ev ÒfvjÓ e‡j‡Qb, Kv‡RB wZwb gvhnve-c‡’x‡ì gZ mg_©b K‡ib wb| Avi gvhnve
AbymvixMY e‡jb, Ôjv-gvhnvexÕMY gvhnve AbymiY‡K ÒwkiKÓ ev ÒnvivgÓ e‡jb, A_P mvB‡q` Avng` G‡K ÒfvjÓ
e‡j‡Qb, Kv‡RB wZwb g~jZ jv-gvhnvex‡ì m‡PZb I †n`vqvZ Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb|
G wel‡q gvIjvbv KvivgZ Avjx †R․bcyixi fvl¨ Avgiv †`‡LwQ| Avjvgv i‚ûj Avwgb G e³‡eï cÖ_g Ask D×„Z
K‡i e‡jb: Ò‡QivZj †gv¯„vwKg, 69 c„ôv: ..... ÒKvh©Kjv‡c Pvwi gRnv‡ei Zv‡e`vix Kiv hvnv mg¯„ gymjgvb‡ì g‡a¨
cÖPwjZ iwnqv‡Q DrK…ó I fvj|Ó Bnv •mq` mv‡n‡ei gZ| Avi gRnve we‡ØwlMY Pvwi gRnv‡ei Zv‡e`vix Kiv †kiK ewjqv
_v‡Kb|Ó96
mvB‡q` Avng‡ì we‡ivaxiv Zuvi G K_v Øviv cÖgvY K‡ib †h, wZwb ÒInvexÓ wQ‡jb| KviY gvhnve bv-gvbv
Invex‡ì •ewkó¨| Avi wZwb gvhnve gvbv IqvwRe bv e‡j Òmy•ìÓ e‡j‡Qb Ges Gici Avevi nv`xm gvb‡Z e‡j‡Qb|
G‡Z cÖgvwYZ nq †h wZwb Invex I jv-gvhnvex wQ‡jb| Avgiv cieZ©x Aby‡‛Q‡` Invex cÖm‡½ welqwU Av‡jvPbv Kie|
1. 1. 6. 9. 3. gvkvBL dzidzivi `„wó‡Z gvhnve I ZvKjx`
kvBLyj Bmjvg gvIjvbv KvivgZ Avjx †R․bcyixi e³e¨ †_‡K cÖgvwYZ nq †h, Zuvi mg‡q- Ebwesk kZ‡Ki
gvSvgvwS mg‡q- gvhnve I jv-gvhnve cÖm½wU e¨vcKfv‡e weZK©, mgm¨v I wdZbvi KviY n‡q ùvovq| wZwb wb‡R gvhnve
we‡ivax‡ì gZvgZ K‡Vvifv‡e LÊb I cÖwZev` K‡i‡Qb| kvBLyj Bmjvg gvIjvbv Avey eKi wmwÏKxi mg‡q- Ebwesk
kZ‡Ki †klva© I wesk kZ‡Ki cÖ_gvs‡kI G cÖm½wU e½xq gymwjg mgv‡R e¨vcK wefw³ I `jv`wji wfwË wQj e‡j †`Lv
hvq|
gvhnve we‡ivwaMY gvhnve AbymiY nvivg ev wkiK ej‡Zb, Pvi gvhnv‡ei ev nvbvdx gvhnv‡ei wewfb‣ gZvgZ‡K
evwZj ev wkiK-Kzdi e‡j cÖPvi Ki‡Zb, XvjvIfv‡e wKqvm I Bjg wdK‡ni wb•`v Ki‡Zb, ZvmvDd I ZwiK‡Zi XvjvI
we‡ivwaZv Ki‡Zb| GQvov Zuv‡ì †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv Avwjg AvaywbK cvðvZ¨ wP‡„v Øviv cÖfvweZ n‡q gywRhv A¯^xKvi Kiv, my`,
Mvb-evRbv, Qwe BZ¨vw` •ea e‡j gZvgZ cÖKvk Ki‡Zb| Gi wecix‡Z gvhnve AbymvwiMY ÔMvBi gyKvwj`Õ ev Ôjv-
gvhnvex‡ì‡KÕ Invex e‡j Mvwj w`‡Zb Ges Zv‡ì‡K Avnjym mybv‣ Z Iqvj RvgvAv‡Zi we‡ivax evwZj wdiKv e‡j MY¨
Ki‡Zb|
kvBLyj Bmjvg Avey eKi wmwÏKx gvhnve we‡ivax‡ì DMÖ gZvg‡Zi K‡Vvi we‡ivwaZv K‡i‡Qb| gvhnve AbymiY‡K
nvivg ev wkiK ejv, wdK‡ni mycwiwPZ gvmAvjv‡K evwZj ev bv-Rv‡qh ejv, msL¨vMwiô AvwjgM‡Yi g‡Zi wecix‡Z bZzb
bZzb gZ cÖKvk Kiv BZ¨vw` welq wZwb iÏ K‡i‡Qb| G wel‡q wZwb Iqvh-bwmnZ, †jLv‡jwL I weZK©-evnv‡mi Av‡qvRb
K‡i‡Qb|
Avjvgv mvBdzÏxb wmwÏKx wj‡L‡Qb: ÒAvjvgv‡q wn•` nRiZ i‚ûj Avwgb (i) e‡jb: nRiZ cxi †Kejv Zvnv‡ì
(jv-gvRnvex‡ì) mwnZ weevn-kv`x bvRv‡qR nIqvi drIqv w`qvwQ‡jb| GK mgq UxKvPzwj gmwR‡` nRiZ cxi mv‡n‡ei
wbKU gvRnve Agvb¨Kvix‡ì †bZv †g․jyfx Avãyjv ‡nj evKx I †g․jyfx AvKivg Luv mv‡neØq Dcw¯’Z nBqv e‡jb †h, Avcwb
Avgv‡ì m‡½ weevn-kv`x bvRv‡qR nIqvi drIqv w`‡q‡Qb †Kb? cxi †Kejv Z`yË‡i ewj‡jb: Avcbv‡ì cvV¨-cy¯„K
Ô‡dKvn †gvnv¤§v`xÕ cÖ_g fv‡M I H `‡ji wjwLZ †`vi&ivq †gvnv¤§`xÕ c„ôvq c„ôvq gvRnve AbymiYKvixMY‡K †gvk‡iK
ewjqv drIqv †Ìqv nBqv‡Q| Avi †KviAvb kwi‡d ejv nBqv‡Q, Ôjv Zzb‡Kûj gyk‡iKxb nvËv BD‡gbyÕ (Cgvb bv Avbv
ch©‡„ gykwiK‡ì‡K weevn K‡iv bv)- GB Avqv‡Z †gvk‡iKM‡Yi mwnZ weevn Kiv nvivg Kiv nBqv‡Q| Avcbv‡ì wb‡R‡ì
drIqv Abymv‡i Avgv‡ì mwnZ weevn Rv‡qR nB‡Z cv‡i bv| Avi Avgiv wbðq gymjgvb Cgvb`vi bvRx †diKv, wK‡‘
Zvnviv Avgvw`M‡K †gvk‡iK ejvq wb‡Riv Kv‡di nBqv wMqv‡Q| bex cvK () ewjqv‡Qb, ÔGKRb Avi GKRb‡K Kv‡di
ejv DwPZ bq, hv‡K Kv‡di ejv n‡‛Q, †h cÖK…Z Kv‡Ri KvRx bv n‡j ej‡bIqvjv Kv‡di nB‡e|Õ Bnv‡Z eySv hvq †h,
wb‡`©vl †jvK‡K Kv‡di ej‡j †m wb‡R Kv‡di nBqv hvq| Kv‡RB Avgv‡ì gZvbymv‡i gvRnve Agvb¨Kvix Anvex `‡ji
55
mwnZ Avgv‡ì weevn Rv‡qR b‡n|
†g․jexØq e‡jb, Gi gxgvsmvi wK †Kvb Dcvq bvB?
ûRyi e‡jb †h, †h †KZv‡e Kv‡di-‡gvk‡iK ejv nBqv‡Q hw` Avcbvi †mB †KZv‡ei bvg D‡jL KiZt GB g‡g©
GKLvbv weÁvcb Kwi‡Z cv‡ib †h, Avgv‡ì GB †jLvwU fyj nBqv‡Q, byZb ms¯‥i‡Y Dnv ev` †Ìqv nB‡e, Z‡e Avgiv G
m¤^‡Ü wK Kiv KZ©e¨ Zvnv wP‡„v Kwi‡Z cwie| ZLb Zvnv‡ì GKRb Ab¨‡K ewjqvwQ‡jb, Bnv‡Z cxi mv‡n‡ei †Kvb †`vl
bvB, Bnv Avgv‡ì wb‡R‡ì †`vl|Ó97
cvkvcvwk wZwb ÔAvnj-nv`xmÕ ev gvhnve we‡ivax Avwjg‡ì mv‡_ GK‡Î wewfb‣ msMVb cÖwZôv K‡i ag©-ms¯‥vi Kv‡R
AvZ¥wb‡qvM K‡i‡Qb, RvZxq Bmy¨‡Z Zv‡ì mv‡_ gZwewbgq K‡i‡Qb, Zuv‡ì cÎ-cwÎKv I gyLcÎ cÖPv‡i mn‡hvwMZv K‡i‡Qb|
B‡Zvc~‡e© Avgiv †`‡LwQ †h, Zuvi cÖwZwôZ ev Zuvi †bZ…‡Z¡ cwiPvwjZ AvÄygv‡b Djvgv‡q evsjv, Rwgq‡Z Djvgv‡q evsjv BZ¨vw`
msMV‡b Avn‡j nv`xm †bZv gvIjvbv AvKivg Luv I Ab¨vb¨‡ì‡K wZwb †m‡µUvix-mn wewfb‣ ¸i‚Z¡c~Y© c` cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb|
Avjvgv i‚ûj Avwgb I Avjvgv mvBdzÏxb wmwÏKx wj‡L‡Qb: Ò(gvhnvex we‡ivax‡ì gyLcÎ) Ô†gvnv¤§`xÕ cwÎKv hLb
bó cÖvq ZLb gvIjvbv AvKivg Lvu mv‡ne cxi mv‡n‡ei ¯§iYvcb‣ nb| wZwb Z¾b¨ †`vqv K‡ib Ges †jvK‡ì‡K Dnvi
MÖvnK nB‡Z DrmvwnZ K‡ib| GB †nZz Dnv g„Zzï Kej nB‡Z euvwPqv hvq|Ó98
gvIjvbv AvKivg Lvui mv‡_ dzidzivi cxi Avey eKi wmwÏKxi Av‡„wiKZv I Av¯’vi welq Av‡jvPbv cÖm‡½ gvIjvbv
wÌqvb Beªvwng ZK©evwMk e‡jb: Ò1917 L„÷v‡ã wenvi cÖ‡`‡ki Avikvnev` †Rjvq fqven `v½v nq| †mB `v½vq nvRvi
nvRvi gymjgvb knx` nb Ges AmsL¨ cwievi M„nnviv nq| nhiZ cxi mv‡ne †Kejv kªeY KwievgvÎ gvIjvbv AvKivg Luv
mv‡ne‡K NUbv¯’‡j †cÖiY K‡ib| ...Ó99
kvBLyj Bmjvg Avey eKi wmwÏKx Zuvi RxeÏkvq kixq‡Zi Bmjvg cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ ÒIQxqZr-bvgvÓ-q e‡jb: ÒgRnv‡ei
GgvgMY †KvivY-nvw`Q nB‡Z gQjv evwni Kwiqv‡Qb, myZivs Z`byhvqx Avgj Kwi‡Z nB‡e| ... Avgiv nvbvdx gvhnve Aej¤^x,
AZGe Avgvw`M‡K nvbvdx †dK‡ni gQjv †gvZv‡eK Avgj Kwi‡Z nB‡e| †KviAvb-nvw`‡Qi †Ljvd †Kvb gQjv nB‡j Zvnv
Avgj Kiv hvB‡Z cv‡i bv- Dnv Aek¨ cwiZ¨vM Kwi‡Z nB‡e| Bnv nRiZ Ggvg Avey nwbdv (ivn) mv‡n‡ei KIj|Ó100
wZwb Zuvi Iwmq‡Z e‡j‡Qb: Ònvbvdx, gvwjKx, nv¤^jx I kvwdqx GB Pvwi gRnv‡ei †Kvb gRnve GnvbvZ Kwi‡eb
bv| Avwg nvbvdx, Avgvi gywi`MYI nvbvdx| wkqv, iv‡dwR, LvwiwR BZ¨vw`‡ì AvwK`v evZxj I nvivg| Pvi gRnve b‡n,
Pv‡ii gRnve, Pv‡ii gRnveB nvw`Q, †KviAvb I †dKvn kwid nB‡Z‡Q| †dKvn kwid, †KviAvb kwid I nvw`Q kwi‡di
Abyev` (ZiRgv) gvÎ| hvnv †KviAvb kwid I nvw`m kwi‡d bvB, ZvnviB †LvjvQv (g~jgg©) †dKn nB‡Z‡Q| AZGe GB
Pv‡ii gRnve‡K †h GnvbZ (AeÁv) Kwi‡e, †m Kv‡di nB‡e; †Kbbv Bnv‡Z †KviAvb kwid I nvw`Q kwid‡K AeÁv Kiv
nq| bwe mv‡n‡ei () Rvgvbv nB‡Z AvR ch©‡„ mK‡jB Avn‡j nvw`Q Iqvj †KviAvb nB‡Z‡Q| †h Avn‡j nvw`Q Iqvj
†KviAvb nB‡e, Zvnvi Avgj Pv‡ii †Kvb GK gRnv‡ei mwnZ wgwj‡e|Ó101
Zuvi AbymvwiMY cÖ‡Z¨‡K wbR wbR Abyfe Øviv gvhnve we‡ivax‡ì mv‡_ Zuvi AvPiY I Dc‡ii e³‡eï e¨vL¨v
K‡i‡Qb| Avgv‡ì Kv‡Q cÖZxqgvb nq †h, wZwb g~jZ kvn Iqvwj Djvn †`njex I mvB‡q` Avng` †eªjexi aviv AbymiY
K‡i‡Qb| wZwbI Zuv‡ì b¨vq Bmjvgx ZvKjx‡ì g~jgg© e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Qb, KziAvb-nv`x‡mi Av‡jv‡KB ghnve Abymi‡Yi
wb‡`©kbv w`‡q‡Qb Ges †Kv‡bv gvmAvjv KziAvb-nv`x‡mi †Ljvd n‡j Zv cwiZ¨v‡Mi K_v e‡j‡Qb|
wZwb Avnj nv`xm ev ÔMvBi gyKvwj-`Õ-M‡Yi evovevwoi K‡Vvi cÖwZev` I cÖwZ‡iva K‡i‡Qb| †hgb, ZvKjx`‡K nvivg
ev wkiK ejv, Bgvg‡ì wei‚‡× †e-Avèx g~jK K_v ejv, Bjg wdKn, BRwZnv`, wKqvm BZ¨vwì wei‚‡× K_v ejv,
gZ‡f`xq gvmAvjv wb‡q gymwjg D¤§vni g‡a¨ `jv`wj-wefw³ m„wó Kiv BZ¨vw`| mvnvexMY I eiKZgq wZb hy‡Mi mybv‣ ‡Zi
Av‡jv‡K G¸wj wbtm‡•`‡n Bmjvg we‡ivax Kg©|
cvkvcvwk Zuvi Kg©KvÊ I e³e¨ †_‡K cÖZxqgvb nq †h, †KD hw` wba©vwiZ GKwU gvhnve cvjb bv Ki‡jI cÖwm× Pvi
gvhnv‡ei gZvg‡Zi g‡a¨ mxgve× †_‡K KziAvb I nv`xm AbymiY K‡ib Z‡e wZwbI Avnjyj KziAvb I nv`xm ev Avnj~m
mybv‣ n I n°c‡’x e‡j we‡ewPZ n‡eb| G‡Z g‡b nq, Zuvi g‡Z wba©vwiZ gvhnve AbymiY bv K‡i KziAvb I nv`x‡mi Av‡jv‡K
Pv‡ii gvhnv‡ei g‡a¨ Avgj Kiv A‣ea bq, Z‡e gvhnve AbymiY Kiv‡K A‣ea ejv, gvhnve ev Bgvg‡ì Am¤§vb Kiv
BZ¨vw` A‣ea|
G wel‡q Zuvi cyÎ I ¯’jvwfwl³ dzidzivi cxi kvBLyj Bmjvg Avãyj nvB wmwÏKxi e³e¨ cÖwYavb‡hvM¨| wZwb cÖvqB
ej‡Zb: ÒAvn‡j nv`xm Avn‡j nvbxd, Avn‡j nvbxd Avn‡j nv`xm|Ó wZwb Av‡iv ej‡Zb: Ònvbvdx, kv‡dqx, nv¤^jx,
56
gv‡jKx, Avgiv Pvi fvB bv, Avgiv njvg cuvP fvB| Avn‡j nv`xmI Avgv‡ì Avi GK fvB|Ó
wZwb ej‡Zb: Ò‡Ìe•`xiv Avgvi fvB, ZejxM RvgvZ Avgvi fvB, †R․bcyixiv Avgvi fvB, Avn‡j nv`xmI Avgvi
fvB| hZ¶Y bv †Kvb gymjgvb Kzd‡i †cu․‡Q hvq †m Avgvi fvB|Ó102
1. 1. 6. 10. Invex-mybxœ weZK©
Invex-mybx‣ welqwU dzidzivi `vIqv‡Zi mv‡_ Awe‡‛Q`¨fv‡e RwoZ| gvkvBL dzidzivi c~e©m~ix mvB‡q` Avng`
†eªjex‡K fvi‡Zi Invex Av‡•`vj‡bi cy‡ivav e‡j MY¨ Kiv n‡q‡Q| fvi‡Zi wewfb‣ ¯„‡ii cxi-gvkvBL, Avwjg Ges e„wUk
miKvi Zuv‡K I Zuvi Abymvix‡ì‡K ÒInvexÓ e‡j wbwðZ K‡i‡Qb| c¶v‡„‡i Zuvi Abymvixiv G Acev` LÊ‡bi †Póv
K‡i‡Qb| G‡¶‡Î dzidzivi fywgKv I Invex-mybx‣ wefw³‡Z dzidzivi Ae¯’vb Rvbv cÖ‡qvRb| we‡klZ Rvj nv`xm we‡ivax
†PZbv, wewfb‣ Zvdmxi, wdKn, I ZvmvD‡di MÖ‡‡’ we`¨gvb, mydx-ì‡ek‡ì g‡a¨ mycwiwPZ wewfb‣ nv`xm‡K Rvj e‡j
wbwðZ Kivi cÖeYZv‡K A‡b‡KB ZvmvDd I wdKn we‡ivax Invex gvbwmKZv e‡j MY¨ K‡i‡Qb| welqwUi cÖK…Z Ae¯’v
ch©v‡jvPbv cÖ‡qvRb|
1. 1. 6. 10. 1. InvexM‡Yi cwiPq
Invex-mybx‣ weZK© I wefw³ weMZ `y kZvãx hveZ gymwjg D¤§vni AwZ cwiwPZ wPÎ| me‡P‡q gRvi welq, mK‡jB
Invex Avevi †KDB Invex bq| †KDB wb‡R‡ì‡K Invex e‡j ¯^xKvi K‡ib bv| Avevi cÖ‡Z¨‡KB Zv‡ì we‡ivax‡ì Øviv
ÒInvexÓ e‡j AvL¨vwqZ| GKgvÎ Kei-mvR`vKvix, cxi-mvR`vKvix, Mvb-evRbvKvix, aygcvbc‡’x m~dx ev gvidZxMYB
G‡¶‡Î †m․fvMëvb| †KD Zv‡ì‡K ÒInvexÓ e‡j AvL¨vwqZ K‡ib wb| Zuviv wb‡Riv wb‡R‡ì‡K Òmyb‣xÓ ev cÖK…Z ÒAvnjym
mybv‣ Z Iqvj RvgvAvZÓ e‡j `vwe K‡ib| Zv‡ì we‡ivaxiv Zv‡ì‡K weÀvZx, wkiKc‡’x BZ¨vw` ej‡jI KL‡bv Zv‡ì‡K
Invex e‡jb bv|
GQvov mK‡jB Kg‡ewk cÖwZc‡¶i Øviv Invex e‡j AvL¨vwqZ n‡q‡Qb| hviv mvR`v, Mvb-evRbv I aygcv‡bi
we‡ivwaZv K‡i‡Qb Zv‡ì‡K mvR`v, Mvb-evRbv I aygcvbc‡’xiv Invex e‡j AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb Ges G¸wji we‡ivwaZv‡K
Invex‡ì g~j wPý e‡j MY¨ K‡i‡Qb| hviv gxjv`-wKqvg, Dik BZ¨vwì we‡ivwaZv K‡i‡Qb Zv‡ì‡K cÖwZc¶ Invex e‡j
AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb Ges G¸wji we‡ivwaZv‡K Invex‡ì g~j cwiPq e‡j MY¨ K‡i‡Qb| hviv gvhnve Abymi‡Yi we‡ivwaZv
K‡i‡Qb Zv‡ì‡K gvhnvec‡’xiv Invex e‡j‡Qb Ges gvhnve-we‡iwaZvB Invex‡ì g~j cwiPq e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb|
GgbwK A‡b‡K gv`ªvmv evbv‡bv, KziAvb-nv`x‡mi Bjg cÖPv‡ii Rb¨ MÖ‡’iPbv, cvV`vb BZ¨vw`‡K Invex‡ì cwiPq
Ges KvIqvwj, Dik BZ¨vwì cÖPvi cÖmvi, Ke‡ii Dci †m․a wbg©vY Kiv, LvbKv •Zwi Kiv BZ¨vw`‡K mybx‣ ‡ì cwiPq e‡j
D‡jL K‡i‡Qb|
Avjvgv Avng` †ihv Lvb †eªjex (1272-1340 wn/ 1856-1921L„) wQ‡jb dzidzivi cxi Avey eKi wmwÏKxi
mgmvgwqK cÖwm× fviZxq Avwjg‡ì Ab¨Zg| Zuvi Abymvix I f³MY Zuv‡K wnRix PZz`©k kZvãxi gyRvwÏ` e‡j wek¦vm
K‡ib| wZwb e‡jb:
ÒAvnj mybv‣ Z KvIqvjx I Di‡ki f³; †Ìe•`x (Invex) MÖ‡’iPbv I cvV`v‡b Abyi³| mybx‣ i e¨q Kei I LvbKvi
Rb¨| bR`xi (Invexi) e¨q Bjg I gv`ªvmvi Rb¨|Ó103
D‡jL¨ †h, Invex e‡j AvL¨vwqZ mK‡jB wb‡R‡ì‡K cÖK…Z mybx‣ I Avnjym mybv‣ Z Iqvj RvgvAv‡Zi Abymvix e‡j
`vwe K‡i‡Qb| cÖ‡Z¨‡KB `vwe K‡ib †h, Zuviv mivmwi KziAvb, nv`xm, wdKn I c~e©eZ©x BgvgM‡Yi g‡Zi wfwË‡Z Zv‡ì
gZ I `j MVb K‡i‡Qb; gynv¤§v` Beby Avãyj Iqvn&nv‡ei wbR¯^ †Kv‡bv gZ Zviv gv‡bb bv|
1. 1. 6. 10. 2. InvexM‡Yi cwiP‡q KvivgZ Avjx †R․bcyixi gZ
Av‡MB e‡jwQ, Invex‡ì wel‡q A¯úóZvi KviY Zv‡ì wel‡q hv wKQz ejv n‡q‡Q meB Zv‡ì we‡ivax‡ì, we‡kl
K‡i ZzwK© wLjvd‡Zi Avwjg‡ì I BD‡ivcxq M‡elK‡ì K_v| Zuviv Invex‡ì wel‡q hv e‡jb ev wj‡Lb Zvi A‡bK welq
Invex‡ì wb‡R‡ì †jLv MÖ‡‡’ cvIqv hvq bv Ges Zviv Zv A¯^xKvi K‡ib| †h¸wj Zviv ¯^xKvi K‡ib ev wj‡L‡Qb †m¸wj
c~e©eZ©x wewfb‣ Bgvg I Avwj‡gi gZ e‡j Zviv D‡jL K‡ib| GRb¨ Zv‡ì wel‡q wbi‡c¶ wePvi KóKi|
G wel‡q gvIjvbv KvivgZ Avjxi m~‡Î gvIjvbv i‚ûj Avwgb wj‡L‡Qb: ÒAnvwe‡ì gRnve cÖvPxbKv‡j wQj bv, Zvnv‡ì
gRnv‡ei †Kvb †KZve `„wó‡MvPi nq bvB, hvnv‡Z D³ gRnv‡ei Ae¯’v eySv hvB‡Z cv‡i| Aek¨ †jvKw`‡Mi gy‡L Zvnv‡ì Ae¯’v
GZUzKz eySv hvq †h, Zvnviv †k‡iK nB‡Z cvK _v‡K| wK‡‘ Zvnviv GZ nUKvwi †h, wb‡R‡ì `j e¨ZxZ Ab¨ †jvKw`M‡K
gymjgvb ewjqv aviYv K‡i bv, mg¯„‡K †gvk‡iK ewjqv _v‡K| Avi mg‡¯„i cÖwZ KzaviYv †cvlY Kwiqv _v‡K, GgbwK g°v I
57
gw`bvi †jv‡KivI Zvnv‡ì g‡Z gymjgvb b‡nb, †e`qvwZw`M‡K AwZiwÄZfv‡e †gvk‡iK ewjqv _v‡K| GB Anvwe`j
•mq` mv‡n‡ei `‡ji †Nvi we‡ivax| †Kbbv •mq` Qv‡ne †kiK- †eÀvZ we‡klfv‡e wb‡la Kwiqv‡Qb Ges †kiK I †e`qvZ
GZ`yf‡qi cv_©K¨ Lye eySvBqv w`qv‡Qb, †hiƒc Zvnvi `‡ji mg¯„ †KZv‡e GB K_v cÖKvk iwnqv‡Q|Ó104
kvBLyj Bmjvg KvivgZ Avjx †R․bcyix (g„Zz¨ 1872L„) Invex‡ì Avwef©v‡ei kZel© c‡i I Zv‡ì wel‡q ZzKx© I
Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki Avwjg‡ì e¨vcK †jLv‡jwLi cÖvq Aa©kZ ermi c‡i G K_v¸wj e‡j‡Qb| G‡Z cÖZxqgvb nq †h, G wel‡q
ïay cÖwZc‡¶i †jLvi Dc‡i wbf©i K‡i gZcÖKvk bv K‡i Zv‡ì wbR¯^ MÖ‡‡’i m~Î MÖn‡Yi welqwU‡K ¸i‚Z¡ w`‡qB wZwb
e‡j‡Qb †h, ÔZvnv‡ì gRnv‡ei †Kvb †KZve `„wó‡MvPi nq bvB, hvnv‡Z D³ gRnv‡ei Ae¯’v eySv hvB‡Z cv‡i|Õ
gvIjvbv KvivgZ Avjx †R․bcyixi we‡klY †_‡K cÖZxqgvb nq †h, Invex‡ì cÖksmbxq w`K †h Zviv wkiK †_‡K
gy³| Avi Zv‡ì wb•`bxq w`K †h Zviv wkiK I weÀv‡Zi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ K‡i bv Ges weÀv‡Zi Kvi‡Y XvjvIfv‡e Zv‡ì
we‡ivax mKj‡K Kvwdi e‡j|
1. 1. 6. 10. 3. mvB‡q` Avng` I InvexM‡Yi wgj-Awgj
Zuvi e³e¨ †_‡K Rvbv hvq †h, InvexMY I •mq` Avng‡ì Av‡•`vj‡bi g‡a¨ mv`„k¨ I •emv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q| Dfq `‡ji
wgj n‡jv, wkiK I weÀv‡Zi we‡ivwaZv| Avi Awgj n‡jv wkiK I weÀv‡Zi g‡a¨ my¯úó cv_©K¨ Kiv I weÀv‡Zi Kvi‡Y
KvD‡K gykwiK bv ejv|
Invex‡ì mv‡_ mvB‡q` Avng‡ì G wgj ev mv`„k¨B g~jZ Zvi wei‚‡× weÀvZc‡’x‡ì‡K GKwÎZ K‡i| Zuviv Zv‡K
Invex e‡j wPwÎZ K‡i| G wel‡q Avjvgv i‚ûj Avwgb mv‡ne e‡jb:
ÒnRiZ †gvRv‡Ï` Qv‡n‡ei (mvB‡q` Avng` †eªjexi) cÖwZ Invwe nBevi wg_¨v Acev`| gvIjvbv †KvivgZ Avjx
‡R․bcyix mv‡ne †gvKvkvdv‡Z ingZ †KZv‡e wjwLqv‡Qb: †h Akvw‡„-wcÖq cÖeÂK †jv‡Kiv g•` K_v wk¶v w`Z Ges DrK…ó
K_v nB‡Z weiZ ivwLZ Zvnv‡ì msL¨v Kwgqv †Mj| Zvnv‡ì f‡³iv †ivRv, bvgvR, †KvivY †ndR BZ¨vw` †bqvgZ nB‡Z
ewÂZ nBqv c„_K fv‡e _vwKj, wbZv‡„ jvwÃZ, AcgvwbZ, †nq Ae¯’vq Aí gvÎvq iwnqv †Mj| †mB mgq Zvnviv wnsmv I
`xwb kÎ‚Zv ekZ weeªZ nB‡Z jvwMj| Zvnv‡ì Ae¯’v wbZv‡„ †kvPbxq nBqv cwoj| †Kn †Kn †KvivY nvw`‡Qi IqvRKvwi
nIqv, †dKn I `x‡bi †KZve¸wj cÖPvwiZ nIqv, †jvKw`‡Mi gRnve I `xb m¤§‡Ü `„p nIqv, †Rvgv, RvgvqvZ, Zvivwen
bvgv‡Ri AwaK nIqv, gQwR`¸wji Db‣wZ mvab nIqv, MÖv‡g MÖv‡g cjx‡Z cjx‡Z LZgZvivwen nIqv, Avg-Lvm †jv‡Ki
cyÎ-Kb¨vw`‡Mi nv‡dR nIqv I `xwb gmjv gvmv‡qj ¯§iY ivLv †`wLqv R¡wjqv cywoqv Kveve nBqv †Mj| †Kn †Kn
ZvwRqvi Rb¨ †iv`b Kwi‡Z jvwMj| †Kn wQIg Pvnvig, `kv, Pwjkv, Qq-gvwmK I evwlK (g„Ze¨w³i Rb¨ Abyôvw`) †jvc
nIqvi wP‡„vq weeªZ nBqv cwoj| †Kn †Kn bvP, ev`¨, †Xvj Zscyiv, AcÖKZ … nvj (RRev) nvivg nIqvi K_v ïwbqv
jvdvjvwd Kwi‡Z jvwMj| †Kn †Kn †Mv‡i Av‡jvK †Ìqv, kv‡eeiv‡Z cÖ`xc R¡vjvb, evwR †cvovb wbwl× nIqv ïwbqv
R¡wj‡Z jvwMj| k‡eeiv‡Z nvjyqv †jvc nIqvi wP‡„vq †Kn †Kn Aw¯’i nBqv cwoj| K¼b, †Qniv Kv‡dix ixwZ mcÖgvY
nIqvi Rb¨ KvnviI P‡¶ ci`v cwoqv †Mj| †Kn †Kn †`vj, PoK, weRqv c‡e․©i wPov wgVvB bó nIqvi wP‡„vq e‡¶
P‡cUvNvZ Kwi‡Z jvwMj| †Kvb evm‡„x-AbyôvbKvwi wn•`yw`‡Mi cÖwZgv¸wji b¨vq em‡„ i‡Oi Kvco cwiavb Kiv †Kvd‡ii
wPý ïwbqv wegl© nBqv †Mj|
†e`qvwZ I dv‡Q‡Kiv wb‡R‡ì †bZv‡ì AbymÜvb Kwi‡Z jvwMj| ZLb †mB Akvw‡„ wcÖq cÖZvi‡Ki `j hvnv‡ì
cÖfve cÖwZcwË G‡Kev‡i webó nBqv wMqvwQj Ges †jv‡K hvnvw`M‡K GK Kov Kwoi Zzj¨ Ávb KwiZ bv, mgq my‡hvM eywSqv
cybivq D³ f³w`‡Mi mwnZ wgwjZ nBj, DwjwLZ `ywlZ Kvh©¨¸wj wk¶v w`‡Z jvwMj| †hiƒc nRiZ ‣mq` mv‡ne w`b‡K
mÄxweZ I mybZ ‣ ‡K myiw¶Z Kwiqv wMqvwQ‡jb, †mBiƒc Zvnviv †e`qvZ, †kiK I †Kvd‡ii ixwZ‡K e„w× Kwi‡Z Avi¤¢ Kwij,
cÖvPxb Kv‡di‡ì b¨vq evc-`v`v‡ì Kvh©‡K D³ AwnZ Kvh©¨¸wji `jxj-iƒ‡c †ck Kwi‡Z jvwMj| †jvKw`M‡K ¯^c‣ Mí
Kvwnbxi cÖwZ Avgj KivB‡Z g‡bv‡hvMx nBj| D³ cÖeÂ‡Kiv myb‡‣ Zi wei‚‡× †R` Kwiqv I †e`qv‡Zi ggZvq †gvn nBqv
myb‡‣ Zi AbymiYKvix I †e`qv‡Zi g~‡jvrcvUbKvix •mq` mv‡n‡ei `‡ji †jvKw`M‡K Anvwe ewj‡Z jvwMj|Ó105
Gfv‡e Avgiv †`LwQ †h, wkiK-weÀv‡Zi we‡ivwaZvB ÔInvexÓ e‡j MY¨ nIqvi g~j AvjvgZ I KviY| cÖPwjZ
wkiK, weÀvZ I Abyôvbvwì f³ I G¸wji gva¨‡g DcvR©bKvixiv `wjj-cÖgvYvw`‡Z mvB‡q` mv‡ne I Zuvi Abymvix‡ì
m¤§yLxb n‡Z mg_© wQj bv| Dci‡‘ Zuvi I Zuvi Abymvix‡ì e³e¨ kªeY Ki‡j I Zuv‡ì mvnP‡h© †M‡j mvaviY gymwjgMY
`ª‚Z cÖfvweZ I ms‡kvwaZ n‡Z _v‡Kb| d‡j weÀvZ-f³‡ì mvg‡b GKwU c_B †Lvjv wQj, mvaviY gvbyl‡ì `„wó‡Z
•mq` mv‡ne‡K N„wYZ K‡i †Zvjv, †hb †KD Zuvi I Zuvi Abymvix‡ì Kv‡Q bv hvq I Zv‡ì K_v bv ï‡b| GRb¨ GKgvÎ
A¯¿ ÒInvexÓ AvL¨v| Zviv mvaviY gvbyl‡ì eySvb †h, KziAvb, nv`xm, BRgv, wKqvm, wdKn, Dm~j, ZvmvDd, ZixKZ
BZ¨vw` hZ K_vB Giv ejyK, hZ Bgvg ev eyR‡y M©i K_vB Zuviv ejyK, Giv Invex, G‡ì Kv‡Q hvIqv hv‡e bv| Avi Invex
58
e‡j MY¨ nIqvi eo cÖgvY †h, Zviv wcZv-wcZvgn‡ì †_‡K cvIqv G mKj AvPvi Abyôv‡bi we‡ivax| Zuv‡ì eo
`wjj wQj evc-`v`v‡ì Kg© I ¯^c‣-Kvkd I Mí|
GRb¨B gvIjvbv KvivgZ Avjx G‡ì‡K cÖvPxb Kv‡di‡ì mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i‡Qb| e¯‘Z g°vi KvwdiMYI Giƒc
Ae¯’vq c‡owQj| Zuviv †Kv‡bv hyw³ I `wjj-cÖgv‡YB ivm~jyj-vn ()-Gi `vIqvZ‡K fyj e‡j cÖgvY Ki‡Z cv‡i wb| mvaviY
gvbyl Zuvi Kv‡Q †M‡jB cÖfvweZ I myc_cÖvß n‡Zv| GRb¨ Zv‡ì GKgvÎ A¯¿ wQj gvbyl‡ì‡K Zuvi wbKU †_‡K `~‡i ivLv|
GRb¨ Zviv ej‡Z jvMj: gynv¤§v` () mvwe ( ) n‡q wM‡q‡Q, A_©vr evc`v`vi gva¨‡g cÖvß Beivnxg-BmgvCj (Av)-
Gi ag© Z¨vM K‡i bZzb ag© a‡i‡Q| Kv‡RB †Zvgiv †Kv‡bv Ae¯’vq Zvi Kv‡Q †hI bv| †m hZB fvj K_v ejyK, Avjvni
K_v, Beivnxg-BmgvB‡ji K_v, •bwZKZvi K_v BZ¨vw` ejyK, Zvi D‡Ïk¨ GKwUB, †Zvgv‡ì‡K evc`v`vi ag© †_‡K wePz¨Z
Kiv|
•mq` mv‡n‡ei we‡ivaxiv Zv‡K I Zuvi Abymvix‡ì‡K Invex e‡j wPwÎZ Ki‡Z Av‡iKwU welq‡K Zv‡ì cÖgvY
wn‡m‡e eënvi KiZ, Zv n‡jv gvhnve| Ôevc`v`vÕ I cye©eZ©x eyRMy ©‡ì gZB ü`‡qi gwY‡KvVvq AZ¨‡„ m¤§vwbZ welq
gvhnve I BgvgMY| fvi‡Zi msL¨vMwiô gymwjg nvbvdx gvhnv‡ei Abymvix| KvD‡K nvbvdx gvhnv‡ei we‡ivax ev gvhnve
we‡Ølx e‡j cÖgvY Ki‡Z cvi‡j mn‡RB mK‡ji mnvbyf~wZ jvf Kiv I mKj‡K Zvi wei‚‡× GKwÎZ Kiv m¤¢e| GRb¨
B‡Zvc~‡e© Invex-we‡ivax AvwjgMY Invex‡ì‡K Ògvhnve we‡ivaxÓ e‡j wPwÎZ K‡ib| gynv¤§v` Beby Avãyj Iqvn&nve I Zvi
Abymvixiv wbôvevb nv¤^jx gvhnve Abymvix wQ‡jb| Zuvi I Zuvi Abymvix‡ì MÖ‡‡’ gvhnve Abymi‡Yi •eaZv I cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
m¤ú‡K© A‡bK K_v i‡q‡Q| wK‡‘ Zv‡ì we‡ivaxiv Zv‡ì‡K Ôgvhnve we‡ivaxÕ e‡j wPwÎZ K‡i‡Qb|
•mq` Avng` †eªjexi we‡ivax‡ì Ae¯’v eis G Zzjbvq fvj wQj| InvexMY nv¤^vjx gvhnve AbymiY K‡i Ges
gvhnve AbymiY‡K Rv‡qh I mvaviY gvbyl‡ì Rb¨ Ri‚ix e‡j wjwLZ I †g․wLKfv‡e D‡jL K‡i| ZviciI Zv‡ì‡K
gvhnve we‡ivax e‡j wPwÎZ K‡ib Zv‡ì we‡ivaxiv| c¶v‡„‡i Avgiv †`‡LwQ †h, mvB‡q` mv‡n‡ei Abymvix‡ì g‡a¨ GK`j
wQ‡jb hviv my¯úóZB gvhnve AbymiY A¯^xKvi Ki‡Zb| mvB‡q` mv‡ne wb‡RI gvhnve AbymiY‡K ÒIqvwReÓ bv e‡j
ÒfvjÓ e‡j‡Qb| GRb¨ Zuvi we‡ivaxiv Zuv‡K gvhnve we‡ivax Invex e‡j wPwÎZ Ki‡Z m¶g nq|
G wel‡q gvIjvbv KvivgZ Avjx †R․bcyix e‡jb: ÒGKwU dvQv` GB nBj †h, wn•`y¯’v‡bi `ybBqv`vi I †e`qvwZiv
cÖKvk¨fv‡e •mq` mv‡ne‡K Avè KwiZ Ges A‡„‡i Zvnvi Dci Am‡‘ó wQj, D³ g•` Av‡j‡giv GB `‡ji mwnZ wgwjZ
nBj, wb‡R‡ì †e`qvZ¸wj‡K wg_¨v evZxj `jxj Øviv mcÖgvY Kwi‡Z jvwMj, ‣mq` Qv‡n‡ei †e`qvZ cÖwZeÜK Lwjdv I
mnvqZvKvixw`M‡K Invex ewj‡Z Avi¤¢ Kwij, nRiZ †gvRv‡Ï` Qv‡n‡ei `j‡K Invex mcÖgvY Kivi aviYvq DwjwLZ jv-
gRnvwew`M‡K ‣mq` Qv‡n‡ei `jfy³ Kwiqv †`LBevi Qjbv Kwi‡Z jvwMj Ges Zvnv‡ì evZxj g‡Zi K_v D‡jL Kwi‡Z
jvwMj| hwÌ •mq` mv‡n‡ei `‡jiv D³ jvgRnvwe‡ì cÖwZ bvivR Ges Zvnv‡ì g‡Zi cÖwZev` Kwiqv _v‡Kb, Z_vP D³
fÊ Av‡jgM‡Yi cÖZviYvq cwoqv `ybBqv`viMY I gyLM© Y webv Z`‡‡„ •mq` Qv‡n‡ei `j‡K Anvex ewj‡Z Avi¤¢ Kwij|Ó106
1. 1. 6. 10. 4. gvkvBL dzidzivi Invex nIqvi Awf‡hvM
mvB‡q` mv‡n‡ei aviv‡ZB dzidzivi `vIqvZ| wZwb hLb cÖPwjZ wkiK, weÀvZ, ZvmvD‡di bv‡g fÊvwg, Mvb-
evRbv, Kie I cx‡ii mvR`v, Ke‡i evwZ cÖ`vb BZ¨vwì wei‚‡× cÖej Av‡•`vjb ïi‚ K‡ib, ZLb G¸wji f³ I mg_©KMY
Zv‡K Invex e‡j wPwÎZ K‡ib| Zuviv Zuv‡K nvqvZzb‣ex () A¯^xKviKvix, IjxM‡Yi nvqvZ A¯^xKviKvix, AjxM‡Yi
AegvbbvKvix ÔInvexÕ e‡j wPÎvwqZ Ki‡Z m‡Pó nq| B‡Zvc~‡e© evMgvwii dwK‡ii †avKvfÄb MÖ‡‡’i D×„wZi g‡a¨ G RvZxq
wKQz bgybv Avgiv †`‡LwQ| GQvov Kvjbv Rvevwicvovi evnvQ I GRvZxq Ab¨vb¨ MÖ‡‡’ Avgiv Gi bgybv †`L‡Z cvB|
GQvov B‡Zvc~‡e© Avgiv †`‡LwQ †h, kvBL Avey eKi wmwÏKx gxjv`-wKqvg mg_©b Ki‡jI ivm~jyjvn -‡K nvwhi-
bvwhi e‡j wek¦vm Kiv‡K Kzdi e‡j‡Qb I gxjv` †Kw•`ªK Rvj nv`xm¸wji cÖwZev` K‡i‡Qb| G Kvi‡Y ÒcÖK…Z gxjv`-f³Ó
A‡b‡KB Zuv‡K I Zuvi Abymvix‡ì‡K Ò‡Mvjvcx InvexÓ A_©vr iw½b Invex ev eY©‡Pviv Invex e‡j AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb Ges G
wel‡q eBcÎI wj‡L‡Qb|
kvBL Avey eKi wmwÏKx‡K Invex e‡j wPwÎZ Kivi Av‡iKwU Drm wQj mvB‡q` Avng` †eªjexi AbymiY| wZwb
ZixKv ZvmvD‡di mKj `x¶v MÖnY K‡ib mvB‡q` mv‡n‡ei QvÎ I Qv‡Îi QvÎ‡ì †_‡K| GQvov wZwb I Zuvi Abymvixiv
Ø¨_©nxbfv‡e mvB‡q` mv‡ne‡K gyRvwÏ` e‡j D‡jL Ki‡Zb| Avi mvB‡q` mv‡ne †h‡nZz Invex I jv-gvhnvex, †m‡nZz Zvi
AbymvixivI †m `‡ji e‡j we‡ewPZ n‡eb|
G wel‡q Zv‡ì e³‡eï GKwU bgybv †`Lyb: ÒcÖk‣ e½evmx †gvRv‡Ï`x ZwiKvi AwaKvsk cxiM‡Yi (dzidzivi cxi-
mn) Dcwi Z…Zxq ev PZz_© cxi •mq` Avng` Av‡jg bv gyL© wQ‡jb? DËi: •mq` Avng` mv‡n‡ei cÖavb mnPi I Lwjdv
gvIjvbv GmgvB‡ji iwPZ †KZve Øviv Rvbv hvh, wZwb gyL© wQ‡jb|Ó
Òjv-gRnvwe m¤cÖ`vq •Qq` Qv‡ne‡K †gvRv‡Ï` I Zvnv‡ì Ggvg ewjqv MY¨ K‡ib Ges gywi`MY‡K eqqvZ
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KivBevi mgq Zvnvw`M‡K Kv‡ìx, wPkwZ, bKkew•`, †di‡`․wm †Qj‡Qjv PZzô‡qi A‡„f~©³ bv Kwiqv Zvnvw`M‡K
•Qq` Avng‡ì (ZwiKv‡q gynv¤§vw`qvi) `jfy³ K‡ib Ges Zvnviv e‡jb †h, •Qq` Avng` †kl Rvgvbvq Ggvg †gn`xiƒ‡c
cÖKvk nB‡eb| jv-gRnvexw`M‡K wRÁvmv Kwi‡j, GB K_vi mZ¨Zv Dcjwä nB‡e| Ggb Ae¯’vq •Qq` Qv‡ne‡K iB‡Qvj-
AvIwjqv ev‡` iB‡Qvj jv-gRnve ejv DwPr wKbv?Ó
Òmgy`q Av‡jgMY †h •mq` mv‡ne‡K †ejvGZ I Gj‡gi Rb¨ †Z․wRg Kwiqv _v‡Kb, hw` RM‡Zi mgy`q †jv‡Ki
D‡Ïk¨ nq Z‡e †KvbI AwfÁ Av‡jg ¯^xKvi Kwi‡eb bv| Avi hw` Zuvnvi gywi`vb Av‡jgMY ev jv-gRnvwe mgy`q
Av‡jgMY D‡Ïk¨ nq Z‡e Av‡jg mgvR ¯^xKvi Kwi‡eb| GLb wRÁvm¨ GB †h, hw` †Kvb e¨w³ •mq` Avng` mv‡n‡ei
†Qj‡Qjv fy³ K‡qKRb ev½vjx Av‡j‡gi my‡i myi wgkvBqv Zuvnv‡K Av‡jg bv e‡jb Ges jv-gRnvweM‡Yi `jfy³ nBqv
Zuvnv‡K Av‡jg, Ggvg, †gvRv‡Ï` I †bZv ewjqv ¯^xKvi bv K‡ib Z‡e wK †m e¨w³ Kv‡di nB‡e?Ó107
G welq wb‡q Avjvgv i‚ûj Avwgb ÒKvivgv‡Z Avngw`qv ev GKLvbv weÁvcb i`Ó MÖ‡w’ U iPbv K‡ib| G MÖ‡‡’ wZwb
mvB‡q` mv‡n‡ei gyRvwÏ` nIqvi welqwU cÖgvY K‡ib Ges Zuvi wei‚‡× Invwe nIqvi, jv-gvhnvex nIqv, gyL© nIqv BZ¨vw`
Awf‡hvM LÊb K‡ib|
1. 1. 6. 10. 5. Invex‡ì mv‡_ kvBL AveyeKi wmwÏKxi m¤úK©
G wQj kvBL AveyeKi wmwÏKxi wei‚‡× Invex nIqvi Awf‡hvM| GLb Avgiv †`Le, Invex‡ì wel‡q Zuvi wb‡Ri gZ wK
wQj| G‡¶‡Î j¶Yxq †h, Zuvi wjwLZ ImxqZ, bmxnZ BZ¨vwì g‡a¨ ÒInvexÓ we‡ivax my¯úó wb‡`©kbv cvIqv hvq bv| wZwb
gvhnve cÖm‡½ e‡j‡Qb: Òwkqv, iv‡dwR, LvwiwR BZ¨vw`‡ì AvwK`v evZxj I nvivg|Ó wK‡‘ Gfv‡e ÒInvex‡ì AvKx`v evwZj I
nvivgÓ A_ev AgyK-ZgyK `j Invex Zv‡ì eR©b Ki‡eb .... BZ¨vw` wZwb wj‡Lb wb| G‡_‡K g‡b nq, Invex k‡ãi eënvi,
AwZ-eënvi ev Aceënvi wZwb cQ•` Ki‡Zb bv| Gi †P‡q mywbw`©ó gZvg‡Zi mgv‡jvPbv wZwb fvj g‡b Ki‡Zb|
Avgiv Av‡MB e‡jwQ Invex Kviv Zv †gv‡UI my¯úó bq| Z‡e mvaviYfv‡e wZb †kªYxi gymwjg Invex Dcvwa me‡P‡q
†ewk †c‡q‡Qb: (1) †m․w` Avi‡ei AwaevwmMY (2) Avnj nv`xm ev jv-gvhnvexMY, I (3) †Ìe•`x AvwjgMY|
G‡ì g‡a¨ cÖ_g †kªYxi wel‡q Avgiv †`‡LwQ †h, dzidzivi cxi AveyeKi wmwÏKx †m․w` ev`kvn Avãyj Avhxh Beby
mvD`‡K cÎ wj‡L bmxnZ K‡i‡Qb| wZwb Invex‡ì g~j weZwK©Z welq Kie-gvhvi fv½v‡K nv`x‡mi AbymiY wn‡m‡e mg_©b
K‡i‡Qb| Zv‡ì Ab¨ †Kv‡bv weZwK©Z Kg©Kv‡Êi mgv‡jvPbv K‡ib wb| wK‡‘ Zv‡ì †`‡k we`¨gvb aygcvb, `vwogyÊb BZ¨vw`
cv‡ci mgv‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb|
Avnj nv`xm‡ì mv‡_ Zvi m¤úK© B‡Zvc~‡e© Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ| †Ìe•`x‡ì mv‡_ Zuvi m¤úK© LyeB fvj wQj| wZwb
wb‡R evisevi Avjvgv Avkivd Avjx _vbexi mv‡_ GKvZ¥Zv †NvlYv K‡i‡Qb| wZwb gmjv-gvmvB‡j Djvgv‡q †Ìe‡•ì
dvZIqvi Dci wbf©i Ki‡Zb| wb‡Ri Abymvix‡ì evB‡i gvIjvbv KvivgZ Avjx †R․bcyixi AbymvixMY I †Ìe‡•ì
AvwjgM‡Yi mv‡_B Zuvi me‡P‡q Av‡„wiK m¤úK© wQj| G wel‡q Zuvi cyÎ Avãyj nvB wmwÏKxi e³e¨ Avgiv †`‡LwQ|
1. 1. 6. 10. 6. mybœxM‡Yi mv‡_ kvBL AveyeKi wmwÏKxi m¤úK©
kvBL Avey eKi wmwÏKxi Kg©Kv‡Êi mvgwMÖK ch©v‡jvPbvq †`Lv hvq †h, Invex e‡j Awfhy³ Dc‡ii wZb †Mvôxi mv‡_
Zuvi m¤úK© Òmyb‣xÓ e‡j AvL¨vwqZ A‡bK †Mvôxi †P‡q fvj wQj| evsjv I Avmv‡g Òmyb‣xÓ ev ÒAvnj mybv‣ ZÓ e‡j
AvL¨vwqZ‡ì‡K wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq:
(1) Kei-mvR`v, cxi-mvR`v, Mvb-evRbv I aygcvb BZ¨vwì •eaZv `vweKvix m~dx cxi-gvkvBL I Zuv‡ì
AbymvixMY| G‡ì g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg PÆMÖv‡gi gvBRfvÊv‡ii kvBL Avng` Djvn gvBRfvÊvix (g„Zz¨ 1906 L„)-Gi AbymvwiMY|
Zuviv wek¦vm K‡ib †h, AvjvnB wewfb‣ iƒ‡c `ywbqvq AvMgb K‡ib Ges wZwbB ÔMvI‡m Avhg Avng`yjv niÕ iƒc a‡i c„w_ex‡Z
G‡mwQ‡jb| Giv wb‡R‡ì‡K Òmyb‣xÓ ev ÔAvnjym myb‣vZ Iqvj RvgvAvZÕ-Gi cÖKZ … Abymvix e‡j `vwe K‡ib|108
(2) wØZxq ch©v‡qi myb‣xMY Kei ev cxi‡K mvR`v Kiv A‣ea e‡jb| Z‡e Zuviv gxjv`, wKqvg, dv‡Znv, KzjLvbx, Ke‡i
M¤^yR •Zwi, dzj Ac©b, wMjvd Pov‡bv, evwZ R¡vjv‡bv, Kei Pz¤^b Kiv, Iik Kiv, AvDwjqv wKiv‡gi bv‡g gvbZ Kiv, wec‡`
Avc‡` g„Z AvIwjqv wKiv‡gi Kv‡Q Mv‡qex mvnvh¨ PvIqv BZ¨vw` •ea I fvj KvR e‡j g‡b K‡ib| Zuviv ivm~jyj-vn ()-‡K
nvwhi-bvwhi, Avwjgyj MvBe, MvBex ¶gZv I wek¦ cwiPvjbvq me©gq ¶gZvevb e‡j wek¦vm K‡ib| kvBL Avãyj Kvwì Rxjvbx I
Ab¨vb¨ AvDwjqv wKiv‡gi wel‡qI Zuviv MvBex ¶gZv I wek¦ cwiPvjbvi me©gq ¶gZvi AwaKvix e‡j Zuviv wek¦vm K‡ib| Zuviv
mvaviYfv‡e fvi‡Zi mycÖwm× Avwjg eûMÖ‡’ cÖ‡YZv Avjvgv Avng` †ihv Lvb †eªjexi (g„Zz¨ 1340wn/1921L„)-Gi gZvgZ
AbymiY K‡ib Ges Zuv‡K 14 kZ‡Ki gyRvwÏ` e‡j wek¦vm K‡ib| evsjv-fvi‡Zi AmsL¨ cxi I eyRyM© G g‡Zi Abymvix| Zuviv
wb‡R‡ì‡K cÖK…Z myb‣x I Avnjym myb‣vZ Iqvj RvgvAv‡Zi mwVK Abymvix e‡j g‡b K‡ib| Zuviv Zv‡ì G mKj Kg© I wek¦v‡mi
we‡ivax‡ì‡K Invex e‡j AvL¨vwqZ K‡ib|109
60
(3) gvIjvbv KvivgZ Avjx †R․bcyix (1872L„)-Gi AbymvwiMY| Zuviv gxjv`, wKqvg, Bmv‡j mvIqve
BZ¨vw` •ea e‡jb| wK‡‘ dv‡Znv, KzjLvbx, Ke‡i M¤^R y •Zwi, gvRv‡i dzj Ac©b, wMjvd Pov‡bv, evwZ R¡vjv‡bv, Iik Kiv,
AvDwjqv wKiv‡gi bv‡g gvbZ Kiv, wec‡` Avc‡` g„Z AvIwjqv wKiv‡gi Kv‡Q Mv‡qex mvnvh¨ PvIqv, Zv‡ì bvg a‡i WvKv,
Kei mvR`v, cxi mvR`v, KvDqvjx, Mvb-evRbv BZ¨vw` bvRv‡qh, AvcwËKi, gvKiƒn, nvivg ev wkiK g‡b K‡ib|
Abyiƒcfv‡e Avjvn Qvov KvD‡K nvwhi-bvwhi, Avwjgyj MvBe ev wek¦-cwiPvjbvi MvBex ¶gZvi AwaKvix e‡j wek¦vm Kiv
wkiK e‡j MY¨ K‡ib| Zuviv wb‡R‡ì‡K Avnjym myb‣v‡Zi mwVK Abymvix e‡j `vwe K‡ib|110
Dc‡ii wZb †Mvôxi mK‡jB ZvmvD‡di Abymvix| G‡ì g‡a¨ Z…Zxq †Mvôxi mv‡_ gvkvBL dzidzivi NwbóZg m¤úK©
wQj| wZwbI mvB‡q` Avng` †eªjexi avivq gvIjvbv KvivgZ Avjx †R․bcyixi mv‡_ gvmjv-gvmvBj I AvKx`v wek¦v‡m
HKgZ¨ †cvlY Ki‡Zb| Aewkó `y †Mvôxi mv‡_ Zuv‡ì m¤úK© LyeB `~ieZ©x wQj| †R․bcyi I dzidzivi wePv‡i Zviv wkiK I
weÀvZc‡’x| Avi Zv‡ì wePv‡i gvkvBL †R․bcyi I dzidziv Invex ev †Mvjvcx Invex, †Kv‡bvfv‡eB mybx‣ bq|
1. 1. 6. 10. 7. kvBL Avey eK‡ii `„wó‡Z mybœxq‡Zi gvcKvwV
G †_‡K cÖZxqgvb nq †h, kvBLyj Bmjvg Avey eKi wmwÏKx Invex-myb‣x weZK© I wefw³‡K †ewk ¸i‚Z¡ †`b wb,
Invweq¨vZ‡K myb‣xq‡Zi wecix‡Z ùvo Kivb wb Ges wZwb gxjv`-c‡’x ev ZvmvDd-c‡’x nIqv‡K myb‣x nIqvi wfwË wn‡m‡e MY¨
K‡ib wb| eis myb‣xqZ ej‡Z weï× ZvInx`, kixqZ I myb‣v‡Zi AbymiY ey‡S‡Qb Ges G wel‡q †ewk ¸i‚Z¡ w`‡q‡Qb| Gi
evB‡ii gZ‡f‡ì †¶‡Î fyj g‡Zi cÖwZev` K‡i‡Qb, wK‡‘ fyjg‡Zi Abymvix‡ì mym¤ú‡K©i A‡hvM¨ e‡j MY¨ K‡ib wb| eis
wkiK-weÀv‡Z wjß‡ì‡K mym¤úK© ¯’vc‡bi A‡hvM¨ e‡j MY¨ K‡i‡Qb|
GRb¨ ZvmvDd I gvhnve we‡ivax Avnj nv`xm‡ì mv‡_ we‡ivwaZvi cvkvcvwk hZUzKz HK¨ I m¤úK© eRvq †i‡L‡Qb Zuvi
KvQvKvwQ †Kv‡bv m¤úK© wZwb gxjv`-wKqvg I ZvmvDd c‡’x Dc‡ii `ywU Òmyb‣xÓi †Mvôxi mv‡_ iv‡Lb wb| cvkvcvwk ZvmvDd-c‡’x
wK‡‘ gxjv`-wKqvg we‡ivax †Ìe•`x AvwjgM‡Yi mv‡_ Ges ZvmvDd-c‡’x I gxjv`-wKqvg c‡’x †R․bcy‡ii gvkvB‡Li mv‡_
GKBiƒc msnwZ I HKgZ¨ eRvq †i‡L‡Qb|
wZwb Zuvi gyix`MY‡KI Giƒc kixqZ-wfwËK H‡K¨ Drmvn w`‡q‡Qb| gxjv`, wKqvg BZ¨vw` Luwy UbvwU gvmAvjv bq,
GgbwK ZixKv-ZvmvD‡di AbymiYI bq, †Kej kixqZ AbymiY‡KB fvjevmvi wfwË wn‡m‡e MY¨ Ki‡Z wb‡`©k w`‡q‡Qb|
wZwb e‡jb: ÒAvgvi gywi` I †gvÕZv‡K`w`M‡K I mKj gyQjgvb‡K ewj‡ZwQ, hw` †Kvb e¨w³ kwiqZ †gvZv‡eK Av‡jg wK¤^v
Kv‡gj nq, Z‡e Zuvnvi IqvR ïwb‡eb, Lv‡Zi`vix Kwi‡eb, Zvnv‡Z Avgvi †Kvb wb‡la bvB| ... Avwg Av‡jg I wkw¶Z
†jvK‡ì gne․Z I ZvwRg Kwiqv _vwK| AvcbviI ZvwRg I gne․Z Kwi‡eb| †h Av‡jg I mvaviY †jvK kwiqZ
†gvZv‡eK P‡jb, Zvnvw`M‡K †Kn Zz‛Q Rvwb‡eb bv| Zz‛Q Rvwb‡j Avjvn Zvqvjv I nRiZ () bvivR nB‡eb, †h‡nZz
Av‡jgMY bweM‡Yi Iqv‡iQ|Ó111
Avgiv †`‡LwQ †h, mvB‡q` Avng` †eªjex wj‡L‡Qb: ÒnhiZ gynv¤§` gy¯—dv  KZ…K © wba©vwiZ kwiAv‡Zi wfwË `yÕwU
wel‡qi Dci cÖwZwôZ| cÖ_gwU n‡jv wkiK eR©b Avi wØZxqwU n‡jv we`ÕAvZ eR©b|Ó mvB‡q` mv‡n‡ei DËim~ix wn‡m‡e
dzidzivi cxi AveyeKi wmwÏKx g~jZ G `ywU wel‡qi Dc‡iB Zuvi mKj m¤ú‡K©i wfwË ¯’vcb K‡iwQ‡jb| Invex, jv-gvhnvex
I †Ìe•`x‡ì mv‡_ gZ‡f` _vK‡jI Zuviv †h‡nZz wkiK I weÀvZ we‡ivax †m‡nZz Zv‡ì mv‡_ mym¤úK© †i‡L‡Qb| c¶v‡„
‡i mybx‣ q‡Zi `vwe`vi wK‡‘ nvwhi-bvwhi, Ke‡i evwZ R¡vjv‡bv, Keievmx‡K WvKvi c‡¶i gvbyl‡ì mv‡_ mym¤úK© iv‡Lb wb,
hwÌ Zviv gvhnve-c‡’x, ZvmvDd-c‡’x, wgjv`-wKqvg c‡’x Ges Ijx-eyR©M‡ì cÖwZ cÖMvp m¤§vb †cvlYKvix|
1. 1. 6. 11. ivóª I ivRbxwZ
gvkvBL dzidzivi `vIqvZ I ms¯‥v‡ii GKwU we‡kl w`K ZvmvDd I `vIqv‡Zi mv‡_ ivRbxwZi mg‡^q| Bmjvg I
ivRbxwZi weï× aviYvi Rb¨ G welqwUi e¨vcK ch©v‡jvPbv cÖ‡qvRb, hv G MÖ‡‡’i cwim‡i m¤¢e bq| GLv‡b ms‡¶‡c
K‡qKwU welq D‡jL KiwQ|
1. 1. 6. 11. 1. ivRbxwZ: A_© I eënvi
ÒivRbxwZÓ kãwU Bs‡iRx (Politics) k‡ãi Abyev`| cwjwU· A_© ivRbxwZ ev ivR¨kvmbwe`¨v, miKvi mswk-ó
Kg©KvÊ BZ¨vw`| G A‡_© MYZ‡¿wenxb ivóªeë¯’vq ivRv, kvmK, g‡¿x I ivóª-mswk-ó Ab¨vb¨ e¨w³i ivóª cwiPvjbv welqK
mKj Kg©KvÊ Politics ev ivRbxwZ e‡j MY¨| Avevi MYZvw‡¿K eë¯’vq ivóªxq ¶gZvMÖnY I ivóªcwiPvjbv welqK mKj
Kg©I (Politics) ev ivRbxwZ e‡j MY¨|
Aviex‡Z (Politics) ev ivRbxwZi cÖwZkã wn‡m‡e ( ) ÒwmqvmvnÓ kãwU eënvi Kiv nq| Gi A_© cwiKíbv
112
Kiv, cwiPvjbv Kiv, cÖwk¶Y †Ìqv BZ¨vw`| KziAvb Kvix‡g G kãwU †Kv‡bvfv‡e eëüZ nq wb| nv`xm kix‡d `y-GK
¯’v‡b kãwU ÒcwiPvjbvÓ ev Ò†bZ…Z¡ cÖ`vbÓ A‡_© eëüZ n‡q‡Q| nv`xm, wdKn I Aviex wewfb‣ eënvi †_‡K Avgiv wbwðZ
61
nB †h, †h †Kv‡bv cvwievwiK, mvgvwRK, †MvÎxq, `jxq `vwqZ¡ MÖnY, †bZ…Z¡ cÖ`vb, cwiPvjbv Kiv BZ¨vw` Kg©‡K
ÒwmqvmZÓ ejv nq| ivRZvw‡¿K ev •¯îZvw‡¿K ivóª eë¯’vq ivRv, mgªvU ev kvmK-cÖkvmK‡ì ivóª cwiPvjbv welqK
Kg©KvÊ‡K, wePviK, cÖkvmK ev mvgvwRK †bZ…e„‡•ì RbM‡Yi cwiPvjbv welqK Kg©KvÊ‡K Aviex‡Z ÒwmqvmvZÓ ejv nq
Ges Bs‡iRx‡Z (Politics) ejv hvq|
¯^fveZB eZ©gvb hy‡M evsjvq Avgiv ÒivRbxwZÓ ej‡Z ivóª cwiPvjbv ev ivóªxq †bZ…Z¡ MÖnY eySvB bv| †Kv‡bv
AMYZvw‡¿K ivRZvw‡¿K †`‡ki ivRv-ev`kvni †¶‡Î Avgiv ewj bv †h, AgyK †`‡ki ev`kvi ivRbxwZ K‡ib, eis ewj †h,
AgyK †`‡k ivRbxwZ wbwl×, hwÌ nv`xm, wdKn I Aviex eënvi Abymv‡i ivRvi ivóª cwiPvjbvi Kg©‡K ÒwmqvmvZÓ ejv
nq| Gfv‡e Avgiv †`LwQ †h, eZ©gv‡b ÒivRbxwZÓ ej‡Z Avgiv MYZvw‡¿K ivóª eë¯’vq `jxq Kg©Kv‡Êi gva¨‡g ivóª ¶gZv
MÖn‡Yi cÖwµqv eywS| kvmK ev cÖkvmK‡ì Kg©KvÊ, ivóªcwiPvjbvi wbqgKvbyb eySv‡Z mvaviYZ ÒivRbxwZÓ kãwU eënvi
Kiv nq bv| GRb¨ ivóªbxwZ, †jvKcÖkvmb BZ¨vw` kã eënvi Kiv nq|
1. 1. 6. 11. 2. mybvœ ‡Zi Av‡jv‡K ivRbxwZ
cÖPwjZ A‡_©i G ivRbxwZ, A_©vr ivóª¶gZv `L‡ji †NvwlZ G‡RÛv w`‡q `j •Zwi K‡i Rbg‡Zi gva¨‡g miKvi
cwieZ©‡bi †Póv Pvjv‡bvi †Kv‡bv cÖwµqv ev c×wZ ivm~jjy v n  I cieZ©x gymwjg mgvR¸wj‡Z wQj bv| ivm~jyjvn -Gi
`vIqvZ wQj ZvInx`, Bev`Z I AvLjv‡Ki| Gfv‡e g`xbi msL¨vMwiô RbMY `vIqvZ MÖn‡Yi c‡i µgv‡^‡q Avj-vn mgvR,
ivóª I Av‡„RvwZ©K m¤úK© welqK weavbvewj cÖ`vb K‡ib| ivm~jyjvn -Gi gva¨‡g `x‡bi weavb cwic~Y nIqvi c‡i Avi
Giƒc AvswkK `vIqvZ ev ch©vqµwgK `vIqv‡Zi †Kv‡bv my‡hvM D¤§v‡Zi †bB| GLb `vIqvZ n‡e cwic~Y© Bmjvgx
kixq‡Zi| Zvn‡j eZ©gvb cÖPwjZ A‡_© ÒivRbxwZÓ-i kiqx weavb wK? Ges G Kg©wU KziAvb-mybv‣ ni Av‡jv‡K `x‡bi †Kvb&
cwifvlv ev K‡g©i A‡„f©y³?
G wel‡q mvnvexMY I cieZ©x hy‡Mi BgvgM‡Yi Kg©aviv j¶¨ Ki‡Z n‡e| G mKj hy‡M Avgiv `ywU welq †`wL: (1)
we‡`ªvn ev hy‡×i gva¨‡g miKvi cwieZ©‡bi cÖ‡Póv Ges (2) `vIqv‡Zi gva¨‡g miKvi ms‡kva‡bi cÖ‡Póv| Zvn‡j AvaywbK
`jxq ivRbxwZi gva¨‡g miKvi cwieZ©‡bi †Póv †Kvb ch©v‡q co‡e?
†Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv Avwjg ÒivR‣bwZKÓ Kg©KvÊ‡K Òwe‡`ªv‡niÓ mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i wbwl× e‡j MY¨ K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e cÖvq
mKj cÖvÁ Avwjg GKgZ †h, ivR‣bwZK Kg©KvÊ g~jZ wØZxq ch©v‡qi, A_©vr `vIqv‡Zi gva¨‡g miKvi ms‡kvab ev ivóª-
ms¯‥v‡ii AvaywbK GKwU iƒc| AvaywbK ÒivRbxwZÓ g~jZ b¨v‡qi Av‡`k I Ab¨v‡qi wb‡la ev Bmjvgx `vIqv‡Zi GKwU
Ask|
†h †Kv‡bv Ab¨v‡qi b¨vq ivóªxq Ab¨vq, Ryjyg I cvcvPv‡ii cÖwZ N„Yv I ms‡kva‡bi AvMÖn Cgv‡bi b~¨bZg `vwe| G
mKj Ab¨vq `~i Ki‡Z `vIqvZ I cÖPvi KL‡bv dih AvBb, KL‡bv dih wKdvqv ev bdj| G‡¶‡Î mvnvex-ZvweqxM‡Yi
c×wZ‡Z Iqvh, bmxnZ, kvmK-cÖkvm‡Ki mv‡_ K_v ejv, cÎ †jLv BZ¨vw`| Avi G `vIqv‡ZiB AvaywbK ev be-D†¢vweZ
c×wZ `jxq ivRbxwZ| Bmjvgx `vIqvZ‡K GwM‡q †bIqvi Rb¨ my‡hvM gZ ÒivRbxwZÓi eënvi cÖ‡qvRb| †`k, RvwZ I
mgv‡Ri Ae¯’v Abymv‡i c„_K Ò`jÓ MVb K‡i, e„nr †Kv‡bv `‡ji mn‡hvwMZv K‡i, c„_K ÒjweÓ •Zwi K‡i ev Ab¨ †h
†Kv‡bvfv‡e G MYZvw‡¿K myweav‡K `vIqv‡Zi Rb¨ Kv‡R jvMv‡Z n‡e|
Z‡e Gi cvkvcvwk gvmb~b ev mybv‣ Z m¤§Z `vIqvZ c×wZ eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e Ges G¸wj‡KB cÖvavb¨ w`‡Z n‡e|
wk¶v m¤cÖmviY, MY-`vIqvZ, Iqvh-bmxnZ, LvbKv-ìevi BZ¨vwì gva¨‡g ZvInx`, mybv‣ Z, AvnKvg, wk¶v, AvZ¥ïw×
BZ¨vwì `vIqvZ GwM‡q wb‡Z n‡e Ges G¸wj‡KB `vIqvZ I `xb cÖwZôvi g~j wfwË wn‡m‡e MY¨ Ki‡Z n‡e|
gvbe cÖK…wZi Aa¨qb, MYZvw‡¿K cwieZ©‡bi aviv I gymwjg we‡k¦i wewfb‣ `vIqvZx Kvh©µ‡gi Ae¯’v ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i
GK_v ejv hvq †h, MYZvw‡¿K `jxq ivRbxwZi gva¨‡g †g․wjK Av`wk©K I ¯’vqx cwieZ©b `ytmva¨| KviY, RbgZ `ª‚Z
cwieZ©b nq Ges RvMwZK ¯^v_©, cÖPvi, mvgwqK Av‡eM I cvwicvwk©KZv Øviv cÖfvweZ nq| GQvov ¶gZvmxb‡ì ¶gZvi
†jvf, Av‡„R©vwZK loh‡¿ I Avbylw½K Ab¨vb¨ Kvi‡Y MYZvw‡¿K myweav cy‡ivcywi jvf Kiv hvq bv| GRb¨ ivR‣bwZK
Kg©KvÊ‡K `vIqv‡Zi me‡P‡q eo gva¨g ev `vIqvZ‡K `ª‚Z AMÖmi Kivi gva¨g g‡b Kiv †h․w³K I ev¯„e m¤§Z bq|
1. 1. 6. 11. 3. m~dx Bmjvg ebvg ivR‣bwZK Bmjvg
m~dxMY ivRbxwZ wegyL e‡j GKwU aviYv cÖPwjZ| ZzK©x wLjvdvZ I e„wUk miKv‡ii e¨vcK cÖPv‡ii Kvi‡Y ÒcÖK…Z BmjvgÓ
I ÒInvex Bmjv‡giÓ wefvRb cvðvZ¨ M‡elK‡ì Kv‡Q me©RbxbZvi iƒc cvq| Invex Bmjvg I cÖK…Z Bmjv‡gi G wefvR‡bi
†¶‡Î A‡bK cvðvZ¨ M‡elK cÖK…Z Bmjvg‡K Òm~dx BmjvgÓ e‡j wPwýZ K‡ib| Zuv‡ì g‡Z, m~dx Bmjvg Amv¤cÖ`vwqK,
AivR‣bwZK I D`vi| cÖgvY wn‡m‡e Zviv e‡jb †h, Gwkqv, Avwd«Kv, BD‡ivc I Av‡gwiKvi gymwjg I Agymwjg mgv‡Ri AMwYZ
m~dx ìev‡i bvix cyi‚l wbwe©‡k‡l mKj a‡g©i I e‡Y©i gvbyl GKwÎZ n‡‛Qb, whK&i, mvgv-KvIqvjx I Ab¨vb¨ Abyôv‡b Ask
wb‡‛Qb Ges Zevi‚K I `yAv MÖnY Ki‡Qb| G mKj ìev‡i AvZ¥ïw× I Ava¨vwZ¥¨KZvi wk¶v †Ìqv nq, ivóªxq welqvw` Av‡jvPbv
Kiv nq bv|
62
Òmf¨Zvi msNv‡ZiÓ bv‡g Bmjvgx †`k¸wj‡Z AvwacZ¨ we¯„v‡i AvMÖnx mvgªvRëv`x kw³¸wj cÖ_‡g
XvjvIfv‡e Bmjv‡gi wei‚‡× Ae¯’vb †bb| wK‡‘ Zviv †`‡Lb †h, G‡Z Zv‡ì wei‚‡× cÖwZ‡iva evo‡Q| ZLb Zviv
gymjgvb‡ì‡K wewfb‣fv‡e fvM K‡i KvD‡K c‡¶ I KvD‡K wec‡¶ wb‡Z Pvb| GRb¨ cÖ_‡g Zviv wjev‡ij (liberal) ev
D`vi I (fundamentalist) A_©vr †g․jev`x ev KÆic‡’x e‡j fvMvfvwM K‡ib| Giƒc fvMvfvwM gymwjg †`k¸wj‡Z †Zgb
†Kv‡bv evRvi jvf K‡i bv| GRb¨ weMZ K‡qK eQi hveZ Zviv bZzb GKwU fvMvfvwM evRviRvZ Ki‡Z †Póv Ki‡Qb, Zv
n‡jv m~dx Bmjvg I Invex Bmjvg|
G wel‡q Avwg ÒBmjv‡gi bv‡g Rw½ev`Ó cy¯„‡K wKQz Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ| Bmjv‡gi BwZnv‡m g~javivi m~dxMY KL‡bvB
mgvRwegyL, ivóª I ivRbxwZ wegyL LvbKvevmx wQ‡jb bv| cÖvq mKj m~dx ÒZixKvÓ-i g~j m~Î wn‡m‡e Ave~ evKi wmÏxK (iv)
I Avjx (iv)-‡K D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q| hvKvZ Agvb¨Kvix, ag©Z¨vMx, ag©xq AbvPv‡i wjß‡ì wei‚‡× hy‡× Zuviv wQ‡jb
Abgbxq| nvmvb emix, Beivnxg Av`nvg, RybvB` evM`v`x, Avãyj Kvwì Rxjvbx, Ave~ nvwg` Mvhvjx, gyRvwÏ`-B
Avjwdmvbx, kvn Iqvwj Djvn †`njex, mvB‡q` Avng` †eªjex, KvivgZ Avjx †R․bcyix,m Gg`v`yj-vn gynvwRi gv°x
(ivwngvûgyj-vn) I Ab¨vb¨ mKj mycÖwm× m~dx-mvaK AvZ¥ïw× I Ava¨vwZ¥KZvi cvkvcvwk mgvR, ivóª I ivRbxwZ wb‡q K_v
e‡j‡Qb, kvmK‡ì Ryjyg-Ab¨v‡qi cÖwZev` K‡i‡Qb, KviveiY K‡i‡Qb ev kvnv`vZ jvf K‡i‡Qb|
1. 1. 6. 11. 4. ivóª-ms¯‥v‡ii `vIqvZ, `jxq ivRbxwZ I wRnv`
Gfv‡e Avgiv †`LwQ †h, mvnvex-ZvweqxMY Ges gymwjg D¤§vni cÖwm× eyRyM© I m~dxMY bvMwiK‡ì mvgvwRK,
A_©‣bwZK I ivR‣bwZK AwaKvi Ges `xb I kixqZ msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ ivóª-ms¯‥vi I ivR‣bwZK cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨ m‡PZb I
m‡Pó †_‡K‡Qb| AvaywbK ivR‣bwZK Kg©Kv‡Êi mv‡_ Zv‡ì Kg©Kv‡Êi cv_©K¨¸wj wbg‣iƒc:
(1) `jxq ivRbxwZi g~j j¶¨ wb‡Riv ivóªxq ¶gZv `Lj K‡i Kvw“LZ cwieZ©‡bi †Póv Kiv| c¶v‡„‡i mvnvex-
Zvweqxb I ZrcieZ©x eyRMy ©‡ì Kg©Kv‡Êi g~j j¶¨ wQj ¶gZvmxb‡ì ¶gZvq †i‡L ms‡kvab I cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡g Kvw“LZ
cwieZ©‡bi †Póv Kiv| my‡hvM n‡j ¶gZvi cwieZ©b mg_©b Kiv, wK‡‘ wb‡Riv ¶gZv MÖnY bv Kiv|
(2) AvaywbK ÒBmjvgx ivR‣bwZK wP‡„vÓ-q gymwjg ivóª I Bmjvgx iv‡óªi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Kiv nq| ÒBmjvgx ivóªÓ
cÖwZôv‡K Bmjvgx ivRbxwZi g~j j¶¨ e‡j MY¨ Kiv nq| c¶v‡„‡i mvnvex-Zvweqxb I cÖvPxbM‡Yi ivR‣bwZK Kg©Kv‡Ê mKj
gymwjg ivóª‡KB `vi‚j Bmjvg ev ÒBmjv‡gi ivóªÓ e‡j MY¨ Kiv n‡q‡Q| cv‡ci Kvi‡Y e¨w³ gymwjg †hgb Kvwdi e‡j MY¨
nb bv, †Zgwb ivóª ev miKviI cvc-Ab¨v‡qi Kvi‡Y Kvwdi e‡j MY¨ nq bv, eis dvwmK e¨w³ ev ivóª e‡j MY¨ nq|
GKgvÎ wkqvMY Zuv‡ì g‡Zi evB‡ii mKj gymwjg ivóª‡K ZvM~Zx ivóª e‡j MY¨ K‡i‡Qb| Avnjym mybv‣ Z Iqvj RvgvAv‡Zi
AvwjgMY wkqv, dvwZgx, KvivgZx, gyZvwhjx, `xb-B-Bjvnx mKj gymwjg ivóª‡KB `vi‚j Bmjvg wn‡m‡e MY¨ K‡i †m¸wji
ms¯‥v‡ii †Póv K‡i‡Qb, †m¸wj‡K †f‡½ bZzb ÒBmjvgxÓ ivóª cÖwZôvi †Póv K‡ib wb|113
(3) AvaywbK Bmjvgx ivR‣bwZK cwifvlvq A‡bK mgq ÒivRbxwZÓ-‡K `vIqvZ wn‡m‡e MY¨ bv K‡i ÔwRnv`Õ e‡j
AvL¨vwqZ Kiv nq| Giƒc eënvi Awfavb-m¤§Z n‡jI ÒcwifvlvÓ-m¤§Z bq| Bmjvgx cwifvlvq wRnv` A_© ivóªxq hy×|
cvwifvwlK wRnv`, wKZvj ev hy× Bmjvgx ivóª cÖwZôvi gva¨g bq, eis cÖwZwôZ iv‡óªi wbivcËv i¶vi gva¨g| Bmjvgx
kixq‡Z wRnv‡ì c~e©kZ©¸wji Ab¨Zg (1) ivóª we`¨gvb _vKv (2) ivóªcÖav‡bi wb‡`©k ev AbygwZ _vKv, (3) iv‡óªi,
bvMwiK‡ì, gymwjg‡ì ev `xbx `vIqv‡Zi wbivcËv bó nIqv ev bó nIqvi Avk¼v nIqv, (4) ïaygvÎ mk¯¿ †hv×v‡ì
wei‚‡× hy× cwiPvjbv Kiv I †Kv‡bv A‡hv×v j¶ë¯‘‡Z AvNvZ Kiv †_‡K weiZ _vKv|
mvnvex-Zvweqx I cÖvPxb eyRM©MY wRnv` I `vIqv‡Zi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ K‡i‡Qb| gymwjg iv‡óªi ivR‣bwZK ms¯‥vi Av‡•`vjb‡K
Zuviv b¨v‡qi Av‡`k, Ab¨v‡qi wb‡la ev Avjvni c‡_ `vIqv‡Zi ch©vqfy³ K‡i‡Qb| GRb¨ G‡¶‡Î ivóªxq AvbyMZ¨ eRvq ivLv
Avek¨Kxq e‡j MY¨ K‡i‡Qb Ges we‡`ªvn, A¯¿aviY ev AvBb wb‡Ri nv‡Z Zz‡j †bIqv wbwl× e‡j MY¨ K‡i‡Qb| DgvBqv,
Ave․vmxq, dvwZgqx, KvivgZxq, evwZbx, †gvMj I Ab¨vb¨ iv‡óª mvnvex, Zvweqx I cieZ©x eyRyM© I m~dxM‡Yi Kg©KvÊ G ch©v‡qi
wQj| G g~jbxwZi wfwË‡ZB gyRvwÏ` Avjd mvbx `xb-B Bjvnx I †gvMj‡ì Bmjvg we‡ivax gZev‡ì cÖPÊ we‡ivwaZv Ki‡jI
¶gZv cwieZ©b, ¶gZv `Lj, we‡`ªvn ev AvBb Agvb¨ Aby‡gv`b K‡ib wb|
Kvwdi ivóª ev `vi‚j nvi‡ei wei‚‡× ev gymwjg †`k `LjKvix Agymwjg‡ì wei‚‡× ivóªxq hy‡× ev wRnv‡` Zuviv Ask
MÖnY K‡i‡Qb Ges KL‡bv †bZ…Z¡ w`‡q‡Qb| Gi Ab¨Zg D`vniY gvkvBL dzidzivi c~e©m~ix mvB‡q` Avng` †eªjexi wRnv`|
Zuvi cxi kvn Avãyj Avhxh †`njex e„wUk kvmbvaxb fviZ‡K `vi‚j nie e‡j dvZIqv cÖ`vb K‡ib| mvB‡q` mv‡ne
fvi‡Zi `vi‚j Bmjvg cybi‚×vi Ki‡Z wRnv` †NvlYv K‡ib| G‡¶‡Î wZwb wRnv‡ì kixqZ wb‡`©wkZ kZ©¸wj c~iY K‡ib|
wZwb e„wUk kvm‡bi evB‡i mxgv‡„ cÖ‡`‡k `vi‚j Bmjvg cÖwZôvi †NvlYv †`b Ges wZwb Avwgi‚j gywgbxb wn‡m‡e evBqvZ
MÖnY K‡ib| ivóªxq ZË¡veav‡b kÎ‚ †hv×v‡ì wei‚‡× wZwb wRnv` cwiPvjbv K‡ib|
63
(4) Bmjvgx ivRbxwZ ev ivóª cÖwZôv wel‡q me‡P‡q eo weåvw‡„ ivóª cÖwZôvi bv‡g ev Dc‡ii kZ©vewj c~iY
QvovB wRnv‡ì bv‡g gymwjg ev Agymwjg †Kv‡bv miKvi ev bvMwiK‡ì wei‚‡× A¯¿ eënvi, AvBb Agvb¨ Kiv ev m‡¿v‡mi
c‡_ Pjv| mvnvex-Zvweqx I c~e©eZ©x eyRMy © I m~dxMY Ab¨v‡qi cÖwZev` K‡i‡Qb, ¶gZvmxb I Ab¨vb¨ mKj‡K Ab¨vb¨ `gb
Ki‡Z ev cÖwZev` Ki‡Z DØy× K‡i‡Qb, wK‡‘ wb‡R Ab¨vq `g‡bi bv‡g kw³ cÖ‡qvM K‡ib wb, AvBb Agvb¨ K‡ib wb, AvBb
wb‡Ri nv‡Z Zz‡j †bb wb Ges AvBb Agvb¨ Kivi †Nvi we‡ivwaZv K‡i‡Qb| cÖ‡qvR‡b `vi‚j nvi‡ei mk¯¿ †hv×v‡ì wei‚‡×
`vi‚j Bmv‡gi ivóªcÖav‡bi wbq‡¿vax‡b wRnv‡` Ask wb‡q‡Qb| wK‡‘ ivóªxq KvVv‡gvi evB‡i wRnv‡ì bv‡g nZ¨v-m‡¿vm
Aby‡gv`b K‡ib wb|
Gfv‡e Avgiv †`LwQ †h, m~dxMY ivRbxwZ K‡ib wb ev cÖK…Z Bmjv‡gi ivRbxwZ †bB e‡j aviYv Kiv †hgb wb‡iU
g~LZ
© v ev weåvw‡„, †Zgwb Zuv‡ì ivóª-ms¯‥vi Av‡•`vjb‡K wfwË K‡i ivRbxwZ ev wRnv‡ì Aceënvi, Bmjvgx ivóª cÖwZôv ev
Ab¨ †Kv‡bv D‡Ï‡k¨ m‡¿vm, nZ¨v, AvBb Agvb¨ BZ¨vw` Kv‡R wjß nIqv ev AvBb I wePvi †Kv‡bv e¨w³ ev †Mvôxi nv‡Z
Zz‡j †bIqv Av‡iv fq¼iZi weåvw‡„|114
1. 1. 6. 11. 5. gvkvBL dzidzivi ivR‣bwZK †PZbv
m~dx ivRbxwZ ev mvjd mv‡jnx‡bi ivóª-ms¯‥vi m¤ú„w³i cÖK…ó bgybv gvkvBL dzidzivi ivR‣bwZK Kg©aviv| Zuviv
¶gZv MÖn‡Yi AvMÖngy³fv‡e RbMY‡K ivRbxwZ m‡PZb K‡i‡Qb, ivR‣bwZK, A_©‣bwZK AwaKvi AR©‡b †bZ…Z¡ cÖ`vb
K‡i‡Qb Ges mKj cÖKvi msNvZ, m‡¿vm I DMÖZv wbq‡¿Y K‡i‡Qb| fviZxq ivRbxwZ‡Z dzidivi cxi Avey eKi wmwÏKx I
Zuvi cyÎ Avãyj nvB wmwÏKxi f~wgKv wQj AZ¨‡„ e¨vcK, hv G MÖ‡‡’i cwim‡i Av‡jvPbv m¤¢e bq| GLv‡b Zuv‡ì `y-GKwU
e³e¨ D‡jL Kie|
kvBL Avey eKi wmwÏKx Avwjg mgvR‡K mgvR I ivRbxwZ m‡PZb n‡Z, gvZ…fvlv I Bs‡iwR fvlvq Mfxi Ávb AR©b
Ki‡Z Drmvn †`b| ivRbxwZ m‡PZbZvmn mvsevw`KZv I Abyiƒc †ckv MÖnY K‡i ivR‣bwZK wel‡q mwVK w`K wb‡`©kbv
w`‡Z wZwb Drmvn cÖ`vb K‡ib| G wel‡q wZwb e‡jb: Ò†Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv Av‡jg aviYv Kwiqv _v‡Kb †h, ivRbxwZK e¨vcvi¸wj
Bmjv‡gi ewnf©~Z wKQz nB‡e| Kv‡RB msev` cwÎKv¸wj‡Z †h ivRbxwZK e¨vci¸wj DwjwLZ nBqv _v‡K Zrmg¯„ cvV Kiv
Ri‚ix b‡n| Avwg Zvnvw`‡Mi †L`g‡Z mm¤§v‡b AviR Kwi, Bmjv‡g ag©bxwZ, mgvRbxwZ I ivRbxwZ c„_K c„_K e¯‘ b‡n|
Avgv‡ì nRiZ () GKvav‡i mg¯„ welq gymjgvbw`M‡K wk¶v w`qvwQ‡jb| Dchy³ Ijvgv m¤cÖ`vq hw` ivRbxwZK
e¨vcv‡i n¯„‡¶c Kwi‡Zb, Z‡e A‡hvM¨ wek¦vmNvZK †jv‡Kiv wKQz‡ZB RvwZi ¯^v_© c``wjZ Kivi my‡hvM jvf KwiZ bv|.....
wgwQi, ZzwK© I wn•`y¯„v‡bi AwfÁ Ijvgv m¤cÖ`vq msev`cÎ cwiPvjbv I ivRbxwZK e¨vcv‡i n¯„‡¶c Kwiqv _v‡Kb, †Kej
Avgv‡ì e½‡`‡ki Ijvgv m¤cÖ`vq Bnv nB‡Z mwiqv covq gnv Ab‡_©i m~ÎcvZ nB‡Z‡Q| Avgv‡ì Av‡jgMY BsivRx wk¶v
wKiƒc aviYv K‡ib ZvnvB Av‡jvP¨ welq| Bn~`xw`‡Mi mwnZ Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ Qvnvev R‡q` Geªxq wKsev mywiqv fvlv
wk¶v Kwi‡Z Avw`ó nBqvwQ‡jb| BD‡ivc iv‡R¨ Bmjvg cÖPvi Kwi‡Z, BD‡iv‡ci gymjgvb bi-bvixw`M‡K wk¶v cÖ`vb
Kwi‡Z gymjgvb Ijvgv-m¤cÖ`v‡qi c‡¶ Bs‡iRx wk¶v Kiv Ri‚ix b‡n wK?.... e½xq Av‡jg m¤cÖ`v‡qi c‡¶ ev½vjvi Ávb
fvj Kiv Avek¨K.....|Ó115
Ab¨Î wZwb e‡jb: ÒivR¨ kvmb, ivRKvh©¨ cwiPvjb, cÖRvcvjb, Rv‡j‡gi Ryjyg nB‡Z †jvKw`M‡K †ndvRZ,
b¨qm½Z AwaKvi I `vex msi¶Y Ges Ac‡ii nK b¨vh¨ cÖ`vb Kiv nRiZ () I mvnvev cÖf„wZi mybZ ‣ Kvh©¨| wK‡‘
AvRKvj AwaKvsk Av‡jg GB mg¯„ mybZ ‣ Kvh©¨ fywjqv wMqv Ac‡ii nv‡Zi †Ljvi cyZzj nB‡Z ewmqv‡Qb| mvaviYZ †`Lv
hvq, hLb †Kvb †fv‡Ui mgq Av‡m ZLb †fvU cvBevi Avkvq A‡b‡K Av‡jg I cxiM‡Yi mvnvh¨ jBqv _v‡K| ZLb Zvnviv
Avgvw`M‡K ivRbxwZi cÖavb mnvqK BZ¨vw` KZ K_vB ewjqv _v‡K| Zvici Avevi ZvnvivB Av‡jg I cxiw`M‡K
ivRbxwZ‡Z †hvM`vb w`‡Z bvB ewjqv Dc‡`k †`q| wK‡‘ Av‡jg, cxi I †gvjvw`M‡K Bnv we‡klfv‡e g‡b ivwL‡Z nB‡e †h,
ivRbxwZ, mgvRbxwZ BZ¨vw` cÖ‡Z¨K cÖKvi nK Kv‡R Zvnvw`M‡K †hvM w`‡Z nB‡e Ges Bnv‡Z Zvnv‡ì we‡kl AwaKvi|
ivRbxwZi †¶Î nB‡Z Av‡jgw`‡Mi mwiqv cwoevi Rb¨ AvR gymwjg mgv‡R bvbvwea Ab¨vq I †e-kiv Kvh© nB‡Z‡Q|
kwiqZ, ZwiKZ, nwKKZ I gv‡idZ c~Y©iƒ‡c Avgj Kwiqv †`k I KI‡gi †L`g‡Zi Rb¨ Av‡jgw`M‡K ivRbxwZ,
mgvRbxwZ cÖf„wZ‡Z †hvM †Ìqv Avek¨K| Av‡jgw`‡Mi RwgqZ MVb Kiv GKv‡„ cÖ‡qvRb| Bnv Gmjv‡gi GK Ri‚ix
ûKzg| GB ûKzg †Ljvd Kwiqv AvR Av‡jgMY QÎf½ nBqv cwoqv‡Qb Ges w`‡b w`‡b kw³nxb nB‡Z‡Qb| Bnvi d‡j
wewfb‣ iK‡gi †kK©, †e`vZ, cxic~Rv, `M©vc~Rv, Keic~Rv Ges †Ljvd kiv Kvh©¨ mgv‡R cÖPwjZ nB‡Z‡Q ....|Ó116
j¶Yxq †h, Dc‡ii e³‡e¨ Òmyb‣vZÓ-cwifvlv‡K kvBL AveyeKi wmwÏKx e¨vcKZi A‡_© eënvi K‡i‡Qb, A_©vr
64
ivm~jyj-vn  I mvnvexM‡Yi mvgwMÖK Rxebv`k© I ixwZ| hviv ivR¨kvmb ev cÖkvmwbK `vwq‡Z¡ wb‡qvwRZ Zv‡ì
`vwqZ¡ KziAvb I nv`x‡mi wb‡`©kbv Abymv‡i cÖRvcvjb, Rv‡j‡gi Ryjyg †_‡K bvMwiK‡ì †ndvRZ, Zv‡ì b¨vqm½Z
AwaKvi msi¶Y, b¨vqwePvi I AvB‡bi kvmb cÖwZôv, weï× Bmjvgx AvKx`v I Avgj cÖPvi, wkiK, Kzdi, Bjnv`, weÀvZ,
Kzms¯‥vi BZ¨vw` †iva, mywk¶v cÖPvi BZ¨vw`| Avi hviv G `vwq‡Z¡i evB‡i i‡q‡Qb Zv‡ì `vwqZ¡ `vwqZ¡kxj ev ¶gZvmxb‡ì
G `vwqZ¡ KziAvb-mybv‣ n Abymv‡i cvj‡bi Rb¨ b¨v‡qi Av‡`k, Ab¨v‡qi wb‡la ev `vIqvZ I Avn․vb Rvbv‡bv| Gfv‡e `vwqZ¡
cvjb ivm~jjy v- n  I mvnvexM‡Yi mybv‣ Z ev ixwZ| Z‡e g~j `vwqZ¡ KL‡bv dih AvBb, KL‡bv IqvwRe, KL‡bv dih wKdvqv
ev bdj n‡Z cv‡i|
Av‡iv j¶Yxq †h, gvkvBL dzidziv g~j Bev`‡Zi w`‡KB j¶¨ ivL‡Zb, Bev`‡Zi c×wZ ev DcKiY bq| GRb¨ Zuviv
ivR‣bwZK m‡PZbZv, ivóªxq Ryjyg ev kixqZ-we‡ivwaZvi cÖwZev`, ivóª ms¯‥v‡ii †Póv‡K ¸i‚Z¡ cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb| `jxq ivRbxwZ‡Z
mwµq m`m¨ nIqv‡K Bev`Z e‡j MY¨ K‡ib wb, DcKiY ev c×wZ wn‡m‡e Gi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv I ¸i‚Z¡ eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| gvkvBL
dzidziv KL‡bv e¨w³MZfv‡e ivóªxq Ryjyg, Ab¨vq ev Bmjvg we‡ivax AvBb-Kvby‡bi cÖwZev` I cÖwZ‡iva K‡i‡Qb, KL‡bv †Kv‡bv
ivR‣bwZK `j‡K mg_©b K‡i‡Qb Ges KL‡bv `jxq ivRbxwZi D‡a․© †_‡K †`k I RvwZi ivR‣bwZK Kj¨v‡Y K_v e‡j‡Qb|
ivRbxwZi ¸i‚Z¡ I G m¤ú‡K© Bmjv‡gi g~jbxwZ wel‡q kvBL AveyeKi wmwÏKxi cyÎ I ¯’jvwfwl³ dzidzivi cxi
kvBL Avãyj nvB wmwÏKx e‡jb: ÒBmjvg ivRbxwZ n‡Z KIg‡K c„_K K‡iwb| Bmjvg c~Y© ag©| `ywbqv‡Z wKfv‡e †eu‡P
_vK‡Z n‡e, ivRv-cÖRvi wK m¤^Ü n‡e, wePvi-AvPvi wKiƒc n‡e- mg¯„B Bmjv‡g Av‡Q| ivR¨kvmb, RxweKv AR©b,
AvZ¥i¶v, ivRï¶v, A‡bï mv‡_ m¤úK©- me wel‡qB Avgvi ivm~jyjvn  wk¶v w`‡q †M‡Qb| Avjvn cv‡Ki wb‡`©wkZ gZ
e¨ZxZ we‡k¦i hZ cÖKvi gZ Av‡Q ev n‡e meB ev‡Zj| †Lv`vqx g‡Zi iè`j Kivi AwaKvi †Kvb †bZv, Av‡jg ev †Kvb
cx‡ii bvB- GgbwK ¯^qs Avgvi ivm~jyj-vn ()-GiI wQj bv| ¶Y¯’vqx `ywbqvq ivRbxwZi †gv‡n c‡o GK`j †bZv, Av‡jg
Avj-vn I Zuvi ivm~‡ji wb‡`©wkZ c‡_i wei‚×vPiY K‡ib| Avjvn cvK Zv‡ì Qvo‡eb? Qvo‡eb bv| Avwg dzidzivi cxi
mv‡ne- Avgv‡KI Qvo‡eb bv|
gvby‡li †gvqv‡kivZx (RvMwZK) Rxe‡bi eo Ask wQqvQZ (ivRbxwZ)| myZivs wQqvQZ ev` w`‡q gvbyl Pj‡Z cv‡i
bv| BmjvgB `ywbqv‡Z me© cÖ_g RgûwiqvZ (MYZ‡¿) Kv‡qg K‡i‡Q| RvgvZ RgûwiqvZ cÖf„wZ nhiZ bex Kix‡gi ()
wk¶v| ... wQqvQZ, †gvqv‡gjvZ, Zvnhxe, ZvgvÏyb hveZxq ìKvix e¨vcv‡i myb‡‣ Zi bxwZ Abymv‡i Pjv n‡jv ûRy‡ii ()
gne․‡Zi bwZRv| Avgvi ivm~jyjvn -Gi Av`k©B n‡‛Q Avgv‡ì c_| ... `ywbqv‡K Av‡Liv‡Zi Rb¨ Zje Ki‡Z n‡e|
`ywbqv‡Z ivRbxwZ, A_©bxwZ, mgvRbxwZ, cvwievwiK bxwZ- mewKQz Av‡Liv‡Zi w`‡K j¶¨ †i‡L Ki‡Z n‡e| Av‡Liv‡Zi
w`‡K j¶¨ †i‡L `ywbqvi Kvh© mgvav Ki‡j Bev`‡Zi g‡a¨ MY¨ nq| Bev`‡Zi †bKx Avjvni wbKU gRy` _v‡K| Zvi IRiZ
(cvwikªwgK) `ywbqv‡Z `vb K‡ib Ges cyi¯‥vi Av‡Liv‡Z `vb K‡ib| ...117
A‡bK mgq ivRbxwZwe`MY cvðv‡Zï ûeû AbyKi‡Y ivRbxwZi g‡a¨ Bmjvgx g~j¨‡eva we‡ivax Kg©KvÊ cvjb
K‡ib| †hgb, †Rvic~e©K niZvj, DMÖZv, ivRbxwZi bv‡g MxeZ PP©v BZ¨vw`| kvBL Avey eKi wmwÏKx G wel‡q wewfb‣ w`K
wb‡`©kbv †`b| niZvj wel‡q AvÄygv‡b Iqv‡qRx‡bi gyLcÎ Bmjvg `k©b cwÎKv 1327 mv‡ji Avlvp (1920 L„) msL¨vq
ejv n‡q‡Q: ÒniZvj Kivi †Kv‡bv weavbB Bmjvgx kixq‡Z bvB| Dnv Agymjgvb wg. MvÜx cÖewZ©Z GKwU Abyôvb gvÎ|
niZv‡j Mixe‡ì Dci fxlY Ryjyg nq Ges `yó †jv‡Kiv bvbv cÖKvi Ab¨vq AZ¨vPvi Kwievi my‡hvM cvq| myZivs Dnv A‣ea
I cvc Kvh©|Ó118
Abyiƒcfv‡e Rwgq‡Z Djvgv‡q wn•` AvBb Agvb¨ Av‡•`vjb ïi‚ Ki‡j kvBL Avey eKi wmwÏKx Zvi cÖwZev` K‡ib
Ges G welqK DMÖZv, wnsmªZv, m‡¿vm, AvBb Agvb¨ BZ¨vw` eR©b K‡i kvw‡„cY~ © Av‡•`vj‡bi gva¨‡g ¯^vaxbZv AR©‡bi Rb¨
mKj‡K DØy× K‡ib|119
b¨vqm½Z AwaKvi Av`v‡qi Av‡eM, Bmjvg we‡ivax AvB‡bi cÖwZev` ev Bmjvgx AvBb cÖwZôvi Av‡eM A‡bK mgq
gvbyl‡K kixqZ we‡ivwaZvq cÖ‡ivwPZ K‡i| b¨vqm½Z `vex Av`v‡qi Rb¨, Bmjvgx AvBb i¶v ev cÖwZôvi Rb¨ AvBb-m¤§Z
I kvw‡„cY~ © c‡_ `vIqvZB Bmjv‡gi wb‡`©k| KziAvb-nv`x‡mi mv‡_ mvsNwl©K bq Giƒc mKj ivóªxq AvBb gvb¨ KiviB
Bmjv‡gi wb‡`©k| G wb‡`©k †hgb gymwjg iv‡óªi †¶‡Î, †Zgwb †Kv‡bv Agymwjg iv‡óªi bvMwiKZ¡ MÖnY Ki‡j †m iv‡óªi
†¶‡ÎI| G wel‡q AveyeKi wmwÏKx ej‡Zb: ÒkwiqZ wei‚× hvnvB nDK bv †Kb, Avwg wbðqB Zvi cÖwZev` Ki‡Z KLbI
cðvrc` ne bv| AveyeKi Avjvn e¨ZxZ KvD‡KI fq K‡i bv| Avgvi mvg‡b †KviAvb kixd, Wvb cv‡k¦ nvw`m kixd I
evg cv‡k¦ weªwU‡ki AvBb| Avwg weªwU‡ki AvBb †KviAvb I nvw`m kixd Øviv wePvi K‡i †`L‡ev; hZ¶Y Dnv †KviAvb I
nvw`m kix‡di †Ljvd bv nq Avwg Dnv cvjb Ki‡Z eva¨ _vKe|Ó120
65
G welqK Ávb I m‡PZbZvi Afv‡e A‡bK Av‡eMx gymwjg ÒRyjygÓ, ÒAb¨vqÓ ev ÒBmjvgx AvBb bqÓ G
ARynv‡Z ivóªxq AvBb Agvb¨ K‡ib| Gfv‡e AvBb Agvb¨ K‡i wb‡Ri Rxeb wecb‣ Kiv‡K kvBLyj Bmjvg Avey eKi wmwÏKx
ÒAvZ¥nZ¨vÓ e‡j MY¨ K‡i‡Qb| wÌqvb Beªvwng ZK©evwMk wj‡L‡Qb: Òh‡kvni †Rjvi KwZcq AÂ‡ji AÁ gymjgvb KzP‡µ
cwZZ n‡q ÔivR¯^Õ †Ìqv eÜ K‡iwQj| Rbve cxi mv‡ne wKejv G msev` kªeY Kwiqv gvÎ †m me AÂ‡j QzwUqv hvb Ges
AÁ gymjgvb‡ì åvw‡„ `~i K‡ib| wZwb Zv‡ì‡K e‡jwQ‡jb:- †h ch©‡„ ivR AvBb Avgv‡ì †KviAvb I nvw`m kix‡di
we‡ivax bv nq †m ch©‡„ D³ AvBb-Kvbyb †g‡b Pjv Avgv‡ì gRnv‡ei (Bmjvg a‡g©i) wewa| AZGe hviv ivR AvÁvi
wei‚×vPiY K‡i, Ae‡k‡l Rxeb webó Ki‡Z eva¨ nq, Zviv AvZ¥nZ¨vi cv‡c cwZZ n‡e|Ó121
e¯‘Z, gymwjg we‡k¦i wewfb‣ hy‡M I †`‡k ms¯‥vi I Bmjvgx RvMiY ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †h, wb‡g‣i welq¸wj
wQj G mKj ms¯‥vi I RvMi‡Yi evnb: (1) Iqvh-bmxnZ I MY-`vIqvZ, (2) Bjg ev wk¶v we¯„vi, (3) m~dxM‡Yi
AvZ¥ïw× Av‡•`vjb I (4) ivRbxwZ|
gvkvBL dzidziv Zv‡ì ms¯‥vi Av‡•`vj‡b Dc‡ii PviwU LvZB eënvi K‡i‡Qb, me †¶‡ÎB we‡kl Ae`vb †i‡L‡Qb
Ges G¸wji mg‡^‡q GKwU Af~Zc~e© RvMiY m„wó Ki‡Z m¶g n‡qwQ‡jb| we‡klZ mKj †¶‡Î weï× KziAvb I mybv‣ n
wbf©iZv I Rvj nv`xm we‡ivwaZvi GK Abycg I gyeviK cÖ‡Póv Avgiv Zuv‡ì Kg©Kv‡Ê †`L‡Z cvB| gnvb Avjvn `xb
Bmjvg I gymwjg D¤§v‡Zi c¶ †_‡K Zuv‡ì‡K m‡e©vËg cyi¯‥vi cÖ`vb Ki‚b| Avgxb|
66
wØZxq cwi‡”Q`:
nv`xm ebvg Rvj nv`xm
1. 2. 1. nv`xm: cwiwPwZ I ¸i“Z¡
1. 2. 1. 1. nv`x‡mi cwiwPwZ I msÁv
Aviex Ònv`xmÓ kãwUi GK A_© ÒbZzbÓ, Ab¨ A_© ÒK_vÓ| mvaviYfv‡e Avgiv nv`xm ej‡Z Óivm~jyjvn -Gi K_vÓ
eywS| gynvwÏmM‡Yi cwifvlvq Ó†h K_v, Kg©, Aby‡gv`b ev weeiY‡K ivm~jyjvn ()-Gi e‡j cÖPvi Kiv n‡q‡Q ev
`vex Kiv n‡q‡QÓ ZvB Ònv`xmÓ| GQvov mvnvexMY I Zv‡eqxM‡Yi K_v, Kg© I Aby‡gv`b‡KI nv`xm ejv nq|
ivm~jyj-vn ()-Gi Kg©, K_v ev Aby‡gv`b wn‡m‡e ewY©Z nv`xm‡K Ògvid‚Õ nv`xmÓ, mvnvexM‡Yi Kg©, K_v ev
Aby‡gv`b wn‡m‡e ewY©Z nv`xm‡K ÒgvDK‚d nv`xmÓ Ges Zv‡eqxM‡Yi Kg©, K_v ev Aby‡gv`b wn‡m‡e ewY©Z
nv`xm‡K ÒgvKZ‚Õ nv`xmÓ ejv nq|122
GLv‡b j¶Yxq †h, †h K_v, KvR, Aby‡gv`b ev eY©bv ivm~jyj-vn ()-Gi e‡j `vex Kiv n‡q‡Q ev ejv n‡q‡Q Zv‡KB
gynvwÏmM‡Yi cwifvlvq Ònv`xmÕ e‡j MY¨ Kiv nq| Zv mZ¨B ivm~jyjvni ( ) K_v wKbv Zv hvPvB K‡i wbf©iZvi
123
wfwË‡Z gynvwÏmMY nv`xm‡K wewfbœ cÖKv‡i I ch©v‡q wef³ K‡i‡Qb|
1. 2. 1. 2. nv`x‡mi gh©v`v I ¸i“Z¡
`x‡bi mKj cÖKvi wek¦vm I K‡g©i wfwË ÓInxÑ ev Avmgvbx cÖZ¨v‡`k (revelation)| KziAvb Kvix‡g evisevi ejv n‡q‡Q
†h, Avjvn Zuvi ivm~j‡K () `yBwU welq cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb: GKwU ÒwKZveÕ ev Òcy¯—KÕ Ges wØZxqwU ÔwnKgvnÕ ev
ÔcÖÁvÕ|124 GB cy¯—K ev ÔwKZveÕ Avj-KziAvb, hv ûeû Inxi k‡ã I ev‡K¨ msKwjZ n‡q‡Q| Avi ÒwnKgvnÕ ev cÖÁv
A_© Inxi gva¨‡g cÖ`Ë AwZwi³ cÖv‡qvwMK Ávb hv Avj-vn Zuvi ivm~j ()-‡K cÖ`vb K‡ib hv wZwb wb‡Ri fvlvq Zv
cÖKvk K‡ib Ges Ònv`xmÕ bv‡g msKwjZ n‡q‡Q| Avi G `y cÖKv‡i Inx: KziAvb I nv`x‡mi Dc‡iB Bmjv‡gi mKj wek¦vm,
Kg©, weavb I AvPi‡Yi wfwË|
Bmjvgx Rxebeë¯‟vq nv`x‡mi ¸i“‡Z¡i welqwU Av‡jvPbv evn¨Z wb®cÖ‡qvRb| KziAvb Kvix‡gi A‡bK wb‡`©k,
ivm~jyj-vn ()-Gi AMwYZ wb‡`©k I mvnvexM‡Yi Kg©-c×wZ m‡›`nvZxZfv‡e cÖgvY K‡i †h, Ònv`xmÕ Bmjvgx
Rxeb-eë¯‟vi wØZxq Drm I wfwË| e¯„Z gymwjg D¤¤vni mKj hy‡Mi mKj gvbyl G wel‡q GKgZ| mvnvexM‡Yi hyM
†_‡K ïi“ K‡i mKj hy‡M nv`xm wk¶v, msKjb, e¨vL¨v Ges nv`x‡mi Av‡jv‡K gvbe Rxeb cwiPvwjZ Kivi cÖ‡Póv Ae¨vnZ
i‡q‡Q| Gfv‡e M‡o D‡V‡Q nv`xm welqK mywekvj Ávb-fvÊvi|
ÓkxqvÑ ag©g‡Zi AbymvwiMY, KwZcq Bn~`x-L„†vb ÒcÖvP¨we`Õ cwÊZ I gymwjg D¤¤vni †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv
ÒcwÊZÕ wewfbœ mg‡q I wewfbœ fv‡e nv`x‡mi ¸i“Z¡ A¯^xKvi Ki‡Z †Póv K‡i‡Qb| Avgiv Ònv`x‡mi bv‡g
RvwjqvwZÓ MÖ‡š‟ Zv‡ì weåvwš—¸wji we¯—vwiZ ch©v‡jvPbv K‡iwQ| GLv‡b Avgiv ms‡¶‡c ej‡Z cvwi †h, nv`xm
ev` w`‡q ÒKziAvbÕ gvbvi `vwe KziAv‡bi my¯úó wb‡`©‡ki mv‡_ mvsNwl©K| Avjvn evisevi †NvlYv K‡i‡Qb †h
wZwb Zuvi ivm~j‡K wKZve I wnKgvn `ywU c„_K welq cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb, Kv‡RB wnKgvn ev nv`xm ev` w`‡q ïay
KziAvb cvj‡bi `vwe Kivi A_© KziAv‡bi Ø¨_©nxb wb‡`©k A¯^xKvi Kiv|
GQvov KziAv‡b ivm~jyjvn -Gi AbyKiY-AbymiY‡K Avjvni †cÖg I ¶gvjv‡fi kZ© wn‡m‡e D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q|
KziAv‡bi wb‡`©k †g‡b ivm~jyjvn -Gi AvbyMZ¨ Kiv hvq, wKš„ AbyKiY Kiv hvq bv| KviY Zuvi Bev`Z, e‡›`Mx,
AvPiY BZ¨vw` †Kv‡bv welqB KziAv‡b Av‡jvwPZ nq wb, nv`x‡m Av‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q| Kv‡RB Ónv`xmÑ Qvov
†Kv‡bvfv‡eB Zuvi AbymiY-AbyKiY m¤¢e bq| Gfv‡e KziAvb cÖgvY K‡i †h, nv`xm ev` w`‡j Avjvni †cÖg I ¶gvjvf
m¤¢e bq|
67
gynv¤§v` ()-Gi cwiPq, Zuvi gnvb PwiÎ, ¸Yvewj, gywRhv, byeyIqvZ I Rxe‡bi Ab¨vb¨ †Kv‡bv NUbvB
nv`xm Qvov Rvbv m¤¢e bq| KziAv‡bi wewfbœ Avqv‡Zi g‡a¨ †Kvb&wU Av‡M I †Kvb&wU c‡i, †Kvb& AvqvZwU
†Kvb& NUbvi mv‡_ RvwoZ ZvI nv`xm Qvov Rvbv m¤¢e bq| cÖv‡qwMKfv‡e cÖgvwYZ †h, nv`xm ev` w`‡q KziAvb
cvjb †Kv‡bvfv‡eB m¤¢b bq| Cgvb, mvjvZ, wmqvg, hvKvZ, nv¶ I Ab¨v †Kv‡bv Bev`ZB KziAv‡b c~Y©v´ I
cÖv‡qvwMKfv‡e D‡jL Kiv nq wb| mKj wel‡qi g~jbxwZB D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q| Kv‡RB nv`xm ev` w`‡j G mKj Bev`Z
†Kv‡bvwUB cvjb Kiv m¤¢e bq| nv`xm ev` w`‡j Bmjvg GKwU cÖ‡qvMnxb KvíwbK a‡g© cwiYZ nq| Avi GRb¨B
Bn~`x-L„†vb cÖvP¨we`MY, Kvw`qvbx, evnvC I Ab¨vb¨ weåvš— m¤cÖ`vq gymwjg D¤¤vn‡K nv`xm †_‡K wew”Qbœ
Ki‡Z wewfbœ AccÖPvi Pvwj‡q _v‡Kb| KL‡bv XvjvI fv‡e nv`x‡mi cÖwZ, KL‡bv we‡kl †Kv‡bv wel‡q ewY©Z
nv`x‡mi cÖwZ, KL‡bv we‡kl †Kv‡bv mvnvex ewY©Z nv`x‡mi cÖwZ, KL‡bv gynvwÏmM‡Yi wbix¶v c×wZi cÖwZ,
KL‡bv gynvwÏmMY †h mKj nv`xm‡K mnxn e‡j wbwðZ K‡i‡Qb †m¸wji cÖwZ KUv¶ K‡i ev m‡›`n m„wó K‡i Zviv
AccÖPvi Pvjvb|
mvnvexM‡Yi hyM †_‡K AvR ch©š— gymwjg D¤¤vni mKj kª‡gi g~j wfwË GB †h, ivm~jyjvn ( )-Gi nv`x‡mi
AbymiY Qvov KziAvb cvjb, Bmjvg cvjb ev gymjgvb nIqv hvq bv| Avgv‡ì Rxeb Pjvi Ab¨Zg cv‡_q nv`x‡m ivm~j ( )|
Z‡e Avgv‡ì Aek¨B weï× I cÖgvwYZ nv`x‡mi Dci wbf©i Ki‡Z n‡e|
nv`x‡mi gh©v`v I ¸i“Z¡ m¤ú‡K© mvnvexM‡Yi hyM †_‡K gymwjg D¤¤vn g~jZ GKgZ| Avi GRb¨B GKw`‡K nv`xm
msKjb I msi¶Y Ges Ab¨ w`‡K nv`x‡mi bv‡g RvwjqvwZ I wg_¨v cÖwZ‡iv‡ai m‡e©vËg wbix¶v I wePvi c×wZ AbymiY
K‡i‡Qb Zuviv|
1. 2. 2. Rvj nv`xm, gvDh~ nv`xm I wg_¨v nv`xm
evsjv fvlvq ÓRvjÑ kãwUi g~j A_© gvQ ev Ab¨ wKQz aivi ÓRvjÑ ev Av”Qv`b| bKj ev †gwK A‡_© evsjv fvlvq ÓRvjÑ
kãwU m¤¢eZ Aviex †_‡KB evsjvq cÖ‡ek K‡i‡Q| Aviex‡Z ( ) ÓRvAvjvÑ k‡ãi A_© evbv‡bv, ivLv...( make,
place, lay...) BZ¨vw`| weMZ K‡qK kZvãx hver D`©y I dvm©x‡Z Ges KL‡bv KL‡bv Aviex‡Z K…wÎg, ev‡bvqvU
ev †gwK A‡_© ( ) ÒRvjxÕ kãwU eënvi Kiv n‡”Q| evn¨Z cÖZxqgvb nq †h, GB ( ) ÒRvÕjxÓ kãwUB
weewZ©Z n‡q evsjvq ÓRvjÑ k‡ã iƒcvš—wiZ n‡q‡Q|
nv`x‡m I 1g kZ‡K mvnvex-ZvweqxM‡Yi cwifvlvq ivm~jyjvn ()-Gi bv‡g Kw_Z wg_¨v K_v‡K ev
Òwg_¨v nv`xmÕ e‡j AwfwnZ Kiv n‡Zv| Avey Dgvgvn (iv) e‡jb, ivm~jyjvn ( ) e‡jb:
Ò†h e¨w³ B”Qvc~e©K Avgvi bv‡g Òwg_¨v nv`xmÕ ej‡e Zv‡K Rvnvbœv‡g emevm Ki‡Z n‡e|Ó125
†h K_v ivm~jyjvn  e‡jb wb Zv Zuvi bv‡g ejv n‡j mvnvex- ZvweqxMY Ô Õ G nv`xmwU wg_¨v, Ô
Õ wg_¨v nv`xmÕ BZ¨vw` kã eënvi Ki‡Zb| G ai‡bi gvbyl‡ì m¤ú‡K© Òwg_¨vev`xÕ ( ), Ò†m wg_¨v e‡jÕ
126
( ) BZ¨vw` kã eënvi Ki‡Zb|
127
wØZxq wnRix kZK †_‡K wg_¨v, ev‡bvqvU ev Rvj nv`xm eySv‡Z ÓgvDh~ ev gvD`~ ( ) cwifvlvwU eënvi
Kiv nq|
Gfv‡e Avgiv †`LwQ †h, wg_¨v nv`xm, gvDh~ nv`xm ev Rvj nv`xm ej‡Z †m nv`xm eySv‡bv nq hv ev‡bvqvUfv‡e
ivm~jyj-vn -Gi bv‡g cÖPvwiZ n‡q‡Q| gynvwÏmM‡Yi cwifvlvq Rvj nv`xm ev gvDh~ nv`xm: ( ) Ó‡h
128
nv`xm ïaygvÎ †Kv‡bv wg_¨vev`x ivex eY©bv K‡i‡Q Zv gvDh~ nv`xm|Ó
†Kv‡bv eY©bvKvix wg_¨vev`x wKbv Zv wbwðZ Ki‡Z mvnvexMY I cieZx© hyM¸wji gynvwÏmMY AZ¨š— êÁvwbK
wbix¶v c×wZ AbymiY K‡i‡Qb, hv AvaywbK wePvivjq¸wj‡Z DÐvwcZ mv¶x I mv‡¶ï wbf©yjZv wbY©‡qi c×wZi gZB
ev Zvi †P‡qI my²| Ònv`x‡mi bv‡g RvwjqvwZÓ MÖ‡š‟ cvVK G c×wZi we¯—vwiZ ch©v‡jvPbv †`L‡Z cv‡eb| Giƒc
wbix¶vi gva¨‡g †Kv‡bv ivex ev eY©bvKvix hw` wg_¨vev`x e‡j wPwýZ nb Ges †Kv‡bv nv`xm Giƒc wg_¨vev`x ivex
wfbœ Avi †Kv‡bv ivex eY©bv bv K‡ib Z‡e †m nv`xm‡K Rvj nv`xm e‡j wPwýZ Kiv nq|
68
Rvj nv`x‡mi msÁv e¨vL¨vq Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx Zuvi ÓgvDh~AvZÑ MÖ‡š‟i f~wgKvq e‡j‡Qb: Ó†h
nv`x‡mi eY©bvKvix‡K wg_¨vev`x e‡j Awfhy³ Kiv n‡q‡Q †m nv`xm‡K Rvj nv`xm e‡j...|Ñ GQvov wZwb Rvj nv`x‡mi
kãMZ I A_©MZ wKQz AvjvgZ D‡jL K‡i‡Qb, †h¸wj Avgiv cieZ©xKv‡j Av‡jvPbv Kie, Bbkv Avj-vn|
1. 2. 3. Rvj nv`xm cÖwZ‡iv‡a KziAvb-mybœvni wb‡`©kbv

Avgiv †`‡LwQ †h, Inxi Dc‡iB Øx‡bi wfwË| Inx webó n‡j `xb webó n‡eB| c~e©eZ©x D¤¤vZ¸wji wel‡q KziAv‡bi
eY©bv †_‡K Avgiv †`wL †h, `yfv‡e Inx webó nq: cÖ_gZ, Inxi gva¨‡g cÖvß wb‡`©kbv, wk¶v ev wKZve fy‡j hvIqv ev
nvwi‡q †djv| wØZxqZ, gvby‡li gvbexq Ávb-we‡eK cÖm~Z K_v‡K RvwjqvwZ K‡i Inx e‡j Pvjv‡bv ev Inxi mv‡_
gvbexq K_v‡K wgwk‡q †djv| Gfv‡eB Bn~`x, L„†vb I Ab¨vb¨ RvwZ Zv‡ì `xb webó K‡i‡Q|
gnvb Avjvn Zuvi me©‡kl I me©‡kªô ivm~j gynv¤¤v` ( )-‡K cÖ`Ë `y cÖKvi Inx: KziAvb I nv`xm Dfq‡KB G `ycÖKvi
webóZv †_‡K msi¶‡Yi eë¯‟v K‡i‡Qb| KziAvb Av¶wiKfv‡e gyL¯— K‡i msi¶Y Kiv n‡q‡Q| nv`xmI gyL¯— ivL‡Z I
weï×fv‡e cÖPvi Ki‡Z wb‡`©k †Ìqv n‡q‡Q| cvkvcvwk ms‡hvRb, we‡qvRb ev RvwjqvwZ †_‡K i¶vi Rb¨ wewfbœ
wb‡`©kbv cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb| Ònv`x‡mi bv‡g RvwjqvwZÓ MÖ‡š‟ G wel‡q wek` Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b ms‡¶‡c
Avjvn I Zuvi ivm~‡ji bv‡g wg_¨v K_b †_‡K weiZ _vK‡Z I Inx‡K RvwjqvwZ †_‡K gy³ ivL‡Z KziAvb I nv`x‡mi
K‡qKwU wb‡`©kbv Avgiv D‡jL KiwQ|
1. 2. 3. 1. wg_¨v‡K m‡e©vZfv‡e wbwl× Kiv
nv`x‡mi bv‡g wg_¨v A_© Inxi bv‡g wg_¨v| ïay Inxi bv‡g wg_¨vB bq, mKj wg_¨v wbwl× I KwVb nvivg K‡i‡Q Bmjvg|
G wel‡q KziAvb I nv`x‡mi wb‡`©kbv mK‡jiB Rvbv| Avjvn e‡jb:
ÓAvjvn mxgvjsNbKvix wg_¨vev`x‡K mrc‡_ cwiPvwjZ K‡ib bv|Ñ129

AMwYZ nv`x‡m wg_¨v‡K fqµiZg cvc wnmv‡e D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q| GK nv`x‡m ivm~jyjvn mvjvjvû AvjvBwn Iqv
mvjvg e‡j‡Qb
Ògywg‡bi cÖK…wZ‡Z me Af¨vm _vK‡Z cv‡i, wKš„ wLqvbZ (wek¦vmf½) I wg_¨v _vK‡Z cv‡i bv|130
1. 2. 3. 2. Inxi bv‡g wg_¨vi wb‡lavÁv
wg_¨vi cÖwZ N„Yv me©Rbxb| Bmjv‡g G N„Yv‡K my`„p I myMfxi Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avi wg_¨v hw` KziAvb ev nv`x‡mi
bv‡g nq A_©vr Inxi bv‡g nq Zvn‡j Zv Av‡iv †ewk N„wYZ I ¶wZKi| mvaviYfv‡e wg_¨v e¨w³ gvby‡li ev gvbe mgv‡Ri
Rb¨ RvMwZK ¶wZ e‡q Av‡b| Avi Inxi bv‡g wg_¨v gvbe mgv‡Ri Bn‡jŠwKK I cvi‡jŠwKK ¯‟vqx aŸsm I ¶wZ K‡i|
gvbyl ZLb a‡g©i bv‡g gvbexq eyw× cÖm~Z wewfbœ K‡g© wjß n‡q RvMwZK I cvi‡jŠwKK aŸs‡mi g‡a¨ wbcwZZ nq|
c~e©eZ©x ag©¸wji w`‡K ZvKv‡j Avgiv welqwU ¯úófv‡e †`L‡Z cvB| Avgiv Av‡MB e‡jwQ †h, gvbexq Ávb cÖm~Z
K_v‡K Inxi bv‡g Pvjv‡bvB a‡g©i weK…wZ I wejywßi KviY| mvaviYfv‡e G mKj a‡g©i cÖvÁ cwÊZMY a‡g©i
Kj¨v‡YB G mKj K_v Inxi bv‡g Pvwj‡q‡Qb| Zviv g‡b K‡i‡Qb †h, Zv‡ì G mKj K_v, e¨vL¨v, gZvgZ Inxi bv‡g Pvjv‡j
gvby‡li g‡a¨ Òavwg©KZvÕ, Òfw³Õ BZ¨vw` evo‡e Ges Avjvn Lywk n‡eb| Avi Gfv‡e Zviv Zv‡ì ag©‡K weK…Z I
ag©vej¤^x‡ì‡K weåvš— K‡i‡Qb| m¤¢eZ kqZvb Zv‡ì eyS‡Z †`q wb †h, gvbyl hw` gvbexq cÖÁvq G mKj welq eyS‡Z
cvi‡Zv Zvn‡j Inxi cÖ‡qvRb n‡Zv bv|
Bmjv‡g Inxi bv‡g wg_¨v we‡klfv‡e wb‡la Kiv n‡q‡Q| KziAvb-nv`x‡m G wel‡q AmsL¨ wb‡`©kbv i‡q‡Q| wewfbœ
Avqv‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q:
ÒAvjvni bv‡g ev Avjvni m¤ú‡K© †h e¨w³ wg_¨v K_v e‡j Zvi †P‡q eo Rvwjg Avi †K?Ó131
69
1. 2. 3. 3. nv`x‡mi bv‡g wg_¨vi we‡kl wb‡lavÁv
nv`x‡mi bv‡g wg_¨v ejvi wel‡q we‡kl wb‡lavÁv cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb ivm~jyjvn | GK nv`x‡m Avjx (iv) e‡jb, ivm~jyjvn
 e‡j‡Qb:
Ó†Zvgiv Avgvi bv‡g wg_¨v ej‡e bv; KviY †h e¨w³ Avgvi bv‡g wg_¨v ej‡e Zv‡K Rvnvbœv‡g cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z n‡e|Ñ132
mvjvgvn Bebyj AvKIqv (iv) e‡jb: ivm~jyjvn () e‡j‡Qb :
ÒAvwg hv ewj wb †m K_v †h Avgvi bv‡g ej‡e Zvi Avevm¯‟j n‡e Rvnvbœvg|Ñ 133
Bmjv‡gi ¸i“Z¡c~Y© nv`xm¸wji AwaKvskB `y/Pvi Rb mvnvexi gva¨‡g ewY©Z| Avi nv`x‡mi bv‡g wg_¨v ejvi wb‡lavÁv
cÖvq 100 Rb cÖwm× mvnvex †_‡K kZvwaK c„_K mb‡` ewY©Z| GZ †ewk mvnvex †_‡K GZ †ewk mb‡` Avi †Kv‡bv
nv`xm ewY©Z nq wb| GwU cÖgvY K‡i †h, ivm~jyjvn  AZ¨š— ¸i“‡Z¡i mv‡_ m`v-me©`v G wel‡q mvnvexMY‡K
wb‡`©kbv cÖ`vb Ki‡Zb I mveavb Ki‡Zb|134
1. 2. 3. 4. †ewk nv`xm ejv I gyL¯’ Qvov nv`xm ejvi wb‡lavÁv
†ewk nv`xm ej‡Z †M‡j fy‡ji m¤¢vebv _v‡K| GRb¨ G wel‡q mZK© n‡Z wb‡`©k w`‡q‡Qb ivm~jyjvn ( )| weï× gyL¯‟
m¤ú‡K© cwic~Y© wbwðZ bv n‡q †Kv‡bv nv`xm eY©bv Ki‡Z wZwb wb‡la K‡i‡Qb| Avey KvZv`vn (iv) e‡jb,
ivm~jyj-vn  wg¤^v‡ii Dc‡i ùvwo‡q e‡jb,
ÓLei`vi! †Zvgiv Avgvi bv‡g †ewk †ewk nv`xm ejv †_‡K weiZ _vK‡e| †h Avgvi bv‡g wKQz ej‡e, †m †hb mwVK K_v
e‡j| Avi †h Avgvi bv‡g Ggb K_v ej‡e hv Avwg ewj wb Zv‡K Rvnvbœv‡g emevm Ki‡Z n‡e|Ñ 135
136
G A‡_© Av‡iv A‡bK¸wj nv`xm wewfbœ mnxn mb‡` ewY©Z|
Gfv‡e wewfbœ nv`x‡m ivm~jyj-vn  Zuvi D¤¤vZ‡K Zuvi nv`xm ûeû I wbf©yjfv‡e gyL¯‟ ivL‡Z I gyL¯‟ nv`xm cÖPvi
Ki‡Z wb‡`©k w`‡q‡Qb| Aciw`‡K cwic~Y© gyL¯‟ bv _vK‡j †m nv`xm eY©bv Ki‡Z wb‡la K‡i‡Qb| KviY B”Qvq ev
Awb”Qvq, wZwb hv e‡jb wb †m K_v Zuvi bv‡g ejv wbwl×| fyjµ‡gI hv‡Z Zuvi nv`x‡mi g‡a¨ †ni‡di bv nq GRb¨ wZwb
cwic~Y© gyL¯‟ Qvov nv`xm ej‡Z wb‡la K‡i‡Qb| mvnvexMY G wel‡q AZ¨š— mZK© _vK‡Zb e‡j Avgiv AMwYZ
nv`x‡m †`L‡Z cvB|
1. 2. 3. 5. A‡bï eY©bv MÖn‡Yi Av‡M hvPvB‡qi wb‡`©k
wb‡R Avjvn ev Zuvi ivm~j ()-Gi bv‡g wg_¨v ejv †hgb wbwl×, †Zgwb A‡bï †Kv‡bv Awbf©i‡hvM¨ eY©bv MÖnY
KivI wbwl×| †h †Kv‡bv msev` ev e³e¨ MÖn‡Y mZK© _vK‡Z wb‡`©k w`‡q Avjvn e‡jb:
Ó†n gywgbMY, hw` †Kv‡bv cvcx †Zvgv‡ì wbKU †Kv‡bv evZ©v Avbqb K‡i, †Zvgiv Zv cix¶v K‡i †`L‡e hv‡Z
AÁZvekZ †Zvgiv †Kv‡bv m¤cÖ`vq‡K ¶wZMÖ¯‟ bv Ki, Ges c‡i †Zvgv‡ì K…ZK‡g©i Rb¨ AbyZß bv nI|Ñ 137
G wb‡`©‡ki Av‡jv‡K, †KD †Kv‡bv mv¶¨ ev Z_¨ cÖ`vb Ki‡j Zv MÖn‡Yi c~‡e© †m e¨w³i e¨w³MZ mZZv I Z_¨ cÖ`v‡b
Zvi wbf©yjZv hvPvB Kiv gymwj‡gi Rb¨ dih| RvMwZK mKj wel‡qi †P‡qI †ewk mZK©Zv I wbix¶v cÖ‡qvRb
ivm~jyj-vn () welqK evZ©v ev evYx MÖn‡Yi †¶‡Î| KviY RvMwZK wel‡q fyj Z_¨ ev mv‡¶ï Dci wbf©i Ki‡j gvby‡li
m¤ú`, m¤£g ev Rxe‡bi ¶wZ n‡Z cv‡i| Avi ivm~jyjvn ()-Gi nv`xm ev Inxi Áv‡bi wel‡q AmZK©Zvi cwiYwZ Cgv‡bi
¶wZ I AvwLiv‡Zi Abš— Rxe‡bi aŸsm| GRb¨ gymwjg D¤¤vn me©`v mKj Z_¨, nv`xm I eY©bv cix¶v K‡i MÖnY
K‡i‡Qb|
1. 2. 3. 6. wg_¨v e‡j m‡›`nK…Z nv`xm ejvi wb‡lavÁv
70
Dc‡ii Avqv‡Zi Av‡jv‡K Avgiv RvbwQ †h, A‡bï ewY©Z, msKwjZ, D×„Z ev Kw_Z Ónv`xmÑ MÖn‡Yi
Av‡M Zv hvPvB Kiv dih| hvPvB‡q hw` Zv AmZ¨ ev wfwËnxb e‡j cÖgvwYZ nq Zvn‡j Zv eR©b Kiv dih| Avi hw` fyj ev
wg_¨v e‡j cÖgvwYZ bv n‡jI Óm‡›`nÑ nq Zvn‡jI Zv‡K Ónv`xmÑ wn‡m‡e MÖnY ev cÖPvi Ki‡Z wb‡la K‡i‡Qb
ivm~jyj-vn | Avey ûivBiv (iv) e‡jb, ivm~jyjvn () e‡j‡Qb:
ÓGKRb gvby‡li cvcx nIqvi Rb¨ GZUzKzB h‡_ó †h, †m hv ïb‡e ZvB eY©bv Ki‡e|Ñ 138
mvgyivn (iv) I gyMxivn (iv) e‡jb, ivm~jyjvn  e‡j‡Qb:
Ó†h e¨w³ Avgvi bv‡g †Kv‡bv nv`xm ej‡e Ges Zvi g‡b m‡›`n n‡e †h, nv`xmwU wg_¨v, †mI GKRb wg_¨vev`x|Ñ 139
1. 2. 3. 7. wg_¨v nv`xm eY©bvKvix‡ì †_‡K mZK© Kiv
gymwjg D¤¤vni wfZ‡i wg_¨vev`x nv`xm eY©bvKvix e¨w³e‡M©i D™¢e n‡e e‡j ivm~jyj-vn  D¤¤vZ‡K mZK©
K‡i‡Qb Ges Giƒc RvwjqvZ‡ì †_‡K mveavb _vK‡Z wb‡`©k w`‡q‡Qb| wZwb e‡jb:
Ó†kl hy‡M Avgvi D¤¤v‡Zi wKQz gvbyl †Zvgv‡ì‡K Ggb me nv`xm ej‡e hv †Zvgiv ev †Zvgv‡ì wcZv-wcZvgnMY ïb
wb| Lei`vi! †Zvgiv Zv‡ì †_‡K mveavb _vK‡e, Zv‡ì †_‡K `y‡i _vK‡e|Ñ 140
1. 2. 4. Rvj nv`x‡mi weavb
1. 2. 4. 1. nv`x‡mi bv‡g wg_¨v ejv KwVbZg Kexiv †Mvbvn
Dc‡i DwjwLZ AvqvZ I nv`x‡mi Av‡jv‡K Avgiv AwZ mn‡RB eyS‡Z cvwi †h, nv`x‡mi bv‡g wg_¨v ejv ev gvby‡li
K_v‡K nv`xm e‡j Pvjv‡bv RNb¨Zg cvc I Aciva| G wel‡q gymwjg D¤¤vni g‡a¨ †Kv‡bviƒc mskq ev wØav †bB|
mvnvexMY mvgvb¨Zg Awb”QvK…Z ev AmveavbZvg~jK fy‡ji f‡q nv`xm ejv †_‡K weiZ _vK‡Zb| nv`xm eY©bvq
Awb”QvK…Z fyj‡KI Zviv fqvbK cvc g‡b K‡i mZK©Zvi mv‡_ cwinvi Ki‡Zb| GQvov A‡bï ev‡bv‡bv wg_¨v nv`xm
eY©bv Kiv‡KI Zuviv wg_¨v nv`xm evbv‡bvi gZ Aciva e‡j g‡b Ki‡Zb|
G cÖm‡´ Bgvg Avey hvKvwiqv BqvnBqv Beby kvivd Avb-bvevex (676 wn) e‡jb: G mKj nv`xm †_‡K Rvbv hvq †h,
ivm~jyj-vn ()-Gi bv‡g wg_¨v ejv KwVbZg nvivg, fqµiZg Kexiv †Mvbvn Ges Zv RNb¨Zg I aŸsmvZ¥K Aciva| G
wel‡q gymwjg D¤¤vn GKgZ| Z‡e AwaKvsk Avwj‡gi g‡Z G Aciv‡ai Kvi‡Y KvD‡K Kvwdi ejv hv‡e bv| †h e¨w³
ivm~jyj-vn ()-Gi bv‡g †Kv‡bv wg_¨v ej‡e †m hw` Zvi wg_¨v ejv‡K nvjvj g‡b bv K‡i Zvn‡j Zv‡K Kvwdi ejv hv‡e bv|
†m cvcx gymwjg| Avi hw` †m KwVbZg G cvc‡K nvjvj g‡b K‡i Zvn‡j †m Kvwdi e‡j MY¨ n‡e| Avey gynv¤¤v` Avj-
RyAvBbx I Ab¨vb¨ KwZcq Bgvg GB Aciva‡K Kzdzix e‡j MY¨ K‡i‡Qb| RyAvBbx ej‡Zb, †h e¨w³ B”Qvc~e©K
ivm~jyj-vn ()-Gi bv‡g wg_¨v ej‡e †m Kvwdi e‡j MY¨ n‡e Ges Zv‡K g„Zz¨`Ê cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e|
G mKj nv`xm †_‡K Av‡iv Rvbv hvq †h, ivm~jyjvn mvjvjvû AvjvBwn Iqv mvjv‡gi bv‡g †h †Kv‡bv wg_¨vB mgfv‡e
nvivg, Zv †h wel‡qB †nvK| kixq‡Zi wewaweavb, dhxjZ, Iqvh, †bKKv‡R Drmvn cÖ`vb, cv‡ci fxwZ ev Ab¨ †h †Kv‡bv
wel‡q Zuvi bv‡g †Kv‡bv wg_¨v ejv KwVbZg nvivg I fqµiZg Kexiv †Mvbvn| G wel‡q gymwjg D¤¤vni HKgZ¨ i‡q‡Q|
huviv gZvgZ cÖKvk Ki‡Z cv‡ib Ges huv‡ì gZvgZ MÖnY Kiv hvq Zuv‡ì mK‡jB G wel‡q GKgZ|141
1. 2. 4. 2. gvDh~ nv`xm D‡jL ev cÖPvi KivI KwVbZg nvivg
Bgvg beex Av‡iv e‡jb: ÁvZmv‡i †Kv‡bv wg_¨v ev ev‡bvqvU nv`xm eY©bv KivI nvivg, Zv †h A‡_©B †nvK bv †Kb|
Z‡e wg_¨v nv`xm‡K wg_¨v wnmv‡e Rvbv‡bvi Rb¨ Zvi eY©bv Rv‡qh| 142
Ab¨Î wZwb e‡jb: hw` †KD Rvb‡Z cv‡ib †h, nv`xmwU gvDh~ A_©vr wg_¨v ev Rvj, A_ev Zvi g‡b †Rviv‡jv aviYv nq
†h, nv`xmwU Rvj Zvn‡j Zv eY©bv Kiv Zvi Rb¨ nvivg| hw` †KD Rvb‡Z cv‡ib A_ev aviYv K‡ib †h, nv`xmwU wg_¨v
71
Ges ZviciI wZwb †m nv`xmwU eY©bv K‡ib, wKš„ nv`xmwUi ev‡bvqvU nIqvi welq D‡jL bv K‡ib, Z‡e
wZwbI nv`xm ev‡bvqvUKvix e‡j MY¨ n‡eb Ges G mKj nv`x‡m DwjwLZ fqvbK kvw¯—i Aš—f©y³ n‡eb|143
Bgvg BivKx (806 wn) e‡jb: gvDh~ nv`xm †h wel‡q ev †h A‡_©B †nvK&, Zv ejv nvivg| AvnKvg, Mí-Kvwnbx, dhxjZ,
†bKK‡g© Drmvn, cvc †_‡K fxwZ cÖ`k©b ev Ab¨ †h †Kv‡bv wel‡qB †nvK bv †Kb, †h e¨w³ Zv gvDh~ e‡j Rvb‡Z
cvi‡e Zvi Rb¨ Zv eY©bv Kiv, cÖPvi Kiv, Zvi Øviv `jxj †Ìqv ev Zvi Øviv Iqvh Kiv Rv‡qh bq| Z‡e nv`xmwU †h Rvj I
ev‡bvqvU †mK_v D‡jL K‡i Zv ejv hvq|144
1. 2. 4. 3. nv`xm ev‡bvqvUKvixi ZvIevi weavb
nv`x‡mi bv‡g wg_¨v ejv I Ab¨vb¨ wel‡q wg_¨v ejvi g‡a¨ GKwU we‡kl cv_©K¨ n‡jv, nv`xm-RvwjqvZKvix ZvIev Ki‡jI
gynvwÏmM‡Yi wbKU MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv wd‡i cvq bv| cÂg kZ‡Ki Ab¨Zg †kªô gynvwÏm I dKxn Avng` Beby mvweZ
LZxe evM`v`x (463 wn) e‡jb: †h e¨w³ gvby‡li mv‡_ wg_¨v e‡j Zvi nv`xm MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq| Z‡e †m hw` ZvIev K‡i Ges
Zuvi mZZv cÖgvwYZ nq Zvn‡j Zvi nv`xm MÖnY‡hvM¨ e‡j MY¨ n‡Z cv‡i e‡j Bgvg gvwjK D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| Avi hw`
†KD nv`xm Rvj K‡i, nv`x‡mi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv wg_¨v e‡j ev hv †kv‡bwb Zv ï‡b‡Q e‡j `vex K‡i Zvn‡j Zvi ewY©Z nv`xm
KL‡bvB mZ¨ ev mwVK e‡j MY¨ Kiv hv‡e bv| AvwjgMY D‡jL K‡i‡Qb †h, †m hw` c‡i ZvIev K‡i Zvn‡jI Zvi ewY©Z
†Kv‡bv nv`xm mZ¨ e‡j MY¨ Kiv hv‡e bv| Bgvg Avng` (241 wn)-†K cÖkœ Kiv nq: GKe¨w³ GKwUgvÎ nv`x‡mi †¶‡Î
wg_¨v e‡jwQj, Gici †m ZvIev K‡i‡Q Ges wg_¨v ejv cwiZ¨vM K‡i‡Q, Zvi wel‡q Kx KiYxq? wZwb e‡jb: Zvi ZvIev Zvi
I Avjvni gv‡S| Avjvn B”Qv Ki‡j Keyj Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Z‡e Zvi ewY©Z †Kv‡bv nv`xm Avi KL‡bvB mwVK e‡j MÖnY
Kiv hv‡e bv ev KL‡bvB Zvi eY©bvi Dci wbf©i Kiv hv‡e bv| mywdqvb mvIix (161 wn), Avãyjvn Beby gyeviK (181
wn) I Ab¨vb¨ BgvgI Abyiƒc K_v e‡j‡Qb|... 145
1. 2. 5. Rvj nv`xm cÖwZ‡iv‡a mvnvexMY I D¤§vZ
KziAvb I nv`x‡mi Dch©y³ wb‡`©kbvi Av‡jv‡K mvnvexMY I cieZ©x hyM¸wji Bgvg I gynvwÏmMY nv`x‡mi weï×Zv
i¶vq Ges Rvj ev m‡›`nRbK K_v †_‡K ivm~jyjvn -Gi eiKZgq Avw´bv‡K cweÎ ivLvi Rb¨ AZ¨š— my² I êÁvwbK
c×wZ AbymiY K‡ib| Zv‡ì G mKj cÖwµqv we¯—vwiZ Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ Ònv`x‡mi bv‡g RvwjqvwZÓ MÖ‡š‟|
GLv‡b AwZ ms‡¶‡c g~jbxwZ¸wj D‡jL KiwQ:
1. 2. 5. 1. mvnvexM‡Yi mZK©Zv I wbix¶v c×wZ
wb‡R nv`xm ejvi †¶‡Î mvnvexMY m‡e©v”P mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Ki‡Zb| Awb”QvK…Z fyj †_‡K AvZ¥i¶vi Rb¨ Zuviv
nv`xm ejv †_‡K weiZ _vK‡Zb I †KejgvÎ cwic~Y© gyL¯‟ nv`xm eY©bv Ki‡Zb| nv`x‡mi MÖš‟¸wj‡Z G welqK AMwYZ
NUbv D×„Z I msKwjZ|
A‡bï ewY©Z nv`xm MÖn‡Yi c~‡e© mvnvexMY Zvi weï×Zv wbix¶v Ki‡Zb| GK mvnvex Ab¨ mvnvexi mZZv I
mZëvw`Zvq †Kv‡bv m‡›`n Ki‡Zb bv| Z‡e ewY©Z nv`x‡mi wbf©yjZv ev Awb”QvK…Z wel‡q m‡›`n n‡j Zv wbix¶v
Ki‡Zb| wbix¶v cÖwµqvi mvi-ms‡¶c wbgœiƒc:
(1) ewY©Z nv`xm ev e³e¨‡K g~j e³e¨`vZv- A_©vr ivm~jyj-vn -Gi wbKU †ck K‡i Zvi wbf©yjZv (Accuracy) wbY©q
Kiv| ivm~jyj-vn -Gi RxeÏkvq Zuviv Giƒc Ki‡Zb|
(2) ewY©Z nv`xm‡K Ab¨vb¨ GK ev GKvwaK mvnvexi eY©bvi mv‡_ wgwj‡q Zvi h_v_©Zv I wbf©yjZv wbY©q Kiv|
(3) ewY©Z nv`xm ev e³e¨‡K eY©bvKvixi wewfbœ mg‡qi eY©bvi mv‡_ wgwj‡q Zvi h_v_©Zv I wbf©yjZv wbY©q
Kiv|
(4) ewY©Z nv`xmwUi wel‡q eY©bvKvix‡K wewfbœ cÖkœ K‡i ev kc_ Kwi‡q eY©bvwUi h_v_©Zv ev wbf©yjZv
wba©viY Kiv|
(5) ewY©Z evYx, wb‡`©k ev nv`xmwUi A_© KziAvb I nv`x‡mi cÖwm× A_© I wb‡`©‡ki mv‡_ wgwj‡q †`Lv|
(6) mvnvex Qvov Ab¨ †KD- A_©vr Zvweqx‡ì †KD nv`xm ej‡j Zv‡K Ómb`Ñ ev m~Î, A_©vr Kvi wbKU †_‡K
nv`xmwU †R‡b‡Q Zv D‡jL Ki‡Z wb‡`©k †Ìqv| Ómb`Ñ-wenxb eY©bvi cÖwZ KY©cvZ bv Kiv|
1. 2. 5. 2. cieZ©x hy‡Mi wbix¶v c×wZ
72
mvnvexM‡Yi mybœv‡Zi wfwË‡Z Zvweqx, Zvwe-Zvweqx I cieZ©x mKj hy‡Mi gynvwÏmMY nv`x‡mi
weï×Zv wbY©‡q AZ¨š— my² I êÁvwbK wbix¶v c×wZ AbymiY K‡ib| Zuv‡ì G c×wZi mvi-ms‡¶c wbgœiƒc:
1. gymwjg we‡k¦i me©Î e¨vcK md‡ii gva¨‡g nv`xm bv‡g Kw_Z I ewY©Z mKj K_v cwic~Y© mb`-mn msMÖn I msi¶Y
Kiv|
2. mKj nv`x‡mi mb` A_©vr m~Î ev reference msi¶Y|
3. mb‡ì mKj ÔivexÕ-i e¨w³MZ cwiPq, Rb¥, g„Zz¨, wk¶v, D¯„v`, QvÎ, Kg©, mdi BZ¨vw` hveZxq Z_¨ msMÖn|
4. ÔivexÕM‡Yi e¨w³MZ mZZv I wek¦¯„Zv hvPvB Kiv|
5. ewY©Z nv`x‡mi A_©MZ wbix¶v I hvPvB Kiv|
6. mb‡` DwjwLZ cÖ‡Z¨K ÔivexÕ Zvi Da․©Zb ÔivexÕ-i wbKU †_‡K ¯^K‡Y© nv`xmwU ï‡b‡Qb wKbv Zv hvPvB Kiv|
7. msM„nxZ mKj nv`x‡mi Zzjbvg~jK wbix¶vi gva¨‡g B‛QvK…Z I Awb‛QvK…Z wg_¨v †_‡K wbfyj© eY©bv¸wj c„_K Kiv|
8. wbix¶vi †¶‡Î cÖ_‡g eY©bvKvix‡K wKQz cÖk‣ K‡i nv`x‡mi weï×Zv wbY©‡qi †Póv Kiv| Gici m¤¢e n‡j †m hvi
wbKU †_‡K nv`xmwU ï‡b‡Q e‡j `vwe K‡i‡Q Zv‡K mivmwi cÖk‣ Kiv| Zv bvn‡j D³ Òwk¶‡KiÓ Ab¨vb¨ Qv‡Îi
eY©bvi mv‡_ G eY©bvwUi Zzjbvg~jK wbix¶v Kiv, D³ wk¶‡Ki wk¶K I mvnvex ch©‡„ mb‡ì Ab¨vb¨ ivexi Ab¨vb¨
Qv‡Îi gva¨‡g cÖvß eY©bvi mv‡_ G eY©bvi Zzjbv Kiv, GKB eY©bvKvixi wewfb‣ mg‡qi eY©bvi g‡a¨ Zzjbv Kiv,
†g․wLK eY©bvi mv‡_ cvÊywjwci Zzjbv Kiv|
9. msM„nxZ Z_¨vw` I Zzjbvg~jK wbix¶vi gva¨‡g †h mKj ÔivexÕi wg_¨vPvi aiv c‡o‡Q Zv‡ì wg_¨vPvi D¤§vni mvg‡b Zz‡j
aiv|
10. msM„nxZ mKj nv`xm mb`mn MÖ‡’vwqZ Kiv|
11. ivex‡ì wbfyj© Zv ev wg_¨vPvi welqK Z_¨vw` MÖ‡’vwqZ Kiv|
12. c„_K MÖ‡‡’ weï× nv`xm msKjb Kiv|
13. c„_K MÖ‡‡’ wg_¨v I Rvj nv`xm¸wj msKjb Kiv|
14. Rvj ev wg_¨v nv`xm mn‡R †Pbvi wbqgvewj wjwce× Kiv|
Ònv`x‡mi bv‡g RvwjqvwZÓ MÖ‡‡’ G mKj wel‡qi we¯„vwiZ Av‡jvPbv, D`vniY I Z_¨m~Î D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q| AvMÖnx
cvVK‡K MÖ‡w’ U cvV Ki‡Z Aby‡iva KiwQ|
1. 2. 6. Rvj nv`xm welqK MÖb’vewj
Bjg nv`x‡mi mKj kvLv-cÖkvLv, G welqK mKj MÖš‟ I mKj kª‡gi g~j D‡Ïk¨ GKwUB: mnxn nv`xm‡K Rvj nv`xm †_‡K
c„_Kfv‡e wPwýZ Kivi gva¨‡g ivm~jyjvn -Gi cweÎ Avw´bv‡K RvwjqvwZi AcweÎZv †_‡K i¶v Kiv Ges Inx‡K
gvbexq K_v †_‡K gy³ ivLv| G gnvb K‡g©i GKwU we‡kl w`K Rvj nv`xm welqK MÖš‟vw` iPbv Kiv|
1. 2. 6. 1. wg_¨vev`x ivex‡ì cwiPq wfwËK MÖš’ iPbv
nv`x‡mi bv‡g wg_¨v wPwýZ Kivi Ab¨Zg c`‡¶c wQj wg_¨vev`x‡ì RvwjqvwZ c„_Kfv‡e msKjb Kiv| G‡¶‡Î cÖ_g c×wZ
wQj `ye©j I wg_¨vev`x ivex‡ì wel‡q msKwjZ MÖš‟¸wj| Bmjv‡gi cÖ_g kZvãx¸wj wQj Bmjvgx Ávb I we‡klZ nv`xm
PP©vi ¯^Y©hyM| nvRvi nvRvi wk¶v_©x nv`xm wk¶v Ki‡Zb| kZ kZ gynvwÏm I Bgvg mgv‡R we`¨gvb| mevB mb`mn
nv`xm ïb‡Zb I †kLv‡Zb| mb‡ì g‡a¨ we`¨gvb †Kv‡bv e¨w³i cwiPq Rvbv bv _vK‡j †R‡b wb‡Zb| †m hy‡M wg_¨vev`x
ivex‡ì bvg I cwiPq Rvbv _vK‡jB Zv‡ì wg_¨v I RvwjqvZx †_‡K AvZ¥i¶v Kiv m¤¢e wQj| GRb¨ wnRix 2q †_‡K 6ô
kZK ch©š— nv`x‡mi bv‡g cÖPvwiZ B”QvK…Z I Awb”QvK…Z wg_¨v wPwýZ Kivi †¶‡Î Ab¨Zg Kg© wQj `ye©j I
wg_¨vev`x ivex‡ì wel‡q c„_K MÖš‟ iPbv Kiv| GmKj MÖ‡š‟ G †kªYxi ivex‡ì bvg, cwiPq, Zv‡ì ewY©Z wKQz fyj ev
wg_¨v Ònv`xmÕ, Zv‡ì wel‡q gynvwÏmM‡Yi Zzjbvg~jK wbix¶vi djvdj I gZvgZ msKwjZ Kiv n‡Zv|
1. 2. 6. 2. wg_¨v ev Rvj nv`xm msKjb
6ô wnRix kZK ch©š— G MÖš‟¸wjB wQj Rvj nv`xm m¤ú‡K© Rvbvi cÖavb Drm| 6ô kZ‡Ki c‡iI G RvZxq MÖš‟ iPbv
Ae¨vnZ _v‡K| Z‡e Rvj nv`xm wPwýZ KiY cÖwµqvq bZzb avivi m„wó nq|
Kv‡ji AveZ©‡b nv`xm PP©vmn Ávb PP©vi †¶‡Î gymwjg D¤¤vni g‡a¨ ¯‟weiZv †`Lv †`q| eY©bvKvix‡ì cwiPq Rvbvi
AvMÖn Kg‡Z _v‡K| ¯^í mg‡q I ¯^í K‡ó †h †Kv‡bv welq wk‡L †bIqvi cÖeYZv †`Lv †`q| ivex‡ì bv‡gi wfwË‡Z
msKwjZ MÖš‟ †_‡K wg_¨v nv`xm †R‡b †bIqvi †hvM¨Zv I AvMÖn n«vm cvq| GRb¨ gynvwÏmMY c„_Kfv‡e Rvj
nv`xm msKjb ïi“ K‡ib| 5g wnRix kZK †_‡K G RvZxq MÖš‟ cÖYqb ïi“ nq| eZ©gvb hyM ch©š— Zv Ae¨vnZ i‡q‡Q|
cÖ_g w`‡K gynvwÏmMY G mKj gvD`~ nv`xm mb`mn D‡jL K‡i mb` Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g G¸wji wg_¨vPvi cÖgvY
Ki‡Zb| cieZ©x mg‡q mb` D‡jL e¨wZ‡i‡K ïaygvÎ ev‡bvqvU nv`xm¸wj GK‡Î msKjb Kiv nq|
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G mKj MÖ‡š‟i g‡a¨ wKQz welqwfwËK web¨¯—| wKQz MÖ‡š‟ cÖ_g A¶i Abymv‡i (Alphabeticlly)
nv`xm¸wj mvRv‡bv nq| AwaKvsk gynvwÏm ïay gvDh~ nv`xm GKwÎZ K‡ib| Abïv cÖPwjZ nv`xm msKjb K‡i †m¸wji
g‡a¨ †Kvb&wU mnxn Ges †KvbwU ev‡bvqvU Zv eY©bv K‡ib| †KD †KD ev‡bvqvU nv`xm QvovI `ye©j nv`xmI
msKwjZ K‡i‡Qb| GLv‡b G RvZxq cÖavb MÖš‟¸wj I †jLK‡ì bvg D‡j-L KiwQ|
1. Avj-gvD`~AvZ, Avey mvC` gynv¤§v` Beby Avjx Avb-bv°vk (414 wn)|
2. hvLxivZzj ûd&dvh, gynv¤§v` Beby Zvwni Bebyj KvBmyivbx (507 wn)|
3. Avj-AvevZxj Iqvj gvbvKxi, ûmvBb Beby Beivnxg R~hKvbx (543 wn)|
4. wKZveyj Kzm&mvm& Iqvj gyhvK&wKixb, Aveyj dvivR Bebyj RvDhx Avãyi ivngvb Beby Avjx (597 wn)|
5. Avj-gvD`~AvZ, Aveyj dvivR Bebyj RvDhx (597 wn)|
6. Avj-Bjvjyj gyZvbvwnqv, Aveyj dvivR Bebyj RvDhx (597 wn)|
7. Avj-Avnv`xmyj gvD`~Avn, Dgvi Beby evì gvDwmjx (622 wn)|
8. Avj-gyMbx Avb wndwhj wKZve, Dgvi Avj-gvDwmjx (622 wn)|
9. Avj-DK‚d Avjvj gvDK‚d, Dgvi Avj-gvDwmjx (622 wn)|
10. Avj-gvD`~AvZ, nvmvb Beby gynv¤§v` Avm-mvMvbx (650 wn)|
11. Av`-`yii“j gyjZvwKZ, Avm-mvMvbx (650 wn)|
12. Avnv`xmyj Kzm&mvm, ZvwKDÏxb Beby ZvBwgqv (728 wn)|
13. gyLZvmvi“j AvevZxj, gynv¤¤v` Beby Avngv` hvnvex (748wn)|
14. ZviZxey gvD`~AvwZ Bewbj hvIhx, hvnvex (748 wn)|
15. Avj-gvD`~AvZ wdj gvmvexn, Dgvi Beby Avjx Avj-Kvhexbx (750wn)|
16. Avj-gvbvi“j gybxd, Beby KvBwqg Avj-RvDwhq¨vn (751 wn)|
17. Avj-Avnv`xm Avj-vZx jv Avmjv jvnv wdj GnBqv, Avãyj Iqvnnve Beby Avjx Avm-myeKx (771 wn)|
18. AvZ-ZvhwKiv, gynv¤§v` Beby evnv`yi Avh-hviKvkx (794 wn)
19. ZveCbyj AvRve, Beby nvRi AvmKvjvbx Avngv` Beby Avjx (852 wn)|
20. Avj-gvKvwm`yj nvmvbvn, gynv¤§v` Beby Avãyi ivngvb mvLvex (902wn)|
21. Avj-jvAvjx Avj-gvmb~Avn, RvjvjyÏxb Avãyi ivngvb myq~Zx (911wn)|
22. AvZ-ZvAv°zevZ Avjvj gvD`~AvZ, myq~Zx (911 wn)|
23. Av`-`yivi“j gybZvwkivn, myq~Zx (911 wn)|
24. Zvnhxi“j LvIqvm wgb Avnv`xwmj Kzm&mvm, myq~Zx (911 wn)|
25. Avj-Mv¤§vh Avjvj jv¤§vh, Avjx Beby Avãyj-vn Avm-mvgn~`x (911wn)|
26. ZvgqxhyZ ZvBwqwe wgbvj Lvexm, Avãyi ivngvb Avh hvex`x (944wn)|
27. Avk-kvhvivn, gynv¤§v` Beby Avjx Av`-w`gvkKx (953 wn)|
28. Zvbhxûk kvixqvn, Avjx Beby gynv¤§v` Beby Avi&ivK (963 wn)|
29. ZvhwKivZzj gvD`~AvZ, gynv¤§v` Zvwni dvZvbx (986 wn)|
30. Avj-Avmivi“j gvid‚Avn, gyjv Avjx Kvix (1014 wn)|
31. Avj-gvmb~ dx gvÕwidvwZj gvD`~, gyj-v Avjx Kvix (1014 wn)|
32. gyLZvmvi“j gvKvwm`, gynv¤¤v` Beby Avãyj evKx hviKvbx (1122 wn)|
33. Avj-RvÏyj wnm&mxm, Avng` Beby Avãyj Kvixg Avwgix (1143 wn)|
34. Kvkdzj Lvdv BmgvCj Beby gynv¤§v` Avj-AvRj~bx (1162 wn)|
35. Avj-Kvkdzj Bjvnx, gynv¤§v` AvZ-Zvivejymx (1177 wn)
36. Avb-bvIqvwdûj AvwZivn, gynv¤§v` Beby Avngv` Avm-mvbÔAvbx (1181 wn)
37. Avb-byLevZzj evwnq¨vn, gynv¤§v` Beby gynv¤§v` Avm-mvebvex (1232 wn)
38. Avj-dvIqvB`yj gvRg~Av, gynv¤§v` Beby Avjx kvIKvbx (1250wn)|
39. Avmbvj gvZvwje, gynv¤§v` Beby mvBwq` `viexk (1276 wn)|
40. ûmbyj Avmvi, gynv¤§v` `viexk n~Z (1276 wn)|
41. Avj-Avmvi“j gvid‚Avn, Avãyj nvB jvLbvex (1304 wn)|
74
42. Avj-jyÕjy Avj-gvim~, gynv¤§v` Beby Lvjxj KvIKvRx (1305wn)|
43. Zvnhxi“j gymwjgxb, gynv¤¤v` Bebyj evkxi gv`vbx (1329wn)|
eZ©gvb kZ‡KI G wel‡q A‡bK MÖš‟ iwPZ n‡q‡Q I n‡”Q| G¸wji Ab¨Zg Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx (1423 wn/2002L„) iwPZ
ÒAvj-gvDh~AvZÑ MÖš‟wU|
GLv‡b cÖkœ DV‡Z cv‡i †h, GKB wel‡q GZ MÖ‡š‟i cÖ‡qvRb wK? e¯„Z wØZxq wnRix kZK †_‡K ïi“ nIqvi c‡i
nv`x‡mi bv‡g RvwjqvwZi cÖ‡Póv KL‡bv _v‡g wb| B”QvK…Z I Awb”QvK…Z wg_¨v †hgb Ae¨vnZ †_‡K‡Q, †Zgwb
†m mKj wg_¨v‡K wPwýZ Kiv I weï× nv`xm †_‡K Zv c„_K Kivi cÖ‡PóvI Ae¨vnZ †_‡K‡Q| wewfbœ gymwjg †`‡k
bZyb bZzb K_v nv`x‡mi bv‡g cÖPvwiZ n‡q‡Q| ZLb †m †`‡ki cÖvÁ gynvwÏmMY M‡elYvi gva¨‡g †m¸wji mZ¨Zv I
AmZ¨Zv wbY©q K‡i‡Qb| G mKj K_v †Kv‡bv nv`x‡mi MÖ‡š‟ mb`mn ewY©Z n‡q‡Q wKbv, mb‡ì MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv
wKiƒc, G A‡_© Ab¨ †Kv‡bv nv`xm ewY©Z n‡q‡Q wKbv BZ¨vw` welq Zuviv wbY©q K‡i‡Qb| GQvov c~e©eZ©x
M‡elK‡ì wm×v‡š— †Kv‡bv fyj _vK‡j Zv cieZ©x †jLKMY Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| Gfv‡e G wel‡h †jLwb I M‡elYvi aviv
Ae¨vnZ †_‡K‡Q|
we‡k¦i Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki AvwjgM‡Yi b¨vq fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡ki AvwjgMY G wel‡q Zuv‡ì Kjg a‡i‡Qb| 7g wnRix kZ‡Ki
Ab¨Zg fviZxq Avwjg nvmvb Beby gynv¤§v` mvMvbx (650 wn)-i Rvj nv`xm welqK ÒAvj-gvDh~AvZÑ MÖš‟ G wel‡q
Ab¨Zg cÖwm× Z_¨m~Î wn‡m‡e MY¨| Gici 10 wnRix kZ‡Ki cÖwm× fviZxq Avwjg gynv¤§v` Zvwni dvZvbx (986 wn)-i
ZvhwKivZzj gvDh~AvZ gymwjg we‡k¦ we‡kl cÖwmw× jvf K‡i‡Q| 13-14k wnRix kZ‡Ki cÖwm×Zg fviZxq Avwjg
Avãyj nvB jvLbex (1304 wn) Rvj nv`xm wel‡q ÓAvj-Avmvi“j gvid‚AvnÑ I Ab¨ K‡qKwU MÖš‟ iPbv K‡ib|
e´‡`kxq AvwjgM‡Yi g‡a¨ Avgv‡ì Rvbv g‡Z me©cÖ_g Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx (1423 wn) G wel‡q Kjg a‡i‡Qb|
wZwb e„nËi evsjvi ¯‟vbxq †cÖ¶vc‡UB G MÖš‟ iPbv K‡i‡Qb| mvaviY Rvj nv`xm QvovI evsjvi gymwjg‡ì g‡a¨
cÖPwjZ wfwËnxb A‡bK Mí, Kvwnbx I Kzms¯‹vi G MÖ‡š‟ Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| Avgiv †`‡LwQ †h, dzidzivi cxi Avey evKi
wmwÏKx gvZ…fvlvq Bmjvg PP©v I evsjvfvlvq Bmjvgx MÖš‟ iPbv I cVb-cvV‡bi wel‡q we‡kl ¸i“Z¡v‡ivc Ki‡Zb Ges
Zuvi †Póvq A‡bK ag©xq MÖš‟ evsjvfvlvq Abyev` I iPbv Kiv nq| Z‡e evn¨Z †h‡nZz wesk kZvãxi ïi“‡Z e´xq Avwjg,
Zvwje-Bjg I mvaviY wkw¶Z gymwjg‡ì Bmjvgx ÁvbPP©vi cÖavb fvlv wQj D`©y †m‡nZz Zuvi cyÎ Avey Rvdi
wmwÏKx G MÖš‟wU D`©y‡ZB iPbv Kwi‡qwQ‡jb|
Gfv‡e Avgiv †`LwQ †h, MZ cÖvq †ò nvRvi eQ‡i mKj hy‡M I mKj kZ‡K gymwjg D¤¤vni gynvwÏmMY nv`x‡m
ivm~‡ji †ndvh‡Z RvMÖZ cÖnivq m`v mZK© †_‡K‡Qb| Zuviv m`v me©`v †Póv K‡i‡Qb ivm~jyjvn -Gi nv`x‡mi
bv‡g wg_¨vPv‡ii mKj cÖ‡Póv wPwýZ K‡i nv`xm bv‡gi wg_¨v K_vi Lài †_‡K gymwjg D¤¤vn‡K i¶v Kivi| gnvb Avjvn
G mKj gnvb gvbyl‡K m‡e©vËg cyi¯‹vi cÖ`vb Ki“b|
75
wØZxq Aa¨vq:
Avey Rvdi wmwÏKxi
Avj-gvDh~AvZ: Dc¯’vcbv
cÖ_g cwi‡”Q`: c~e© K_v
2. 1. 1. ÔAvj-gvDh~AvZÕ MÖš’wUi ¸i“Z¡
c~e©eZ©x Aa¨v‡q Avgiv †`‡LwQ †h, Rvj nv`xm we‡ivwaZv gvkvBL dzidzivi Ab¨Zg •ewkó¨| Avjvgv i‚ûj Avwg‡bi
wewfb‣ MÖ‡‡’ Rvj nv`xm welqK †h mKj my¯úó e³e¨ Avgiv †`‡LwQ Zv mgKvjxb Avwjg‡ì wjLwb‡Z weij| Avi m~dx I
cxi-gvkvBL †_‡K †Zv Giƒc e³e¨ mvaviYfv‡e KíbvB Kiv hvq bv|
gvkvBL dzidzivi Bjgx MfxiZv, mnxn nv`xm wbf©iZv, Rvj nv`xm we‡ivwaZv, Rvj I evwZj K_v cÖwZ‡iva K‡i
weï× Bmjvgx AvKx`v I Avgj cÖmv‡i Zuv‡ì HKvw‡„K cÖ‡Póvi Ab¨Zg wb`k©b Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKxi ÒAvj-
gvDh~AvZÓ bvgK G MÖ‡w’ U| wZwb G MÖ‡’wU wj‡Lb Zuvi Kg©gq Rxe‡bi cÖ_gvs‡k| MÖ‡‡’i †k‡li e³e¨ †_‡K cÖgvwYZ nq †h,
wZwb MÖ‡’wUi iPbv 1929 L„÷v‡ã †kl K‡ib| Z‡e MÖ‡‡’i †k‡l wZwb Zuvi n¾ I wnRvh md‡ii weiiY msKwjZ K‡i‡Qb|
wZwb 1932 L„÷v‡ã G mdi K‡ib| G‡Z eySv hvq †h, 1932 L„÷v‡ãi c‡i †Kv‡bv mg‡q MÖ‡’wU cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| Avgiv
†`‡LwQ †h, Avjvgv Avey Rvdi 1906 L„÷v‡ã Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| G‡Z Rvbv hvq †h, wZwb gvÎ 24/25 ermi eq‡m G
gnvg~jëvb MÖ‡’wU iPbv K‡ib| G MÖ‡’wU cvV Ki‡j †h †Kv‡bv M‡elK wbwðZ n‡eb †h, G MÖ‡‡’i †jLK Bjg nv`xm, Bjg
wiRvj, Bjg Rvin Iqv ZvÕ`xj, Bjg Zvdmxi, Bjg wdKn, fviZxq BwZnvm, dvm©x mvwnZ¨ I Ab¨vb¨ Bmjvgx I AvaywbK
Áv‡b e¨vcK Aa¨qb I Mfxi Áv‡bi AwaKvix GKRb mycwÊZ wQ‡jb| Avi hLb eySv hvq †h, gvÎ 24/25 ermi eq‡m
MÖ‡’Kvi Giƒc Mfxi cvwÊZ¨ AR©b K‡iwQ‡jb ZLb AevK bv n‡q cviv hvq bv|
2. 1. 2. MÖš’wUi cÖPvi I Abyev‡` MÖš’Kv‡ii AvMÖn
cÖ_g Rxe‡b †jLv G gnvg~jëvb MÖ‡’wUi cÖPvi I cÖmvi wb‡q †kl Rxe‡bI wZwb AvMÖnx †_‡K‡Qb| MÖ‡’wU D`©y‡Z iwPZ
nIqvB evsjvi mvaviY cvVKMY G †_‡K DcK…Z n‡Z cvi‡Qb bv †f‡e Gi e½vbyev‡ì Rb¨ wZwb AvMÖn cÖKvk K‡ib| MÖ‡’wU
iPbvi cÖvq 14 ermi c‡i, 1362 wnRixi hyjKv` ev 1350 e½v‡ãi AMÖnvqb gv‡m (1943L„. A‡±vei-b‡f¤î gv‡m) cÖKvwkZ
gvwmK †b`v‡q Bmjv‡gi 1g el© 3q msL¨vq ÒAvj gvDRyAvZ ev Rvj nvw`Q mg~nÓ bv‡g Zuvi †jLv wb‡g‣i cÖeÜwU cÖKvwkZ nq:
nRiZ iQzjjy v- () Idv‡Zi ci QvnvevMb (iv) Zvnvi AwaKvsk nvw`Q †nd&R Kwiqv ivwLqvwQ‡jb| wnRixi cÖ_g
kZvãx‡ZB cÖK„Z cÖ¯„v‡e nvw`Qmg~n msM„nxZ I wjwce× Kiv nq| BQjv‡gi cÖv_wgK hy‡M †kªô nvw`Q msMÖvnK †gvnv‡ÏQ I
BgvgMY †h mgy`q nvw`Q msMÖn Kwiqv wMqvwQ‡jb, Zvnv‡Z cÖK…Z nvw`Q ewjqv MÖnY Kwievi gZ mgy`q nvw`QB wjwce×
KwiqvwQ‡jb| wK‡‘ cieË©xhy‡M nvw`Q msMÖnKvix †gvnv‡Ïm-M‡Yi A‡b‡K nvw`Q we`¨vi e¨vcKZv I wekvjZv †nZz nvw`Q-
mgy‡ni AZ¨‡„ m~²fv‡e cix¶vq wkw_jZv wK¤^v A¶gZv ekZt eû Rvj nvw`m D×„Z Kwiqv w`qvwQ‡jb| Avevi A‡bK `yó
cÖK…wZi Ggb †jvK wQj †h myjZvb, ev`kv cÖf„wZi ìev‡i L¨vwZ I cÖwZcwË jv‡fi `yivKv“¶v ekZt A‡bK Rvj nvw`m
iPbv KwiqvwQj| Ge‡b Av`x ewjqv‡Qb, Òwg_¨v nvw`Q iPbvKvixM‡Yi g‡a¨ Ave`yj Kwig †eb Avwe AvIRv‡K †mvjvqgvb
†eb Avjxi ìev‡i GB Aciv‡a awiqv Avwbqv hLb wki‡ñ‡ì ûKzg nBj, ZLb †m cÖKvk Kwij †h Ò‡Lv`vi KQg Avwg
`yivkvi ekeËx© nBqv Pvwi mnmª Rvj nvw`Q iPbv KwiqvwQ| hvnv‡Z nvjvj‡K nvivg I nvivg‡K nvjvj KwiqvwQ|Ó (Avjvjx
gQbyqv)|
Bgvg †bQvqx e‡jb, ÒPviRb †jvK Rvj nvw`m iPbvi Rb¨ KzL¨vZ nBqvwQj| Ge‡b Avwe Gwnqv gw`bvq, Iqv‡K`x
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†evM`v‡`, gyKv‡Zj ‡eb †Qvjvqgvb †LvivQv‡b Ges †gvnv¤§` †e‡b QvB`yj gQj~e kvg †`‡k Rvj nvw`m iPbv
Kwi‡Z AZ¨‡„ `¶ wQj|Ó
wg_¨v nvw`Q nB‡Z mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Kivi Rb¨ nRiZ bex‡q Kwi‡gi () AZxe K‡Vvi wb‡la Qwn nv`x‡Q ewY©Z
Av‡Q| nRiZ () digvBqv‡Qb: Ò‡h e¨w³ †¯^‛Qvq Avgvi bvg w`qv wg_¨v nvw`Q iPbv Kwi‡e †m †hb Rvnvb‣v‡g Zvnvi ¯’vb
wb‡Ï©k Kwiqv jq|Ó (†QnvQvËv)|
GB nvw`Q Abymv‡i L¨vZbvgv †gvnv‡ÏQMY nvw`Q iIqv‡qZ Kwi‡Z AZ¨‡„ mZK©Zv Aej¤^b KwiqvwQ‡jb ewjqvB AvR
Avgiv iQ~~jyj-vni () cÖK…Z nvw`Q AweK…Z Ae¯’vq cÖvß nBqvwQ| Bnviv nvw`Q we`¨vq AZ¨‡„ cvi`wk©Zv I AwfÁZv jvf
KwiqvwQ‡jb ewjqv me․© m¤§wZµ‡g Zvnv‡ì nvw`Q¸wjB M„nxZ nBqv‡Q Ges BnvivB †Kvb& nvw`m Qwn, †Kvb& nvw`m RCd,
†Kvb& nvw`m Rvj Zvnv wjwLqv mKj‡K Dnv nB‡Z mveavb Kwievi Rb¨ cÖPvi Kwiqv‡Qb|
GZ×¨ZxZ Gj‡g †dKvi g‡aÏ A‡bK AwfÁ Av‡jg Ggb A‡bK Rvj nv`xQ I Rvj gQjv hy³ Kwiqv w`qv‡Q|
†mB Rb¨ weP¶Y dKxnMY Gj‡g †dKv‡K Î‚Uxnxb Kwievi Rb¨ eû cÖqvm cvBqv‡Qb Ges GB m¤^‡Ü eû MÖ‡v’ w` iPbv
Kwiqqv‡Qb| GB m¤^‡Ü gIjvbv Ave`yj nvB jLbex Qv‡ne k‡in †eKvqvi UxKvq we¯„…Z fv‡e Av‡jvPbv Kwiqv‡Qb| gRnve-
we‡×lx KZK¸wj †jvK hvnviv nvbvdx gRnv‡ei †dKvi wfZi A‡bK Rvj gQjv Av‡Q ewjqv wb•`v K‡i- Zvnviv AÁ I
Acivax| Zvnvw`M‡K D‡jwLZ †KZve †`wL‡Z ewj|
gDRy ev Rvj nvw`Q m¤^‡Ü Aviex fvlvq eû MÖ‡’vw` iwnqv‡Q, wK‡‘ G †`kxq (fviZxq) †Kvb fvlvq G m¤^‡Ü †Kvb
†KZve bvB| †mB Rb¨ GB mgy`q Rvj nvw`Q I gQjv m¤^‡Ü †`kevmx‡K AewnZ Kwievi Rb¨ Avgvi cÖ_g Rxe‡b DÏ©y
fvlvq G wel‡q GKLvwb †KZve iPbv KwiqvwQjvg| cy¯„KLvwb Aviex I DÏ&©y fvlvq wjwLZ ewjqv e½-fvlvfvlx †gvQjgvb‡ì
†KvbB DcKv‡i Av‡m bvB|
A‡b‡Ki Øviv Abyi‚× nBqv ev½vjvi †gvQjgvb, LvQ Kwiqv Z_vKw_Z Av‡jg, gyÝx, Iqv‡qR, e³v I †jLKMY‡K
wg_¨v nvw`‡Qi †drbv nB‡Z evuPvBevi Rb¨ Avgvi cig †m‣nfvRb †b`v‡q BQjv‡gi my‡hvM¨ m¤úv`K Wv³vi †gvnv¤§` Avgxi
Avjx Qv‡ne‡K Dnvi e½vbyev` Kwiqv †b`v‡q BQjv‡g cÖKvk Kwievi Rb¨ AbygwZ w`qvwQ|
Avkv Kwi me․©mvaviY †gvQjgvb Dnv‡Z dvq`vg•` nB‡eb| †`vqv Kwi cig Ki‚bvgq AvjvnZvjv Zvnvi kªg mv_©K
Ki‚b| Avgxb|Ó
Avj-vgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKxi e³e¨ GLv‡bB †kl| †b`v‡q Bmjv‡g G MÖ‡w’ Ui c~Y© e½vbyev` cÖKvwkZ n‡qwQj wKbv Zv
Rvb‡Z cvwi wb| †b`v‡q Bmjv‡gi cÖ_g w`‡Ki msL¨v¸wj msMÖn Ki‡Z cvwi wb| cÖ_g w`‡Ki †h `y-GKwU msL¨v msMÖn
Ki‡Z †c‡iwQ †h¸wj‡Z D³ MÖ‡‡’i †k‡l †jLv fyj gvmvBj¸wji Abyev` i‡q‡Q|
j¶Yxq †h, wZwb wj‡L‡Qb: Òcy¯„KLvwb Aviex I DÏ&©y fvlvq wjwLZ ewjqv e½-fvlvfvlx †gvQjgvb‡ì †KvbB
DcKv‡i Av‡m bvB|Ó G K_vwU e½xq gymwjg mgv‡Ri cÖwZ Zuvi fvjevmv I †bK aviYvi cÖKvk| Z‡e cÖKZ … mZ¨ n‡jv
mvaviY evOvjx gymwjg‡ì Rb¨ D`©y fvlvq †jLv cy¯„K cvV I ü`q½g KóKi n‡jI e½xq wkw¶Z I we‡kl K‡i Avwjg I
Zvwje Bjg‡ì †jLvcov I Bjg PP©vi fvlvB wQj D`©|y Kv‡RB Zuviv G eB †_‡K AwZ mn‡RB DcK…Z n‡Z cvi‡Zb|
wK‡‘ `tLRbK mZ¨ n‡jv, A‡b‡KB G welqwU‡K ¸i‚Z¡ †`b wb| AwaKvsk e½xq Avwjg, gynvwÏm I kvBLyj nv`xm
Bjg wiRvj, Bjg Rvin Iqv Zv`xj BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© †e‡Lqvj| ïay ZvB bq, Giƒc Ae‡njv ev AÁZv‡K Zviv †M․ie g‡b
K‡ib Ges Rvj nv`xm welqK †jLv‡jwL ev Bjgyi wiRvj, Rvin-Zv`xj, BjgyZ ZvLixR ev Dj~gyj nv`xm welqK
cov‡jLv‡K Zviv AcÖ‡qvRbxq eis AbywPZ e‡j MY¨ K‡ib| bvbv ARynv‡Z A‡b‡KB Rvj nv`xm MÖnY I cÖPv‡i wjß _v‡Kb|
G wel‡q A‡bK Avwj‡gi AÁZv, †Muvovwg, nUKvwiZv I Rvj-nv`xm cÖxwZ mwZ¨B `ytLRbK| dzidzivi cxi-gvkvBL‡K
A‡b‡KB fw³ K‡i‡Qb, wK‡‘ Avjvgv Avey Rvdi iwPZ G MÖ‡’wU Zuviv MÖnY K‡ib wb| Avjvgv i‚ûj Avwg‡bi cÖwZ fw³
A‡b‡KB cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb| wK‡‘ Rvj nv`xm welqK Zuvi my¯úó e³e¨ Zuviv ¸i‚Z¡ mnKv‡i we‡ePbv K‡ib wb|
me©ve¯’vq Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKxi Dc‡ii e³‡e¨ e½xq gymwjg mgvR I we‡kl K‡i Avwjg, Iqvwqh I
†jLK‡ì‡K Rvj nv`x‡mi wdZbv †_‡K i¶vi HKvw‡„K Av‡eM cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| Zuvi G AvKv“¶v c~iY Ki‡Z bMY¨ cÖ‡Póv
Avgv‡ì G MÖ‡’| G Aa¨v‡q Avgiv Zuvi MÖ‡’wUi e³e¨ ûeû cvVK‡ì mvg‡b Dc¯’vcb Kie Ges cieZ©x Aa¨v‡q Gi
ch©v‡jvPbv Kie| gnvb Avjvni ZvIdxK cÖv_©bv KiwQ|
2. 1. 3. MÖš’wUi cÖ”Q`
Avj-vgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKxi ÔAvj-gvDh~AvZÕ MÖ‡w’ Ui cÖ‛Q‡ì Dc‡i cÖ_‡g wb‡g‣i nv`xmwU D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q:
Ò†h e¨w³ Avgvi e¨vcv‡i wg_¨v ej‡e †m †hb Rvnvb‣vg Zvi wVKvbv evwb‡q †bq|Ó
Gici †jLv n‡q‡Q:
77
Òkxl©¯’vbxq Avwjg, eyRMy ©‡ì †bZv, weÀvZ a․smKvix, mybv‣ Z D¾xebKvix, Avwid‡ì m~h©, Iqvwqh‡ì mgªvU, `xb I
a‡g©i cÖ`xc, Bmjvg I gymwjgM‡Yi cÖgvY, kixq‡Zi †bZv, g°v-g`xbvi nvRx nhiZ gvIjvbv kvn Avãyjv- n -cwiwPZ bvg-
gynv¤§v` Avey eKi mv‡n‡e- Zuvi †cÖiYv¸wj ¯’vqx †nvK- Gi wb‡`©‡k iwPZ
Avj-gvDh~AvZ
MÖ‡’bvq cÖwm× mvwnwZ¨K, AZzjbxq eyRMy ©, wewfb‣ wel‡qi we‡klÁ dKxn I gynvwÏmM‡Yi †M․ie Avjvgv nvRx gvIjvbv
kvn gynv¤§v` Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx mv‡ne, Zuvi †cÖiYv¸wj ¯’vqx †nvK
ZË¡veav‡b: bMY¨ gvbyl gynv¤§v` Gbv‡qZzjvn- Zv‡K ¶gv Kiv †nvK|
2. 1. 4. mgKvjxb Avwjg‡ì cÖksmv
MÖ‡‡’i ïi‚‡Z cwðg e‡½i ZrKvjxb cÖwm× PviRb Avwj‡gi gZvgZ I cÖksmv D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q:
(1) ûMjx †Rjvi wmZvcyi gv`ªvmvi †nW †g․jex gvIjvbv gyhvd&di ûmvBb| 10B kvevb 1351 wn (†gvZv‡eK:
08/12/1932 L„) Zvwi‡L †jLv Zuvi g‡„‡eï g‡a¨ wj‡L‡Qb: Ò.....wbtm‡•`‡n G MÖ‡’wU eZ©gvb hy‡Mi Iqv‡qhxb Ges mZ¨-
mÜvbx‡ì Rb¨ AZ¨‡„ DcKvix e‡j †`‡LwQ| †Kbbv RvwZi AwaKvsk Iqv‡qhxb AÁZvi Kvi‡Y Ggb me wg_¨v eY©bv I
wfwËnxb-Aw¯„Z¡nxb nv`xm eo eo gRwj‡k eqvb Ki‡Q Ges AMwYZ Rvj nv`xm ivm~jyj-vn -Gi bv‡g cÖPvi Ki‡Q, hv‡Z
DcKv‡ii cwie‡Z© ¶wZi g‡a¨ wbcwZZ n‡‛Q| Aek¨ G MÖ‡w’ U Aa¨qb Ki‡j m¤§vwbZ IqvwqhMY Rvj nv`xm m¤ú‡K©
cwic~Y© Ávb AR©b Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Ges wg_¨v eY©bv †_‡K weiZ †_‡K Avjvn Ges Zvui ivm~‡ji () wbKU jw¾Z nIqv
†_‡K †eu‡P _vK‡Z cvi‡eb ....|Ó
(2) dzidzivi dZnxqv gv`ªvmvi wk¶K gvIjvbv Avãyj Kvwì BmKv•`vix| 6 kvevb 1351 wn (4/12/1932 L„)
Zvwi‡L †jLv g‡„‡e¨ wZwb wj‡L‡Qb: Ò..... eZ©gvb Kv‡j AwaKvsk Iqvwqh I MíKvi Iqvh gvnwdj I mvaviY gvnwd‡j
wg_¨v nvw`m¸wj eY©bv K‡ib, †h Kvi‡Y mvavib gvby‡li A‡„‡i kixqZ we‡ivax Lvivc AvKx`v¸wj Avmb †M‡o em‡Q| d‡j
`ywbqv-AvwLiv‡Zi mdjZvi cwie‡Z© Zviv `ywbqv-AvwLiv‡Zi e¨_©Zv AR©b Ki‡Q| m¤§vwbZ †jLK mvaviY gvbyl‡ì cÖwZ
j¶¨ †i‡L AZ¨‡„ mij I cÖvÄj fvlvq MÖ‡’wU iPbv K‡i‡Qb| d‡j mvgvb¨Zg †gavm¤úb‣ gvbylI G MÖ‡’ †_‡K DcK…Z n‡Z
cvi‡e Ges mKj wg_¨v I †Ljv‡d mb‣vZ Kg©KvÊ †_‡K euvP‡Z cvi‡e....|Ó
(3) dzidzivi dZnxqv gv`ªvmvi cÖavb wk¶K Avãyi ingvb| 21 iweDm mvbx 1352 wn (12/8/1933) Zvwi‡L Aviex
Q‡•` †jLv Zuvi g‡„‡eï g‡a¨ wZwb wj‡L‡Qb: Ò..... mZK© cvVK‡ì Rb¨ G weï× MÖ‡’wU AZ¨‡„ DcKvix e‡j cÖZxqgvb....|Ó
(4) dzidziv dZnxqv gv`ªvmvi gynvwÏm gvIjvbv †iRIqvbyj Kixg wm‡jUx Aviex‡Z †jLv g‡„‡e¨ e‡jb: Ò.. MÖ‡’wU AZ¨‡„
DcKvix Ges G MÖ‡’ cvV Ki‡j Rvj nv`xm welqK A‡bK MÖ‡’ cv‡Vi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv K‡g hvq| Rvj nv`x‡mi cvkvcvwk Av‡iv
A‡bK g~jëvb Z_¨ G MÖ‡‡’ i‡q‡Q..|Ó
78
79
wØZxq cwi‡”Q`:
f~wgKvq hv e‡j‡Qb
2. 2. 1. MÖš’ iPbvi D‡Ïk¨ I †cÖ¶vcU
f~wgKvq nvg` I mvjv‡Zi ci Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wj‡L‡Qb:
ivm~jyj-vn  †_‡K ¯^xK…Z c×wZ‡K ewY©Z I cÖgvwYZ bq Ggb me nv`xm ÔgvDh~AvZÓ welqK MÖ‡’vw` †_‡K msMÖn
K‡i, Zvi wb‡P Zvi A_© wj‡L GKwU MÖ‡’ iPbv Kivi cÖej AvMÖn `xN©w`b †_‡KB †eva KiwQjvg; †hb mvaviY gvbyl Ges
we‡kl gvbyl (Avwjg-Djvgv) mK‡jB G mKj Rvj ev ev‡bvqvU nv`x‡mi wel‡q fvjfv‡e Rvb‡Z cv‡ib †h, G¸wj Rvj I
ev‡bvqvU| KviY Ggb A‡bK fvB Av‡Qb, hviv ZvnKxK ev M‡elYv QvovB Iqvh-bmxn‡Zi Rjmvq, wgjv` gvnwd‡j ev mv_x
I eÜze‡M©i wbKU AwaKvsk †¶‡Î G mKj Rvj nv`xm I NUbv eY©bv K‡i _v‡Kb| Zuviv G K_v wP‡„v K‡ib bv †h, GwU mnxn
bv Rvj| A_P †R‡b ivLv ìKvi †h ivm~jyj-vn  e‡j‡Qb:
Ò†h e¨w³ Avgvi e¨vcv‡i wg_¨v ej‡e †m †hb Rvnvb‣vg Zvi wVKvbv evwb‡q †bq|Ó nv`xmwU eyLvix, Ave~ `vD`, Beby
gvRvn, bvmvC, `vivKzZbx, Avng`, evh&hvi, Zvevivbx AvImvZ MÖ‡‡’ msKjb K‡i‡Qb|
Avcbviv AeMZ Av‡Qb †h, c~e©eZ©x hy‡M Ggb A‡bK eyRyM© wQ‡jb, hviv ev¯„weKB Kvwgj wQ‡jb (c~Y©Zvi kx‡l©
†cu․‡QwQ‡jb); wK‡‘y Bjg nv`xm GKwU cÖk¯„ gq`vb nIqvi Kvi‡Y nv`xm hvPvB‡qi †¶‡Î Ae‡njv K‡i‡Qb Ges Rvj nv`xm
eY©bv K‡i‡Qb | A‡b‡K Ggb wQ‡jb †h, ivRv-ev`kv‡ni ìev‡i •bKU¨ ev gh©v`v jv‡fi Avkvq ivm~jyj-vn -Gi bv‡g
wg_¨v I Rvj nv`xm ej‡Zb| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv e¨w³ Ggb wQ‡jb †h, cweÎ Bmjvgx kixq‡Zi cwieZ©b I weK…wZi D‡Ï‡k¨B
wb‡Ri wfwËnxb †Lqvj gZ wKQz K_v ivm~jyjvn ()-Gi nv`xm ev ivm~jyj-vn -Gi Av`k© bv‡g cÖPvi K‡i `ywbqvq cÖwm×
n‡q‡Qb|
wK‡‘ Zv‡ì GK_v Rvbv †bB ‡h, †m mg‡qI Bmjv‡gi cZ½iv Bmjv‡gi cweÎ †gv‡gi Av¸‡b R¡‡j wb‡R‡ì‡K
gvwU‡Z wgwk‡q †Ìqvi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z wQ‡jb| Zuviv Zv‡ì mÜvbx mgv‡jvPbvi `„wó w`‡q G mKj Rvj nv`xm‡K c„_Kfv‡e
wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb Ges Rvj nv`xm wel‡q A‡bK MÖ‡’ iPbv K‡i mviv c„w_ex‡Z Qwo‡q w`‡q‡Qb|
(Bgvg myq~Zxi) Avj-jvAvjx Avj-gvmb~Av MÖ‡‡’ i‡q‡Q, Beby Av`x e‡jb, G mKj RvwjqvZ‡ì GKRb cÖwm×
RvwjqvZ Avãyj Kwig Beby Aveyj AvDRv-‡K hLb †MÖßvi K‡i (emivi Ave․vmxq MfY©i) gynv¤§v` Beby myjvBgvb Beby
Avjxi (173 wn) Av`vj‡Z Dcw¯’Z Kiv n‡jv Ges Zuvi g„Zz¨`‡Êi Av‡`k Kiv n‡jv, ZLb †m e‡j D‡V:
ÒAvjvni kc_, Avwg †Zvgv‡ì gv‡S Pvi nvRvi nv`xm Rvj K‡i cÖPvi K‡iwQ, hvi g‡a¨ nvjvj‡K nvivg Ges nvivg‡K nvjvj
K‡i w`‡qwQ|Ó
Bgvg bvmvqx e‡jb: Rvj nv`xm I wg_¨v nv`xm cÖPv‡i Pvi e¨w³ we‡klfv‡e cÖwm× n‡qwQj: Beby Avwe BqvnBqv
g`xbvq, IqvwK`x evM`v‡`, gyKvwZj Beby myjvBgvb Lyivmv‡b Ges gynv¤§v` Beby mvB` Avj gvmjye wmwiqvq Rvj nv`xm •Zwi
I cÖPvi KiZ|
nvwdh mvnj Beby eviv e‡jb: G‡ì c‡i Avng` Beby RyAvBevix, gynv¤§v` Be‡b DKvkvn wKigvbx Ges gynv¤§v` Beby
Zvgxg Av`-`vix Avj-dviBqvex Rvj nv`x‡mi Rb¨ cÖwm× nq| Giv ivm~jyjvn -Gi bv‡g `k nvRv‡iiI †ewk wg_¨v
ev‡bvqvU nv`xm iPbv K‡i|
Beby Avex kvBev e‡jb: Avwg GK e„‡×i wbKU †Mjvg Ges †`Ljvg †h, †m µ•`b Ki‡Q| Avwg wRÁvmv Kijvg,
Avcwb †Kb Kuv`‡Qb? wZwb e‡jb, Avwg ivm~jyj-vn ()-Gi bv‡g 400 wg_¨v nv`xm iPbv K‡iwQ, hv GLb gvby‡li g‡a¨
cÖPwjZ I cÖPvwiZ n‡‛Q| Avwg Rvwb bv †h, Avwg GLb wK Kie!
g~j K_v n‡jv, Rvj nv`x‡mi G welqwUi mgvav‡bi Rb¨B G MÖ‡’wU D`©y fvlvq †jLv n‡jv| G Qvov G MÖ‡‡’i †k‡l
Ggb wKQz wew¶ß nv`xm, cÖwm× NUbv I wdK‡ni gvm&Avjv D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q hv meB G‡Kev‡i wfwËnxb| GQvov †m mKj
MÖ‡‡’i D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q †m¸wj‡Z Rvj nv`xm, Rvj NUbv I AvKx`vi †Ljvd K_vevZ©v we`¨gvb, †hb cvVKMY G mKj
AwZ`ye©j ev wfwËnxb K_v I Kzms¯‥vi m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb n‡Z cv‡ib| Avi G MÖ‡‡’i bvg ÒAvj-gvDh~AvZÓ ivLv n‡jv|
2. 2. 2. RvwjqvZ‡ì wKQz NUbv
Gici Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx RvwjqvZ‡ì `ytmvnm I RvwjqvwZi wewfb‣ NUbvi m¤úwK©Z K‡qKwU Kvwnbx D‡jL
K‡i‡Qb:
80
2. 2. 2. 1. Rvwjqv‡Zi AevK NUbv

(Z…Zxq wnRix kZ‡Ki cÖwm×Zg gynvwÏm I dKxn) Bgvg Avng` Beby nv¤^vj (241 wn) I Bgvg BqvnBqv Beby gvqxb
(233 wn) `yRb evM`v‡ì i‚mvdvn gmwR‡` mvjvZ Av`vq K‡ib| GK MíKvi Iqv‡qh gymjx‡ì mvg‡b ùvwo‡q hvq| †m ej‡Z
_v‡K: Avngv` Beby nv¤^j I BqvnBqv Beby gvqxb Avgv‡K e‡j‡Qb, Zuviv Avãyi ivh&hvK †_‡K, Avãyi ivh&hvK gvÕgvi †_‡K,
gvÕgvi KvZv`vn †_‡K, KvZv`vn Avbvm †_‡K eY©bv K‡ib, ivm~jyjvn () e‡j‡Qb: hw` †KD (jv Bjvnv Bjvjvn) e‡j, Z‡e Zvi
G ev‡Kï cÖwZwU k‡ãi Rb¨ Avjvn GKwU cvwL ‣Zix K‡ib, hvi †VuvU ¯^‡Y©i Ges cvjK gviRvb cv_‡ii...| Gfv‡e (jv Bjvn
Bjvjvn) cv‡Vi dhxj‡Z D†¢U K_v w`‡q †m 20 c„ôvi GK `xN© nv`xm eY©bv K‡i|
ZLb Avng` Beby nv¤^vj I BqvnBqv Beby gvqxb G‡K Ac‡ii w`‡K ZuvKv‡Z _v‡Kb| BqvnBqv Avng`‡K cÖk‣ K‡ib:
Avcwb wK G nv`xm eY©bv K‡i‡Qb? Avng` e‡jb, Avjvni kc_! Avwg G nv`xmwU Rxe‡b Ii gyL †_‡KB cÖ_g ïbjvg, Gi Av‡M
KL‡bv ïwb wb (ejv †Zv `~‡ii K_v!)|
hLb †jvKwU Zvi Mí †kl Kij, ZLb †m Zvi nv‡Zi cvÊywjwcwU wb‡q e‡m coj Ges Aewkó Kvwnbx †`L‡Z jvMj|
GgZve¯’vq BqvnBqv Beby gvqxb Zv‡K nv‡Zi Bkvivq WvK‡jb| †jvKwU fvej †h, †evanq wZwb Zv‡K (Iqv‡h gy» n‡q)
wKQz nvw`qv †Ìqvi Rb¨ WvK‡Qb| G †f‡e †m GwM‡q Av‡m| ZLb BqvnBqv Zv‡K wRÁvmv Ki‡jb, G nv`xm †Zvgv‡K †K
e‡j‡Qb? †m ej‡jv, Avngv` Beby nv¤^j I BqvnBqv Beby gvqxb| ZLb BqvnBqv ej‡jb, Avwg †Zv BqvnBqv Avi Bwb
Avngv`| Avgiv (†Zvgv‡K G nv`xm wk¶v †Ìqv †Zv `y‡ii K_v) GwU †h nv`xm ZvB Avgiv Rxe‡b KL‡bv ïwb wb| hw`
†Zvgvi wg_¨v iUbvi cÖ‡qvRb nq Z‡e Avgv‡ì ev` †i‡L wg_¨v iPbv Ki|
ZLb †m e¨w³ wRÁvmv Kij, AvcwbB wK BqvnBqv Beby gvqxb? BqvnBqv e‡jb: n¨vu| †m ejj, Avwg me`©v ïbZvg
†h, BqvnBqv Beby gvqxb GKRb wb‡e©va-AvngvK| GLb Avwg welqwU wbwðZfv‡e Rvb‡Z cvijvg! Gi Av‡M welqwU Avgvi
Kv‡Q wbwðZ wQj bv| BqvnBqv e‡jb, Zzwg wKfv‡e ey&S‡j †h, Avwg wb‡e©va? †m ejj, `ywbqv‡Z wK †Zvgiv `y Rb Qvov Avi
†Kv‡bv Avngv` Beb nv¤^j I BqvnBqv Beby gvqxb †bB? A_P Avwg Avgvi G cvÊywjwci g‡a¨ 70 Rb BqvBqv Beby gvqxb I
Avng` Beby nv¤^v‡ji bvg mwb‣‡ewkZ K‡iwQ| G K_v ï‡b Bgvg Avngv` Zuvi Rvgvi Avw¯„b w`‡q wb‡Ri †Pnviv Ave„Z K‡ib
Ges BqvnBqv‡K e‡jb I‡K †Q‡o `vI| ZLb †jvKwU Zuv‡ì `yRb‡K wb‡q Dcnvm Ki‡Z Ki‡Z D‡V P‡j hvq|
(wØZxq wnRix kZ‡Ki cÖwm× Zvweqx) myjvBgvb Beby wgnivb Avj-AvÕgvk (160 wn) hLb emiv bMix‡Z cÖ‡ek
Ki‡jb, wZwb †`L‡Z †c‡jb GKRb MíKvi Iqvwqh gmwR‡` Mí ej‡Q| GKch©v‡q †m e‡j, AvÕgvk Avgv‡K nv`xm
e‡j‡Qb, wZwb Avey BmnvK †_‡K, Avey BmnvK Avey Iqvwqj †_‡K| .... Gfv‡e †m Rvj nv`xm ej‡Z _v‡K| AÕvgvk hLb
GK_v ïb‡Z †c‡jb, ZLb G gRwj‡ki wVK gvSLv‡b G‡m e‡m wb‡Ri eM‡ji wb‡Pi ckg Dcov‡Z jvM‡jb| MíKvi
Iqvwqh †jvKwU e‡j, †n kvqL! Avcbvi wK j¾v †bB? Avwg Øx‡bi K_v Av‡jvPbv KiwQ Avi Avcwb Giƒc KvR Ki‡Qb!
AvÕgvk ej‡jb, †`L, Avwg †h Kv‡R iZ AvwQ Zv Zzwg †h K‡g© iZ AvQ Zv †_‡K A‡bK DËg| Iqvwqh †jvKwU e‡j: †Kb?
AvÕgvk e‡jb, Avwg GKwU mybv‣ Z Kv‡R wjß AvwQ (eMj cwi®‥vi Kiv mybv‣ Z, hwÌ Gfv‡e Rbmgv‡e‡k Kiv wbqg bq, ZeyI
KvRwU mybv‣ Z) Avi Zzwg wg_¨v K_v I RvwjqvwZ‡Z wjß AvQ| Av‡i AvÕgvk †Zv Avwg | Avwg †Zvgv‡K K‡e G nv`xm eY©bv
Kijvg?
(cÖ_g wnRix kZ‡Ki cÖwm× Zvweqx Avwgi Beby kvivnxj) kvex (103 wn) e‡jb, Avwg mvjvZ Av`v‡qi Rb¨ GK
gmwR‡` Xy‡KwQjvg| nVvr †`Ljvg cv‡k AwZ`xN© `vwo wewkó GK e„× e¨w³ e‡m Av‡Q| GK`j gvbyl Zv‡K wN‡i e‡m
Av‡Q| Avi wZwb Zv‡ì‡K nv`xm eY©bv K‡i ïbv‡‛Qb| nv`xm ej‡Z ej‡Z wZwb e‡jb, Avgv‡K AgyK e‡j‡Qb, wZwb AgyK
†_‡K ... Gfv‡e ivm~jyjvn  ch©‡„ wb‡Ri mb` †cu․‡Q w`‡q wZwb e‡jb, ivm~jyjvn  e‡j‡Qb, gnvb Avjvn 2wU wk½v m„wó
K‡i‡Qb Avi cÖ‡Z¨K wk½vq 2wU K‡i dzrKvi _vK‡e | 1g dzrKvi a․s‡mi Rb¨ Ges wØZxq dzrKvi cybi‚Ìv‡bi Rb¨|
kvÕex e‡jb, Avwg wb‡R‡K wbq‡¿Y Ki‡Z cvijvg bv| wb‡Ri mvjvZ ms‡¶c K‡i ZvovZvwo †kl Kijvg| Gici
†jvKwUi Kv‡Q †h‡q ejjvg, †n kvqL! Avjvn †K fq Ki| wg_¨v nv`xm eY©bv K‡iv bv| AvjvncvK GKwU wk½v e¨ZxZ
KL‡bv `yBwU wk½v m„wó K‡ib wb| GK wk½vq 2Uv dzrKvi _vK‡e, GKwU a․s‡mi I Ab¨wU cybi‚Ìvb ev wKqvg‡Zi| ZLb
†jvKwU Avgv‡K Mvwj w`‡q e‡j, †n cvwcó! AgyK e¨w³ Avgv‡K G nv`xm e‡j‡Qb, Avi Zzwg Zvi cÖwZev` KiQ! Gici †m
RyZv DwV‡q Avgv‡K gvi‡Z ïi‚ K‡i| ZLb mg‡eZ †kªvZvivI Avgv‡K RyZv w`‡q gvi‡Z ïi‚ K‡i|
GK MíKvi Iqvwqh evM`v‡` Iqvh KiZ| (KziAv‡bi m~iv evbx BmivCj (m~iv Bmiv) 79 AvqvZ) (
) ÒAvkv Kiv hvq, †Zvgvi cÖwZcvjK †Zvgv‡K cÖwZwôZ Ki‡eb cÖkswmZ ¯’v‡bÓ- G AvqvZwUi Zvdmx‡i †mB Iqvwqh
eY©bv KiZ †h, gnvb Avjvn Zuvi ivm~j ()-†K Avi‡ki Dc‡i Zuvi mv‡_ emv‡eb| (ZrKvjxb †kªôZg Avwjg) Avjvgv Avey
81
Rvdi gynv¤§v` Beby Rvixi Zvevix (310 wn) Giƒc Rvj K_vi cÖPv‡ii K_v Rvb‡Z cv‡ib| wZwb KwVbfv‡e Gi cÖwZev`
K‡ib| GgbwK wZwb wb‡Ri evwoi ìRvq wj‡L iv‡Lb: ( ): ÒgnvcweÎ wZwb
hvi †Kv‡bv •eVwK wcÖqcvÎ †bB Ges Zvi Avi‡ki Dc‡i emvi †Kv‡bv m½xI Zvi †bB|Ó
(mvaviY RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ D³ RvwjqvZ Avwjg e¨vcK RbwcÖqZv jvf K‡ib; KviY wZwb ivm~jjy v n -Gi gh©v`v e„w×i
c‡¶ (!!!) Iqvh Ki‡Zb| Avi Avjvgv Beby Rvixi Zvevix ivm~jyjvn -Gi gh©v`vi wei‚‡×!!! K_v ej‡jb) G‡Z
evM`v‡ì mvaviY gvby‡li gv‡S cÖwZev‡ì So D‡V| GgbwK Zviv w¶ß n‡q Zvevixi evwoi cÖwZ cv_i wb‡¶c Ki‡Z
_v‡K| w¶ß RbZv GZ cv_i Qz‡owQj †h, Bgvg Zvevixi N‡ii mvg‡b cv_‡ii ¯‘c R‡g wM‡qwQj Ges Zvi evwoi ìRv
cv_‡ii wb‡P P‡j wM‡qwQj| Kvexi|
2. 2. 3. Bjg nv`xm welqK KwZcq ÁvZe¨
Gici Avj-vgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx Bjg nv`xm welqK wKQz cÖ‡qvRbxq ÁvZe¨ welq D‡jL K‡ib| wZwb e‡jb:
2. 2. 3. 1. ÒgvidzÓ ( ) nv`xm
†h nv`x‡m ivm~jyjvn -Gi K_v, Kg©, Aby‡gv`b, wm×v‡„, weeiY, Ae¯’v ev ¸YeY©bvi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ Ges hvi mb`
Awew‛Qb‣ Zv‡K gvid‚ nv`xm ejv nq|
2. 2. 3. 2. gvZiƒK (cwiZ¨³) I gybKvi (AvcwËKi)
†Kv‡bv ivex ev nv`xm-eY©bvKvix‡K gvZiƒK, A_©vr cwiZ¨³, ev gybKvi A_©vr AvcwËKi ejvi A_© G bq †h, Zvi
ewY©Z mKj nv`xm‡K Rvj e‡j MY¨ Kiv Avek¨K| eis Giƒc ivexi ewY©Z nv`xm‡K Rvj ej‡Z wePvi M‡elYvi cÖ‡qvRb|
hwÌ Bgvg eyLvix e‡j‡Qb †h, ÒgybKvi ivexi nv`xm eY©bv nvjvj bqÓ, Z‡e Zuvi G K_vi e¨vL¨vq Bgvg myqZ
~ x ÒZvAv°zevZÓ
MÖ‡‡’ wj‡L‡Qb:
ÒeyLvix e‡j‡Qb: G e¨w³ gybKvi‚j nv`xm ev AvcwËKi nv`xm eY©bvKvix| Kv‡RB G e¨w³i ewY©Z nv`x‡mi P~ov‡„
Ae¯’v †h Zv `ye©j|
2. 2. 3. 3. gvDh~ ev Rvj nv`xm
†h nv`x‡mi eY©bvKvix ev ivex‡K wg_¨v K_‡bi Awf‡hv‡M Awfhy³ Kiv n‡q‡Q †m nv`xm‡K gvDh~ nv`xm ev Rvj
nv`xm ejv nq|
KL‡bv RvwjqvZ wb‡RB wb‡Ri RvwjqvwZi K_v ¯^xKvi K‡i| KL‡bv nv`x‡mi fvlvq, K_vq ev A‡_© RvwjqvwZi
AvjvgZ _v‡K| Giƒc Avjvg‡Zi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q:
(1) nv`x‡mi fvlv, evK¨MVb ev kãPqb wbg‣gv‡bi|
(2) nv`x‡mi A_© wbg‣gv‡bi ev Amy•ì|
(3) nv`xmwU KziAvb I mnxn nv`x‡mi e¨wZµg ev wecixZ|
(4) nv`xmwU mywbwðZ BRgv ev HKg‡Zï e¨wZµg ev wecixZ|
(5) bex-ivm~j ev mvnvexM‡Yi K_vi mv`„k¨c~Y© ev gvbm¤úb‣ bq|
(6) nv`xmwU evwZj nIqvi wel‡q `jxj-cÖgvY we`¨gvb|
(7) eY©bvKvix kvmK-cÖkvmK‡ì •bKU¨ jv‡fi Avkvq evwb‡q‡Q|
(8) nv`xmwU Ávb-eyw×i my¯úó we‡ivax e‡j cÖZxqgvb|
(9) `xb‡K weK…Z Kivi Rb¨ wh•`xK‡ì evbv‡bv nv`xm|
Giƒc Av‡iv A‡bK AvjvgZ i‡q‡Q|
2. 2. 3. 4. Rvj nv`x‡mi weavb
G K_v me©Rb wew`Z †h, ivm~jyjvn -Gi bv‡g wg_¨v nv`xm iPbv Kiv Kexiv ¸bvn| Giƒc nv`xm ejv ev D‡jL
KivI Rv‡qh bq| Abyiƒc fv‡e wg_¨v Kvwnbx ev NUbv eY©bv KivI Kexiv ¸bvn|
2. 2. 3. 5. Rvj nv`xm wbY©‡q Bjg nv`x‡mi wKQz bxwZgvjv
Bebyj RvIhx Rvj nv`xm wbY©‡q wb‡g‣i bxwZgvjv D‡jL K‡i‡Qb:
(1) †h nv`xm‡K we‡eK I g~jbxwZi we‡ivax †`L‡e, †m nv`xm‡K Rvj e‡j Rvb‡e| G nv`x‡m wePvi-we‡kl‡Y Kó
Kiv wb®cÖ‡qvRb| A_©vr G nv`x‡mi eY©bvKvix‡K AMÖnY‡hvM¨ e‡j MY¨ Ki‡e Ges Zvi Rvin ev mgv‡jvPbvq gynvwÏmM‡Yi
gZvgZ wb‡q M‡elYv wb®cÖ‡qvRb|
82
(2) Abyiƒcfv‡e †h nv`xm gvbexq B•`ªxqjä Ávb ev my¯úó mnRvZ Ávb I †Pv‡L †`Lv wel‡qi mv‡_ mvsNwl©K|
(3) †h nv`xm KziAv‡bi my¯úó I Ø¨_©nxb e³‡eï we‡ivax, mycwiwPZ ¯^Zwm× mybv‣ ‡Zi we‡ivax ev mywbwðZ BRgv ev
HKg‡Zï we‡ivax Ges †Kv‡bviƒc e¨vL¨vi gva¨‡g mg‡^‡qiI my‡hvM †bB|
(4) †h nv`x‡m mvgvb¨ K‡g©i Rb¨ KwVb kvw¯„ ev wekvj mvIqv‡ei Iqv`v Kiv n‡q‡Q| AwaKvsk MíKvi Iqvwq‡hi
Iqv‡h I evRv‡ii gvbyl‡ì g‡a¨ G RvZxq Rvj nv`xm¸wjB cvIqv hvq|
(5) †h nv`x‡mi g‡a¨ dvjZz ev A_©nxb K_v i‡q‡Q| †hgb, RevB bv K‡i K`y Lv‡e bv... BZ¨vw`| A‡bK mgq
gynvwÏmMY Giƒc evZzj I dvjZz K_vi nv`xm‡K eY©bvKvixi RvwjqvwZi cÖgvY wn‡m‡e MY¨ K‡ib| hw` †Kv‡bv ivex Giƒc
nv`xm eY©bv K‡i Z‡e cÖgvwYZ nq †h, †m GKRb wg_¨vev`x|
(6) Rvj nv`xm welqK Dc‡ii AvjvgZ¸wj Ònv`x‡mi kã I A‡_©iÓ g‡a¨ cvIqv hvq| Avi †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv AvjvgZ
eY©bvKvixi g‡a¨ cvIqv hvq| †hgb Lwjdv gvnv`xi mv‡_ wMqv‡mi Kvwnbx, †h nv`xm kvm‡Ki g‡bviÄ‡bi Rb¨ •Zwi Kiv|
(7) nv`x‡mi eY©bvKvix ev ivex Ggb GKwU nv`xm eY©bv Ki‡e hv Ab¨ †Kv‡bv ivex eY©bv K‡i wb, Avi G e¨w³ hvi
wbKU †_‡K nv`xmwU ï‡b‡Q e‡j `vwe K‡i‡Q Zvi mv‡_ Zvi mv¶vZI nq wb|
(8) †h nv`xm gvÎ GKRb ivex eY©bv K‡i‡Qb, A_P welqUv Ggb †h, Zv A‡b‡Ki Rvbv Ri‚ix| Ab¨ †KD bv e‡j G
eY©bvKvix GKv †Kb G NUbv ej‡jb †m wel‡q †Kv‡bv IhiI cvIqv hvq bv| LZxe ev`Mv`x Zuvi ÒAvj-wKdvqvÓ MÖ‡‡’ cÖ_g
w`‡K D‡jL K‡i‡Qb: †hgb ÒAgyK n‡¾i gvDm~‡g kÎ‚ †mbviv †Kv‡bv nvRx‡K n¾ Ki‡Z †`q wb ev KvevNi Ae‡iva K‡i
n¾ cvjb eÜ K‡i w`‡q‡Q... †KD hw` Giƒc Lei cÖPvi K‡i Ges Ab¨ †KDB Zv bv e‡j Zvn‡j Giƒc msev` wg_¨v e‡j
wPwýZ Ki‡Z †Kv‡bv M‡elYvi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv|
Avj-vgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx e‡jb: †gvU K_v n‡jv, Dc‡ii AvjvgZ¸wj †h mKj nv`x‡mi g‡a¨ cvIqv hvq †m¸wj
Rvj|
2. 2. 3. 6. †h A‡_©i mKj nv`xm Rvj
Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx e‡jb:
†gvjv Avjx Kvix (1014 wn) gvDh~AvZ Kexi MÖ‡‡’i †k‡l Rvj nv`xm wbY©q Kivi wel‡q wKQz we¯„vwiZ g~jbxwZ D‡jL
K‡i‡Qb| †m¸wji ga¨ †_‡K wKQz welq GLv‡b ms‡¶‡c D‡jL Kiv n‡jv:
(1) †h nv`x‡m evZzj I dvjZz K_v ejv n‡q‡Q, †h K_v ivm~jjy v n -Gi cweÎ hev‡b ej‡Z cv‡ib bv| †hgb hw`
†KD (jv Bjvnv Bjvjvû) e‡j Z‡e Zvi cÖ‡Z¨K k‡ãi Rb¨ GKwU cvwL m„wó Kiv n‡e, †m cvwLi mËi nvRvi wRn․v _vK‡e,
cÖ‡Z¨K 70 nvRvi fvlv _vK‡e cÖ‡Z¨K fvlv H e¨w³i Rb¨ Avjvni Kv‡Q ¶gv cÖv_©bv Ki‡e|...
(2) †h nv`xm‡K ¯^vfvweK I Bw•`ªqjä Ávb wg_¨v e‡j mv¶¨ †`q| †hgb Ò‡e¸b mKj †iv‡Mi JlaÓ... BZ¨vw`|
(3) †h nv`xm Ab¨vb¨ mnxn nv`x‡mi my¯úó we‡ivax| †hgb: Ògynv¤§v`Ó ev ÒAvng`Ó bvg ivLvi dhxjZ welqK
nv`xm Ges hw` Kv‡iv bvg gynv¤§v` ev Avng` nq Zvn‡j †m Rvnvb‣v‡g R¡j‡e bv.... BZ¨vw`| G mKj nv`xm `x‡bi ¯^Ztwm×
wek¦vm I g~jbxwZi mv‡_ mvsNwl©K, †h g~jbxwZi wfwË n‡jv, gvby‡li bvg, esk, Dcvwa BZ¨vwì Øviv Rvnvb‣vg †_‡K gyw³
†g‡j bv, gyw³ †g‡j Cgvb I †bK Avgj Øviv|
(4) †h nv`x‡mi evwZj nIqvi `jxj we`¨gvb| †hgb ÒhLb Avjvn †µvavw‡^Z nb ZLb dvm©x fvlvq Inx bvwhj
K‡ib Ges hLb m‡‘ó nb ZLb Aviex fvlvq Inx bvwhj K‡ib|Ó
(5) †h nv`x‡m nvm¨Ki K_v ejv n‡q‡Q, †hgb ÒPvDj hw` gvbyl n‡Zv Zvn‡j †m •ah©kxj n‡Zv|
(6) †h nv`xm bex-ivm~j‡ì K_v ev mvnvexM‡Yi K_vi gvbm¤úb‣ ev Zvi mv‡_ mvgÄm¨c~Y© bq| †hgb, Òmy•ì †Pnviv
I Kvj P¶zwewkó mv_x MÖnY †Zvgv‡ì KiYxq, KviY Avjvn my•ì †Pnvivavix‡K Av¸‡b kvw¯„ w`‡Z j¾v †eva K‡ib...|Ó †h
AcweÎ e¨w³ G Rvj nv`xm •Zwi K‡i‡Q Zvi Dci Avjvni jvbZ ewl©Z †nvK|
(7) †h nv`x‡mi g‡a¨ w`b-ZvwiL ev gvm-eQi wba©viY K‡i fwel¨ØvYx Kiv n‡q‡Q| †hgb, gynvi&ivg gv‡m P•`ªMÖnY
n‡j `ªe¨g~j¨ e„w× cv‡e, hy×weMÖn n‡e Ges kvmK e¨¯„Zvq wbcwZZ n‡e....|
(8) wPwKrmvcÎ ev †UvUKv welqK nv`xm| †hgb ÒgvQ †L‡j kixi `ye©j nq ...|Ó
(9) †h mKj nv`xm‡K mnxn nv`xm¸wj evwZj e‡j cÖgvY K‡i| †hgb ER cv‡jvqvb welqK nv`xm¸wj... †m wZb
nvRvi wZbkZ wÎk MR j¤^v wQj ....| we¯„vwiZ Av‡jvPbv gvDh~AvZ Kex‡i †`Lyb|
(10) †h nv`xm KziAv‡bi my¯úó I Ø¨_©nxb e³‡eï wecixZ| †hgb, Ò`ywbqvi ¯’vwqZ¡ 7 nvRvi eQi n‡e..|Ó hw` G
nv`xm mnxn n‡Zv Zvn‡j †Zv mKj gvbylB RvbZ †h, wKqvg‡Zi Avi KZ †`wi Av‡Q| A_P KziAv‡b Av‡Q †h, wKqvg‡Zi
mgq Kv‡iv Rvbv †bB|
(11) †h mKj nv`x‡mi fvlv `ye©j I wbg‣gv‡bi| †hgb †h e¨w³ gvZvj Ae¯’vq c„w_ex Z¨vM Ki‡e, †m gvZvj Ae¯’vq
83
Ke‡i XyK‡e, gvZvj Ae¯’vq wKqvg‡Z DV‡e, gvZvj Ae¯’vq Zv‡K Rvnvb‣v‡g cvVv‡bv n‡e, ÔgvZvjÕ bv‡gi GKwU
cvnvo ev b`x‡Z Zv‡K ivLv n‡e ....|Ó
(12) †h mKj nv`xm evwZj nIqvi AvjvgZ we`¨gvb| †hgb ÒLvBev‡ii Bn~`x‡ì wRwhqv-Ki gvDK‚dÓ Kivi
nv`xm| G nv`xmwU wewfb‣ w`K †_‡K evwZj| we¯„vwiZ gvDh~AvZ Kex‡i †`Lyb|
2. 2. 3. 7. Rvj nv`xm wPwýZKi‡Yi cwifvlvmg~n
hw` †Kv‡bv nv`x‡mi wel‡q ejv nq †h, nv`xmwU ( ): Rvj, ( ): wfwËnxb/Aw¯„Z¡nxb, ( ):
evwZj, ( ): wg_¨v, ( ): GwU nv`xm bq, Zvn‡j nv`xm e‡j Kw_Z †m K_vwU KL‡bvB nv`xm n‡Z cv‡i
bv; eis Zv m¤ú~Y© ev‡bvqvU nv`xm|
2. 2. 3. 8. Rvj nv`x‡mi A_© wePvi
G K_v A¯úó bq †h, KL‡bv KL‡bv †Kv‡bv nv`x‡mi A_© mwVK e‡j †`Lv hvq, Z‡e nv`xmwUi kã Rvj e‡j
cÖgvwYZ| Avevi KL‡bv nv`xmwU A_© I kã Dfq w`K w`‡qB Rvj| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv welq Av‡Q †h, AwfÁZvi I HwZnvwmK
wePv‡i nqZ K_vwU wVK, wK‡‘ Zv nv`xm bq, A_©vr nv`xm ev ivm~jyjvn -Gi K_v wn‡m‡e Zv Rvj|
2. 2. 4. MÖš’cÄx
Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx Zuvi G MÖ‡‡’i Z_¨m~Î I MÖ‡’cÄx f~wgKvi †k‡l D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| cÖ_‡g wZwb cÖavb
MÖ‡’¸wji bvg D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| Gici †h mKj MÖ‡‡’i D×„wZ †ewk cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb †m¸wji wel‡q Zvi wbR¯^ mvs‡KwZK
cwifvlv e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Qb| wZwb e‡jb:
G MÖ‡’ cÖYqb Ki‡Z AwaKvsk †¶‡Î †h mKj MÖ‡‡’i mvnvh¨ MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q †m¸wji bvg wb‡g‣ †Ìqv n‡jv:
(1) †gvjv Avjx Kvixi ZvhwKivn (ZvhwKivZzj gvD`~AvZ)
(2) Zvwni dvZvbxi ZvhwKivZzj gvD`yAvZ
(3) †gvjv Avjx K¡vixi Avj-gvmb~
(4) Bgvg kvIKvbxi gvD`yAvZ (Avj-dvIqvB`yj gvRg~Av)
(5) kvqL gynv¤§` Aveyj gvnvwm‡bi Avj-jyÕjyÕ Avj-gvimy
(6) m~qyZxi Av`-`yivi‚j gybZvwmivn
(7) m~qyZxi Avj-jvAvjx Avj-gvmb~Avn
(8) m~qyZxi hvBjyj jvAvjx (hvBjyj gvD`~AvZ)
(9) m~qyZxi AvZ-ZvAv°zevZ Avjvj gvD`~AvZ
(10) Bgvg mvMvbxi Avj-gvD`~qvZ
(11) mvLvexi Avj-gvKvwm` Avj-nvmvbvn
(12) †gvjv Avjx K¡vixi gvD`yAvZ Kvexi (Avj-Avmivi‚j gvid‚Av wdj AvLevwij gvD`~Avn)
(13) Beby nvRvi AvmKjvbxi wjmvbyj wghvb
(14) hvnvexi wghvbyj BÕwZ`vj
(15) gvIjvbv Avãyj nvB jvLbexi Avj-Avmvi‚i gvidzqv
(16) gvIjvbv Avãyj nvB jvLbexi Avb-bvwd Avj-Kvexi
(17) KvwZe Pjcx nvbvdxi Kvkdzh hyb~b
Gici wZwb e‡jb:
G MÖ‡‡’ †h mKj MÖ‡‡’i eivZ ev nvIqvjv †Ìqv n‡q‡Q †m¸wji Rb¨ wbg‣iƒc mvs‡KwZK kã eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q:
ms‡KZ MÖš’ I †jL‡Ki bvg
1 ZvhwKiv Avjx ZvhwKivZzj gvD`yhvZ bvgK MÖ‡’| †jLK †gvjv Avjx Kvix Beby myjZvb gynv¤§v` nvivex
gv°x nvbvdx| gynvwÏm, dKxn, Bjg-Kvjvg we‡klÁ| kin wdKn AvKevi, wgiKvZ,
kin wkdv BZ¨vw` MÖ‡‡’i cÖ‡YZv| Beby nvRvi gv°x I ï¤§vbxi QvÎ wQ‡jb| IdvZ
1014 wnRix
2 Avj-gvmb~ ÒAvj-gvmb~Ó| Dc‡ii †jL‡KiB †jLv|
3 Kexi gvDh~AvZ Kexi| GKB †jL‡Ki †jLv|
4 kvIKvbx gvD`~AvZ kvIKvbx| Bgvg gynv¤§v` Beby Avjx Beby gynv¤§v` Beby Avãyjv- n kvIKvbx
mvbAvbx| gynvwÏm, gydvm&wmi| Rb¥ 1172, IdvZ 1250wn| bvBjyj AvIZvi, kviûj
gyjZvKv.. MÖ‡‡’i †jLK|
5 jvAvjx Avj-jvAvjx Avj-gvmb~Av| †jLK RvjvjyÏxb Aveyj dv`j Avãyi ivngvb Beby
84
KvgvjyÏxb Ave~ evKi myq~Zx, gynvwÏm, gydvm&wmi, HwZnvwmK, Aviex e¨vKiYwe`,
fvlvwe`| Rb¥ 849 wn| IdvZ 911| Av`-`yii‚j gvbm~i BZ¨vw` MÖ‡’|
6 hvBj hvBjyj jvAvjx (hvBjyj gvDh~AvZ)| myq~Zxi|
7 `yivi Av`-`yivi‚j gybZvwmiv| myq~Zxi|
8 jyjy ÒAvj-jyjy Avj-gvim~Ó| kvBL gynv¤§v` Aveyj gvnvwmb Avj-KvIKvRx Avj-ûmvBbxi|
9 mvMvbx gvD`~AvZzj Bgvg mvMvbx| ivw`DÏxb Aveyj dv`j nvmvb Bby gynv¤§v` Beby nvmvb
Dgvix nvbvdx| Rb¥ 577 wn. jv‡nv‡i| †mLvb †_‡K evM`v` wnRiZ K‡ib| 650
wnRix‡Z B‡‡„Kvj K‡ib| gvkvwiKzj AvbIqvi MÖ‡‡’i cÖ‡YZv|
10 gvKvwm` ÒAvj-gvKvwm` Avj-nvmvbvÓ| †jLK Bgvg mvLvex| Rb¥ 831, g„Zz¨ 852| kviûj
KvIjyj ev`x BZ¨vw` MÖ‡‡’i cÖ‡YZv|
11 ZvhwKiv Zvwni ZvhwKivZzj gvDh~AvZ| †jLK kvBL gynv¤§v` Zvwni Beby Avjx wn•`x| g„Zz¨ 976 wn|
12 wjmvb wjmvbyj gxhvb (c~Y©v½)| †jLK Beby nvRvi AvmKvjvbx, Rb¥ 773 wn| g„Zz¨ 852 wn|
ZvKixeyZ Zvnhxe, dvZûj evix, byLevZzj wdKvi.. MÖ‡’vwì †jLK|
13 gxhvb gxhvbyj BÕwZ`vj| †jLK hvnvex| Rb¥ 673, g„Zz¨ 748| ZvhwKivZzj ûd&dvh,
gyLZvmvi‚ Zvnhxeyj Kvgvj I Ab¨vb¨ MÖ‡‡’i †jLK|
14 Avmvi ÒAvj-Avmvi Avj-gvid‚AvÓ| †jLK gvIjvbv Aveyj nvmvbvZ Avãyj nvB Beby Avãyj
nvjxg jvLbex| g„Zz¨ 1304 wn| Dg`vZzi wiqvqvn, Avb-bvwd Avj-Kvexi, bvdDj
gydZx I Ab¨vb¨ MÖ‡‡’i †jLK|
15 Kvkd Kvkdzh hyb~b| †jLK Kv‡Ze Pvjcx nvbvdx| g„Zz¨ 1067 wn|
......................................................................................
85
Z…Zxq cwi‡”Q`:
†h mKj nv`xm Rvj e‡j‡Qb
Avj-vgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx Aviex eY©gvjvi µgvbymv‡i wb‡g‣i 441wU nv`xm Rvj wn‡m‡e msKjb K‡i‡Qb| wZwb
nv`xm¸wji Aviex cvV wj‡L Zvi D`©y A_© D‡jL K‡i‡Qb Ges Gici nv`xmwU Rvj e‡j MY¨ nIqvi KviY e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Qb|
GLv‡b Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx msKwjZ Rvj nv`xm¸wji Aviex cvV, evsjv Abyev` I Zuvi g‡„‡eï evsjv Abyev` ûeû
Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv| cÖ‡qvRbxq e¨vL¨v eÜbxi g‡a¨ D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q| G Qvov Dc¯’vc‡Ki †Kv‡bv e³e¨ _vK‡j Zv cvÙxKvq
D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q| g~j cv‡Vi mKj e³e¨ Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKxi| D‡jL¨ †h, wZwb Aviex eY©¸wji I nv`xm¸wji †Kv‡bv
b¤î †`b wb| Dc¯’vcbvi myweav‡_© Avgiv eY©¸wji I nv`xm¸wji b¤î w`‡qwQ|
2. 3. 1. Avwjd A¶i : ‫حسف األنف‬
1. Avjvni wKZv‡ei GKwU AvqvZ gynv¤§v` I Zvi cwievi-cwiRb †_‡K DËg|

AvmKvjvbx e‡j‡Qb, G K_vwU nv`xm e‡j Avgvi Rvbv †bB, hviKvbx e‡jb, Giƒc nv`xm †Kv_vI cvIqv hvq bv|
Avi Beby ZvBwgqv K_vwU‡K gvDh~ ev Rvj e‡j‡Qb| hvBj, gvKvwm`, Avj-gvmb~, jyjy, ZvhwKiv Avjx, Kexi|
2. Ave~ nvbxdv Avgvi D¤§v‡Zi cÖ`xc|

gynvwÏmMY GKgZ †h K_vwU Rvj| Kexi, jyjy|
3. Avjvni Kv‡Q me‡P‡q N„wYZ ev•`v †m e¨w³ hvi cwi‡aq e¯¿Øq Zvi K‡g©i †P‡q DËg| Zvi †cvkvK bexM‡Yi †cvkvK
A_P Zvi Kg© cÖZvckvjx AZ¨vPvix‡ì Kg©|
G nv`xmwU Rvj| kvIKvbx|
4. †ivMe¨wa-‣`wnK wech©q (MÖ¯„‡ì) †_‡K AvZ¥i¶v Ki|

mvLvex e‡j‡Qb, nv`xm wn‡m‡e G K_vi †Kv‡bv mÜvb wZwb cvb wb| Beby nvRvi AvmKvjvbx e‡jb: G nv`xm Avgvi
Rvbv †bB| Kexi, jyjy, gvKvwm`, gvmb~|
5. Zzwg hvi DcKvi K‡iQ Zvi ¶wZ †_‡K AvZ¥i¶v Ki|

G K_vwU nv`xm bq, eis cÖev` evK¨ wn‡m‡e cÖPwjZ| jyj~, ZvhwKiv Avjx|
6. wReivCj (&Av) Avgv‡K Rvb‣vZ †_‡K (AvUv, wN I wPwb w`‡q •Zwi) nvwimv-¶xi G‡b †`b Ges Avwg Zv f¶Y Kwi|
d‡j Avwg ¯¿x-wgj‡b Pwjk Rb cyi‚‡li ¶gZv jvf Kwi|
G nv`xmwU Rvj| Kexi 59 c„ôv|
7. †Zvgiv Avwjg‡ì AbymiY Ki‡e; KviY Zviv `ywbqvi cÖ`xc I AvwLiv‡Zi evwZ|
nv`xmwU `vBjvgx msKjb K‡i‡Qb; wK‡‘ Gi mb‡` Kvwmg Beby Beivnxg gvjZx i‡q‡Qb| `vivKzZbx e‡j‡Qb †h,
Kvwmg Beby Beivnxg bvgK G e¨w³ Kvh&hve ev fq¼i wg_¨vev`x RvwjqvZ wQ‡jb| Avi LZxe evM`v`x e‡j‡Qb, G e¨w³
jyAvBb †_‡K Bgvg gvwj‡Ki m~‡Î D†¢U D†¢U evwZj-Rvj nv`xm eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| hvBj|
8. Acev‡ì ¯’vb¸wj †_‡K AvZ¥i¶v Ki|

G nv`xmwU Rvj| †`Lyb: ZvhwKiv Zvwni, ZvhwKiv Avjx, Kexi|
86
9. †Zvgiv Ijxgv-Kvixi `vIqvZ Keyj Ki‡e; KviY †m my•ì AvIqvh-K…Z (my•ì AvIqv‡h Avn․vb K‡i)|146
Bebyj RvIhx Zvi ÒgvDh~AvZÓ MÖ‡‡’ e‡jb, G nv`xmwU nvmvb Beby Avjvb Avj-Lvi&ivZ bvgK RvwjqvZ Rvj K‡i‡Q|
gxhvb 1/234|
( )
10. †Zvgv‡ì m‡„vb‡ì‡K mßg wè‡m LvZbv Ki‡e; KviY Zv AwaK cweÎZv i¶v K‡i Ges AwaK `ª‚Z ¶Z c~iY K‡i|
`vD` Beby myjvBgvb bvgK GKRb RvwjqvZ eY©bvKvixi cyw¯„Kv‡Z G nv`xmwU ewY©Z| †m Bgvg Avjx Beby gymv †ihv
I Ab¨vb¨‡ì †_‡K nv`xm eY©bv KiZ| Bgvg BqvnBqv Beby gvqxb e‡jb, G †jvKwU wg_¨vev`x| Avi Ave~ nvwZg e‡jb,
G‡K Avwg wPwb bv| me©ve¯’vq G e¨w³ wg_¨vevw` RvwjqvZ eY©bvKvix wQ‡jb| gxhvb 1/318|147
11. (ivm~jjy v- n  ej‡jb:) †Zvgiv mg‡eZ nI Ges †Zvgv‡ì nvZ DVvI| ZLb Avgiv mg‡eZ njvg I nvZ DVvjvg|
AZtci wZwb ej‡jb: †n Avjvn Avcwb ¶gv Ki‚b wk¶K‡ì‡K- wZbevi ej‡jb- †hb KziAvb P‡j bv hvq, Ges
m¤§vwbZ Ki‚b Avwjg‡ì‡K; †hb `xb P‡j bv hvq|
nv`xmwU Rvj| jvAvjx, ZvhwKiv Zvwni, Avj-gvmb~, jyjy, ZvhwKiv Avjx, Kexi|
12. hLb wk¶v_©x Avwj‡gi mvg‡b e‡m ZLb Avjvn Zvi Rb¨ ing‡Zi 70 wU ìRv Ly‡j †`b| †h beRvZ‡Ki gZ
(wb®úvc) n‡q Zvi wbKU †_‡K D‡V Ges Avjvn Zv‡K cÖwZwU A¶‡ii Rb¨ 70 Rb knx‡ì mvIqve cÖ`vb K‡ib|
GwU wejKzj Rvj K_v| hvBj, Avj-gvmb~, ZvhwKiv Zvwni, Kexi|
13. hLb Avjvn cÖ_g Avmgv‡b AeZi‡Yi B‛Qv K‡ib ZLb wZwb wbR mËvmn Avik †_‡K AeZiY K‡ib|
G nv`x‡mi D†¢veK GKRb `v¾vj Ges nv`xmwU wejKzj wg_¨v I dvjZz K_v| jyj,y Avj-gvmb~, gvKvwm`, ZvhwKiv-
Avjx, Kexi|
14. hLb gne․Z mZ¨ nq ZLb Av`‡ei kZ©¸wj wejyß-AcmvwiZ nq|

Beby `vex e‡jb, GwU nv`xm bq| †gvjv Avjx Kvix e‡jb, GwU RybvB‡ì K_v, wimvjv‡q KzkvBwiq¨vq RybvB‡ì G
A‡_© GKwU e³e¨ D×„Z Kiv n‡q‡Q| jyjy, Avj-gvmb~, gvKvwm`, ZvhwKiv Avjx, Kexi|
15. hLb †Zvgiv Avgvi Dci mvjvZ cvV Ki‡e ZLb Zv Db¥y³ I mvaviY Ki‡e| A_©vr Avgvi mv‡_ Ab¨ bex‡ì‡K ev
Avgvi eskai I mvnvexMY‡K mshy³ Ki‡e|
mvLvex e‡jb, Giƒc †Kv‡bv nv`xm †bB| Avj-gvmb~, j~j|y
16. hLb Qvqv †ò †_‡K `y nvZ n‡e ZLb †hvn‡ii mvjvZ Av`vq Ki‡e|
Giƒc †Kv‡bv nv`xm †bB| G K_v¸wj wejKzj evwZj K_v| jyj,y ZvhwKiv Avjx, Avj-gvmb~|
17. hLb Avjvn †µvavw‡^Z nb ZLb dvm©x‡Z Inx bvwhj K‡ib Ges hLb wZwb m‡‘ó _v‡Kb ZLb wZwb Aviex‡Z Inx bvwhj
K‡ib|
G nv`xmwU evwZj I dvjZz K_v| Gi mb‡` Dgvi Beby g~mv Beby IqvRxn bvgK GKRb gnv-RvwjqvZ we`¨gvb|
jyj,y jvAvjx|
87
18. hLb ev•`v ÔAvwg Avjvni Kv‡Q ¶gv Pvw‛Q I ZvIev KiwQÕ- e‡j, AZtci cybivq †m D³ cvc K‡i Ges AveviI
Zv e‡j, AZtci cybivq Zv K‡i, AveviI Zv e‡j, AZtci cybivq Zv K‡i, ZLb PZz_©ev‡i Avjvn Zv‡K gnv-wg_¨ve`x e‡j
wjwce× K‡ib|
G nv`x‡mi mb‡` d`j Beby Cmv bvgK GK gnv-wg_¨vev`x we`¨gvb| kvIKvbx|
19. hLb gyAvh&whb Avhvb w`‡Z ïi‚ K‡i ZLb Avjvn Zuvi nvZ Zvi (gyAvh&wh‡bi) gv_vi Dc‡i iv‡Lb|
G nv`x‡mi mb‡ì g‡a¨ Dgvi Beby myen bvgK GKRb RvwjqvZ eY©bvKvix we`¨gvb| kvIKvbx|
20. hLb †Zvgv‡ì †KD (†jLv) †kl Ki‡e ZLb †m †hb ÒevjvMÓ bv †j‡L; KviY ÒevjvMÓ kqZv‡bi bvg; eis †m †hb
ÒAvjvnÓ wj‡L|
G nv`xmwU eY©bv K‡i‡Qb gymwjg Beby Avãyjvn| Beby wne․vb e‡j‡Qb †h, G e¨w³ Rvj nv`xm eY©bv KiZ| Zvi
RvwjqvwZ-KyKxwZ© eY©bvi D‡Ïk¨ Qvov Zvi ewY©Z nv`xm D‡jL Kiv Rv‡qh bq| g~j K_v n‡jv, G nv`xmwU G Rvwjqv‡Zi
eY©bv Kiv| gxhvbyj BÕwZ`vj|
21. wZwb ( ivm~jyj-vn ) hLb †Kv‡bv nvR`-cÖ‡qvR‡bi B‛Qv Ki‡Zb ZLb Zuvi AvOwU‡Z GKwU myZv †eu‡a wb‡Zb|
G nv`xmwU Rvj| DKvBjx e‡j‡Qb †h, (G nv`x‡mi eY©bvKvix weki Beby Beivnxg Avbmvix bvgK e¨w³) Bgvg
AvIhvqx †_‡K ï‡b‡Q `vwe K‡i Rvj nv`xm eY©bv KiZ| Avi G nv`xm G e¨w³ Qvov Ab¨ †KD eY©bv K‡i wb| Beby Av`x
e‡j‡Qb, Avgvi Kv‡Q my¯úó †h, G e¨w³ GKRb RvwjqvZ| Beby wne․vb e‡jb, Gi †_‡K nv`xmwU Avjx Beby nvie bvgK
GK e¨w³ eY©bv K‡i‡Q, †h wbf©i‡hvM¨ ivex‡ì bv‡g Rvj nv`xm evwb‡q ejZ| wjmvbyj gxhvb|
22. hLb †Zvgiv nv`xm wjL‡e ZLb Zv mb`mn wjL‡e; KviY Zv hw` mZ¨ nq Zvn‡j †ZvgivI mvIqv‡ei Askx`vi n‡e,
Avi Zv hw` evwZj nq Zvn‡j Zvi cvcfvi eY©bvKvixi Dci eZ©v‡e|
G nv`x‡mi mb‡` gvmAv`v Beby mv`vKvn bvgK e¨w³ i‡q‡Q| `vivKzZbx G e¨w³‡K ÔgvZiƒKÕ ev cwiZ¨³ e‡j‡Qb|
wK‡‘ gxhvbyj BÕwZ`v‡ji †jLK Avjvgv hvnvex G nv`xmwU G e¨w³i m~‡Î D×„Z K‡i nv`xmwU gvDh~ ev Rvj e‡j D‡jL
K‡i‡Qb| wjmvbyj gxhvb 6/22|
23. Avjvn hLb †Kv‡bv bgªZv-hy³ wel‡qi B‛Qv K‡ib ZLb Zuvi wbKUeZ©x wdwikZvM‡Yi wbKU weï× dvm©x fvlvq Inx †cÖiY
K‡ib|
G nv`xmwU Rvj| G wel‡q jvg A¶‡ii nv`xm¸wji g‡a¨ Rvb‣vZevmx‡ì fvlv Aviex I dvimx... nv`xmwU †`Lyb (G
cy¯„‡Ki 275 bs nv`xm)|
24. †Zvgv‡ì Kv‡iv mvjv‡Z iZ _vKv Ae¯’vq hw` Zvi gv Zv‡K Wv‡Kb Z‡e †m gv‡qi Wv‡K mvov w`‡e| Avi hw` Zvi
wcZv GgZve¯’vq Zv‡K Wv‡Kb Z‡e mvov w`‡e bv|
†gvjv Avjx Kvix e‡jb, nv`xmwU eY©bv K‡i‡Qb Avãyj Avhxh Beby Avevb Avj-Kzivkx Avj-Dgvex bvgK GKRb ivex,
hvi wel‡q Beby gvqxb I Ab¨vb¨ gynvwÏm e‡j‡Qb †h, †m gnv-wg_¨vev`x wQj Ges Rvj nv`xm eY©bv KiZ| jyj|y
25. hLb gyAvweqv‡K wg¤^v‡ii Dc‡i †`L‡e ZLb Zv‡K nZ¨v Ki‡e|
nv`xmwU `vBjvgx wdi`vDm MÖ‡‡’ D×„Z K‡i‡Qb, Z‡e Zv Rvj| jvAvjx, dvZvIqv Bg`vw`q¨vn 4/138|
26. Lv‡`ï Dci cvbxq cvb Ki‡e Zvn‡j cwiZ…wß jvf Ki‡e|
G nv`xmwU evwZj| jyj,y ZvhwKiv Avjx, Avmvi|
27. wbq¨vZ weï× Ki Ges weRb gi‚f~wg‡Z evm Ki|

88
Beby `vex e‡jb, GwU nv`xm bq| j~jy, ZvhwKiv Avjx, Kvexi|
28. AvZ¥Zzwó mKj †iv‡Mi g~j|

GwU †Kv‡bv nv`xm bq, Beby `vex Zv e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Qb| Kvexi, Avj-gvmb~Õ, jyj~|
29. MÖx‡®§i w`‡b cvwbi Dci cvwb cvb KivI, G‡Z †Zvgvi cvçwj S‡i hv‡e †hfv‡e cÖej evZv‡m MvQ †_‡K cvZv S‡i
hvq|
myq~Zx Zvi hvBj MÖ‡‡’ wj‡L‡Qb †h, G nv`x‡mi mb` I gZb DfqB gybKvi ev AvcwËKi| ZvhwKiv Zvwni,
kvIKvbx|
30. †µZv‡K mvnvh¨ Ki|

Giƒc K_v nv`xm wn‡m‡e ewY©Z nq wb| G wfwËnxb K_v| Kexi|
31. gvby‡li g‡a¨ hvi AvKj ev eyw× †ekx †mB me‡P‡q †kªô|
GwU nv`xm bq, Rvj K_v| jyjy|
32. †kªô Bev`Z ZvB hv‡Z Kó me‡P‡q †ewk|

hvivKkx e‡jb, G nv`x‡mi mb` Avgvi Rvbv †bB| myq~Zx G wel‡q bxieZv Aej¤^b K‡i‡Qb| Bebyj KvBwqg kviû
gvbvwhwjm mvwqixb MÖ‡‡’ G nv`xmwU‡K wfwËnxb e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| †gvjv Avjx Kvix e‡jb, K_vwU nv`xm bv n‡jI, Gi A_©
nv`xm m¤§Z| G A‡_© eyLvix I gymwjg msKwjZ Av‡qkv (iv) †_‡K ewY©Z nv`x‡m ivm~jyjvn e‡jb: †Zvgvi Kó A_ev e¨q
Abymv‡i Zzwg mvIqve ev cyi¯‥vi jvf Ki‡e|
33. †Zvgiv m~iv Bqvmxb cvV Ki‡e, KviY Zv‡Z `kwU eiKZ i‡q‡Q (¶zavZ© Lv`¨ cv‡e, e¯¿nxb e¯¿ cv‡e, AweevwnZ weevn
cv‡e...)
G nv`x‡mi mb‡` gnv-wg_¨vev`x ivex we`¨gvb| kvIKvbx|
34. me‡P‡q m¤§vwbZ gvRwjm-‣eVK hv‡Z wKejvgywL n‡q emv nq|

Beby wne․vb e‡j‡Qb, nv`xmwU Rvj| jyjy| Z‡e wbtm‡•`‡n wKejvgywL n‡q emv DËg|148
35. †Zvgv‡ì cweÎZvi DcKiY‡K (cvwb ev Abyiƒc `ªe¨) m¤§vb Ki|

G nv`xmwU‡K Beby ZvBwgqv Rvj e‡j‡Qb| GQvov myq~wZi hvBjyj gvDh~AvZ MÖ‡‡’I GwU‡K Rvj e‡j D‡jL Kiv
n‡q‡Q| Kexi, ZvhwKiv Avjx, Avj-gvmb~|
36. gvQ LvIqv wnsmv (Ab¨vb¨ MÖ‡‡’i eY©bvq: kixi-¯^v¯’¨) webó K‡i|149
nv`xmwU gvDh~ ev Rvj| jyj|~
37. gvwU LvIqv gybvwdwKi Rb¥ †`q|

nv`xmwU Rvj| Rvdi Beby Avng` bvgK GKRb RvwjqvZ ivex G nv`xmwU evwb‡q‡Q| jvAvjx, ZvhwKiv Zvwni|
38. mg~‡`ªi g‡a¨ c„w_ex f~c„‡ôi g‡a¨ GKwU Av¯„ve‡ji gZ|

89
G nv`xmwU G‡Kev‡i wfwËnxb evwZj| Kexi, ZvhwKiv Avjx, Avj-gvmb~, jyjy|
39. cybive„wË †m․fvM¨|

Beby `vex e‡j‡Qb, G K_v nv`xm wn‡m‡e ewY©Z nq wb| jyj|y
40. m„wóKz‡ji wRn․v m‡Zï Kjg|

nv`xmwU wfwËnxb, Beby `vex Zv D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| ZvhwKiv Avjx, Avj-gvmb~, jyj|y
41. †n Avjvn, Avcwb kvmK I kvwmZ‡K ms‡kvwaZ Ki‚b|

BivKx (GnBqvD Dj~wgÏxb MÖ‡‡’i UxKvq) e‡j‡Qb †h, G nv`xmwU wfwËnxb| Kexi, Avj-gvmb~, ZvhwKiv Avjx,
ZvhwKiv Zvwni|
42. (Avjvn e‡jb) Avwg Avgvi wb‡Ri Dci kc_ K‡iwQ †h, Avng` I gynv¤§v` bv‡gi KvD‡K Rvnvb‣v‡g cÖ‡ek Kiv‡ev
bv|
G nv`xmwUI wfwËnxb| jyjy|
43. myMwÜ D`-KvV, P•`b, †gkK, Av¤î Ges Kc©yi Av`‡gi †cvkv‡Ki g‡a¨ wQj, hv c‡i wZwb Rvb‣vZ †_‡K AeZiY
K‡ib|
GwUI wfwËnxb Rvj| kvIKvbx|
44. ZvK`x‡ii wek¦vm `ywð‡„v I nZvkv `~i K‡i|

nv`xmwU myi&ix Beby Avwmg Beby mvnj bvgK GKRb RvwjqvZ eY©bvKvixi evbv‡bv nv`xm| myi&ix bvgK G ivex Beby
Avwjqv †_‡K nv`xm eY©bv KiZ| Beby Av`x Zv‡K G‡Kev‡i †eû`v-evwZj ivex e‡j MY¨ K‡i‡Qb Ges e‡j‡Qb †h, G e¨w³
nv`xm Pzwi KiZ| GQvov †m nviwg Beby Dgviv †_‡KI nv`xm eY©bv K‡i‡Q| Beby wLivk Zv‡K wg_¨vPvix e‡j D‡jL
K‡i‡Qb| wjmvbyj gxhvb 3/12|


45. mvnvex e‡j Kw_Z Avj-Avkv¾ (KvBm Beby Zvgxg Zvqx Rxjvbx) bvgK e¨w³i ewY©Z nv`xm¸wj meB Rvj| (ivm~jjy v- n
-Gi Idv‡Zi cÖvq 500 ermi c‡i †m e¨w³ wb‡R‡K mvnvex e‡j `vwe K‡i A‡bK D†¢U Rvj K_v e‡j) †m e‡j,
Avgiv 450 Rb eëmv‡qi Rb¨ iIqvbv nB| .... c‡_ Avjx (iv)-Gi nv‡Z Avwg Bmjvg MÖnY Kwi| ... wZwb Avgv‡K
ivm~jyj-vn -Gi wbKU wb‡q hvb| ZLb wZwb eì hy‡×i MbxgZ eÈb KiwQ‡jb... BZ¨vw`|
G my¯úó wg_¨v K_v| G¸wj Avkv¾ †_‡K eY©bv K‡i‡Q gvng~` Beby Avjx AvZ-wZivhx (AvZIqvix) bvgK lô
kZ‡Ki GKRb ivex| G e¨w³I wQj RvwjqvZ gnv-wg_¨vev`x| gxhvbyj BÕwZ`vj 3/154|
46. Avj-Avgxb ev wek¦¯„ wZb Rb: wReivCj, Avwg Ges gyAvweqv|

G nv`xmwU wejKzj wg_¨v| nvmvb Beby Dmgvb bv‡g GK e¨w³ G nv`xm eY©bv K‡i‡Q, hv‡K Beby Av`x gnv-wg_¨vev`x
e‡j‡Qb|150
47. Avj-Avgxb ev AvgvbZ`vi mvZ Rb: jvIn, Kjg, Bmivdxj, gxKvCj, wReivCj, gynv¤§v` () I gyAvweqv Beby Avey
mywdqvb|
G nv`xmwU Ges Ab¨ GKwU nv`xm- gxg A¶‡i ( ) (379 bs nv`xm) `vD` Beby Avd&dvb bv‡g GK RvwjqvZ
90
evwb‡q‡Q| †m Avbvm Beby gvwjK (iv)-Gi bv‡g GKwU Rvj cyw¯„Kv eY©bv KiZ| Beby wne․vb e‡jb, G e¨w³
Lyivmv‡b Ny‡i †eovZ Ges Avbvm (iv)-Gi bv‡g Rvj nv`xm e‡j †eovZ| Beby wne․vb e‡jb, Avwg wb‡R Av¤§v‡ii wbKU †_‡K
GKwU Rvj cyw¯„Kv Abywjwc K‡iwQ, hv †m `vE` †_‡K wb‡q‡Q| RvwjqvwZ cÖKv‡ki D‡Ïk¨ Qvov G cyw¯„Kvi nv`xm D‡jL Kiv
Rv‡qh bq| gxhvbyj BwZ`v‡ji †jLK Bgvg hvnvex e‡jb, G †jvKwU Avbvm (iv)-Gi bv‡g G `ywU nv`xm Rvj K‡i| gxhvbyj
BwZ`vj 1/221|
48. Avwg wK †Zvgv‡ì‡K me‡P‡q eo `yf©vMëv‡bi K_v eje bv? hv‡K Avjvn AvwLiv‡Zi kvw¯„ Ges `ywbqvi `vwi`ª DfqB
cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb|
G nv`xmwU Ges Ab¨ Av‡iKwU nv`xm: ÒBn~`x-bvmviv‡ì C`-Drm‡ei wbKUeZ©x n‡qv bvÓ nv`xmØq Avng` Beby Beivnxg
bvgK GK ivex evwb‡q nv`xm e‡j Pvwj‡q‡Q| †m G nv`xm`ywUi Rb¨ gynv¤§v` Beby Kvmxi-Gi bv‡g GKwU Rvj mbÌ evwb‡q‡Q|
Beby wne․vb e‡jb, †jvKwU nv`xm Rvj KiZ Ges DcK‚jeZ©x AÂj w`‡q Ny‡i †eovZ| (DcK‚j GjvKvq G mKj AvR¸we nv`xm
e‡j wKQz DcvR©b Kivi †Póv KiZ|) †jvKwU Beby Kvmx‡ii m~‡Î AvIhvqxi bv‡g wKQz Rvj nv`xm w`‡q GKwU cyw¯„Kv •Zwi
K‡iwQj| Zvi G mKj Rvj nv`x‡mi g‡a¨ Dc‡ii nv`xm `ywUI wQj| Beby wne․vb e‡jb, †m nvBmvg Beby Rvgxj Gi m~‡Î
Av‡iKwU Rvj cyw¯„KvI eY©bv K‡i †eovZ| wjmvbyj gxhvb 1/133|
49. µxZ`v‡mi wbivcËv wbivcËv|

Bebyj ûgvg (†n`vqv MÖ‡‡’i e¨vL¨vq) e‡jb, G nv`x‡mi †Kv‡bv wfwË Rvbv hvq bv|
50. G D¤§v‡Zi Avgxb ev AvgvbZ`vi Ave~ DevB`v Bebyj Rvi&ivn Ges G D¤§v‡Zi m‡e©vËg e¨w³ (ev G D¤§v‡Zi gnvÁvbx
e¨w³) Avãyjvn Beby Ave․vm|
G nv`xmwUI evwZj| wjmvbyj gxhvb 2/359|151
51. †g․gvwQi ivRv (D¤§v‡Zi †kªô) Avjx|

G k‡ã †Kv‡bv nv`xm ewY©Z nq wb| jyjy
52. ci¯úi bmxnZ Ki Ges Avcm-mwÜ Ki|

Beby ivix e‡jb, G K_vwU nv`xm bq, eis mgv‡Ri cÖPwjZ GKwU K_v| j~j,y Kvexi, ZvhwKiv-Avjx, gvKvwm`|
53. Avwg Avjvn †_‡K Ges gywgbMY Avgv-‡_‡K|

hviKvkx e‡jb, G nv`x‡mi mb` Avgvi Rvbv †bB| Beby ZvBwgqv e‡jb, nv`xmwU Rvj| Beby nvRvi AvmKvjvbx
e‡jb, G K_vwU ev‡bvqvU wg_¨v| myq~Zxi Av`-`yivi‚j gybZvwmiv bvgK MÖ‡‡’ i‡q‡Q †h, nv`xmwU AcwiÁvZ| Dci‡‘ mvLvex
e‡j‡Qb: Giƒc GKwU wfwËnxb nv`xm `vBjvgx Avãyjv n Beby Rvi&iv` (iv)-Gi bv‡g †Kv‡bv mb` Qvov D×„Z K‡i‡Qb|
`vBjvgxi D×„Z nv`xmwUi kã wbg‣iƒc:
54. Avwg Avjvn †_‡K Ges gywgbMY Avgv †_‡K, Kv‡RB †h e¨w³ †Kv‡bv gywgb‡K Kó †`q †m Avgv‡KB Kó †`q|
ZvhwKiv-Avjx, jyj,y Kvexi|
55. †h (mZ¨) ¯^xKvi K‡i †m m‡Zï mv‡_ Bbmvdx K‡i|

Bgvg mvLvex e‡jb, G nv`x‡mi †Kv‡bv mb` Avgvi Rvbv †bB| jyjy|
56. †ejvj Avhv‡bi g‡a¨ kxb A¶i‡K wmbiƒ‡c D‛PviY Ki‡Zb|

eyinvb mvdvwKmx (Bgvg Aveyj nv¾vR BDmyd Beby Avãyi ivngvb Avh-hvKx) Avj-wgh&hxq †_‡K D×„Z K‡i‡Qb,
91
wZwb e‡j‡Qb, GwU mvavi‡Yi g‡a¨ nv`xm bv‡g cªwmw× jvf K‡i‡Q, wK‡‘ cÖK…Zc‡¶ GwU †Kv‡bv nv`xm bq; †Kv‡bv
nv`x‡mi MÖ‡‡’ Zv msKwjZ nq wb| Kvexi, ZvhwKiv Avjx, Avj-gvmb~|
57. Avwjg ev Zvwje Bjg hLb †Kv‡bv MÖvg-gnjv w`‡q Mgb K‡ib ZLb Avjvn †m MÖvg ev gnjvi †Mvi¯’v‡bi Avhve 40
w`‡bi Rb¨ Zz‡j †bb|
nvwdh RvjvjyÏxb myq~Zx e‡jb, D‡jwLZ nv`xmwU Aw¯„Z¡nxb-wfwËnxb| jyjy, Kexi|
58. Avjvn abx‡ì Z…wß `wi`ª‡ì Lv‡`ï g‡a¨ †i‡L‡Qb|

Beby nvRvi AvmKvjvbx G nv`xmwU gvDh~ ev Rvj e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| Bgvg RvjvjyÏxb myq~ZxI G nv`xmwU‡K Zvi
Rvj nv`xm welqK MÖ‡‡’ Rvj wn‡m‡e D×„Z K‡i‡Qb| G A‡_©i Av‡iKwU nv`xm m¤ú‡K© Bgvg myq~Zx‡K cÖk‣ Kiv nq, †h
nv`x‡m ejv n‡q‡Q: ÒAvjvn abx‡ì Lv‡`ï gRv `wi`ª‡ì Lv‡`ï g‡a¨ ¯’vbv‡„i K‡i‡Qb|Ó wZwb e‡jb, G nv`xmwUI Rvj|
Kexi, ZvhwKiv-Avjx, Avj-gvmb~, jyjy|
59. ZvjvK cÖ`v‡b Af¨¯„ cyi‚l‡K Avjvn AcQ•` K‡ib|

mvLvex e‡jb, Giƒc †Kv‡bv nv`xm Avgvi Rvbv †bB| Z‡e wb‡g‣i nv`xmwU ewY©Z n‡q‡Q:
ÒAvjvni wbKU me‡P‡q N„wYZ nvjvj Kg© n‡jv ZvjvKÓ152

Ab¨ GKwU nv`x‡m ejv n‡q‡Q: ÒAvjvn †P‡L †eov‡bv cyi‚l I bvix‡ì‡K cQ•` K‡ib bv| (G nv`xmwUI Rvj
ch©v‡qi|) jyj,y Kvexi|
60. gymvwdi I Zvi m¤ú` a․s‡mi gy‡LvgywL|

Bgvg beex Zvnhxe MÖ‡‡’ e‡jb, Giƒc †Kv‡bv nv`xm ivm~jyjvn  †_‡K ewY©Z nq wb| G K_vwU c~e©eZ©x †Kv‡bv GK
eyRy‡M©i Dw³| †KD †KD e‡jb, GwU Avjx (iv)ÑGi Dw³| fvlvwe` Beby wm°xZ I RvInvix D‡jL K‡i‡Qb †h, GwU †Kv‡bv
†Kv‡bv Aviex †e`yC‡bi Dw³| Kexi|
61. K_v hw` †i․‡cï nq Zvn‡j bxieZv ¯^‡Y©i|

GwU †Kv‡bv nv`xm bq| Beby `vex e‡j‡Qb †h, GwU myjvBgvb (Av)-Gi K_v| A_ev †jvKgvb nvKxg Zvi cyÎ‡K G
K_v e‡jwQ‡jb| ZvhwKiv Avjx, Kexi|
62. g„Ze¨w³ 7 w`b ch©‡„ Zvi evwoi gvbyl‡ì‡K †`L‡Z cvq|

Bgvg evBnvKx Bgvg Avng` Beby nv¤^v‡ji Rxebx Av‡jvPbv cÖm‡½ e‡jb, Bgvg Avng`‡K G nv`xm m¤ú‡K© wRÁvmv
Kiv n‡j wZwb e‡jb: Zv evwZj Ges wfwËnxb| mvLvex e‡jb, Gi A_©B ev Kx Zv †`Lv ìKvi| gvb~dx e‡jb: Gi e³e¨
AÜKviv‛Qb Ges †h e¨w³ G nv`xmwU evwb‡q‡Q †m RvwjqvZ cvcvPvix| †h GwU Rvj K‡i‡Q Avjvn Zv‡K jvwÃZ Ki‚b|
Kexi, ZvhwKiv Avjx, Avj-gvmb~, jyjy|
63. Avjvn Avk~ivi w`‡b Avmgvb-hgxb m„wó K‡i‡Qb|

G nv`xmwU Rvj| jyjy
64. Avj-vn `ywU wksMv m„wó K‡i‡Qb, cÖ‡Z¨K wksMv‡Z `ywU K‡i dzuK †Ìqv n‡e: a․s‡mi duyK I cybi‚Ìv‡bi duyK|
G nv`xmwU wejKzj wg_¨v I AmZ¨ K_v| jyjy|

65. ivm~jyj-vn Avjxi (iv) nvZ †_‡K Kjg wb‡q gyAvweqv‡K (iv) Zv cÖ`vb K‡ib|
92
66. cÖ‡Z¨K bexi GKRb ÔLjxjÕ ev A‡„i½ eÜy _v‡K Avi Avgvi ÔLjxjÕ ev A‡„i½ eÜz Dmgvb|
myq~Zx hvBjyj gvDh~AvZ MÖ‡‡’ D‡jL K‡i‡Qb †h, nv`xmwU BmnvK Beby byRvBn Avj-gvjZx bvgK GK gnv RvwjqvZ
ivexi evbv‡bv evwZj nv`xm¸wji GKwU| kvIKvbx|
67. gywgb hLb dih mvjvZ Rvgv‡Z Av`vq K‡i ZLb Mv‡Qi cvZv¸wj †hgb S‡i c‡o †Zgwb Zvi †Mvbvn¸wj S‡i c‡o|
G nv`xmwU evwZj| kvIKvbx|153
68. †h e¨w³ njy` cv`yKv cwiavb Ki‡e Zvi `ywð‡„ K‡g hv‡e, Ab¨ eY©bvq: †m me©`v Avb‡•` _vK‡e|
G nv`xmwU Rvj| jyjy|
69. hviv wb‡R‡ì cvc ¯^xKvi K‡i Avjvn Zv‡ì‡K ingZ K‡ib Ges wdwikZviv Zv‡ì Rb¨ ingZ cÖv_©bv K‡ib|
G nv`x‡mi mb‡` gynv¤§v` Beby Beivnxg154 bvgK GK eY©bvKvix i‡q‡Qb, whwb nv`xm RvjKvix‡ì GKRb wQ‡jb|
kvIKvbx|
70. Rvb‣vZevmxMY Rvb‣v‡ZI AvwjgM‡Yi gyLv‡c¶x n‡eb|

(Bgvg hvnvex cÖYxZ) gxhvbyj BÕwZ`vj MÖ‡‡’ G nv`xmwU‡K Rvj e‡j D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q| kvIKvbx|
71. Avjvn Avgvi fvB Avjx‡K AMwYZ gh©v`v cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb| †h e¨w³ Zvi G mKj gh©v`v ¯^xKvi Ki‡e Zvi c~e©eZ©x mKj
†Mvbvn Avjvn ¶gv Ki‡eb|
gynv¤§v` Beby Avng` Beby nvmvb Beby kvhvb bvgK GK e¨w³ G nv`xmwU eY©bv K‡i‡Q| nv`xmwU Rvj| wK fq¼i
RvwjqvwZB bv †m K‡i‡Q| LZxe AvLZve LvIqvwihg (gyIqvd&dvK Beby Avng` LvIqvwihgx: g„Zz¨ 568 wn) Zvi cy¯ „‡K
Beby kvhvb bvgK G `v¾vj gnv-RvwjqvZ †_‡K Avjx (iv)ÑGi gh©v`vq A‡bK evwZj, D†¢U, AmsjM‣ I †bvsiv K_v nv`xm
wn‡m‡e D×„Z K‡i‡Qb| wjmvb 5/62|
 
72. Dgvi Bebyj LvËve (iv) e‡jb, Avwg mv¶¨ w`w‛Q †h, Avwg ï‡bwQ, ivm~jyjvn  e‡j‡Qb, hw` Avmgvbmg~n I hgxb GK
cvjvq ivLv nq Ges Aci cvjvq Avjxi Cgvb ivLv nq Zvn‡j Avjxi CgvbB AwaK fvwi n‡e|
G nv`x‡mi mb‡` gynv¤§v` Beby Zvmbxg Iqvi&ivK bvgK GK eY©bvKvix i‡q‡Q| G e¨w³B G evwZj nv`xmwU eY©bv K‡i|
G evwZj nv`xmwU G e¨w³i m~‡Î Beby AvmvwKi Zvi ZvwiL w`gvkK MÖ‡‡’ Avgxi‚j gywgbxb Avjx (iv)-Gi Rxebx‡Z D×„Z
K‡i‡Qb| wjmvb 5/97|
73. Avjvn c„w_ex m„wói 40 nvRvi ermi c~‡e© b~‡ii GKwU hwó m„wó K‡ib, Zvi A‡a©K w`‡q Avgv‡K Ges A‡a©K w`‡q Avjx‡K m„wó
K‡ib|
G evwZj nv`xmwU Avey hvKIqvb bvgK GKe¨w³ nvwim †_‡K Zvi mb‡` eY©bv K‡ib| Avey hvKIqvb bvgK G e¨w³
m¤ú‡K© gynvwÏmMY e‡j‡Qb †h, †m A‡Pbv I AÁvZcwiPq eY©bvKvix| wjmvb 6/377|

74. ivm~jyj-vn  Dj½ Ae¯’vq Kvev N‡ii cv_i enb KiwQ‡jb| ZLb wReivCj (Av) I wgKvCj (Av) Zuvi wbKU AvMgb
93
K‡i Zv‡K jyw½ cwi‡q †`b Ges Zuviv Df‡q cv_i enb Ki‡Z ïi‚ K‡ib, Avjvni c¶ †_‡K Zuvi Dci
ggZvi Kvi‡Y|
G nv`xmwUi mb` wbg‣iƒc: Avjx Beby Avng` Avj-Av°x bvgK GK e¨w³ e‡jb, wZwb Ave~ Avwhq¨vn †_‡K, wZwb
Avãyj Iqvn&nve Beby g~mv †_‡K, wZwb Bgvg gvwjK Beby Avbvm †_‡K, wZwb Ave~ whbv` †_‡K, wZwb wnkvg Beby DiIqv
†_‡K, wZwb Zuvi wcZv DiIqv Beby hyevBi †_‡K wZwb Av‡qkv †_‡K G nv`xm eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| Bgvg `vivKzZbx e‡jb, G
nv`x‡mi mb` Ges gZb DfqB evwZj| Ave~ whbv` wnkvg †_‡K Zvi wcZv †_‡K Av‡qkv †_‡K †Kv‡bv nv`xm eY©bv K‡i‡Qb
e‡j cÖgvwYZ nq wb| G nv`xmwU Bgvg gvwj‡Ki bv‡g ev‡bvqvU GKwU wg_¨v nv`xm| G RvwjqvwZi `vqfvi Ave~ Avwhq¨vn
bvgK ivexi, †mB G nv`x‡mi RvwjqvZ, A_ev Zvi QvÎ Avjx Beby Avng` Avj-Av°x bvgK e¨w³ G nv`xmwU Rvj K‡i‡Q|
Bgvg gvwj‡Ki QvÎ Avãyj Iqvn&nve Beby g~mv †gvUvgywU MÖnY‡hvM¨ ivex|155 wjmvb 4/193|

75. ivm~jyj-vn  e‡jb, PviwU ¯’vb msiw¶Z: g°v, g`xbv, evBZzj gvKw`m I bvRivb| Avi QqwU ¯’vb Awfkß: evihvAv,
mvÕ`vn, Bqvwdm, Zvnvi, evKjv I `vjvb|
GwU LvËve Beby Dgvi bvgK GK Rvwjqv‡Zi evbv‡bv nv`xm| gxhvb|
76. LvZbv-nxb cyi‚‡li †ckv‡e gvwU Pwjk w`b ch©‡„ AcweÎ n‡q hvq|
G nv`xmwU `vD` Beby myjvBgvb bvgK GK gnv-RvwjqvZ ivexi evbv‡bv nv`xm¸wji GKwU| gxhvb 1/318|

77. ivm~jyj-vn  e‡jb, Rvb‣v‡Zi Pvwe `wi`ª I AfvexMY, Zviv Avjvni mv_x-mnPi|
G nv`xmwU Avng` Beby `vD` Beby Avãyj Mvd&dvi nvi&ivbx bvgK GK Rvwjqv‡Zi evbv‡bv| Zvi evbv‡bv Av‡iKwU Rvj-
nv`xm wbg‣iƒc:
78. Òhv‡K ivMv‡bv n‡jI †m ‣ah©aviY K‡i Zvi Rb¨ Avjvni gne․Z cvIbv nq|Ó
Bgvg `vivKzZbx I Ab¨vb¨ gynvwÏm Zv‡K wg_¨vev`x e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| gxhvb 1/45|

79. ivm~jyj-vn  e‡jb, nvmvb emix Ave~ ûivBiv (iv) †_‡K nv`xm ï‡b‡Q!!!
Avng` Beb Avãyjv- n Beby Lvwj` Avj-RyAvBevix bvgK cÖwm× gnv-RvwjqvZ eY©bvKvixi evbv‡bv nv`xm¸wji GKwU
G nv`xm|
80. ivm~jyj-vn  †h g„Z‡`n †`‡L D‡V ùvwo‡qwQ‡jb †mwU wQj GKRb Bn~`xi g„Z‡`n| wZwb e‡jb, Gi MÜ Avgv‡K Kó
w`‡q‡Q|
G nv`x‡mi mb‡` BmgvBj Beby kviƒm mvbAvbx bvgK GKRb ivex we`¨gvb| Avãyi ivh&hvK mvbAvbx gvÕgvi Beby
ivwk` †_‡K D×„Z K‡i‡Qb †h, BmgvCj bvgK G e¨w³ Rvj nv`xm iPbv KiZ| BmgvCj bvgK G e¨w³ BKwigv †_‡K
nv`xm eY©bv K‡i‡Q| Beby Av`x e‡jb, Bgvg eyLvix e‡jb, Avwg gvÕgvi‡K cÖk‣ K‡iwQjvg, BmgvCj bvgK G e¨w³ †Kgb?
wZwb e‡jb G e¨w³ nv`xm Rvj KiZ| g~j K_v, GwU G RvwjqvZ e¨w³i evbv‡bv nv`xm¸wji GKwU| wjmvb 1/411|156
81. Avjvn Avik m„wó K‡ib Avïivi w`‡b, Kzimx m„wó K‡ib Avïivi w`‡b, Kjg m„wó K‡ib Avïivi w`‡b, Rvb‣vZ m„wó
K‡ib Avïivi w`‡b, Av`g‡K Rvb‣v‡Z Ae¯’vb Kivb Avïivi w`‡b ........ j¤^v wdwiw¯„i †k‡l e‡jb... ivm~jyjvn 
94
Rb¥jvf K‡ib Avïivi w`‡b, Avjvn Avi‡ki Dci AwawôZ nb Avïivi w`‡b Ges wKqvgZ wèm n‡e
Avïivi w`‡b|
†`Lyb †Kgb wg_¨v nv`xm! G nv`x‡mi mb‡` nvexe Beby Avex nvexe Avj-LviZvZx Avj-gviIqvhx bvgK GK e¨w³
i‡q‡Q, †h Beivnxg mvBM †_‡K nv`xm eY©bv KiZ| nvexe bvgK G e¨w³ GKRb RvwjqvZ wQj †h Rvj nv`xm iPbv KiZ|
Giƒc nv`xm Rvj| Beby wne․vb e‡jb, G e¨w³ Gfv‡e Rvj nv`xm •Zwi KiZ| wjmvb 2/169|
82. Avwg I Ave~ eKi cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi `ywU †Nvovi gZ|

G nv`xmwU Rvj| Kexi, 150 c„.|
83. Avwg †kl bex, Avgvi c‡i †Kv‡bv bex †bB, Z‡e hw` Avjvn Ab¨ B‛Qv K‡ib|
G nv`x‡mi †klvsk (Z‡e hw` Avjvn B‛Qv K‡ib) K_vUzKz Rvj| G AwZwi³ evK¨mn ewY©Z nv`x‡mi mb‡` mvC`
Avj-gvmj~e bvgK GK e¨w³ i‡q‡Q, †h e¨w³ wh•`xK‡ì Ab¨Zg wQj Ges G RvwjqvwZ ZviB KvimvRx| jvAvjx|
84. Avgvi D¤§‡Zi g‡a¨ me©cÖ_g weev` Ki‡e Avjx I gyAvweqv|

85. RviR m‡„vbMY wKqvg‡Zi w`b evbi I k~Ki iƒ‡c cybi‚wÌZ n‡e|
G nv`xmwU Rvj| jvAvjx, kvIKvbx|
86. KziAv‡bi AwaKvixMY Avjvni cwiRb-eskai|

G nv`xmwU evwZj| gynv¤§v` Beby eyhvBM bvgK GK e¨w³ nv`xmwU Bgvg gvwj‡Ki m~‡Î eY©bv K‡i‡Q| wjmvb
5/93|157
87. Rvb‣v‡Zi evwm•`vMY `vwo wenxb n‡eb, ïay g~mv Beby Bgivb (Av) ev‡`, Zvi `vwo n‡e bvfx ch©‡„ `xN©|
kvBL Beby Avex Lvwj` bvgK GK RvwjqvZ iwPZ I cÖPvwiZ Rvj I evwZj nv`xm¸wji GKwU G nv`xm| gxhvb
1/452|
2. 3. 2. ev A¶i : ‫حسف انثاء‬
88. †e¸b †h wbq¨v‡Z LvIqv n‡e ZvB n‡e|

G A‡_©i Ab¨ nv`x‡m ejv n‡q‡Q:
89. †e¸b mKj †iv‡Mi wPwKrmv|

G¸wj meB ev‡bvqvU K_v| G¸wj wh•`xK I Bmjv‡gi kÎ‚‡ì evbv‡bv K_v| ZvhwKiv-Avjx, ZvhwKiv-Zvwni, Kexi,
jyj,y jvAvjx|
90. Avgvi D¤§v‡Zi g‡a¨ `wR©MY K…cY|

mvLvex e‡jb, G nv`x‡mi †Kv‡bv mb` Avgvi Rvbv †bB| Beby `vex e‡jb, Gi †Kv‡bv wfwË †bB| Bgvg mvMvbx G
nv`xmwU‡K Rvj nv`x‡mi A‡„f©y³ K‡i‡Qb| ZvhwKiv Avjx, Avj-gvmb~, jyj,y Kexi|
91. K…cY e¨w³ Avjvni kÎ‚ hwÌ †m ì‡ek nq|

G nv`xmwU wfwËnxb ev‡bvqvU| Abyiƒcfv‡e G A‡_©i Ab¨ nv`xmI Rvj, †h nv`x‡m ejv n‡q‡Q:
95
92. K…cY e¨w³ hw` ì‡ekI nq ZeyI Rvb‣v‡Z cÖ‡ek Ki‡e bv; Avi `vbkxj e¨w³ hw` cvcxI nq ZeyI Rvnvb‣v‡g cÖ‡ek
Ki‡e bv|
Dfq nv`xmB Rvj I wfwËnxb| jyjy, Avj-gvmb~, Kexi|
93. wki‡Ki nuvwo †dv‡U bv ev UMeMvq bv| A_©vr wki‡Ki g‡a¨ wbgw¾Z _vKv gvbyl‡K ûuknviv ev Am‡PZb K‡i †`q|
K_vwU nv`xm bq| jyjy, ZvhwKiv Avjx, Kexi|
94. wcZvgvZvi †L`gZ mvjvZ, wmqvg, n¾, Dgiv I Avj-vni iv¯„vq wRnv` A‡c¶v DËg|
gyLZvmvi MÖ‡‡’ D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, Giƒc nv`xm †Kv_vI cvIqv hvq bv| kvIKvbx|
95. Kj¨vY I DcKvi wb‡Ri cwiR‡bi †¶‡Î AwaK Kj¨vYKi ev AwaK mvIqv‡ei|
GwU nv`xm bq, mvaviY gvby‡li K_v| Kexi, jyj|y
96. kxZ `x‡bi (a‡g©i) kÎ‚|

GwU nv`xm bq, eis mvC` Beby Avãyj Avhxh w`gvkKxi GKwU e³e¨ gvÎ| Kexi, jyjy, ZvhwKiv Avjx|
97. nv‡m¨v¾¡j I AgvwqK eënvi AvwZ‡_qZvi †P‡q DËg|

Bgvg mvLvex e‡jb, G nv`x‡mi †Kv‡bv mb` Avgvi Rvbv †bB| jyjy, Kexi|
98. Lywb‡K Ly‡bi mymsev` `vI|

mvLvex e‡jb, G nv`x‡mi †Kv‡bv wfwË †bB| Kexi, ZvhwKiv Avjx, jyj,y gvKvwm`, Avj-gvmb~|
99. ïAvBe (Av) Avjvni gne․‡Z µ•`b Ki‡Z Ki‡Z AÜ n‡q hvb|
GwU nv`xm bq| gxhvb 111|
100. Avïivi w`‡b µ•`b wKqvgZ wè‡m cwic~Y© b~i|

GwU †Kv‡bv nv`xm bq| gxg A¶‡i ( ) †h †Kv‡bv ¶zav_©‡K wdwi‡q †`‡e (384 bs) nv`xmwU †`Lyb|
wjmvb 2/451|
101. evBZzj gvKw`m (†hi‚hv‡jg) we‛Qz‡Z ficyi GKwU †mvbvi LvÂv|

GwU nv`xm bq, eis ZvIiv‡Zi K_v e‡j cÖPwjZ| Kexi|
102. Avjvni mvg‡b GKwU djK (†evW©) i‡q‡Q, hviv wek¦vm K‡i †h, Avjvni AvK…wZ Av‡Q, Zuv‡K †`Lv hvq Ges Zuvi
we‡klY ev Kg© gvbexq cÖK…wZi gZ Zv‡ì bvg¸wj G dj‡K †jLv i‡q‡Q| Avjvn wdwikZv‡ì Kv‡Q G‡ì wb‡q
†M․ie K‡ib|
G nv`xmwU Avng` Beby gvbm~i Aveym mvAv`vZ bvgK GK gnv-Rvwjqv‡Zi evbv‡bv| BqvnBqv Beby gvb`v e‡jb, G
†jvKwU ag©‡`ªvnx I wg_¨vev`x wQj| gxhvbyj BÕwZ`v‡ji †jLK (Bgvg hvnvex) e‡jb, gyRvm&wmg158 ev Avjvni †`n Av‡Q e‡j
wek¦vmKvix G e¨w³ Avjvn‡KI j¾v K‡ib wb, Zvi Avhv‡ei fqI K‡ib wb; eis wbf©‡q wbtms‡Kv‡P wg_¨v nv`xm
evwb‡q‡Qb| wjmvb, 1/314|
96
2. 3. 3. Zv A¶i : ‫حسف انتاء‬
103. wbqwgZ Ihxdv ev Avgj cwiZ¨vMKvix Awfkß|

Beby `vex e‡jb, G nv`xm wfwËnxb| Bgvg mvMvbx G nv`xmwU Rvj nv`x‡mi A‡„f©y³ K‡i‡Qb| jyjy, ZvhwKiv Avjx,
Kexi|
104. evBZzjvni Zvwnq¨v ev kª×vÁvcb n‡jv ZvIqvd Kiv|

Bgvg mvLvex e‡jb, Giƒc †Kv‡bv K_v nv`x‡m ewY©Z nq wb| Z‡e Gi A_© mwVK|159 Avj-gvmb~, jyj,y ZvhwKiv
Avjx|
105. hveviRv` cv_‡ii AvOwU eënvi Ki; KviY G‡Z KvwVb¨ wenxb mnRZv i‡q‡Q|
Beby nvRvi AvmKvjvbx e‡jb, G nv`xmwU ev‡bvqvU| Abyiƒcfv‡e Av‡iKwU nv`x‡m ejv n‡q‡Q:
106. †Zvgiv hvgiv` cv_‡ii AvOwU eënvi Ki‡e; KviY Zv `vwi`ª¨ `~ixf~Z K‡i|
G nv`xmwUI ev‡bvqvU| ZvhwKiv Avjx, jyjy, Avj-gvmb~|
107. (mgv‡Ri) cÖPjb cwiZ¨vM Kiv kÎ‚Zv (kÎ‚Zvi Rb¥ †`q)|

Beby `vex e‡jb, G nv`xm wfwËnxb| jyjy, Kvexi, ZvhwKiv Avjx|
108. †Zvgiv weevn Kiv; wK‡‘ ZvjvK wÌ bv; KviY Zvjv‡Ki Kvi‡Y Avik cÖKw¤úZ nq|
Bgvg mvMvbx Ges kvIKvbx wbR wbR Rvj-nv`xm msKjb MÖ‡‡’ G nv`xmwU Rvj wn‡m‡e msKjb K‡i‡Qb| myq~Zxi
jvAvjx MÖ‡‡’ D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, G nv`x‡mi mb‡` Avgi Beby Rvgx gnv-wg_¨vev`x| kvIKvbx, jvAvjx|
109. wReivC‡ji nv‡Z dvwZgvi (iv) weevn msNwUZ nIqv...|

G nv`xm gynv¤§v` Beby Dgvi wngmx DevB`yjvn Beby g~mv †_‡K eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| nv`xmwUi g‡a¨ RvwjqvwZi wPý my¯úó|
wjmvb 5/329|
110. GK gyn~Z© wP‡„v-fvebv ev a¨vb GK eQ‡i Bev`Z A‡c¶v DËg|

GwU †Kv‡bv nv`xm bq| †Kv‡bv cÖvPxb eyRMy © G K_v e‡j‡Qb e‡j ewY©Z| †KD e‡j‡Qb †h, GwU myi&ix mvKZxi K_v|
Beby Ave․vm I Avey `vi`v (iv) †_‡K ewY©Z n‡q‡Q, Zviv ej‡Zb: GK gyn~‡Z©i wP‡„v ivZfi mvjvZ †_‡K DËg| myq~Zxi
Rvwg mvMx‡i nv`xmwUi fvl¨ wbg‣iƒc:
ÒGK gyn~‡Z©i wP‡„v lvU eQ‡ii Bev`Z †_‡K DËg|Ó ZvhwKiv Avjx, jyj,y Avj-gvmb~|
111. An¼vixi Dci An¼vi Kiv mv`Kv e‡j MY¨|

Bgvg ivhx e‡jb, G GKwU cÖwm× †jvK K_v| †gvjv Avjx Kvix e‡jb, Gi A_© fvj| ZvhwKiv Avjx, Kexi|
112. ZvKexi Rhg (ZvKex‡ii †k‡l Rhg w`‡q cov n‡e|)

hviKvbx e‡jb, Gi †Kv‡bv Aw¯„Z¡ †bB| Bgvg mvLvex e‡jb, ivm~jyjvn -Gi nv`xm wn‡m‡e Gi wfwË †bB, Z‡e
Zvweqx Beivnxg bvLqxi e³e¨ wn‡m‡e ewY©Z n‡q‡Q| gvKvwm`, jyjy, Kexi, Avj-gvmb~|
97
113. jvwVi Dci fi †Ìqv bexM‡Yi mybv‣ Z|

G nv`x‡mi †Kv‡bv wfwË †bB| Z‡e Gi A_© wVK| Kexi, jyjy|
2. 3. 4. mv A¶i : ‫حسف انثاء‬
114. mK‡ji Dci Av¯’v ivLv A¶gZv|

mvLvex e‡jb, Giƒc K_v nv`x‡m ewY©Z nq wb, Z‡e Gi A_© mwVK| ZvhwKiv Avjx, Avj-gvmb~, gvKvwm`, jyj,y
Kexi|
115. wZbwU wel‡q cÖwZ AvK…ó nIqv P‡j bv: c„w_ex, ivóªxq ¶gZv ev ¶gZvai Ges bvix|
GwU nv`xm bq, †jvK K_v gvÎ| Z‡e A‡_©i w`K †_‡K mwVK| ZvhwKiv Avjx, jyj,y Avj-gvmb~, Kexi|
116. wZbRb Zv‡ì cvbvnv‡ii †bqvgZ m¤ú‡K© wRÁvwmZ n‡eb bv: BdZviKvix, mvnix MÖnYKvix Ges †gRevb| Avi
wZbRb `ye¨©env‡ii Rb¨ wRÁvwmZ n‡eb bv: Amy¯’ e¨w³, wmqvgiZ e¨w³ Ges b¨vqcivqb kvmK ev cÖkvmK|
G nv`x‡mi eY©bvKvix gyRvwk bvgK GK e¨w³ GKRb nv`xm RvjKvix RvwjqvZ wQ‡jb| kvIKvbx|
2. 3. 5. Rxg A¶i : ‫حسف انجيم‬
117. cwbi e¨wa Ges AvL‡ivU e¨wa; Avi hLb Df‡q GKwÎZ nq ZLb `ywU Jl‡a cwiYZ nq|
G nv`xmwU wg_¨v| Abyiƒcfv‡e Av‡iKwU nv`xm:
118. AvL‡ivU e¨wa; Avi hLb Zv D`‡ii g‡a¨ Mgb K‡i ZLb Zv my¯’Zv ev Jl‡a cwiYZ nq|
G nv`xmwUI wg_¨v| jyj,y kvIKvbx|
119. Kg© †h cÖKv‡ii cÖwZdjI †m cÖKv‡ii|

mvLvex e‡jb, G nv`xm Avgvi Rvbv †bB| Z‡e Gi A_© mwVK| †hgb Avjvn e‡jb:
Ò †Zvgiv hw` kvw¯„ `vIB Z‡e wVK ZZLvwb kvw¯„ †`‡e hZLvwb kvw¯„ †Zvgv‡ì‡K †Ìqv n‡q‡QÓ160 Ab¨ Avqv‡Z
e‡jb:
g‡•ì cÖwZdj Abyiƒc g•`|161

G mKj Avqv‡Zi gg©v_© GB †h, cÖwZdj Kg© Abymv‡iB nq| Kexi|
120. e¨w³i †m․•`h© Zvi fvlvi DrKl©Zvq|

G nv`xmwU Avng` Beby Rvi‚‡ì evbv‡bv| Bgvg LZxe evM`v`x e‡jb, G †jvKwU eo wg_¨vev`x wQj| gxhvb|
121. ZzKx© ‡ì Ryjyg (fvj), wK‡‘ Avie‡ì b¨qwePvi bq|

Beby `vex e‡jb, GwU G‡Kev‡i ev‡bvqvU K_v, nv`xm bq| Avjx Kvixi gvDh~AvZ Kex‡i G‡K evn¨Z Kzdix K_v e‡j
D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q| Kexi, Avj-gvmb~, jyjy|
98
122. ¶zav Ggb GK Kvwdi m½x hv Zvi m½x‡K Ki‚Yv K‡ib bv, Avi †h e¨w³ ¶zav‡K nZ¨v K‡i (¶zavZ©‡K Lv`¨ †`q) †m
Rvb‣vZx|
GwU nv`xm bq| Beby `vex e‡jb, G gvbyl‡ì K_v ev †jvKK_v hv evRv‡i cÖPwjZ n‡q wM‡q‡Q| ZvhwKiv Avjx, Avj-
gvmb~, jyjy, Kexi|
123. Avwj‡gi †`nvf¨‡„i Avj-vni wbKU Avj-vni iv¯„vq wRnv`Kvixi LwÊZ †`nvf¨‡„i †_‡K wcÖqZi|
Bgvg hvnvex e‡jb, GwU iZb wn•`xi Rvj cyw¯„Kvi GKwU Rvj nv`xm| gxg A¶‡i ( ) †h e¨w³ †Kv‡bv
¶zav_©‡K wdwi‡q †`‡e.... (384 bs) nv`xmwU †`Lyb| wjmvb 2/451|
124. (Avjvn dvimx fvlvq e‡jb) ÒG mKj cvcx‡ì‡K hw` ¶gv bv Kwi Zvn‡j G‡ì‡K wb‡q Kx Kie?Ó
GwU Rvj nv`xm| Kexi| jvg A¶‡i: ( ) Rvb‣vZx‡ì fvlv...275 bs nv`xmwU †`Lyb|
125. (wgm‡ii) Rxhv bvgK ¯’vbwU GKwU (Rvb‣vZx) evwMPv Avi wgmi c„w_ex‡Z Avjvni fvÊvi|
Beby nvRvi AvmKvjvbx e‡jb, G nv`xmwU wejKzj wg_¨v I Rvj| bexZ Beby kvixZ bvgK GK e¨w³i Rvj cyw¯„Kvq G
nv`xmwU i‡q‡Q| hvBj, Avj-gvmb~, gvKvwm`, jyjy, ZvhwKiv Avjx, Kexi|
2. 3. 6. nv A¶i : ‫حسف انحاء‬
126. †cÖwgK Zvi †cÖwgK‡K kvw¯„ †`b bv|

Bgvg mvLvex e‡jb, G nv`xm gvid‚ ev ivm~jyjvn -Gi K_v bq| Z‡e Gi A_© mwVK| jyjy, ZvhwKiv Avjx, Kexi|
127. †`k‡cÖg Cgv‡bi Ask|

mvLvex I hvivKkx e‡jb, G nv`x‡mi mb` Avgvi Rvbv †bB| mvB‡q` gyqxbyÏxb mvdvex e‡jb, G nv`xm ewY©Z nq
wb| †KD †KD e‡j‡Qb, GwU c~e©eZ©x †Kv‡bv eyR‡y M©i K_v| Dci‡‘ Bgvg mvMvbx G nv`xmwU‡K Rvjnv`xmmg~‡ni g‡a¨ D×„Z
K‡i‡Qb| Bgvg mvLvex e‡jb, G nv`x‡mi mb` m¤ú‡K© Avgvi Rvbv †bB| Z‡e Gi A_© mwVK| G wel‡q we¯„vwiZ Rvb‡Z
Kexi †`Lyb| jyjy, Avj-gvmb~, ZvhwKiv Avjx, Kexi, ZvhwKiv Zvwni|
128. weovj-‡cÖg Cgv‡bi Ask|

†gvjv Avjx Kvix I Bgvg mvMvbx G nv`xm‡K gvDh~ e‡j‡Qb| ZvhwKiv Avjx, jyj,y ZvhwKiv Zvwni, Avj-gvmb~,
Kexi|
129. gmwR‡ì g‡a¨ K_vevZ©v †bKx ev mvIqve †L‡q †d‡j †hgb, RxeRv‡bvqvi Nvm †L‡q †d‡j|
gyLZvmvi MÖ‡‡’ D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, G nv`xmwU †Kv_vI cvIqv hvq bv| ZvhwKiv Avjx, kvIKvbx, Avj-gvmb~|
130. ivm~jyj-vn  GKwU m½x‡Zi gvRwj‡m Dcw¯’Z nb Ges m½x‡Zi Zv‡j bZ©b K‡ib, GgbwK fvev‡e‡M wb‡Ri Rvgv
wQ‡o †d‡jb|
G nv`xmwU wejKzj wg_¨v, hv Bebyj KvBwqg D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| wZwb e‡j‡Qb, †h e¨w³ G nv`xmwU evwb‡q‡Q Zv‡K Avjvn
Awfkß Ki‚b| jyjy|
131. †bKKvi‡ì †bKKg© •bKU¨cÖvß‡ì cvc|

GwU †Kv‡bv nv`xm bq; eis GwU Ave~ mvC` Avj-Lvi&iv‡hi e³e¨ wn‡m‡e ewY©Z| ZvhwKiv Avjx, j~j|~
99
132. wnsmyK †bZ…Z¡ K‡i bv|
wimvjv‡q KzkvBwiqvq D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, G K_vwU †Kv‡bv GK c~e©eZ©x eyR‡y M©i K_v| ZvhwKiv Avjx, jyjy|
133. †Zvgiv †Zvgv‡ì bdj Bev`Z my•ì Ki; †m¸wj Øviv †Zvgv‡ì dih Bev`Z c~Y©Zv jvf Ki‡e|
K_vwU wfwËnxb, †Kv‡bv nv`x‡m †bB; Z‡e Gi A_© mwVK|
134. ÔAvj-nvg`y wjjvnÕ Ki‚Yvg‡qi Pvì|

nv`x‡mi g‡a¨ G K_vi †Kv‡bv Aw¯„Z¡ ev wfwË cvIqv hvq bv| ZvhwKiv Avjx, Kexi, kvIKvbx|
135. GKR‡bi wel‡q Avgvi weavb mK‡ji Dc‡i Avgvi weav‡bi gZB|
BivKx e‡jb, G nv`x‡mi †Kv‡bv Aw¯„Z¡ ev wfwË †bB| gyhbx Ges hvnvex nv`xmwU‡K gybKvi e‡j‡Qb| hviKvkx
e‡j‡Qb, G nv`xm AcwiÁvZ| jyjy, gvKvwm`, Avj-gvmb~|
136. hLb fyb‡e ZLb Rvb‡e|

GwU †Kv‡bv nv`xm bq; Z‡e Gi A_© mwVK| Avjvn e‡jb:
AwP‡iB Zviv Rvb‡e, hLb Avhve †`L‡e, †K AwaKZi c_åó|162

G Avqv‡Zi gg©v‡_© Dc‡ii e³‡eï Bw½Z i‡q‡Q| jyjy, gvKvwm`, ZvhwKiv Avjx, Kexi|
2. 3. 7. Lv A¶i : ‫حسف الخاء‬
137. Bn~`x‡ì wei‚×vPiY Ki; Kv‡RB cvMwo †eua bv; KviY cvMwo euvav Bn~`x‡ì cwiavb-ixwZ (d¨vkb)|
myq~Zx D‡jL K‡i‡Qb †h, G nv`xm wfwËnxb| ZvhwKiv Avjx, Kexi|
138. Avgvi cÖwZc¶ weev`xB Avgvi wePviK|

G K_v nv`xm bq| Kexi, ZvhwKiv Avjx, j~jy|

139. ivm~jyj-vn  me©‡kl †h LyZev cÖ`vb K‡ib †m LyZevq wZwb e‡jb: †h e¨w³ †hLv‡bB _vK †hfv‡eB _vK cuvP Iqv³ mvjvZ
Rvgv‡Z Av`vq Ki‡e †m e¨w³ PgKv‡bv we`y¨‡Zi gZ cyj-wmivZ cvi n‡q hv‡e, Zvi gyLgÊj Puv‡ì gZ n‡e Ges Gfv‡e
mvjvZ msiw¶Z cÖwZwU w`‡bi Rb¨ †m GK nvRvi knx‡ì mvIqve jvf Ki‡e|.....
G nv`x‡mi mb‡` Ave~ BmnvK bvgK GK †nRvhx ivex we`¨gvb, whwb g~mv Beby Avex Av‡qkv bvgK gynvwÏ‡mi bv‡g
A‡bK gybKvi-evwZj nv`xm eY©bv K‡ib| G e¨w³i wel‡q Beby wne․vb e‡jb, G e¨w³i †Kv‡bv eY©bvi Dci wbf©i Kiv hv‡e
bv| †m my`xN© eY©bvmn G nv`xmwU eY©bv K‡i‡Q, wK‡‘ nv`xmwU ev‡bvqvU| wjmvb 6/339|
140. Avjvn c„w_ex m„wói `y nvRvi eQi c~‡e© wKQz cv_i m„wó K‡ib Ges †m¸wj cÖ¾¡wjZ K‡ib| AZtci †m¸wj‡K Bewjm,
wdivDb I Avjvni bv‡g wg_¨v kc_Kvixi Rb¨ •Zwi K‡i †i‡L‡Qb|
G nv`xmwU Rvj I ev‡bvqvU| G nv`x‡mi mb‡` Mvm&mvb Beby Avevb bvgK GK ivex we`¨gvb †h AvcwËKi nv`xm
eY©bvKvix wQj| Beby wne․vb e‡jb, G e¨w³ D†¢U-KíKvwnbx I ev‡bvqvU K_v eY©bv KiZ| G nv`xmI Zvi ewY©Z D†¢U
Kvwnbx¸wji GKwU| gxhvb 2/322|
100
141. Avjvn Avgv‡K Zuvi b~i †_‡K m„wó K‡i‡Qb, Ges Ave~ eKi‡K Avgvi b~i †_‡K m„wó K‡i‡Qb, Ges Dgvi‡K Ave~
eK‡ii b~i †_‡K m„wó K‡i‡Qb Ges Dmgvb‡K Dgv‡ii b~i †_‡K m„wó K‡i‡Qb| Dgvi Rvb‣vZevmx‡ì cÖ`xc|
G nv`x‡mi mb‡` Avng` Beby BDm~d bvgK GK e¨w³ we`¨gvb, †h Rvj nv`xm evbv‡Zv| Ave~ byAvBg e‡jb, G nv`xm
evwZj Ges Zv KziAv‡bi mv‡_ mvsNwl©K| GQvov Ave~ byAvBg G nv`x‡mi eY©bvKix‡ì wel‡q wKQz K_v e‡j‡Qb, hv‡Z nv`xmZvwË¡K
DcKvi †bB| wjmvb 1/328|
142. Avwg I Ave~ eKi GKB gvwU †_‡K m„ó Ges †m gvwU‡ZB Avgv‡ì `vdb Kiv n‡e|
G nv`xmwU g~mv Beby mynvB‡ji evbv‡bv GKwU evwZj nv`xm| gxhvb, Z…Zxq LÊ|
143. AL¨vZ-AcÖwm× nIqv (Obscurity) kvw‡„ Ges L¨vwZ-cÖwmw× wec`|

G K_v nv`xm bq; eis †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †bKKvi gvby‡li e³e¨| Avj-gvmb~, jyjy|
144. †Zvgv‡ì m‡„vb‡ì g‡a¨ Kb¨vMY †kªô|

GwU nv`xm bq| Gi mb‡` gynv¤§v` Beby BmnvK DKvkx i‡q‡Q, †h e¨w³ gnv-wg_¨vevw` wQj| GQvov mb‡ì Ab¨
ivex BqvnBqv Beby mvC` Avj-AvËviI G‡Kev‡iB evwZj I AMÖnY‡hvM¨ ivex| jvAvjx|
145. †bKK‡g©i g‡a¨ hv Av‡M ev cÖ_g mg‡qB Kiv nq Zv-B DËg|

Giƒc K_v nv`x‡m ewY©Z nq wb| Z‡e Gi KvQvKvwQ A‡_© nv`xm ewY©Z n‡q‡Q| Beby Ave․vm (iv) †_‡K ewY©Z n‡q‡Q,
wZwb e‡j‡Qb: ÒKv‡iv DcKvi Ki‡j Zv `ª‚Z bv Ki‡j c~Y©Zv cvq bv| hLb Kj¨vY ev DcKv‡ii Kg© `ª‚Z Kiv nq ZLb Zv
Z…wß`vqK nq| Avi G A‡_©B gvby‡li g‡a¨ GKwU cÖPwjZ K_v: ÒA‡c¶v Kiv g„Zzï †P‡qI KwVbÓ; KviY Zv KL‡bv g„Zzï
KviY n‡Z cv‡i| ZvhwKiv Avjx, Kexi, jyjy|
146. Kj¨vY Avgvi g‡a¨ I Avgvi D¤§v‡Zi g‡a¨ wKqvgZ ch©‡„|

Beby nvRvi AvmKvjvbx e‡jb, G nv`x‡mi †Kv‡bv Aw¯„Z¡ Avgvi Rvbv †bB| Z‡e mvLvex e‡j‡Qb †h, A‡_©i w`K
†_‡K K_vwU mwVK| nv`xm kix‡d ewY©Z n‡q‡Q:
ÒwKqvg‡Zi AvMgb ch©‡„ Avgvi D¤§v‡Zi GKwU `j n‡°i Dci cÖKvk¨ I weRqx _vK‡e|Ó ZvhwKiv Avjx, jyjy,
gvKvwm`, Kexi|

147. ivm~jyj-vn  hLb dvwZgv‡K Avjxi mv‡_ weevn †`b ZLb LyZevq e‡jb: cÖksmv Avjvni whwb cÖkswmZ Zuvi
wbqvg‡Zi Øviv; whwb Bev`ZK…Z Zuvi ¶gZv Øviv .....|
G nv`xmwU Beby bvwmi j¤^v PIov eY©bvmn D×„Z K‡i‡Qb| nv`xmwU Rvj| nv`xmwU evwb‡q‡Q gynv¤§v` Beby `xbvi Avj-
Edx| kvIKvbx|
2. 3. 8. `vj A¶i : ‫حسف الدال‬
148. AZ¨vPvixi Avevm¯’j weivb n‡e, wKQz †ìx‡Z n‡jI|

Bgvg mvLvex e‡jb, G nv`x‡mi †Kv‡bv mb` Avgvi Rvbv †bB| Z‡e Gi A_© mwVK| Avjvn e‡j‡Qb:
ÒH Zv‡ì evwoNi, weivb c‡o Av‡Q, Zv‡ì AZ¨vPvi-mxgvj“N‡bi cwiYv‡g|Ó163

101
G AvqvZ Dc‡ii K_vwUi A_© cÖgvY K‡i| Kexi, jyjy, ZvhwKiv Avjx, gvKvwm`|
149. hZ¶Y Zv‡ì evwo‡Z _vK‡e ZZ¶Y Zv‡ì mv‡_ eÜzmyjf AvPiY Ki|
Bgvg mvLvex e‡jb, G nv`xm Avgvi Rvbv †bB| Z‡e Beby wne․vb Zuvi mnxn MÖ‡‡’ ¯¿xi mv‡_ AvPiY wel‡q wb‡g‣i nv`xmwU
msKjb K‡i‡Qb:
ÒZzwg Zvi mv‡_ eÜzmyjf AvPiY Ki‡e Zvn‡j Zv‡K wb‡q emevm Ki‡Z cvi‡e|Ó164 jyj,y Kexi|
150. c„w_ex K‡qK gyn~Z©; Kv‡RB Zv‡K Bev`‡Z cwiYZ Ki|

G nv`x‡mi kã mwVK bq, A_©vr K_vwU ivm~jyjvn -Gi K_v bq ev nv`xm bq, Z‡e Gi A_© mwVK| Kexi|
151. cuvP Iqv³ mvjvZ me©`v wbqwgZ cvjb Ki‡e; KviY Avjvn Zv †Zvgv‡ì Dci dih K‡i‡Qb; Kv‡RB Avj‡mgx-
Ae‡njv ev A¯^xKvi K‡i Zv cwiZ¨vM Ki‡e bv|
G nv`xmwU Rvj| gxhvb, 3q LÊ|
2. 3. 9. hvj A¶i : ‫حسف الذال‬
152. ZzKx© ‡ì wb•`vq, †LvRv‡ì wb•`vq I µxZ`vm‡ì wb•`vq ewb©Z nv`xmmg~n|
G A‡_© hv wKQz nv`xm e‡j cÖPwjZ Zv meB evwZj| Bebyj RvIhx Zv D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| Kexi|
153. `„wókw³ bó nIqv cv‡ci ¶gv; kªeYkw³ bó nIqv cv‡ci ¶gv Ges †`‡ni hv wKQz ¶wZMÖ¯„ nq Zvi cwigv‡Y cv‡ci
¶gv nq|
Bebyj RvIhx nv`xmwU‡K gvDh~ e‡j‡Qb| myq~Zx Zvi mv‡_ GKgZ n‡q‡Qb; A_P wZwb nv`xmwU Rvwg mMx‡i D×„Z
K‡i‡Qb| jyj|y
2. 3. 10. iv A¶i : ‫حسف الزاء‬
154. Lvivc ev g•` wel‡q jvfevb ¶wZMÖ¯„|

GwU nv`xm bq; eis Ávbx‡ì K_v| jyj,y gvKvwm`, Avj-gvmb~|
155. Avgvi D¤§v‡Zi em‡„ n‡jv AvOyi I ZigyR|

G nv`xmwU Rvj| Abyiƒcfv‡e G RvZxq Ab¨ nv`xm:
156. †Zvgiv wbqwgZ i‚wUi mv‡_ AvOyi Lv‡e|

G nv`xmwUI Rvj| jyjy|
157. Avgvi D¤§v‡Zi `y e¨w³ mvjv‡Z `Êvqgvb nq, Zv‡ì i‚Kz I mvR`v GKB; A_P Zv‡ì Df‡qi mvjv‡Zi g‡a¨
Avmgvb I hgx‡bi cv_©K¨|
102
158. Avjvn ingZ K‡ib †m e¨w³‡K †h Avgvi whqviZ ev mv¶vZ K‡i Ggb Ae¯’vq †h, Zvi D‡Ui iwk Zvi
nv‡Z i‡q‡Q|
AvmKvjvbx e‡jb, G k‡ãi †Kv‡bv nv`x‡mi †Kv‡bv Aw¯„Z¡ ev wfwË †bB| jyj,y ZvhwKiv Avjx, ZvhwKiv Zvwni, Avj-
gvmb~|
159. PvDj Avgv †_‡K Ges Avwg PvDj †_‡K|

nv`xmwU Rvj| Kexi|
160. e¨w³i `~Z Zvi Áv‡bi cÖgvY|

GwU nv`xm bq; eis BqvnBqv Beby Lvwj` evigvKxi GKwU K_v| jyjy, Avj-gvmb~|
161. eyw×gv‡bi `y ivKvZ gy‡L©i 70 ivKvZ †_‡K DËg|

G nv`xm Rvj| jyjy|
162. gvMwi‡ei c‡i `y ivKAvZ mvjvZ Av`vq, cÖ_g ivKv‡Z m~iv BLjvm 25 evi Ges wØZxq ivKAv‡Z 31 evi...
G nv`xmwUi mb‡` RvwjqvwZi Awf‡hv‡M Awfhy³ e¨w³ i‡q‡Q| kvIKvbx|
163. Bkvi c‡i `y ivKAvZ mvjvZ m~iv BLjvm 20 evi w`‡q...|

G nv`x‡mi mb‡` gnv-wg_¨vev`x i‡q‡Q| kvIKvbx|
164. weevwn‡Zi `y ivKAvZ Aweevwn‡Zi 70 ivKAvZ †_‡K DËg|

G nv`xmwUI Rvj| jyj~|
165. gywg‡bi jvjv my¯’Zv ev †ivMgyw³|

GwU †Kv‡bv nv`xm bq| Z‡e Gi A_© mwVK| †hgb, mnxn nv`x‡m Av‡qkv (iv) e‡jb, ivm~jyjvn  Amy¯’ e¨w³‡K
dzuK w`‡Z ej‡Zb:
Avjvni bv‡g, Avgv‡ì hwg‡bi gvwU, Avgv‡ì Kv‡iv jvjvi mv‡_, Avgv‡ì Amy¯’ e¨w³ my¯’Zv jvf K‡i, Avgv‡ì
cÖwZcvj‡Ki AbygwZ‡Z| Kexi, ZvhwKiv Avjx|
2. 3. 11. hv A¶i : ‫حسف الشاء‬
166. Kó-PvcvPvwc ingZ|

GwU †Kv‡bv nv`xm bq, Z‡e A_© mwVK| we¯„vwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kex‡i i‡q‡Q| jyjy, Kexi, gvKvwm`, Avj-gvmb~|
167. †h euvwk evRvq †m Av‡e‡M D‡ØwjZ nq bv|

GwU nv`xm bq, Z‡e Gi A_© mwVK| we¯„vwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kex‡i i‡q‡Q| ZvhwKiv Avjx, Kexi|
168. hvB`x m¤cÖ`vq165 G D¤§v‡Zi AwM‣DcvmK|

mvLvex e‡jb, G nv`xm Avwg †Kv_vI †`wL wb| Z‡e Ave~ `vD`, Zvevivbx I Ab¨vb¨ gynvwÏm msKwjZ gvid‚ nv`x‡m
ejv n‡q‡Q:
103
ÒKv`vixqv m¤cÖ`vq166 G D¤§v‡Zi AwM‣DcvmK|Ó

we¯„vwiZ Rvb‡Z Kexi †`Lyb| gvKvwm`, Avj-gvmb~, jyjy, Kexi|
2. 3. 12. mxb A¶i : ‫حسف السين‬
169. ivm~jyj-vn -Gi kvnv`Z AvOyj ga¨gvi †P‡q j¤^v wQj|

Giƒc †Kv‡bv nv`xm ewY©Z nq wb| GwU cÖPwjZ GKwU K_v gvÎ| Z‡e Beby nvRvi D‡jL K‡i‡Qb †h, ivm~jyjvn -
Gi cv‡qi ZR©bx I ga¨gv mgvb wQj e‡j ewY©Z n‡q‡Q| ZvhwKiv Avjx, gvKvwm`, jyjy|
170. QqwU Kg© we¯§„wZ ev ¯§„wZnxbZv Rb¥ †`q: Bu`y‡ii SzUv f¶Y, Rxe‡„ DKzb Av¸‡b †d‡j †Ìqv, e× cvwb‡Z †ckve
Kiv, AvVv RvZxq `ªe¨ (Mvg) †Pev‡bv, UK Av‡cj LvIqv|
GwU nv`xm bq| Beby KvBwqg Avj-RvIwhq¨vn e‡jb, G nv`xmwU evwZj| j~jy|
171. †Mvcb K_v ¯^vaxb gvbyl‡ì Kv‡Q (msiw¶Z _v‡K)

Abyiƒc Av‡iKwU K_v:
172. ¯^vaxb gvbyl‡ì ü`‡q †Mvcb K_v MÖnY K‡i|

Dc‡ii `ywU K_vi †Kv‡bvwUB nv`xm bq, G¸wj wewfb‣ †bKKvi gvby‡li K_v| Kexi, ZvhwKiv Avjx, j~j|y
173. g°vi wb‡e©vaMY Rvb‣v‡Zi k~b¨¯’vb c~iY Ki‡e|

hviKvbx G nv`xm‡K Aw¯„Z¡nxb-wfwËnxb e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| BebynvRvi AvmKvjvbx e‡jb, Avwg G nv`xm †Kv_vI
†`wL wb| we¯„vwiZ Av‡jvPbvi Rb¨ Kexi †`Lyb| Kexi, jyjy|
174. Bn~`x I L„÷vb‡ì‡K mvjvg w`‡e, wK‡‘ Avgvi D¤§v‡Zi Bn~`x‡ì‡K mvjvg w`‡e bv| ejv n‡jv, Avcbvi D¤§v‡Zi
Bn~`x Kviv? wZwb e‡jb: mvjvZ cwiZ¨vMKvwiMY|
Bgvg myq~Zx e‡jb, G nv`xm †Kv_vI †`wL wb| jyjy, ZvhwKiv Avjx, Kexi|
175. wbivcËv GKvwK‡Z¡|

GwU nv`xm bq; Z‡e K_v wn‡m‡e mwVK|
176. wgmIqvK ev ùvZ cwi®‥vi gvby‡li evKcUzZv e„w× K‡i|

mvMvbx e‡jb, GK_v my¯úó †h, GwU Rvj| Bebyj RvIhx e‡jb, nv`xmwU Aw¯„Znxb-wfwËnxb| Z‡e AwfÁZvi
Av‡jv‡K Gi A_© mwVK| Avj-gvmb~, ZvhwKiv Avjx|

177. ivm~jyj-vn -‡K gyiwRqv m¤cÖ`vq167 m¤ú‡K© cÖk‣ Kiv nq| wZwb e‡jb, Avjvn Awfkß Ki‚b gyiwRqv‡ì‡K, Zviv
Ggb GKwU m¤cÖ`vq hviv Avgj Qvov Cgv‡bi K_v e‡j Ges e‡j †h, mvjvZ, hvKvZ I n¾ dih bq|
G nv`xmwU wejKzj wg_¨v| gynv¤§v` Beby mvC` Avj-AvhivK bvgK GK e¨w³ nv`xmwU ïivBn Beby BDby‡mi bv‡g
104
eY©bv K‡i‡Q| Beby Av`x e‡jb, gynv¤§v` Beby mvC` bvg G e¨w³ GKRb gnv-wg_¨vev`x wQj, †h Rvj nv`xm
•Zwi KiZ| gxhvb 3/605|
178. gvbyl cwiPvjbv Rxe-Rv‡bvqvi cwiPvjbvi †P‡qI KwVbZi|

beex Zuvi Zvnhxeyj Avmgv MÖ‡‡’ D‡jL K‡i‡Qb †h, G K_vwU nv`xm bq; Bgvg kvwdqxi GKwU e³e¨| ZvhwKiv
Avjx, jyj,y Kexi|
179. wejv‡ji mxb Avjvni Kv‡Q kxb|

G nv`xmwU wejKzj Aw¯„Z¡nxb-wfwËnxb| jyjy, Kexi|
2. 3. 13. kxb A¶i : ‫حسف الشين‬
180. †Zvgiv ¯¿x‡ì mv‡_ civgk© Ki Ges Zv‡ì we‡ivwaZv Ki|

G nv`xm evwZj I wfwËnxb| ZvhwKiv Avjx, jyjy|
181. †Zvgv‡ì g‡a¨ me©wbK…ó †Zvgv‡ì wkïwK‡kvi‡ì wk¶KMY; BqvwZg‡ì Dci ggZv Zv‡ì me‡P‡q Kg Ges
`wi`ª‡ì Dci Zviv me‡P‡q †ewk K‡Vvi|
(Bgvg myq~Zxi) Avj-jvAvjx Avj-gvmb~Av MÖ‡‡’ D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, G nv`xmwU Rvj| G nv`x‡mi mb‡` mvBd
Beby Dgvi Ges mvÕ` Beby Zvixd bvgK `yRb ivex i‡q‡Q, Zviv `yRbB gnv-RvwjqvZ wQj| ZvhwKiv Avjx, Avj-gvmb~, jyj,y
Avj-jvAvjx, Kexi|
182. Rxe‡bi Kó ev g•` (fvj), wK‡‘ g„Zz¨ bq|

G K_vwU nv`xm bq, †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv cÖvPxb cwÊ‡Zi K_v| Kexi, ZvhwKiv Avjx, jyjy, Avj-gvmb~|
183. `y» cvb weï× Cgvb| †h e¨w³ Ny‡gi g‡a¨ (¯^‡c‣) `ya cvb Ki‡e †m Bmjv‡gi Dci i‡q‡Q|
G nv`xmwU myq~Zx D×„Z K‡i‡Qb; wK‡‘ Gi mb‡` BmgvCj (Beby Avex whqv`) bvgK GK gnv-wg_¨vev`x i‡q‡Q Ges ûmvBb
(Beby Kvwmg) I (Beivnxg) Avj-ZvBqvb bvgK `yRb Awfhy³ ivex i‡q‡Q| hvBj|
184. Avjvni m„wói cÖwZ ggZv Avjvni Av‡`‡ki cÖwZ gh©v`v cÖ`k©b|
mvLvex e‡jb, G k‡ã G nv`xm Avwg Rvwb bv| †gvjv Avjx Kvix e‡jb, G †Kv‡bv eyRy‡M©i K_v| Gi wfwË `ywU
wel‡qi Dci: cÖ_gZ Avjvni wb‡`©‡ki gh©v`v †Ìqv Ges wØZxqZ Avjvni m„wói cÖwZ ggZv cÖ`k©b| ZvhwKiv Avjx, Avj-
gvmb~, gvKvwm`|
185. gy‡Li Dci K…ZÁZv cÖKv‡k wb•`v Kiv nq|

G K_v nv`xm bq| Z‡e A‡_©i w`K †_‡K Ab¨ GKwU nv`x‡mi A‡_©i mv‡_ mvgÄm¨c~Y©, †h nv`x‡m Kv‡iv gy‡Li Dci
ev Kv‡iv Dcw¯’wZ‡Z Zvi cÖksmv Ki‡Z AvcwË K‡i ejv n‡q‡Q:
ÒZzwg †Zvgvi fvB‡qi Mjv †K‡U †dj‡j!Ó Kexi, ZvhwKiv Avjx, gvKvwm`|
186. m‡•`nRbK welqmg~n nvivg|

G K_v nv`xm bq| G nv`x‡mi mb‡` Dgvi (Beby g~mv Avj-IqvRxnx) nv`xm-RvjKvix‡ì GKRb wQj| Beivnxg
(Beby gynv¤§v` Avj-ZvmZzix bvgK †h e¨w³ Dgvi †_‡K nv`xmwU eY©bv K‡i‡Q †m) gybKvi‚j nv`xm ev AvcwËKi nv`xm
eY©bvKvix| Avj-jvAvjx|
105
187. gywg‡bi Ihyi cvwbi Aewkó †_‡K cvb Kivi g‡a¨ 70wU †iv‡Mi cÖwZKvi i‡q‡Q|
G nv`x‡mi mb‡` GKvwaK RvwjqvZ i‡q‡Q| kvIKvbx|
188. GK gymwj‡gi wei‚‡× Av‡iK gymwj‡gi mv¶¨ MÖnY‡hvM¨ n‡e; Z‡e GK Avwj‡gi wei‚‡× Av‡iK Avwj‡gi mv¶¨
MÖnY‡hvM¨ n‡e bv; KviY Zviv wnsmyK|
(Bgvg myq~Zxi) Avj-jvAvjx Avj-gvmb~Av MÖ‡‡’ D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, G K_v nv`xm bq| mKj w`K †_‡K Gi mb`
evwZj| Dci‡‘ nvwKg e‡j‡Qb †h, G K_v ivm~jyjvn -Gi K_v bq| Avi hw` a‡iI †bq nq †h Gi †Kv‡bv Aw¯„Z¡ Av‡Q
Zvn‡j Gi A_© n‡e AvwLiv‡Zi c_ cwiZ¨vMKvix `ywbqv`vi AvwjgMY| Kexi, ZvhwKiv Avjx, Avj-jvAvjx, jyj|y
189. gvbyl kqZvb wRb kqZv‡bi Dci weRqx nq|

G K_v nv`xm bq; eis Beby `xbv‡ii K_v| ZvhwKiv Avjx, jyj,y Avj-gvmb~|
190. Pz‡ji ïåZv Î‚wU (e‡j we‡ewPZ)|

G k‡ã †Kv‡bv nv`xm ewY©Z nq wb; Z‡e Gi A_© mwVK| jyjy, Kexi, ZvhwKiv Avjx|
2. 3. 14. ¯^v` A¶i : ‫حسف الصاد‬
191. cÖ‡qvRb ZvwoZ gvbyl AÜ|

mvLvex e‡jb, ivm~jyjvn -Gi e³e¨ wn‡m‡e G nv`x‡mi †Kv‡bv Aw¯„Z¡ Avgvi Rvbv †bB| Abyiƒcfv‡e Av‡iKwU
nv`xm:
192. cÖevmx ev AcwiwPZ cwi‡e‡k Ae¯’vbKvix A‡Üi gZ|

†gvjv Avjx Kvix e‡jb, G k‡ã nv`xm ewY©Z nq wb| Kexi, ZvhwKiv Avjx, Avj-gvmb~, jyj|y
193. †QvU `vb eo wec` cÖwZ‡iva K‡i|

GwU nv`xm bq| Z‡e A‡_©i w`K †_‡K K_vwU mwVK| ZvhwKiv Avjx, Avj-gvmb~, gvKvwm`|
194. wè‡mi mvjvZ †evev (KviY G‡Z KziAvb cvV †kvbv hvq bv)|
beex kviûj gynvh&hv‡e e‡jb, G nv`xm evwZj; Gi †Kv‡bv Aw¯„Z¡ †bB| `vivKzZbx e‡jb, ivm~jyjvn - †_‡K G
K_v ewY©Z nq wb| GwU †Kv‡bv dKxn-Gi K_v| Kexi, jyjy, ZvhwKiv Avjx, Avj-gvmb~|
195. mvßv‡ni cÖwZ w`b I iv‡Zi mvjvZ welqK nv`xm... RygyAvi iv‡Z 12 ivKAvZ mvjvZ 10 evi K‡i m~iv BLjvm ....|
G cÖKv‡ii nv`xm evwZj| jyj~|
196. `kevi K‡i- Ab¨ eY©bvq 50 evi K‡i- (Bhv hyj whjvZ) Øviv `y ivKAvZ mvjvZ Av`v‡qi dhxjZ welqK nv`xm...|
G nv`xm gybKvi I evwZj| jyj|y
197. cvMwo c‡i GKwU mvjv‡Z `k nvRvi †bKx|

G nv`x‡mi mb‡` nv`xm RvwjqvwZ‡Z Awfhy³ ivex i‡q‡Q| Bgvg mvLvex Zuvi gvKvwm` nvmvbv MÖ‡‡’ nv`xmwU‡K Rvj
e‡j‡Qb| kvIKvbx|
198. cvMwoi †cu‡Pi Dc‡i (cvMwo-mn) GKwU mvjv‡Zi mvIqve Avjvni Kv‡Q Avjvni iv¯„vq GKwU hy×vwfhv‡bi mgvb|
106
199. Avgvi D¤§v‡Zi `ywU †kªYx Avgvi kvdvAvZ jvf Ki‡e bv: gyiwRqv I Kv`vwiqv| ejv n‡jv, †n Avjvni ivm~j, Kv`vixqv
Kviv? wZwb e‡jb, hviv e‡j ZvK`xi e‡j wKQz †bB| ejv n‡jv, Zvn‡j gyiwRqv Kviv? wZwb e‡jb: †kl hy‡M wKQz gvbyl
_vK‡e, hv‡ì‡K Cgvb m¤ú‡K© wRÁvmv Kiv n‡j ej‡e: Bbkv Avj-vn, Avgiv gywgb|
G nv`xmwU Rvj| G nv`x‡mi Avc` gvbyb (Beby Avng` Avm-myjvgx) Ges (Zvi D¯„v`) Avãyjv- n (Beby gvwjK Avm-
mvÕ`x)| G Avãyjv ni wcZv wQj N„Y¨ ch©v‡qi gyiwRqv| †RvhKvbx e‡jb, Gi mb‡` `yRb AÁvZ-cwiPq e¨w³ i‡q‡Q| Avj-
jvAvjx|
200. Avivdvi w`‡bi wmqvg lvU eQ‡ii wmqv‡gi gZ|

nv`xmwU `vBjvgx msKjb K‡i‡Qb; wK‡‘ Gi mb‡` gynv¤§v` Beby Zvgxg bvgK GKRb RvwjqvZ ivex we`¨gvb; †h
Kvi‡Y nv`xmwU‡K gxhv‡b Rvj e‡j D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q| Beby wne․vb e‡jb, G †jvKwU eo wg_¨vev`x wQj| hvBj|
2. 3. 15. Øv` A¶i : ‫حسف الضاد‬
201. ¯¿x‡ì Di‚i g‡a¨ Bjg nvwi‡q †Mj|

GwU †Kv‡bv nv`xm bq; Z‡e Gi A_© mwVK| G A‡_© weki Avj-nvdx e‡j‡Qb: Ò†h e¨w³ ¯¿x-m½ fvj‡e‡m‡Q †m
mdj nq bv|Ó G K_v †_‡K Dc‡ii K_vwUi mg_©b cvIqv hvq| jyjy, ZvhwKiv Avjx, Kexi|
202. hvwgb ev Avw_©K-`vqfvi MÖnYKvix FYMÖ¯„|

GwU nv`xm bq; Z‡e Gi A_© mwVK| jyjy|
203. cÖ‡qvRb wbwl×‡K •ea K‡i|

GwU nv`xm bq; Z‡e K_v wn‡m‡e mwVK K_v| Kexi, ZvhwKiv Avjx, Avj-gvmb~, jyjy|
204. `yB `ye©j GK kw³kvjxi Dci Rqjvf K‡i|

GwU nv`xm bq| Kexi, jyjy, Avj-gvmb~|
205. (gymvwdi ev c_Pvix‡K) †gngvb`vwi Kiv Zvey-evmx †e`yCb‡ì Dci `vwqZ¡; MÖvg-knievmx‡ì Rb¨ `vwqZ¡ bq|
G nv`xmwU Aw¯„Z¡nxb wfwËnxb| jyjy, Kexi, ZvhwKiv Avjx|
2. 3. 16. Z¡v A¶i : ‫حسف الطاء‬
206. ü`‡q mxj-‡gvni cÖ`vbKvix Avi‡ki LywU a‡i i‡q‡Q| hLb Avjvni weavb jw“NZ nq ZLb Avjvn Zv‡K cvwV‡q †`b
Ges †m A‡„‡ii Dci †gvni K‡i †`q|
gyLZvmvi MÖ‡‡’ G nv`xmwU D‡jL K‡i nv`xmwU‡K gybKvi (AvcwËKi) e‡j D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q| kvIKvbx, ZvhwKiv
Zvwni|
207. †Zvgv‡ì m‣vbvMv‡ii m‣vb c„wß`vqK I eiKZgq †nvK|

Kw_Z nq †h, Ave~ eKi I Dgvi nv¤§vgLvbv ev m‣vbvMvi †_‡K †ei n‡j ivm~jyjvn  Zuv‡ì‡K G K_v e‡jb| Ave~ mvC`
gyZvIqvjx e‡jb, G A‡_© †Kv‡bv nv`xm ewY©Z nq wb| `vBjvgx mb` Qvov Beby Dgv‡ii (iv) m~‡Î ivm~jyjvn -Gi e³e¨ ev
107
gvid‚ nv`xm wn‡m‡e GwU msKjb K‡i‡Qb| Beby nvRvi gv°x e‡j‡Qb, Avieiv nv¤§vg ev MY †MvmjLvbvi mv‡_
cwiwPZ n‡q‡Q ivm~jyjvn -Gi Idv‡Zi ci; (Kv‡RB Zuvi mg‡q nv¤§vg eënvi ev Zvi Rb¨ `yAv Kivi †Kv‡bv cÖk‣B D‡V bv|)
208. wihK ev Lv‡`ï mÜv‡b wjß e¨w³ mvnvh¨K…Z|

Beby `vex e‡jb, GwU nv`xm bq; eis Aviexq cÖev`| jyjy|
209. K…c‡Yi Lv`¨ e¨wa Ges `vbkx‡ji Lv`¨ Jla|

AvmKvjvbx e‡jb, G nv`xmwU gybKvi ev AZ¨‡„ AvcwËKi I evwZj ch©v‡qi| hvnvex e‡jb, GwU nv`x‡mi bv‡g wg_¨v
K_b| Beby Av`x e‡jb, Bgvg gvwj‡Ki bv‡g ewY©Z G K_vwU evwZj| ZvhwKiv Avjx, Kexi, jyj|y
210. GK gyn~Z© Bjg mÜvb Kiv mvivivZ mvjvZ Av`v‡qi †P‡q DËg Ges GKw`b Bjg mÜvb Kiv wZb gvm wmqvg cvjb
†_‡K DËg|
G nv`xmwU Aveyk kvBL msKjb K‡i‡Qb; wK‡‘ Gi mb‡` i‡q‡Q bvnkvj (Beby mvC`) bvgK GKRb gnv-wg_¨vev`x
ivex| hvBj|
211. g„‡Zi Lvbv (g„Zz¨Dcj‡¶ Av‡qvwRZ Lvbv) A‡„i‡K †g‡i †d‡j|

GwU nv`xm bq| GwU G wel‡q AwfÁ gvbyl‡ì K_v| dvZvIqv Avhxwhq¨vn|
212. Bjg mÜvb Kiv Avj-vni wbKU mvjvZ, wmqvg, n¾ I Avj-vni iv¯„vq wRnv` †_‡K DËg|
`vBjvgx G nv`xmwU msKjb K‡i‡Qb; wK‡‘ Gi mb‡` gynv¤§v` Beby Zvgxg bvgK GK gnv-RvwjqvZ ivex i‡q‡Qb|
hvBj|
213. Kvco fuvR Kiv †m․•`h© evwo‡q †`q|

G A‡_© Av‡iv K‡qKwU nv`xm:
214. Kvco fuvR Kiv Avivg`vqK|
215. †Zvgv‡ì Kvco fuvR Ki‡e; G‡Z Kvc‡oi cÖvY wd‡i Avm‡e|
216. †Zvgiv Kvco¸wj fuvR Ki‡e; †hb wRbiv Zv cwiavb bv K‡i|

Beby Zvwni Zvi ÒgvDh~AvZÓ MÖ‡‡’ D‡jL K‡i‡Qb †h, G¸wj meB Awbf©i‡hvM¨ evwZj nv`xm|
2. 3. 17. h¦v A¶i : ‫حسف الظاء‬
217. gywg‡bi wcV wKejv|

mvLvex e‡jb, G K_vi †Kv‡bv mb` Rvbv hvq bv| Z‡e hw` Gi A_© nq †h, mvjv‡Zi myZiv wn‡m‡e gymwji wcVB h‡_ó
Zvn‡j Gi A_© mwVK| AvmKvix Av‡qkv †_‡K ivm~jyjvn -Gi wb‡g‣i K_vwU D×„Z K‡i‡Qb:
Ògywg‡bi c„ô msiw¶Z; ïay Avjvni wba©vwiZ †Kv‡bv kvw¯„ Qvov|Ó ZvhwKiv Avjx, Kexi, jyj|y
2. 3. 18. ÔAvBb A¶i : ‫حسف العين‬
108
218. Acgvb-jvÃbv Av¸‡bi †P‡q DËg|
K_vwU nvmvb Beby Avjx (iv) e‡jwQ‡jb| hLb wZwb gyAvweqv (iv)-†K Ljxdv †g‡b ¶gZv cwiZ¨vM K‡ib ZLb Zuvi
c‡¶i A‡b‡K Zuvi G Kg©‡K Aegvbbv e‡j MY¨ K‡i e‡j, †n gywbb‡ì jvÃbv! ZLb wZwb DË‡i e‡jb, jvÃbv Rvnvb‣v‡gi
Av¸‡bi †P‡q DËg| Avi mvaviY gvbyl‡ì g‡a¨ Gi wecixZ GKwU K_v cÖPwjZ, hv‡Z ejv nq; jvÃbvi †P‡q Av¸b DËg| G
K_vwU Kzdix K_v| Z‡e hw` Av¸b ej‡Z `ywbqvi h‡¿Yv eySv‡bv nq Zvn‡j Kzdix n‡e bv| ZvhwKiv Avjx, gvKvwm`, Kexi|
219. AvZ¥xqZvi g‡a¨ kÎ‚Zv, cÖwZ‡ekx‡ì g‡a¨ wnsmv Ges fvZ…e‡M©i g‡a¨ DcKvi|
mvLvex e‡jb, Giƒc †Kv‡bv nv`xm Avgvi Rvbv †bB| Z‡e evBnvKx Zuvi ïAveyj Cgvb MÖ‡‡’ weki Beby nvwi‡mi
e³e¨ wn‡m‡e K_vwU D×„Z K‡i‡Qb| jyj,y Kexi|
220. Zvi AcviMZvi Ihi Zvi Aciv‡ai †P‡q RNb¨Zi|

G K_vwU nv`xm bq| Avj-gvmb~, jyjy, ZvhwKiv Avjx, Kexi|
221. AvieMY AbvieM‡Yi †bZv|

G nv`x‡mi †Kv‡bv Aw¯„Z¡ ev wfwË †bB| †gvjv Avjx Kvix gvDh~AvZ Kexi MÖ‡‡’ wj‡L‡Qb †h, Gi A_© mwVK| Avj-
gvmb~, jyjy, ZvhwKiv Avjx, Kexi|
222. GKv _vKvB mgvRwew‛Qb‣ _vKv|

K_vwU nv`xm bq| jyjy|
223. m¤§vb ewÈZ (fvM¨ wba©vwiZ) Ges m¤§vb mÜvbx wPw‡„Z|

nv`xmwU Avbv‡mi m~‡Î ivm~jyjvn  †_‡K (Rvj mb‡`) ewY©Z n‡q‡Q| nv`xm wn‡m‡e GwU Aï×| Z‡e Gi A_© mwVK|
hviKvbx e‡jb, G nv`x‡mi †Kv‡bv Aw¯„Z¡ ev wfwË †bB| Kexi, ZvhwKiv Avjx, jyjy|
224. Ae‡njv cÖ`k©b K‡i †Zvgv‡ì gh©v`v evovI|

G K_vwU nv`xm bq| Kexi, Avj-gvmb~, jyjy|
225. †Zvgiv jeb eënvi Ki‡e; KviY Zv 70wU †iv‡Mi cÖwZKvi|

G nv`xm Rvj| ZvhwKiv Avjx|
226. Bjg `y cÖKvi: `x‡bi Bjg I †`‡ni Bjg|

Lyjvmv MÖ‡‡’ D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, nv`xmwU Rvj|
(Bgvg myq~Zxi) hvBjyj gvDh~AvZ MÖ‡‡’ wb‡g‣i nv`xmwUI Rvj e‡j D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q| nvmvb †_‡K, ûhvBdv †_‡K, wZwb
e‡jb, Avwg ivm~jyjvn () †K wRÁvmv K‡iwQjvg, Bjg evwZb Kx? wZwb e‡jb, Avwg wReixj‡K wRÁvmv K‡iwQjvg, Bjg
evwZb Kx? wZwb e‡jb, Avwg Avjvn‡K wRÁvmv K‡iwQjvg, Bjg evwZb Kx? Avjvn e‡jb,
227. †n wReixj, Zv n‡jv Avgvi I Avgvi wcÖqcvÎ I AjxM‡Yi ga¨Kvi †Mvcb welq| Avwg Zv Zv‡ì A‡„‡ii g‡a¨ cÖ`vb
Kwi| †Kv‡bv •bKU¨cÖvß wdwikZv ev †Kv‡bv bex-ivm~jI Zv Rvb‡Z cv‡ib bv|
G nv`xmwU wbwðZfv‡eB Rvj| Z‡e Kj‡ei cwi‛Qb‣Zv I ZvmvID‡di welq KziAvb I Ab¨vb¨ nv`xm †_‡K Rvbv
hvq| welqwU AvwjgM‡Yi ARvbv bq| Kexi, jyj,y ZvhwKiv Avjx, Avj-gvmb~|
228. Avgvi D¤§v‡Zi AvwjgMY ebx BmivC‡ji bexM‡Yi gZ|

109
wZiwghx, w`gBqvix I Beby nvRvi AvmKvjvbx e‡j‡Qb †h, G nv`xmwUi †Kv‡bv Aw¯„Z¡ †bB| myq~Zx bxie
†_‡K‡Qb| Dci‡‘ hviKvbx gyLZvmvi‚j gvKvwm` MÖ‡‡’ G nv`xmwU‡K wfwËnxb e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| gvIjvbv Avãyj nvB
jvLbex Dg`vZzi wiqvBqvn MÖ‡‡’ G nv`xmwU Rvj e‡j ¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb| (†gvjv Avjx Kvixi) gvDh~AvZ Kvex‡i (G Rvj
nv`x‡mi wecix‡Z) wb‡g‣i nv`xmwU D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q:
ÒAvwjgMY bexM‡Yi DËivwaKvixÓ| G nv`xmwU Ave~ `vi`v (iv)-Gi m~‡Î PviwU mybvbMÖ‡‡’ msKjb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Kexi, ZvhwKiv Beb Zvwni, jyj,y ZvhwKiv Avjx, Dg`vZzi wiqvBqvn|
229. cÖ‡Z¨K fvj wel‡qi Dc‡iB wb‡laKvix i‡q‡Q|

K_vwU nv`xm bq; Z‡e A_© mwVK| Kexi, jyj,y ZvhwKiv Avjx|
230. e„×v‡ì `xb MÖnY †Zvgv‡ì `vwqZ¡|

G nv`xm Rvj| Kexi, jyjy, gvKvwm`|
231. Av½yi `ywU `ywU K‡i Ges †LRyi GKwU GKwU K‡i|
G K_vwU Abvie ev dvm©xfvlx‡ì g‡a¨ Gfv‡e cÖwmw× jvf K‡i‡Q, wK‡‘ Zvi †Kv‡bv wfwË †bB| ZvhwKiv Avjx, Avj-
gvmb~|
232. Avbvm (iv) e‡jb, ejv n‡jv, †n Avjvni ivm~j, Avcbvi c‡i Avgiv Kvi †_‡K Bjg wjLe? wZwb e‡jb, Avjx I mvjgvb
†_‡K|
G nv`xmwU Beby Av`x mb`-mn msKjb K‡i‡Qb; wK‡‘ Gi mb‡` nv`xm RvjKvixMY i‡q‡Qb| (Bgvg hvnvexi)
gxhvbyj BÕwZ`vj MÖ‡‡’ ejv n‡q‡Q: ÒG nv`xmwU G mb`-mn Rvj; Gi gymxeZ G‡m‡Q Avng` Beby Avex iƒn bvgK ivex
†_‡K| hvBj|

233. Avãyjv- n (iv) ivm~jyj-vn  †_‡K, wReivCj (Av) †_‡K, gxKvCj (Av) †_‡K, Bmivdxj (Av) †_‡K, jvIn gvnd‚h
†_‡K Avjvn †_‡K, wZwb e‡jb, †h e¨w³ gynv¤§v‡ì Dci w`‡b GKkZ evi mvjvZ cvV Ki‡e Avwg Zvi Dci ingZ
Kie ....|
G nv`x‡mi mb` I gZb DfqB Rvj| gxhvb 2q LÊ|

234. Avjx (iv) †_‡K, wZwb e‡jb, Avwg ivm~jyjvn -Gi mv‡_ †ei n‡qwQjvg, G mgq GKwU †LRyi MvQ wPrKvi K‡i
Ab¨ GKwU †LRyi MvQ‡K e‡j, G n‡jb bex gymZvdv I Avjx gyiZvhv|
G nv`xmwU eY©bv K‡i‡Q Avng` Beby bvmi Avh-hvwiq bvgK GK e¨w³| G e¨w³ nvwim Beby Avex Dmvgv I Zuvi
mgch©v‡qi gynvwÏm‡ì bv‡g A‡bK AvcwËKi nv`xm eY©bv K‡i‡Q, hv †_‡K eySv hvq †h, †jvKwU Awek¦¯„ wQj| `vivKzZbx e‡jb,
†jvKwU gnv-RvwjqvZ wQj| Zvi KzwbqvZ Ave~ eKi| GwU Zvi ewY©Z GKwU evwZj nv`xm| wjmvb 1/317|
235. Av‡qkv (iv) e‡jb, †n Avjvni ivm~j, Avcwb hLb dvwZgv‡K Pz¤^b K‡ib ZLb Avcbvi wRn․v‡K Zvi gy‡Li g‡a¨
†i‡L †`b, Gi KviY Kx? wZwb e‡jb, Av‡qkv, Avjvn Avgv‡K Rvb‣v‡Z cÖ‡ek Kivb; ZLb wReivCj Avgv‡K GKwU
Av‡cj cÖ`vb K‡ib Ges Avwg Av‡cjwU f¶Y Kwi| ZLb †m Av‡cjwU Avgvi c„ô‡`‡k Ae¯’vb †bq| Avwg Avmgvb
†_‡K †b‡g Lv`xRvi mv‡_ wgwjZ nB..... Zv †_‡K dvwZgvi Rb¥ ...|
gxhvbyj BÕwZ`vj MÖ‡‡’i †jLK (Bgvg hvnvex) e‡jb, G K_v †Zv LyeB ¯úó †h, dvwZgv byeyIqv‡Zi c~‡e©B Rb¥MÖnY
K‡ib| Kv‡RB byeyIqv‡Zi c‡i wgiv‡Ri mgq Rvb‣v‡Z †h‡q Rvb‣vZx Av‡cj †L‡q dv‡Zgvi Rb¥ wKfv‡e n‡e? G nv`xmwU
110
evwZj I wg_¨v| gxhvb|
 
236. Beby Ave․vm (iv) e‡jb, Avwg ivm~jyjvn -Gi wbKU cÖ‡ek Kwi| ZLb Zuvi nv‡Z GKwU bvkcvwZ dj wQj| wZwb
e‡jb, GwU MÖnY Ki; KviY GwU A‡„i‡K cweÎ-D¾xweZ K‡i...|
G nv`x‡mi wec` Gi mb‡` we`¨gvb hvjxg (Beby nvZxZ) A_ev (nvmvb Beby Avjx) Avi-i‚°x| bvkcvwZi dhxj‡Z Giƒc
Rvj nv`xm Ab¨ mb‡Ì ewY©Z n‡q‡Q, hv GLv‡b D×„Z Kiv n‡jv bv| gxhvb 1/482|

237. ivm~jyj-vn  †_‡K, wReivCj (Av) †_‡K Avjvn †_‡K, wZwb e‡jb: Avwg Avjvn, Avwg Qvov †Kv‡bv Bjvn †bB, G n‡jv
Avgvi evK¨| †h G evK¨ ej‡e Avwg Zv‡K Avgvi Rvb‣v‡Z cÖ‡ek Kiv‡ev| Avi hv‡K Avwg Avgvi Rvb‣v‡Z cÖ‡ek Kivjvg
†m wbivcËv jvf Kij| Avi KziAvb Avgvi K_v Ges Avgv †_‡KB Zv wbM©Z n‡q‡Q|
gxhv‡bi †jLK (Bgvg hvnvex) e‡jb, nv`xmwU evwZj| gxhvb 2/229|

238. Beby Avex AvDdv (iv) e‡jb, ivm~jyjvn  Zuvi †Kv‡bv GK Dgiv cvj‡bi Rb¨ g°vq cÖ‡ek K‡ib| ZLb
g°vevmxiv Zuv‡K cuPv kkv Qz‡o gviwQj Avi Avgiv Zv‡K Avovj KiwQjvg|
G nv`xmwU Rvj| Z‡e Beby Avex AvDdv (iv) †_‡K wb‡g‣i nv`xmwU ewY©Z n‡q‡Q:

Ò(û`vBweqvi mwÜi c‡ii ermi Kvhv Dgiv Av`v‡qi Rb¨) ivm~jyjvn  Kvev M„‡ni ZvIqvd K‡ib; ZLb Avgiv
Zuv‡K Avovj K‡i wQjvg; Gf‡q †h cv‡Q g°vi †KD Zuv‡K wKQz Qz‡o gv‡i ev †Kv‡bv wKQz w`‡q Zuv‡K AvNvZ K‡i|Ó wjmvb|

239. Avbvm (iv) e‡jb, Avwg ivm~jyjv n -Gi wbKU wQjvg, GgZve¯’vq wZwb Avjx‡K AvMgb Ki‡Z †`‡Lb| ZLb wZwb
e‡jb, Avwg Ges G e¨w³ wKqvg‡Zi w`b Avgvi D¤§v‡Zi Dci cÖgvY|
G nv`xmwU Rvj| G nv`x‡mi wec` (RvwjqvZ) gvZvi (Beby Avex gvZvi) bvgK ivex| myq~Zx e‡jb, gxhvbyj BÕwZ`vj
MÖ‡‡’ D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, G nv`xmwU evwZj; G nv`x‡mi RvwjqvwZi Rb¨ Awfhy³ n‡jv gvZvi, †h GKRb gnv-wg_ëv`x
wn‡m‡e mycwiwPZ| nv`x‡mi cieZ©x ivex DevB`yjvn GKRb wkqv ivex wQ‡jb| wZwb wbf©i‡hvM¨ I mZëv`x ivex wQ‡jb|
wK‡‘ gvZv‡ii gZ GKRb mycwiwPZ wg_¨vev`xi G wg_¨v eY©bvi cv‡c wZwb cvcx| wjmvb|
2. 3. 19. ÔMvBb A¶i : ‫حسف الغين‬
240. cÖevmx ev ¯^Rbnxb ci‡`kxiv bexM‡Yi DËivwaKvix| mgv‡Ri g‡a¨ ci‡`wk Qvov KvD‡K Avjvn byeyIqvZ cÖ`vb
K‡ib wb|
G nv`xmwU Avbvm (iv) †_‡K ivm~jyj-vn -Gi K_v wn‡m‡e ewY©Z Ges Zv evwZj I Rvj nv`xm| gyLZvmvi‚j
gvKvwm` MÖ‡‡’ Zv D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q| jyjy, ZvhwKiv Avjx, Kexi|
241. †Zvgiv †Zvgv‡ì bL I Pzj cwieZ©b Ki‡e; G‡Z Avjvn †Zvgv‡ì †bKx e„w× Ki‡eb Ges †Zvgv‡ì gh©v`v D×© Ki‡eb|
gynv¤§v` Beby Avng` mveLx Avey evKi kvwn` bvgK ivex G nv`xmwU Ave~ BmgvCj ûmvBb †_‡K mb`-mn eY©bv K‡i‡Qb|
G nv`xmwU Ges Gi A‡_© ewY©Z mKj nv`xmB Rvj| wjmvb 5/44|
2. 3. 20. dv A¶i : ‫اء‬
‫حسف الف‬
242. ïfdj-Avkv K_vi Dci wbf©ikxj|

G k‡ã †Kv‡bv nv`xm ewY©Z nq wb| Z‡e mybvb Ave~ `vD‡` msKwjZ GK nv`x‡m ewY©Z n‡q‡Q †h, ivm~jyjvn  GK
e¨w³i gyL †_‡K GKwU my•ì K_v ï‡b PKrK…Z nb| ZLb wZwb e‡jb:
111
Avgiv †Zvgvi gyL †_‡KB †Zvgvi Rb¨ ïf Avkv ev ïf‡hvM ((optimistic outlook) MÖnY Kijvg| Kexi, jyj,y
ZvhwKiv Avjx|
243. mva¨vZxZ welq †_‡K cjvqb Kiv ivm~jM‡Yi mybv‣ ‡Zi A‡„f©y³|
G nv`x‡mi K_v wfwËnxb I Aï×| Dci‡‘ Gi A_©I evwZj| †KD hw` wek¦vm K‡i †h ivm~jyjvn  cjvqb
K‡iwQ‡jb Z‡e †m Kvwdi n‡q hv‡e| KziAv‡b g~mv (Av)-Gi wel‡q ejv n‡q‡Q, beyIqvZ jv‡fi c~‡e© Zvi nv‡Z GKRb
wgmixq e¨w³ wbnZ nIqv I Zvi gv`v‡q‡b P‡j hvIqvi wel‡q wZwb wdivDb‡K e‡jwQ‡jb: ÒhLb Avwg †Zvgv‡ì †_‡K fxZ
njvg ZLb Avwg †Zvgv‡ì †_‡K cjvqb Kijvg|Ó168 Z‡e GwU wQj byeyIqvZ jv‡fi c~‡e© NUbv| Avi Avgv‡ì gnvbex
()-Gi wnRiZ cjvqb wQj bv; eis Avjvni Av‡`k wfwËK GKwU Kg© wQj| hy‡×i c‡i civwRZ n‡q cvwj‡q hvIqv‡KB
cjvqb ejv nq| Kexi|
244. mKj cÖKvi †Z‡ji Dci fv‡qv‡jU (violet)-Gi †Z‡ji gh©v`v mKj m„wói Dc‡i bex es‡ki gh©v`vi gZ|
G nv`xmwU Rvj| jyjy, Kex‡ii †k‡l|
245. mKj gv‡mi g‡a¨ iRe gv‡mi gh©`v mKj K_vi Dc‡i KziAv‡bi gh©v`vi gZ|
Beby nvRvi G nv`xm Rvj e‡j‡Qb| Avj-gvmb~, ZvhwKiv Avjx, jyjy|
246. mKj ZiKvixi Dc‡i wcuqvR ev wcuqvR RvZxq keRx (leek/ shallot)-Gi gh©v`v mKj Lv`¨k‡lï Dci i‚wUi
gh©v`vi gZ|
G nv`xmwU Rvj| m¤¢eZ wgm‡ii whbw`Kiv GwU evwb‡q‡Q| jyjy|
247. `vwi`ª Avgvi †M․ie Ges Avwg ZviB AnsKvi Kwi|

G nv`xm‡K Beby nvRvi AvmKvjvbx Rvj e‡j‡Qb Ges Beby ZvBwgqv e‡j‡Qb †h, GwU wg_¨v| G Qvov Bgvg mvMvbx
GwU‡K Zuvi Rvj nv`xm msKj‡bi A‡„f©y³ K‡i‡Qb| Kexi, gvKvwm`, mvMvbx|
248. bovPov, Av‡•`vjb ev Kg©cÖ‡Póvi g‡a¨ eiKZ i‡q‡Q|

GwU †Kv‡bv nv`xm bq, eis c~e©eZ©x †Kv‡bv eyRy‡M©i e³e¨| ZvhwKiv Avjx, Avj-gvmb~, Kexi|
249. wePvi jvf Ki‡Z wePv‡ii N‡i Avm‡Z nq|

GwU †Kv‡bv nv`xm bq, eis cÖPwjZ cÖev` evK¨| Beby `vex Zv D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| hviKvkx e‡jb, mvC` Beby gvbm~i
Zuvi mybvb MÖ‡‡’ eY©bv K‡i‡Qb †h, ÔDgvi Bebyj LvËve (iv) I DevB Beby KvÕe (iv)-Gi g‡a¨ we‡iva N‡U| ZLb Zuviv hvB`
Beby mvweZ (iv)-‡K mvwjm gv‡bb| Zuviv Df‡q hvB‡ì evwo‡Z Mgb K‡ib| evwo‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡i Dgvi (iv) e‡jb, Avgiv
Avcbvi Kv‡Q Avmjvg, †hb Avcwb Avgv‡ì g‡a¨ wePvi K‡i †`b| ZLb hvB` e‡jb, wePv‡ii evwo‡ZB wePv‡ii Rb¨
Avm‡Z nq| Gici Zuviv `yRb Zuvi mvg‡b e‡mb Ges wZwb Zuv‡ì g‡a¨ wePvi K‡ib|Õ G cÖev` evK¨wUi wel‡q w`gBqvixi
nvqvZzj nvBIqvb MÖ‡‡’ A†¢yZ GKwU Mí D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q| Kexi|
250. †kl hy‡M †iv‡gi (BD‡iv‡ci) kxZ wmwiqvq P‡j Avm‡e|

Beby nvRvi AvmKvjbx G nv`xmwU‡K wfwËnxb e‡j‡Qb| Avj-gvmb~, ZvhwKiv Avjx, Kexi|
251. Avgvi D¤§‡Zi g‡a¨ GKe¨w³, hvi bvg byÕgvb Ges Zvi KzwbqvZ ev Dcbvg Ave~ nvbxdv, †m Avgvi D¤§v‡Zi cÖ`xc|
Bebyj RvIhx G nv`xmwU‡K Rvj e‡j‡Qb| GQvov LZxe evM`v`xI G nv`xmwU‡K Rvj e‡j‡Qb| jyjy
112
2. 3. 21. K¡vd A¶i : ‫حسف القاف‬

252. ivm~jyj-vn  wReivCj (Av)-‡K e‡jb, m~h© wK ga¨ AvKvk †_‡K cwð‡g X‡j c‡o‡Q? wReivCj e‡jb, bv, nu¨v| wZwb
e‡jb, Avcwb †Kb ej‡jb, bv Ges n¨v? wReivCj e‡jb, Avgvi ÔbvÕ I Ônu¨vÕ ejvi gaëZ©x mg‡q m~h© 500 erm‡ii
c_ AwZµg K‡i|
G nv`x‡mi †Kv‡bv wfwË ev Aw¯„Z¡ Rvbv hvq bv| Kexi, ZvhwKiv Avjx, jyjy, Avj-gvmb~|

253. ivm~jyj-vn  wReivCj (Av)-‡K e‡jb, gnvb Avjvni Kv‡Q me‡P‡q wcÖq Kg© †KvbwU? wZwb e‡jb, †n gynv¤§v`,
Avcbvi Dci mvjvZ (ì‚`) cvV I Avjx Beby Avex Zvwje (iv)-‡K fvjevmv|
nv`xmwU `vBjvgx eY©bv K‡i‡Qb; wK‡‘ Gi mb‡` Ave~ mvC` Avj-nvmvb Beby Dmgvb ZvmZzix bvgK GK gnv-
wg_¨vev`x we`¨gvb, †h A‡bK Rvj I evwZj nv`xm eY©bv K‡i‡Q| hvBj|

254. ivm~jyj-vn  e‡jb: gnvb Avjvni Avi‡ki wb‡P GKwU kni i‡q‡Q, †h kniwU m‡e©vËg †gkK w`‡q •Zwi| G kn‡ii
ìRvq GKRb wdwikZv cÖwZw`b †NvlYv w`‡q e‡jb, †R‡b ivL! †h e¨w³ Avwjg‡ì mv¶vr Kij †m bex‡ì mv¶vZ
Kij Ges †h bex‡ì mv¶vr Kij †m Avjvni mv¶vr jvf Kij, Avi †h Avjvni mv¶vr jvf Kij Zvi Rb¨
Rvb‣vZ|
G nv`x‡mi mb‡` Beivnxg Beby myjvBgvb Avj-evjLx bvgK GK ivex i‡q‡Q, †h e¨w³ Pzwi K‡i nv`xm evbvZ|
hvBj|

255. Rvdi Beby bvmZ‚i iƒgx e‡jb, Zve~‡K Avwg ivm~jyjvn -Gi mv‡_ wQjvg| ZLb Zuvi †eZwU c‡o hvq Ges Avwg Zv
Zuvi nv‡Z Zz‡j w`B| ZLb wZwb e‡jb, Avjvn †Zvgvi Avqy `xN© Ki‚b| Rvdi e‡jb, d‡j wZwb 340 ermi RxweZ
_v‡Kb|
G nv`x‡mi mb‡` ewY©Z Rvdi Beby bvmZ‚i bvgK e¨w³i wel‡q gxhvbyj BÕwZ`vj bvgK MÖ‡‡’i †jLK (Avjvgv
hvnvex) e‡jb, G e¨w³i bvg cÖvPxb hqxd ivexM‡Yi Rxebx msµv‡„ MÖ‡’¸wj‡Z cvIqv hvq bv| Zvi wg_¨vPvi GZ my¯úó †h
Zvi G mKj wg_¨vPvi wb‡q ev Zv‡K wb‡q Av‡jvPbvI DwPZ bq| wjmvbyj gxhvb MÖ‡‡’i †jLK (Avjvgv Beby nvRvi) e‡jb,
gxhvbyj BwZ`vj MÖ‡‡’i †jLK ZvRix` bvgK Zvi Ab¨ MÖ‡‡’ e‡jb, bvmZzi iƒgxi bv‡g ewY©Z nv`xm¸wji mb` AÜKviv‛Qb‣
(Zvi †_‡K hviv nv`xm eY©bv K‡i‡Q ZvivI AÁvZ cwiPq RvwjqvZ) Ges Zvi bv‡g ewY©Z nv`xm¸wji K_v¸wj me evwZj|
G e¨w³ GKRb gnv-RvwjqvZ `v¾vj wQj, A_ev G bv‡g †Kv‡bv e¨w³i Aw¯„Z¡B wQj bv, cieZ©x RvwjqvZ‡ì RvwjqvwZi
Ask G bvg| wjmvb 2/130|
256. Avjvni Kv‡Q me‡P‡q †ewk N„wYZ fvlv dvm©x, kqZvb‡ì fvlv Lyhx, Rvnvb‣vgx‡ì fvlv bv¾vix Avi Rvb‣vZx‡ì fvlv
Aviex|
BmgvCj Beby whqv` bvgK GK ivex G nv`xm eY©bv K‡i‡Q| G e¨w³ GKRb gnv-wg_ëv`x RvwjqvZ wQj| G e¨w³ G
nv`xm Avwmg Beby Avãyjvn evjLx bvgK GK e¨w³ †_‡K ï‡b‡Q e‡j `vwe K‡i| G e¨w³I wg_¨vev`x RvwjqvZ wQj| Beby Av`x
G e¨w³‡K gybKvi‚j nv`xm e‡j‡Qb| Beby wne․vb e‡jb, BmgvCj bvgK G e¨w³ `v¾vj, Gi ewY©Z †Kv‡bv nv`xm Gi RvwjqvwZi
D‡jL Qvov eY©bv Kiv •ea bq| gxhvb 1/107|
113
257. GKRb Avwj‡gi gvRwj‡m Dcw¯’Z nIqv GK nvRvi Rvbvhvq kixK nIqv †_‡K, GK nvRvi ivKAvZ
mvjvZ †_‡K, GK nvRvi n¾ Ges GK nvRvi wRnv`-hy×vwfhvb †_‡K DËg|
G nv`xmwU (Avng` Beby Avãyjv- n& ) RyAvBevix bvgK gnv-wg_¨vev`x `v¾‡ji evbv‡bv Rvj nv`xm¸wji GKwU|
gxhvb|
258. ÒKzjÓ m~iv¸wj cvV Kiv `vwi`ª¨ †_‡K wbivcËv|

G nv`x‡mi †Kv‡bv Aw¯„Z¡ ev wfwË †bB| Avj-gvmb~, jyjy|
259. gywg‡bi A‡„i (Kvje) Avjvni M„n|

ivm~jyj-vni  K_v wn‡m‡e G nv`x‡mi †Kv‡bv Aw¯„Z¡ †bB| hvivKkx G‡K Aw¯„Z¡nxb-wfwËnxb e‡j‡Qb| Beby ZvBwgqv G‡K
Rvj e‡j‡Qb| (myq~Zxi) hvBj MÖ‡‡’I GiƒcB ejv n‡q‡Q| †gvjv Avjx Kvix e‡jb, mvaviY K_v wn‡m‡e Gi A_© mwVK; gxg A¶‡i
( ) (302 bs) nv`x‡mi Av‡jvPbvq †h A_© e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡e| Kexi, ZvhwKiv Avjx, Avj-gvmb~|
260. Av`g m‡„vb‡ì A‡„i kxZ Kv‡j big nq; KviY Zv Kv`v Øviv •Zwi Avi Kv`v kx‡Z big nq|
G nv`xmwU Dgvi Beby BqvnBqv bvgK Gi ivex ïÕev Bebyj nv¾vR †_‡K eY©bv K‡ib| Ave~ byAvBg e‡jb, Dgvi
bvgK G e¨w³ gvZi‚Kzj nv`xm ev Zvi nv`xm cwiZ¨³| gxhvbyj BÕwZ`vj MÖ‡‡’i †jLK (Bgvg hvnvex) e‡jb, G e¨w³ ïÕev
†_‡K mvIi (Beby Bqvwh`) †_‡K GKwU nv`xm- Dc‡ii nv`xmwU- eY©bv K‡i‡Q hv Rvj nv`x‡mi gZ| (G e¨w³ `vex K‡i‡Q
ïÕev G nv`xmwU mvIi †_‡K ï‡b‡Qb| A_P) ïev Rxe‡b KL‡bv †Kv‡bv nv`xm mvIi †_‡K eY©bv K‡i‡Qb e‡j Avgv‡ì
Rvbv †bB| wjmvb 4/337|
261. Puv` hLb e„wðK ivwk‡Z Ae¯’vb K‡i (ZLb †Kv‡bv KvR Kiv ev bv Kiv welqK nv`xm)|
gvRgvDj wenvi MÖ‡‡’i †jLK (Avjvgv gynv¤§v` Zvwni wmwÏKx dvZvbx) Zuvi ÔZvhwKivZzj gvDh~AvZÕ MÖ‡‡’ G
nv`xmwU‡K Rvj e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| mvLvexI G‡K Rvj e‡j‡Qb| gvhvwni‚j n°|
2. 3. 22. Kvd A¶i : ‫حسف الكاف‬
262. Zzwg †Zv g‡b n‡‛Q eì hy‡× ev ûbvB‡bi hy‡× AskMÖnYKvix!
GwU †Kv‡bv nv`xm bq, gvby‡li K_v| †h e¨w³ kixqZ cvj‡b D`vmxbZv †`Lvq ev Ae‡njv K‡i Zv‡K Dcnvm K‡i
Giƒc ejv nq| Kexi, gvKvwm`, jyjy, ZvhwKiv Avjx|

263. ivm~jyj-vn  hLb mvjv‡Z ùvov‡Zb ZLb aviYvKvix aviYv KiZ †h, wZwb GKwU cÖvYnxb †`n|

264. myjvBgvb (Av)ÑGi AvswUi b·v ev †Lvw`Z K_v wQj: jv Bjvnv Bjvjvû gynv¤§v`yi ivm~jjy v n|
Beby Av`x G nv`xmwU Rvwei (iv)-Gi m~‡Î ivm~jyjvn  †_‡K eY©bv K‡i‡Qb; wK‡‘ Gi mb‡` kvBL Beby Avex Lvwj`
bvgK GK e¨w³ we`¨gvb, †h e¨w³ RvwjqvwZi Awf‡hv‡M Awfhy³| G nv`xmwUI Zvi •Zwi evwZj nv`xm¸wji GKwU|
kvIKvbx, gxhvb|
265. ivm~jyj-vn  cÖwZ iv‡Z myigv eënvi Ki‡Zb, cÖwZ gv‡m i³‡gv¶Y Kiv‡Zb Ges cÖwZ eQ‡i Jla †meb Ki‡Zb|
G nv`xmwUi mb‡` GKvwaK RvwjqvZ we`¨gvb| kvIKvbx|
266. `vbkxj e¨w³ Avjvni wcÖq, hwÌ †m cvcvPvix nq| Avi K…cY Avjvni kÎ‚, hwÌ †m ì‡ek nq|
G nv`x‡mi †Kv‡bv Aw¯„Z¡ ev wfwË †bB| Avi cÖ_g evK¨wU‡Zv wejKzj Rvj; KviY Zv KziAv‡bi wb‡`©kbvi mv‡_ mvsNwl©K|
Avjvn e‡j‡Qb: ÒAvjvn ZvIevKvix‡ì fvjev‡mbÓ, ÒAvjvn hvwjg‡ì fvjev‡mb bv|Ó Avi dvwmK ev cvcvPvix e¨w³ nq Rvwjg
114
bq Kvwdi| Kexi|
267. Zzwg (A‡bï) AKj¨vY ev ¶wZ †_‡K weiZ _vK, Zvn‡j †Zvgvi AKj¨vY ev ¶wZ †_‡KI weiZ _vKv n‡e|
G nv`x‡mi †Kv‡bv Aw¯„Z¡ ev wfwË †bB| Kexi, Avj-gvmb~, ZvhwKiv Avjx, gvKvwm`|
268. mKj weÀvZB c_åóZv, ïay Bev`‡Zi g‡a¨ weÀvZ Qvov|

G nv`xmwU `vBjvgx eY©bv K‡i‡Qb, Gi mb‡` nvBmvg (Beby Av`x) bvgK GK gnv-wg_¨vev`x RvwjqvZ ivex we`¨gvb|
G Qvov Ab¨ ivex (Ave~ eKi gynv¤§v` Bebyj nvmvb) Avb-bv°vk RvwjqvwZi Awf‡hv‡M Awfhy³| Kexi, Avj-gvmb~, jyjy,
hvBj, ZvhwKiv Avjx|
269. cÖ‡Z¨K wØZx‡qi Aek¨B Z…Zxq _vK‡Z n‡e|

G nv`xmwU wejKzj AcwiÁvZ| ZvhwKiv Avjx|
270. mKj wbwl×B wgó|

G K_v †Kv‡bv nv`xm bq| Z‡e Gi A_© my•ì| Gi cÖgvY Av`g (Av) dj f¶‡Yi wec‡` wbcwZZ nb; hwÌ Zv
my¯úófv‡e wb‡la K‡i Zv‡K ejv n‡qwQj: Ò‡Zvgiv `yRb G e„‡¶i wbKUeZ©x n‡qv bv|Ó169
271. cÖ‡ZK cvÎ †_‡K ZvB †ei nq Zv Zvi g‡a¨ _v‡K|

GwU mydx eyRMy ©M‡Yi K_v, nv`xm bq| Avj-gvmb~|
272. Zzwg †hiƒc cÖwZ`vb w`‡e, †miƒc cÖwZ`vb cv‡e|

G nv`x‡mi mb‡` RvwjqvwZi Awf‡hv‡M Awfhy³ e¨w³ we`¨gvb| jyjy|
273. Avwg ¸ß fvÊvi wQjvg...|

Beby ZvBwgqv e‡jb, GwU ivm~jyjvn -Gi K_v bq| G K_vi mnxn ev hqxd †Kv‡bviƒc †Kv‡bv mb` cvIqv hvq bv|
hvivKkx I Beby nvRviI Beby ZvBwgqvi AbymiY K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e GK_vi A_© mwVK Ges cÖKvk¨ Ges Zv mydxM‡Yi g‡a¨
cÖPwjZ|
274. DËg ¯¿x †_‡KI Zzwg mveavb _vK‡e|

GwU nv`xm bq eis jyKgvb nvKx‡gi K_v e‡j cÖPwjZ| wZwb Zuvi cyÎ‡K †h bmxnZ K‡ib Zvi g‡a¨ GK_vwU wQj
e‡j Kw_Z| Bgvg Avng` Beby nv¤^v‡ji cyÎ Avãyjv n Zuvi ÔAvh-hyn`Õ MÖ‡‡’i ms‡hvwRZ As‡k D‡jL K‡i‡Qb †h, BmgvCj
Beby DevB` bvgK GKRb Zvwe-Zvweqx e‡jb, jyKgvb Zvi cyÎ‡K e‡jb, †eUv, Lvivc ¯¿x †_‡K Avjvni Kv‡Q Avkªq PvB‡e|
Avi DËg ¯¿x †_‡KI mveavb _vK‡e; KviY fvj †_‡K Lviv‡ci w`‡KB Zviv †ewk `ª‚Z †Qv‡U| Kexi, ZvhwKiv Avjx|
2. 3. 23. jvg A¶i : ‫حسف الالم‬
275. Rvb‣vZx‡ì fvlv Aviex I ìevix dvm©x ev weï× dvm©x|

G nv`xmwU Rvj| GQvov GwU Ab¨ GKwU mnxn nv`x‡mi mv‡_ mvsNwl©K, †h nv`x‡m ejv n‡q‡Q,
Ò‡Zvgiv wZbwU Kvi‡Y Avie RvwZ‡K ev Aviexq gvbyl‡ì‡K fvjevm‡e; KviY Avwg Aviexq, Avjvni Kvjvg Aviex
I Rvb‣vZx‡ì fvlv Aviex|Ó Kexi|170
115
276. KeyZi wb‡q †Ljv `vwi`ª Avbqb K‡i|

G K_vwU nv`xm bq; eis (cÖwm× Zvweqx) Beivnxg bvLqxi K_vi fvev_©| Beivnxg bvLqx ej‡Zb: Ò‡h e¨w³ Do‡„
KeyZi wb‡q †Ljv K‡i Zv‡K g„Zzï Av‡M `vwi‡`ªi †e`bv Av¯^v`b Ki‡Z n‡e| Avi KzeZi-evwR wel‡q GKwU nv`x‡m ewY©Z
n‡q‡Q †h, ivm~jyjvn  †`‡Lb †h, GKe¨w³ KeyZ‡ii wc‡Q wc‡Q hv‡‛Q| ZLb wZwb e‡jb:
GK kqZvb Ab¨ kqZvb‡K AbymiY Ki‡Q|

nv`xmwU Bgvg eyLvix Zuvi ÒAvj-Av`veyj gydiv`Ó bvgK MÖ‡‡’ Ges Ave~ `vD` Zuvi mybvb MÖ‡‡’ mKjb K‡i‡Qb| ZvhwKiv
Avjx, Kexi|
277. VvÆv-iwmKZv ev Zvgvkv‛Q‡j wg_¨v ej‡jI wg_¨vev`x‡K Avjvn Awfkß K‡ib|

mvLvex e‡jb, ivm~jyjvn -Gi e³e¨ wn‡m‡e G nv`x‡mi †Kv‡bv Aw¯„Z¡ ev wfwË †bB| Z‡e ewY©Z n‡q‡Q, ivm~jyjvn
 e‡j‡Qb:
ÒAvwg VvÆv-iwmKZv Kwi; Z‡e mZ¨ Qvov wKQz ewj bv|Ó Kexi, Avj-gvmb~, jyjy|
278. Avjvn Awfkß K‡ib †m e¨w³‡K †h e¨w³ eskm¤úK© Qvov Avgv‡ì g‡a¨ cÖ‡ek K‡i (wb‡R‡K bex-es‡ki e‡j `vwe
K‡i) Ges †m e¨w³‡K †h Avgv‡ì †_‡K KviY Qvov †ewi‡q †Mj|
G nv`xmwU G fvlvq Rvj; Z‡e Gi A‡_©i cÖgvY cvIqv hvq nv`xm †_‡K| ivm~jjy v n  e‡jb:
hw` †KD Zvi wbR wcZv Qvov Ab¨ Kv‡iv mv‡_ wb‡Ri esk-m¤úK© `vwe K‡i- A_P †m Rv‡b †h †m e¨w³ Zvi wcZv
bq- Z‡e Zvi Rb¨ Rvb‣vZ wbwl×| Avj-gvmb~, ZvhwKiv Avjx|
279. cÖ‡Z¨K wel‡qiB wec`-Avc` Av‡Q, Avi Bj‡gi i‡q‡Q A‡bK wec`|
GwU nv`xm bq, eis gvbyl‡ì K_v| ZvhwKiv Avjx|
280. cÖ‡Z¨K K‡¶iB fvov Av‡Q|

G K_vwU nv`xm bq| ZvhwKiv Avjx, gvKvwm`, Avj-gvmb~|
281. cÖ‡Z¨K bexi D¤§v‡Zi g‡a¨ Zvi we‡kl AvcbRb _v‡K| Avi Avgvi D¤§v‡Zi g‡a¨ Avgvi we‡kl AvcbRb Ave~ eKi I
Dgvi|
G nv`x‡mi mb‡` Avãyjvn Beby gvÕgvi bvgK GK wg_¨vev`x ivex we`¨gvb| G e¨w³ ¸b`vi bvgK cÖwm× gynvwÏm
†_‡K ï‡b‡Q e‡j `vwe K‡i G evwZj nv`xmwU eY©bv K‡i| wjmvb 3/365|
282. cÖ‡Z¨K cwZZ `ª‡eïB Kzwo‡q †bIqvi gvbyl Av‡Q|

G K_v nv`xm bq, eis c~e©eZ©x †Kv‡bv eyRy‡M©i K_v| ZvhwKiv Avjx, gvKvwm`, j~jy|
283. bvixi `ywU c`©v: Kei I ¯^vgx|

G nv`x‡mi K_v Rvj, Z‡e A_© mwVK| kvIKvbx, Avj-jvAvjx|
284. hLb Avgv‡K wgiv‡R wb‡q hvIqv n‡jv, ZLb †`Ljvg †h, Avi‡ki LuywU‡Z wjwLZ i‡q‡Q: Avjvn Qvov †Kv‡bv gve~` †bB,
116
gynv¤§v` Avjvni ivm~j, Ave~ eKi wmÏxK, Dgvi dviƒK, Dmgvb hyb‣~ivBb|
G nv`x‡mi mb‡` Avjx Beby Rvgxj iv°x bvgK GK e¨w³ we`¨gvb| G e¨w³ Rvixi Beby Avãyj nvgx` I Cmv Beby
BDb~m †_‡K nv`xm eY©bv Kivi `vex KiZ| Beby wne․vb Zv‡K wg_¨vev`x e‡j wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb Ges `vivKzZbx Zv‡K `ye©j
e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| †gvÏvK_v n‡jv, G nv`xmwU Rvj| wjmvb|
 
285. hLb dvwZgv‡K Avjxi N‡i Zz‡j †Ìqv nq ZLb ivm~jjy v n  Zuvi A‡MÖ, wReivCj Zuvi Wv‡b, gxKvCj Zuvi ev‡g
Ges 70 nvRvi wdwikZv Zuvi wcQ‡b wQ‡jb|
gxhvb MÖ‡‡’i †jLK e‡jb, G nv`xmwU my¯úó wg_¨v| wjmvb 2/74|
286. hLb Avgv‡K wgÕiv‡R wb‡q hvIqv nq ZLb Avwg †`Ljvg Rvb‣v‡Zi ìRvq wjwLZ i‡q‡Q: Avjvn Qvov †Kv‡bv gve~`
†bB, gynv¤§v` Avjvni ivm~j, Avjx Avjvni nvexe, nvmvb I ûmvBb Avjvni evQvBK…Z wcÖqcvÎ Ges dvwZgv Avjvni
ev•`x; hviv G‡ì‡K AcQ•` K‡i Zv‡ì Dci Avjvni jvÕbZ|
G nv`x‡mi mb‡` Avjx Beby Avng` gyAvwÏe ûjIqvbx we`¨gvb| G e¨w³ A‡bK Rvj nv`xm eY©bv K‡i‡Q| †m¸wji
g‡a¨ RNb¨Zg G nv`xmwU| gxhvbyj BÕwZ`vj MÖ‡‡’i †jLK (Bgvg hvnvex) e‡jb, Avjvni Kmg, G nv`xmwU Rvj, Ges †h
e¨w³ G nv`xmwU evwb‡q‡Q Zvi Dci Avjvni jvbZ| Bgvg LZxe evM`v`x e‡jb, Avgvi my`p„ aviYv †h, G nv`xm¸wj meB
ûjIqvbxi evbv‡bv| wjmvb 4/194|
287. Avgv‡K hLb wgÕiv‡R †bIqv n‡jv ZLb cÖ_g Avmgv‡b Avwg meyR SzwU I mv`v cvjK Iqvjv GKwU †gviM †`Ljvg|
†gviMwUi c`Øq w`M‡‡„ I gv_v Avi‡ki wbKU ..... |
Beby Avwe nvwZg ivhx e‡jb, G nv`xmwU gvBmviv Beby Avãy ivwe․nx Avj-dvwimx Avj-evmix AvZ-Zvi&ivm Avj-Av°vj
eY©bv K‡i‡Q| wgÕiv‡Ri wel‡q †m cÖvq wek c„ôvi GK j¤^v nv`xm eY©bv K‡i‡Q| gynv¤§v` Beby Cmv Beby Zve․v e‡jb, Avwg
gvBmviv Beby Avãy ivwe․nx‡K ejjvg, Avcwb GKwU nv`xm eY©bv K‡ib hv‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q,
288. †h e¨w³ AgyK m~iv cvV Ki‡e, †m AgyK mvIqve jvf Ki‡e...
G nv`xmwU Avcwb †Kv_vq †c‡q‡Qb? wZwb e‡jb, gvbyl‡ì‡K KziAvb cv‡V DØy× Kivi Rb¨ Avwg wb‡R G mKj nv`xm
evwb‡qwQ| Bgvg Beby wne․vb e‡jb, G e¨w³ mycÖwm× wbf©i‡hvM¨ gynvwÏm I ivex‡ì bv‡g wg_¨v I Rvj nv`xm eY©bv KiZ Ges
wb‡R nv`xm Rvj KiZ| KziAv‡bi m~iv¸wji dhxj‡Z ewY©Z j¤^v nv`xmwUi D†¢veK †m-B| Bgvg Ave~ `vD` e‡jb, G e¨w³
wb‡RB ¯^xKvi KiZ †h, †m Rvj nv`xm •Zwi K‡i| Bgvg `vivKzZbx e‡jb, G e¨w³ gvZiƒK ev cwiZ¨³| Bgvg Ave~ nvwZg
e‡jb, G †jvKwU nv`xm RvwjqvwZi gva¨‡g nv`xm webó K‡i‡Q| G e¨w³ Kvhexb kni I mxgv‡„ m¤ú‡K© A‡bK Rvj nv`xm
evwb‡q cÖPvi K‡i‡Q| Ave~ hyiAv e‡jb, G e¨w³ Kvhexb kn‡ii dhxj‡Z 40wU nv`xm evwb‡q‡Q| GLv‡b G ÒAv°vjÓ
DcvwacÖvß gvBmviv bvgK G e¨w³i m¤ú‡K© A†¢yr Kvwnbx D‡jL KiwQ hv wewfb‣ MÖ‡‡’ D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q| gynvwÏmMY Zv‡K
ÒAv°vjÓ bv‡gB †ewk †P‡bb| Av°vj A_© Ògnv-Lv`KÓ| Bgvg Avmgvqx e‡jb, GK gwnjv gvbZ K‡iwQ‡jb, Av°vj‡K †cU
cy‡i LvIqv‡eb| wZwb Lvbv •Zwi K‡i Zv‡K †W‡K wb‡q hvb Ges GKUz wnmve K‡i †L‡Z Aby‡iva K‡ib| GKUz wnmve K‡i
†L‡q †h Lv‡`¨ Zvi †cU f‡i Zv n‡jv 70 R‡bi Lv`¨| Kw_Z Av‡Q †h, Zvi †ckv wQj Nivwgi KvR ev N‡ii Qv‡ì KvR
Kiv| GK e¨w³ Zv‡K wbR evwoi Qv‡` Kv‡Ri Rb¨ Wv‡Kb| G mg‡q wZwb wÎk e¨w³‡K `vIqvZ †`b Zvi evwo‡Z LvIqvi
Rb¨| eveywP© Zv‡ì Rb¨ wewfb‣ cÖKv‡ii Lv`¨ cÖ¯‘Z K‡i| Lv`¨ cÖ¯‘Z nIqvi c‡i eveywP© wb‡Ri Kv‡R evB‡i hvq| gvBmviv
Qv‡ì Dci †_‡K †`L‡Z cvq †h, ivb‣vNi G‡Kev‡i Lvwj| ZLb †m Qv` †_‡K †b‡g mKj Lv`¨ †L‡q Avevi Qv‡` D‡V wb‡Ri
Kv‡R g‡bv‡hvM †`q| eveywP© wd‡i G‡m †`‡L ivb‣vN‡i nvo‡Mvo Qvov wKQzB †bB| †m evwoi KZ©v‡K welqwU Rvbvq| G mg‡q
`vIqvZcÖvß gvby‡livI Dcw¯’Z n‡q hvq| evwoi KZ©v wK Ki‡eb †f‡e cvb bv| Zvi Ae¯’v †`‡L †gngvbiv weeªZ nb| ZLb
wZwb Zv‡ì‡K mZ¨ K_vB e‡jb| ZvivI nvo‡Mvo †`L‡Z cvb| †KD †KD ej‡Z _v‡Kb, GwU wRb‡ì KvR| ZLb GKe¨w³
Qv‡ì Dci gvBmviv‡K †`L‡Z cvb| wZwb gvBmvivi Lv`¨vf¨vm m¤ú‡K© AeMZ wQ‡jb| wZwb e‡jb, gvBmviv hLb GLv‡b
Av‡Q ZLb G KvR ZviB| Zv‡K wb‡P †W‡K cÖk‣ Kiv n‡j †m me ¯^xKvi K‡i Ges e‡j, †h Lv`¨ wQj hw` Zvi wØ¸Y Lv`¨
117
_vKZ Zvn‡jI Avwg †L‡q †djZvg| Avcbviv PvB‡j cix¶v K‡i †`L‡Z cv‡ib|
289. †Zvgv‡ì †KD hw` †Kv‡bv cv_‡ii wel‡qI fvj aviYv †cvlY K‡i Zvn‡j †m cv_i ØvivB Avjvn Zvi Kj¨vY mvab
Ki‡eb|
Bgvg mvLvex Ges Beby nvRvi AvmKvjvbx G nv`xm‡K wfwËnxb- Aw¯„Z¡nxb e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| Beby ZvBwgqv
GwU‡K Rvj e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| Bebyj KvBwqg Avj-RvDwhq¨vn e‡jb, gykwiK I gywZ©cyRKiv G nv`xmwU evwb‡q‡Q|
Kexi, Avj-gvmb~|
290. Zzwg bv n‡j Avwg gnvKvkmg~n (wek¦) m„wó KiZvg bv|

Bgvg mvMvbx e‡jb, Lyjvmv MÖ‡‡’ G nv`xm‡K Rvj e‡j D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q| †gvÏvK_v n‡jv, G k‡ã Giƒc †Kv‡bv
nv`xm ewY©Z nq wb| Z‡e A‡_©i w`K †_‡K K_vwU fvj| `vBjvgx Beby Ave․v‡mi (iv) m~‡Î ivm~jyjvn  †_‡K wb‡g‣i
nv`xmwU D×„Z K‡i‡Qb:
ÒwReivCj (Av) Avgvi wbKU AvMgb K‡i e‡jb, †n gynv¤§v`, Zzwg bv n‡j Avwg Rvb‣vZ m„wó KiZvg bv, Zzwg bv n‡j
Avwg Rvnvb‣vg m„wó KiZvg bv| Beby AvmvwKi ewY©Z nv`x‡m ejv n‡q‡Q: ÒZzwg bv n‡j Avwg c„w_ex m„wó KiZvg bv|Ó
KvmZvjvbx Zvi ÔgvIqvwneyj jv`ywb‣qvÕ MÖ‡‡’ G K_v D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| Avj-gvmb~, jyjy, ZvhwKiv Avjx, Avmvi| dvZvIqv
Avhxwhq¨vn‡Z i‡q‡Q, G nv`xmwU †Kv‡bv MÖ‡‡’ †`Lv hvq wb|
291. hw` Mv‡Q fiv R½j¸wj Kjg n‡Zv, mg~`ª Kvwj n‡Zv, wR‡biv wnmve KiZ Ges gvby‡li wjLZ Zvn‡jI Avjxi
gh©v`vewj wnmve K‡i †kl Ki‡Z cviZ bv|
G nv`xmwU gyAvdx Beby hvKvwiqv bvgK ivex gynv¤§v` Beby Avng` Beby Avjx Beby nvmvb Beby kvhvb bvgK ivex †_‡K mb`-
mn eY©bv K‡ib| G nv`xmwU Rvj| ( ) 71 bs nv`xmwU †`Lyb| wjmvb 5/62|
292. GKRb gymwjg‡K nZ¨v Kivi †P‡q GKwU GKwU K‡i cv_i Ly‡j KvevNi‡K a․sm Kiv mnRZi|
G k‡ã †Kv‡bv nv`xm ewY©Z nq wb| Z‡e wb‡g‣i nv`xmwU ewY©Z n‡q‡Q:
Ò†h e¨w³ †Kv‡bv b¨vqm½Z KviY Qvov †Kv‡bv gymwjg‡K Kó w`j †m †hb evBZzjvn (KvevM„n) a․sm Kij|Ó Kexi,
ZvhwKiv Avjx, Avj-gvmb~, ZvhwKiv Zvwni|171
293. †h e¨w³ gvby‡li Kvco Pzwi K‡i †m (cÖKZ… ) †Pvi bq; cÖK…Z †Pvi †h e¨w³ mvjvZ Pzwi K‡i; cvwL †hgb gvwU †_‡K
Lv`¨ `vbv Ly‡U Gfv‡e †m mvjvZ‡K Ly‡U|
G k‡ã G nv`xmwU Rvj| hvBj|172
294. Avjvni mv‡_ mv¶v‡Zi Av‡M gywg‡bi †Kv‡bv kvw‡„-wekªvg †bB|

K_vwU nv`xm bq| GwU Zvweqx Iqvn&nve Beby gybvwe․‡ni K_v e‡j ewY©Z| gynv¤§v` Beby bvmi gviIqvhx Zvi
ÒwKqvgyjv BjÓ MÖ‡‡’ G K_vwU‡K Iqvn&nve-Gi wb‡Ri e³e¨ wn‡m‡e D×„Z K‡i‡Qb| Kexi|
295. Rvb‣v‡Zi cÖwZwU e„‡¶i cÖwZwU cvZvq †jLv i‡q‡Q: jv Bjvnv Bjvjvû, gynv¤§v`yi ivm~jyjvn, Ave~ evKi wmÏxK, Dgvi
118
dvi‚K, Dmgvb hyb‣~ivBb|
gxhvbyj BÕwZ`vj MÖ‡‡’i †jLK (Avjvgv hvnvex) e‡jb, G nv`xmwU evwZj| Gi mb‡` ûmvBb Beby Avãyi ingvb
bvgK GK e¨w³ i‡q‡Q, †h wg_¨v nv`xm eY©bvi Awf‡hv‡M Awfhy³| wjmvb 2/195|
2. 3. 24. gxg A¶i : ‫حسف الميم‬
296. †Kv‡bv †`nB wnsmv-k~b¨ bq|

mvLvex e‡jb, G k‡ã †Kv‡bv nv`xm Avwg Rvb‡Z cvwi wb| G A‡_© GKwU nv`xm Ave~ g~mv Avj-gv`vbx Zuvi ÔbyhnvZzj
ûd&dvhÕ bvgK MÖ‡‡’ mb`mn Avbvm (iv)-Gi m~‡Î ivm~jyjvn  †_‡K D×„Z K‡i‡Qb| `xN© nv`x‡mi g‡a¨ GK ¯’v‡b ejv
n‡q‡Q:
ÒmKj Av`g m‡„vbB wnsmyK|Ó G nv`xmwUi mb` `ye©j| Kexi, jyjy|
297. nZ¨vKvix wbn‡Zi †Kv‡bv cvcB Aewkó iv‡L bv|

Beby Kvmxi Zuvi BwZnvm MÖ‡‡’ D‡jL K‡i‡Qb, G k‡ã nv`x‡mi †Kv‡bv Aw¯„Z¡ Zuvi Rvbv †bB| Z‡e Gi A_© mwVK|
G A‡_© Beby wne․vb Beby Dgvi (iv) †_‡K ivm~jjy v n  wb‡g‣i K_v D×„Z K‡i‡Qb:
ÒZievix cvcivkxi Rb¨ gnv-‡gvPbKvix|Ó Avj-gvmb~, jyjy, ZvhwKiv Avjx, Kexi|
298. Avjvni Kv‡Q g‡bv‡e`bv `~i Kivi †P‡q eo Avi wKQzB †bB|
mvLvex e‡jb, ivm~jjy v n  †_‡K mb`-mn Giƒc †Kv‡bv K_v ewY©Z n‡q‡Q e‡j Avgvi Rvbv †bB| jyjy, Kexi|
299. †Kv‡bv Rbc‡ì Avhvb e„w× †c‡j Zvi kxZ K‡g hvq|
nv`xmwU `vBjvgx mb`wenxbfv‡e Avjx (iv) †_‡K D×„Z K‡i‡Qb| (Bgvg myq~Zxi) Avj-jvAvjx MÖ‡‡’ D‡jL Kiv
n‡q‡Q †h, Ò‡h †Kv‡bv kn‡ii Avhvb e„w× †c‡j †m kn‡ii kxZ K‡g hvqÓ- nv`xmwU Rvj| G nv`x‡mi eY©bvKvix Dgvi Beby
Rvgx gnv wg_¨vev`x Ges †mB G nv`xmwU RvwjqvZ K‡i‡Q e‡j Awfhy³| jyj~, Kexi, Avj-jvAvjx|
300. †h †Kv‡bv gywgb hw` e‡j mvj-vj-vû Avjv gynv¤§v`Õ- ÔAvjvn gynv¤§v‡ì Dci mvjvZ cÖ`vb Ki‚bÕ- Z‡e Avjvn Zvi
A‡„i‡K D†¢vwmZ-D¾xweZ I Av‡jvwKZ Ki‡eb|
G nv`xmwU wLwhi (Av)-Gi bv‡g ewY©Z, wZwb Zv ivm~jyjvn  †_‡K ï‡b‡Qb e‡j `vwe Kiv n‡q‡Q| hvnvex
nv`xmwU‡K Rvj e‡j‡Qb| Beby nvRviI G wel‡q Zuvi mv‡_ GKgZ †cvlY K‡i‡Qb| Kexi|
301. Avj-vn Avgvi A‡„‡i hv wKQz wb‡¶c K‡ib ZvB Avwg Ave~ eK‡ii A‡„‡i wb‡¶c Kwi|
G nv`xmwU Rvj| Kexi, 106 c„|
302. Avgvi AvKvk I Avgvi hgxb Avgv‡K aviY Kivi cÖk¯„Zv cvq wb; wK‡‘ Avgvi gywgb ev•`vi A‡„i Avgv‡K avi‡Yi
cÖk¯„Zv †c‡q‡Q (Avmgvb-hgxb Avgv‡K aviY Ki‡Z cv‡iwb, wK‡‘ Avgv‡K aviY K‡i‡Q Avgvi gywgb ev•`vi ü`q|)
BivKx (GnBqvD Dj~wgÏxb MÖ‡‡’i UxKvq) e‡jb, Avwg G nv`x‡mi †Kv‡bv Aw¯„Z¡ ev wfwË †Kv_vI †`wL wb| Beby
ZvBwgq¨vn e‡jb: G K_vwU BmivCjx eY©bvi g‡a¨ cvIqv hvq; ivm~jyjvn  †_‡K Gi †Kv‡bviƒc †Kv‡bv mb` cwiÁvZ bq|
(Bgvg myq~Zxi) hvBjyj jvAvjx MÖ‡‡’I Dc‡ii G K_v¸wj D‡jL K‡i Zv mg_©b Kiv n‡q‡Q| G K_vi A_© Giƒc n‡e †h,
Avgvi cÖwZ Cgvb I Avgvi gne․‡Zi Kvi‡Y gywg‡bi ü`q cÖk¯„Zv jvf K‡i‡Q (Avgvi gywgb ev•`vi ü`q Avgvi cÖwZ Cgvb
I Avgvi gne․Z aviY Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q)| Giƒc A_© bv Ki‡j G K_v Kzdix K_vq cwiYZ n‡e; KviY G †_‡K gvby‡li g‡a¨
Avjvni AeZiY ev AeZviev` eySv hv‡e| hvivKkx e‡jb, ag©‡`ªvnx gyjwnìv G K_vwU evwb‡q‡Q| (Bgvg myq~Zxi †jLv)
Av`-`yivi‚j gybZvwmiv MÖ‡‡’ G nv`xmwU‡K Aw¯„Z¡nxb-wfwËnxb e‡j D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q| (Beby ZvBwgq¨vn †h BmivCjx
119
eY©bvi cÖwZ Bw½Z K‡i‡Qb †m eY©bvi D‡jL K‡i) myq~Zx e‡jb, Bgvg Avng` Zuvi ÔAvh-hyn`Õ MÖ‡‡’ (BmivCjx
eY©bvmg~‡ni cÖwm× eY©bvKvix Zvweqx) Iqvnve Beby gybvwe․n †_‡K Zuvi wb‡Ri e³e¨ wn‡m‡e D×„Z K‡i‡Qb| G Kvwnbx‡Z
Iqvnve e‡jb: ÒAvjvn wnhKxj wdwikZvi Rb¨ AvKvk¸wj Ly‡j †`b, d‡j wZwb Avik ch©‡„ †`L‡Z cvb| ZLb wZwb
(wnhKxj) e‡jb, †n cÖfy, cweÎZv Avcbvi! Avcwb KZ eo! ZLb Avjvn e‡jb:
Avmgvb I hgxb Avgv‡K aviY Ki‡Z A¶g nq; Ges Avgvi gywgb ev•`vi webxZ webgª ü`q Avgv‡K avi‡Y m¶g
nq|
gnvb Avjvn e‡jb:
ÒAvwg †Zv Avmgvb, hwgb I ce©Zgvjvi cÖwZ G AvgvbZ †ck K‡iwQjvg, Zviv Zv enb Ki‡Z A¯^xKvi Kij Ges
Zv‡Z kswKZ nj, wK‡‘ gvbl Zv enb Kij; †m †Zv AwZkq Rvwjg, AwZkq AÁ|Ó173 Avjvni G K_vi g‡a¨ Dc‡ii A‡_©i
cÖwZ Bw½Z i‡q‡Q| Kexi|
303. gymwjg wn‡m‡e g„Zz¨ eiY Ki, †Kv‡bv wKQz c‡ivqv K‡iv bv|
mvLvex e‡jb, G nv`x‡mi K_v ï× bq| Z‡e †gvjv Avjx Kvixi ÔZvhwKivÕ MÖ‡‡’ D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, Gi A_© mwVK|
ZvhwKiv Avjx, jyjy|
304. gne․Z c`öjb¯’j (gne․Z gywmeZ)|

K_vwU nv`xm bq, Z‡e G A‡_© Ab¨ nv`x‡m ejv n‡q‡Q:
Ò‡Kv‡bv wKQzi cÖwZ †Zvgvi fvjevmv AÜ I ewai evwb‡q †`q|Ó174 jyj,y Kexi|
305. wcZ…ciy ‚l‡ì gne․Z m‡„vb‡ì g‡a¨ mshy³|

Giƒc †Kv‡bv nv`xm cvIqv hvq bv| Avj-gvmb~, jyjy|
306. Ávbx‡ì Kvwj knx`‡ì i³ †_‡K AwaK gh©v`vgq|

hvivKkx D‡jL K‡i‡Qb †h, LZxe evM`v`x G nv`xmwU‡K Rvj e‡j wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb| wZwb e‡jb, GwU nvmvb emixi
K_v| ZvhwKiv Avjx, jyj,y Kexi|
307. Amy¯’ gvby‡li AvnvRvwi Zvmexn, Zvi wPrKvi ZvKexi, Zvi k¦vmcÖk¦vm mv`vKv, Zvi Nyg Bev`Z I Zvi cvk¦©-cwieZ©b
Kiv‡bv Avjvni iv¯„vq wRnv`|
AvmKvjvbx e‡jb, G K_v nv`xm wn‡m‡e cÖgvwYZ bq| jyjy, Kexi|
308. GKw`‡bi †ivMe¨wa wÎk erm‡ii cv‡ci gvR©bv|

G evwZj nv`xmwU Avng` Beby Avãyjv- n, Avjx Beby BqvnBqv Avj-evh&hvi †_‡K Zvi mb‡` eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| wK‡‘
Avng` Beby Avãyjv- n bvgK G e¨w³ wg_¨v-nv`xm eY©bvKvix wQj| wjmvb 4/267|
309. wec`vc` wih&‡Ki Pvwe|

Beby `vex e‡jb, G k‡ã ivm~jyjvn  †_‡K †Kv‡bv nv`xm ewY©Z nq wb| mvLvex ÔgvKvwm`Õ MÖ‡‡’ nv`xmwU D‡jL
120
K‡i‡Qb, Z‡e we¯„vwiZ Av‡jvPbv K‡ib wb| †gvjv Avjx Kvix e‡j‡Qb †h, G K_vwUi `ywU A_© n‡Z cv‡i| A_©
`ywU wZwb gvDh~AvZ Kexi MÖ‡‡’ D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| D³ MÖ‡’ †_‡K A_© `ywU †`‡L wbb| Avj-gvmb~, Kexi|
310. wZb evi K‡i Kzwj Kiv I bv‡Ki g‡a¨ cvwb †Ìqv bvcvK e¨w³i Rb¨ (dih †Mvm‡ji †¶‡Î) dih|
G nv`x‡mi e³e¨ Rvj, Z‡e Gi A_© mwVK| A_©vr A‡„Z GKevi bv‡Ki g‡a¨ cvwb †Ìqv I Kzwj Kiv dih
†Mvm‡ji †¶‡Î dih| Kzwj I bvK cwi®‥vi wZb evi K‡i Kiv myb‣vZ|
311. cvc wbqvgZ AcmvwiZ K‡i|

mvLvex e‡jb, ivm~jyjvn  †_‡K G nv`x‡mi †Kv‡bv mb` cvIqv hvq bv| Z‡e c~e©eZ©x A‡bK eyRMy © Giƒc K_v
ej‡Zb| GK Kwe e‡jb: Zzwg hw` †Kv‡bv wbqvg‡Zi g‡a¨ _vK Zvn‡j Zvi w`‡K j¶¨ ivL: KviY cvc wbqvgZ AcmvwiZ
K‡i| Beby ev`x e‡jb, Avjvn e‡j‡Qb:
ÒAvjvn †Kv‡bv m¤cÖ`v‡qi Ae¯’v cwieZ©b K‡ib bv hZ¶Y bv Zviv wbR Ae¯’v wb‡R cwieZ©b K‡i|Ó175
Ab¨ Avqv‡Z Avjvn e‡jb:
ÒZviv Avjvni wbqvg‡Zi cÖwZ AK…ZÁ nj; d‡j Zviv hv KiZ †mRb¨ Avjvn Zv‡ì ¯^v` MÖnY Kiv‡jb ¶zav I
fxwZi Av‛Qv`‡bi|Ó176
Beby ev`x e‡jb, G AvqvZ¸wj Dc‡ii A_© cÖKvk K‡i| Kexi|
312. cvK¯’jx †ivMe¨wai Avevm¯’j Ges Lv`¨vf¨vm wbq‡¿Y †kªô Jlya|

hvivKkx e‡jb, GwU †Kv‡bv nv`xm bq, †Kv‡bv wPwKrm‡Ki K_v| nv`xm wn‡m‡e Gi †Kv‡bv Aw¯„Z¡ †bB| Avj-gvmb~, jyjy,
ZvhwKiv Avjx|
313. †h e¨w³ b¨vqm½Z KviY Qvov †Kv‡bv Avwjg‡K jvwÃZ Ki‡e Avjvn Zv‡K wKqvg‡Zi w`b mKj m„wói m¤§y‡L jvwÃZ
Ki‡eb|
GwU nv`xm bq| eis mvgAvb Beby gvn`x bvgK GK gnv-Rvwjqv‡Zi Rvj cyw¯„Kvi g‡a¨ D×„Z GKwU nv`xm|
314. †h e¨w³ GK †jvKgv Lv`¨ w`‡q †Kv‡bv †e-bvgvhx‡K mvnvh¨ Kij †m †hb mKj bex‡K nZ¨v Kij|
(Bgvg myq~Zxi) Avj-jvAvjx MÖ‡‡’ D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, G nv`xmwU Rvj| Avj-gvmb~, jyj~, ZvhwKiv|
315. †h e¨w³ •ea dih †Mvmj Ki‡e Avjvn Zv‡K mv`v gy‡³vi •Zwi GKwU cÖvmv` cÖ`vb Ki‡eb Ges cÖwZ †duvUv cvwbi
Rb¨ Zv‡K GK nvRvi knx‡ì mvIqve cÖ`vb Ki‡eb|
nv`xmwU evwZj| `xbvi bvgK GK RvwjqvZ nv`xmwU evwb‡q‡Q| Avj-jvAvjx, Avj-gvmb~, Kexi|
316. †h e¨w³ wbq¨vZ I fq-mn RygAvi w`‡b †Mvmj Ki‡e Avjvn Zvi cÖwZwU Pz‡ji Rb¨ wKqvg‡Zi wè‡m b~i wjwce×
Ki‡eb Ges cÖwZ †duvUv cvwbi Rb¨ Rvb‣v‡Zi g‡a¨ gy‡³v, BqvKzZ I RveviRv` cv_‡ii c`gh©v`v e„w× Ki‡eb, hvi
cÖwZ `y ¯„‡ii g‡a¨ `~iZ¡ kZ erm‡ii|
G nv`xmwU wejKzj Rvj| Bebyj KvBwqg Avj-RvIhx e‡j‡Qb, GwU Dgvi Beby myevBn bvgK gnv-wg_¨vev`xi K_v|
121
317. †h e¨w³ GKevi K‡i BKvgZ w`‡e †m Avgv‡ì A‡„f©y³ bq|
G nv`xmwU Rvj| Abyiƒcfv‡e Ab¨ †h nv`x‡m ejv n‡q‡Q †h,
318. gyAvh&wh‡bi mvIqve Zvi •`‡N©|

G nv`xmwUI Rvj| Kexi, ZvhwKiv Avjx, Avj-jvAvjx|
319. †h e¨w³ †Kv‡bv ci‡`kx-cÖevmx ev gymvwdi‡K ci‡`‡k ev cÖev‡mi g‡a¨ m¤§vb Ki‡e Zvi Rb¨ Rvb‣vZ cvIbv n‡e|
G nv`xmwU `vBjvgx mb`-wenxbfv‡e ivm~jyjvn -Gi nv`xm wn‡m‡e eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| Avi hviKvbx e‡j‡Qb †h, GwU
Aw¯„Z¡nxb-wfwËnxb| Z‡e Gi A_© cÖKvk K‡i wb‡g‣i nv`xm:
Ò†h e¨w³ Avjvn I AvwLiv‡Z Cgvb iv‡L †m †hb Zvi †gngvb‡K m¤§vb K‡i|Ó Kexi|
320. †h e¨w³ iRe gv‡m GKwU w`b wmqvg cvjb Ki‡e Ges †m w`‡b Pvi ivKÔAvZ mvjvZ Av`vq Ki‡e, cÖ_g ivKÔAv‡Z
100 evi AvqvZzj Kzimx Ges wØZxq ivKÔAv‡Z 100 evi m~iv BLjvm cvV Ki‡e †m e¨w³ Rvb‣v‡Z Zvi Avevm¯’j bv
†`‡L gi‡e bv|
G nv`xmwU Bebyj RvIhx mb`-mn Beby Ave․v‡mi (iv) gva¨‡g ivm~jyjvn  †_‡K eY©bv K‡i‡Qb Ges e‡j‡Qb †h,
nv`xmwU Rvj| Gi mb‡ì AwaKvsk ivex (eY©bvKvix) AÁvZ cwiPq| Dci‡‘ (Bgvg myq~Zxi) Avj-jvAvjx MÖ‡‡’I G
nv`xmwU‡K Rvj ejv n‡q‡Q|
321. †h e¨w³ iRe gv‡mi 27 Zvwi‡Li iv‡Z 12 ivKAvZ mvjvZ Av`vq Ki‡e, cÖ‡Z¨K ivKAv‡Z m~iv dvwZnv I Ab¨
GKwU m~iv cvV Ki‡e, mvjvZ †kl n‡j emv Ae¯’v‡Z †m 7 evi m~iv dvwZnv co‡e Ges Gici Pvi evi ej‡e:
myenvbvj-vn, Iqvj nvg`y wjj-vn, Iqv jv Bjvnv Bj-vj-vn, Iqv Avj-vû AvKevi, Iqv jv nvIjv Iqv jv KzIqvZv Bj-v
wejvwnj Avwjwq¨j Avhxg, AZtci ciw`b wmqvg cvjb Ki‡e Avjvn Zvi 60 erm‡ii cvc †gvPb Ki‡eb; Avi G
ivwÎ‡ZB gynv¤§v` () †cÖwiZ n‡qwQ‡jb|
nvwdh Beby nvRvi G nv`xmwU Zuvi ÒZveqxbyj AvRveÓ bvgK MÖ‡‡’ mb`-mn Beby Ave․vm (iv) †_‡K Zuvi e³e¨
wn‡m‡e msKjb K‡i‡Qb| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv cvÊywjwc‡Z ivm~jyjvn -Gi K_v wn‡m‡e D×„Z Kiv n‡q‡Q| me©ve¯’vq wZwb G
nv`xmwU‡K Rvj e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| Avmvi|
322. †h e¨w³ iweevi iv‡Z Pvi ivKAvZ mvjvZ Av`vq Ki‡e, cÖ‡Z¨K ivKAv‡Z GKevi m~iv dvwZnv I 50 evi m~iv
BLjvm cvV Ki‡e Avjvn Zvi gvsm Rvnvb‣v‡gi Rb¨ wbwl× Ki‡eb; wKqvg‡Zi w`b Zv‡K Avhve †_‡K wbivcìƒ‡c
DwÌZ Ki‡eb, Zvi mnR wnmve wb‡eb Ges †m cyj-wmiv‡Zi Dci w`‡q PgKv‡bv we`y¨‡Zi gZ cvi n‡q hv‡e|
G nv`xmwU †RvhKvbx Zvi mb‡` Ave~ mvC` (iv)-Gi m~‡Î D×„Z K‡i‡Qb Ges e‡j‡Qb †h, G nv`xmwU Rvj| Gi
mb‡` Avng` Beby gynv¤§v` Beby Dgvi bvgK gnv-wg_¨vev`x we`¨gvb| GQvov Av‡iv `yRb AÁvZcwiPq eY©bvKvix we`¨gvb|
kvIKvbx, Avmvi, Avj-jvAvjx|
122
323. †h e¨w³ RygyAvi w`‡b †hvni I Avm‡ii gaëZ©x mg‡q `y ivKAvZ mvjvZ Av`vq Ki‡e, cÖ_g ivKAv‡Z m~iv dvwZnv
I AvqvZzj Kzimx GKevi I 25 evi m~iv dvjvK cvV Ki‡e, wØZxq ivKAv‡Z m~iv dvwZnv, m~iv BLjvm I m~iv bvm
25 evi cvV Ki‡e Ges mvjvg †div‡bvi c‡i 50 evi ej‡e: jv nvIjv Iqv jv KzIqvZv Bjv wejvwnj Avwjwq¨j
Avhxg, †m e¨w³ `ywbqv †_‡K we`vq †bIqvi Av‡MB Zvi cÖwZcvjK‡K ¯^‡c‣ †`L‡e Ges Rvb‣v‡Zi g‡a¨ Zvi
Ae¯’vb¯’j †`L‡e|
Avj-jvAvjx Avj-gvmb~Avn MÖ‡‡’ Av‡Q †h, G nv`xmwU Rvj| G nv`xmwU Bebyj RvIhx mb`-mn D×„Z K‡i‡Qb Ges
e‡j‡Qb †h, Gi mb‡` AÁvZcwiPq ivexMY we`¨gvb| Avj-jvAvjx, Avmvi|
324. †h e¨w³ †Kv‡bv we`&AvZx‡K agK †`‡e Avjvn Zvi A‡„i wbivcËv I Cgvb w`‡q c~Y© Ki‡eb|
G nv`xmwU Rvj| Avj-gvmb~, Kexi|
325. †h e¨w³ wdK&‡ni GKwU gvmAvjv wk¶v Ki‡e Zvi Rb¨ GZ GZ cyi¯‥vi|
G nv`x‡m Gfv‡e D†¢U I AvR¸we me cyi¯‥v‡ii K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| G nv`xmwU Rvj| jyjy|
326. †h e¨w³ gmwR‡ì g‡a¨ `ywbqvex K_v ej‡e Avjvn Zvi 40 erm‡ii Avgj webó K‡i w`‡eb|
mvMvbx e‡jb, G nv`xmwU Rvj| A_©vr Gi fvlv I Gi A_© DfqB evwZj| Kexi, jyj|y
327. †h e¨w³ †Kv‡bv GKRb Avwj‡gi Kv‡Q emj †m †hb GKRb bexi Kv‡Q emj|
mvLvex e‡jb, ivm~jyjvn -Gi nv`xm wn‡m‡e Gi †Kv‡bv Aw¯„Z¡ Av‡Q e‡j Avgvi Rvbv †bB| Z‡e †gvjv Avjx Kvix
e‡j‡Qb, GwU nv`xm bv n‡jI G K_vwUi A_© mwVK; KviY AvwjgMY bexM‡Yi DËivwaKvix| Avjvn e‡j‡Qb:
Ò‡Zvgiv hw` bv Rvb Z‡e Ávbx‡ì‡K wRÁvmv Ki|Ó177 G Avqv‡Zi A_© †_‡K G K_v eySv hvq| ZvhwKiv Avjx,
Avj-gvmb~, jyjy|
328. †h Zvi fvB‡qi Rb¨ MZ© Lyo‡e †m †mB M‡Z©i g‡a¨ cwZZ n‡e|
G K_vwU nv`xm bq; Z‡e Gi A_© mwVK| Avjvn e‡j‡Qb:
ÒK‚U loh‡¿ Zvi D‡`¨v³v‡ì‡KB cwi‡eób K‡i|Ó178

G AvqvZ †_‡K Dc‡ii A_© eySv hvq| jyjy, Kexi|
329. †h e¨w³ Avgv‡K Ges Avgvi wcZv Beivnxg‡K GKB eQ‡i whqviZ Ki‡e †m Rvb‣v‡Z cÖ‡ek Ki‡e|
G nv`xmwU Rvj| beex kviûj gynvh&hve MÖ‡‡’ G nv`xmwU‡K Rvj I evwZj e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| Beby ZvBwgqvI G
nv`xmwU‡K Rvj e‡j‡Qb| G cÖm‡½i K‡qKwU nv`x‡mi wel‡q hvnvex e‡jb, G¸wji mKj mb`B AwZ-`ye©j Ges G¸wji
GKwU Ab¨wU‡K mg_©b K‡i| G¸wji g‡a¨ wg_¨vi Awf‡hv‡M Awfhy³ †bB| ZvhwKiv Avjx, Kexi|
330. †h e¨w³ AvwjgM‡Yi mv‡_ mv¶vZ Kij †m †hb Avgvi mv‡_B mv¶vZ Kij| †h e¨w³ AvwjgM‡Yi mv‡_ nvZ †gjvj
†m †hb Avgvi mv‡_B nvZ †gjvj| †h e¨w³ AvwjgM‡Yi Kv‡Q emj †m †hb Avgvi Kv‡QB emj| Avi †h e¨w³
123
`ywbqv‡Z Avgvi Kv‡Q emj †m wKqvg‡Zi w`bI Avgvi Kv‡QB em‡e|
G nv`x‡mi mb‡` nvdm bvgK GK e¨w³ i‡q‡Q, †h GKRb gnv-wg_¨vev`x wQj| (Bgvg myq~Zxi) hvBj MÖ‡‡’ welqwU
Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| ZvhwKiv Avjx, Avj-gvmb~, Kexi|
331. †h e¨w³ iRe gv‡mi cÖ_g ivwÎ‡Z gvMwi‡ei c‡i 20 ivKAvZ mvjvZ Av`vq Ki‡e †m webv wnmv‡e cyjwmivZ cvi
n‡q hv‡e|
332. †h e¨w³ Avgvi Dci mvjvZ coj wK‡‘ Avgvi eskai-Abymvix‡ì Dci mvjvZ coj bv †m Avgvi mv‡_ †eqv`we Kij|
G nv`x‡mi †Kv‡bv Aw¯„Z¡ †Kv_vI cvIqv hvq bv| jyj,y ZvhwKiv Avjx, Kexi|
333. †h wb‡R‡K wPbj †m Zvi cÖwZcvjK‡K wPbj|

Beby ZvBwgqv e‡j‡Qb †h, G nv`xmwU Rvj| mvgAvbx e‡j‡Qb †h, ivm~jyjvn -Gi e³e¨ wn‡m‡e Gi †Kv‡bv Aw¯„Z¡
Rvbv hvq bv| beex e‡jb, ivm~jyjvn  †_‡K G K_v †Kv‡bvfv‡e ewY©Z nq wb, Z‡e G K_vi GKwU MÖnY‡hvM¨ A_© n‡Z
cv‡i| (Beby nvRvi gv°xi †jLv) dvZvIqv nv`xwmq¨vn MÖ‡‡’ D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, nv`xmwU Aw¯„Z¡nxb| G K_vwU (Z…Zxq
wnRix kZ‡Ki cÖwm× Iqvwqh) BqvnBqv Beby gyAvh Avi-ivhx (g„Zz¨ 258 wn/872 L„) †_‡K Zuvi wb‡Ri K_v wn‡m‡e ewY©Z
n‡q‡Q| Bgvg mvLvex G‡K Avãyi ingvb Beby whqv`-Gi K_v e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| ZvhwKiv Avjx, ZvhwKiv Zvwni, hvBj,
gvKvwm`|
334. †h e¨w³ Zvi fvB‡K Avjvni wKZv‡ei GKwU AvqvZ wk¶v w`j †m Zvi gvwjK n‡q †Mj|
Beby ZvBwgqv G nv`xmwU‡K Rvj e‡j‡Qb| (Bgvg myq~Zxi) hvBjyj gvDh~AvZ MÖ‡‡’I GwU‡K Rvj ejv n‡q‡Q| jyj,~
Kexi|
335. †h e¨w³ Zvi fvB‡K Ih~ Ki‡Z GK cvÎ cvwb GwM‡q w`j †m †hb Zv‡K GKwU `ª‚ZMvgx †Nvov Dcnvi w`j|
Beby ZvBwgqvn G nv`xmwU‡K Rvj e‡j‡Qb| Avj-gvmb~, jyjy, Kexi|
336. †h e¨w³ wb‡Ri †Mvcb welq wb‡Ri g‡a¨ jy°wqZ ivLj †m wb‡Ri wbq‡¿Y wb‡Ri nv‡ZB ivLj|
GwU nv`xm bq| mvLvex e‡jb, ivm~jyjvn -Gi e³e¨ wn‡m‡e Gi †Kv‡bv Aw¯„Z¡ Rvbv hvq bv| ZvhwKiv Avjx, Avj-
gvmb~, jyjy|
337. hvi †Kv‡bv m‡„vb n‡jv Ges †m bv‡gi eiKZ jv‡fi D‡Ï‡k¨ m‡„v‡bi bvg gynv¤§v` ivLj †m e¨w³ I Zvi m‡„vb
Rvb‣vZx n‡e|
338. †h e¨w³ n¾ cvj‡bi c~‡e© weevn Kij †m cvc w`‡q ïi‚ Kij|
G nv`xmwU Beby Av`x Ave~ ûivBiv (iv) †_‡K ivm~jyjvn -Gi e³e¨ wn‡m‡e D×„Z K‡i‡Qb| wK‡‘ Gi mb‡` i‡q‡Q
Avng` Beby Rvgn~i I gynv¤§v` Beby AvBDe| cÖ_g e¨w³ Rvj nv`xm eY©bv KiZ Ges wØZxq e¨w³ nv`x‡mi bv‡g wg_¨v
ejvq Awfhy³ wQj| kvIKvbx
339. †h †Póv Ki‡e †m jvf Ki‡e|

†gvjv Avjx Kvix e‡jb, G nv`x‡mi †Kv‡bv Aw¯„Z¡ ev wfwË †bB| GwU c~e©eZ©x †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv eyR‡y M©i K_v|
Abyiƒcfv‡e Ab¨ evK¨:
124
340. †h †j‡M _vK‡e †m cÖ‡ek Ki‡e|
GwUI nv`xm bq, eyRMy ©‡ì K_v gvÎ| jyjy| ZvhwKiv Avjx|
341. †h e¨w³ gmwR‡` GKwU evwZ Szjv‡e Zvi Dci mËi nvRvi wdwikZv mvjvZ co‡Z _vK‡e hZ¶Y bv evwZwU wbe©vwcZ
nq| Avi †h e¨w³ gmwR‡` GKwU PvUvB weQv‡e Zvi Dci mËi nvRvi wdwikZv mvjvZ co‡Z _vK‡e hZ¶Y bv
PvUvBwU wQ‡o hvq|
G nv`x‡mi mb‡` Dgvi Beby mvexn bvgK GK gnv-wg_¨vevw` RvwjqvZ ivex we`¨gvb| kvIKvbx, wjmvb|
342. †h GKwU dih Bev`Z Avjvni Rb¨ cvjb Ki‡e Zvi Rb¨ Avjvni Kv‡Q GKwU Keyj †`vqv i‡q‡Q|
343. †h e¨w³ Zvi fvB‡qi †Kv‡bv cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡bvi Rb¨ †Póv Ki‡e Zvi c~e©eZ©x I cieZ©x mKj †Mvbvn ¶gv Kiv n‡e|
(Bgvg myq~Zxi) hvBjyj gvDh~AvZ MÖ‡‡’ G nv`xmwU‡K Rvj e‡j D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q| kvIKvbx|
344. †h e¨w³ Bmjv‡gi n¾ Av`vq Ki‡e, Ges Avgvi Kei whqviZ Ki‡e, Ges GKwU hy×vwfhv‡b †ei n‡e Ges evBZzj
gvKw`‡m mvjvZ Av`vq Ki‡e Avjvn Zv‡K Zvi dih `vwqZ¡ m¤ú‡K© wRÁvmv Ki‡eb bv|
(Bgvg mq~Zxi) hvBj MÖ‡‡’ D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, G nv`xmwU Aveyj dvZn (gynv¤§v` Beby ûmvBb Avj-Avh`x) Zvi
MÖ‡‡’ msKjb K‡i‡Qb| (Bgvg hvnvexi) gxhvb MÖ‡‡’ D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, nv`xmwU evwZj| Gi mb‡` eì (Beby Avãyjvn
Avj-gvmxmx) bvgK GK RvwjqvZ we`¨gvb| kvIKvbx|
345. †h e¨w³ my•ì K‡i Ih~ K‡i mvdv I gviIqvi gv‡S nuvU‡e (mvC Ki‡e) Zvi cÖwZwU c`‡¶‡ci Rb¨ Avjvn 70
nvRvi gh©v`v wjwce× Ki‡eb|
G nv`xmwU `vBjvgx D×„Z K‡i‡Qb; wK‡‘ Gi mb‡` BmgvCj bvgK GK gnv-wg_¨vev`x RvwjqvZ we`¨gvb| GQvov
ûmvBb I Beivnxg bv‡g Av‡iv `yRb mgv‡jvwPZ ivex mb‡` we`¨gvb| hvBj, kvIKvbx|
346. †h e¨w³ Zvi ¯¿xi `ye©eënv‡ii wel‡q •ah© aviY Ki‡e Avjvn Zv‡K †mB cyi¯‥vi cÖ`vb Ki‡eb hv wZwb AvBEe
(Av)-‡K Zvi gywme‡Zi Rb¨ cÖ`vb K‡iwQ‡jb| Avi †h bvix Zvi ¯^vgxi `ye©eënv‡ii wel‡q •ah© aviY Ki‡e Avjvn
Zv‡K wdivD‡bi ¯¿x Avwmqvi Abyiƒc mvIqve cÖ`vb Ki‡eb|
(Bgvg gynv¤§v` Beby Avãyj evKx hviKvbx iwPZ) gyLZvmvi (gyLZvmvi‚j gvKvwmw`j nvmvbv) MÖ‡‡’ D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q
†h, nv`xmwU Aw¯„Z¡nxb-wfwËnxb|
347. †h e¨w³ dR‡ii mvjvZ RvgvAv‡Z Av`vq Ki‡e, AZtci m~‡h©v`q ch©‡„ BÕwZKvd Ki‡e, AZtci Pvi ivKAvZ
mvjvZ Av`vq Ki‡e: cÖ_g ivKAv‡Z 3 evi AvqvZzj Kzimx I m~iv BLjvm, wØZxq ivKAv‡Z m~iv Iqvk kvgwm, Z…Zxq
ivKAv‡Z m~iv ZvwiK, PZz_© ivKAv‡Z AvqvZzj Kzimx I m~iv BLjvm wZb evi .... Zv‡K GZ GZ cyi¯‥vi †Ìqv n‡e
... BZ¨vw`
(Bgvg myq~Zxi) hvBj MÖ‡‡’ D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, G nv`x‡mi eY©bvKvix b~n Beby Avex gwiqg mycÖwm× RvwjqvZ|
125
kvIKvbx|179
348. †h e¨w³ gvMwi‡ei `y ivKAvZ (myb‣vZ)-Gi c‡i `y ivKAvZ mvjvZ Av`vq Ki‡e, cÖ_g ivKAv‡Z m~iv dvwZnv I m~iv
BLjvm 15 evi ... BZ¨vw`|
Beby nvRvi AvmKvjvbx e‡jb, G K_v¸wj Rvj|
349. †h e¨w³ †hvn‡ii c~‡e©i Pvi ivKAvZ mvjvZ wbqwgZ Av`vq bv Ki‡e †m Avgvi kvdvAvZ jvf Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv|
beex e‡jb, G nv`x‡mi †Kv‡bv Aw¯„Z¡ ev wfwË †bB| kvIKvbx|
350. (†KD cÖ‡qvR‡b KR© ev mvnvh¨ PvB‡j Zv‡K) AvUvi Lvwgi †Ìqv †_‡K weiZ _vKv `vwi‡`ªi Rb¥ †`q, jeb †Ìqv †_‡K
weiZ _vKv Amy¯’Zvi Rb¥ †`q, cvwb †Ìqv †_‡K weiZ _vKv bxPZvi Rb¥ †`q Ges Av¸b w`‡Z weiZ _vKv gybvwdwKi
Rb¥ †`q|
kvIKvbxi gvDh~AvZ MÖ‡‡’ nv`xmwU‡K Rvj e‡j D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q| ZvhwKiv Zvwni|
351. †h e¨w³ dR‡ii mvjvZ RvgvAv‡Z Av`vq Kij †m †hb Av`‡gi (Av) mv‡_ 50 wU n¾ Av`vq Kij|
G nv`xmwU evwZj|
352. iv‡Z hvi mvjvZ †ewk n‡e w`‡b Zvi gyLgÊj my•ì n‡e|
DKvBjx e‡jb, nv`xmwU evwZj, Gi †Kv‡bv Aw¯„Z¡ ev wfwË †bB| GQvov (Bgvg myq~Zxi) Avj-jvAvjx Avj-gvmb~Av
MÖ‡‡’ G nv`xmwU Ab¨vb¨ mb‡Ì D×„Z K‡i‡Qb, wK‡‘ G¸wji mKj mb‡`B wg_¨vev`x eY©bvKvix we`¨gvb| (Bgvg mvLvexi)
Avj-gvKvwm` Avj-nvmvbv MÖ‡‡’ G nv`xm‡K wfwËnxb-Aw¯„Z¡nxb e‡j D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q| Dci‡‘ Bgvg mvMvbx G nv`xmwU
Rvj e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb|
353. †h e¨w³ †`vnv ev Pvk‡Zi `y ivKAvZ mvjvZ Av`vq Ki‡e Avjvn Zvi Rb¨ `k j¶ †bwK wjwce× Ki‡eb|
(Bgvg myq~Zxi) hvBj MÖ‡‡’ D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, G nv`x‡mi mb‡ì g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q b~n Beby Avex gwiqg bvgK gnv-
wg_¨vev`x RvwjqvZ|
354. †h e¨w³ iweevi ivwÎ‡Z Pvi ivKAvZ mvjvZ Av`vq Ki‡e, cÖ‡Z¨K ivKAv‡Z m~iv dvwZnv GKevi Ges 50 evi m~iv
BLjvm cvV Ki‡e Zv‡K AgyK ZgyK mvIqve †Ìqv n‡e.... BZ¨vw`|
G nv`xmwU Rvj|
355. †h e¨w³ `ywbqvi Rxe‡b Zvi †Muvd j¤^v Ki‡e Avjvn wKqvg‡Zi w`b Zvi Aby‡kvPbv `xN©vwqZ Ki‡eb, Ges Zvi
†Muv‡di cÖwZwU Pz‡ji Rb¨ Zvi Dci 70 Rb kqZvb jvwM‡q w`‡eb| hw` †m Giƒc Ae¯’vq g„ZzëiY K‡i Z‡e Zvi
†Kv‡bv `yAv Keyj Kiv n‡e bv Ges Zvi Dci ingZ ewl©Z n‡e bv..... BZ¨vw`|
G nv`x‡mi mb‡ì g‡a¨ RvwjqvZ I AÁvZ cwiPq ivex i‡q‡Q|
356. †h e¨w³ †Kv‡bv Agymwjg‡K e¨wfPv‡ii Acev` w`‡e wKqvg‡Zi w`b Zv‡K Av¸‡bi †eZ Øviv †eÎvNv‡Zi kvw¯„ cÖ`vb
Kiv n‡e|
G nv`x‡mi mb‡` nv`xm RvjKvix RvwjqvZMY we`¨gvb|
126
357. †h e¨w³ Zvi gymwjg fvB‡qi ¸ßv‡½i cÖwZ B‛QvK„Zfv‡e `„wócvZ Ki‡e Avjvn Pwjk w`b ch©‡„ Zvi
mvjvZ Keyj Ki‡eb bv|
G nv`xmwU `vBjvgx msKjb K‡i‡Qb, wK‡‘ Gi mb‡ì g‡a¨ gnv-wg_¨vev`x RvwjqvZ ivex we`¨gvb| hvBj,
kvIKvbx|
358. †h e¨w³ Zvi gv‡qi `y †Pv‡Li gv‡S Pz¤^b Ki‡e Zvi Pz¤^b Zv‡K Rvnvb‣v‡gi Av¸b †_‡K i¶v Ki‡e|
G nv`xmwU Beby Av`x Beby Ave․v‡mi (iv) m~‡Î ivm~jyjvn  †_‡K D×„Z K‡i‡Qb Ges Gi mb` I gZb DfqB
gybKvi ev AvcwËKi| gxhvbyj BÕwZ`vj|
359. †h e¨w³ GK ivwÎ‡Z m~iv mvR`v, m~iv Bqvmxb, m~iv Kvgvi I m~iv gyjK cvV K‡i m~iv¸wj Zvi Rb¨ b~i I kqZvb †_‡K
cÖwZi¶v n‡e|
nv`xmwU `vBjvgx msKjb K‡i‡Qb; wK‡‘ Gi mb‡` nvKvg (Beby Avãyjvn) bvgK GK gnvwg_¨vevw` RvwjqvZ ivex we`¨gvb|
hvBj, kvIKvbx|
360. †h e¨w³ Ih~i c‡iB AvqvZzj Kzimx cvV Ki‡e Avjvn Zv‡K 40 erm‡ii mvIqve `vb Ki‡eb, Zvi Rb¨ 40wU gh©v`v
e„w× Ki‡eb Ges Zv‡K 40wU n~‡ii mv‡_ weevn w`‡eb|
G nv`x‡mi mb‡` gyKvwZj Beby myjvBgvb bv‡g mycwiwPZ gnv-wg_¨vev`x RvwjqvZ we`¨gvb|
361. †h e¨w³ Zvi Ny‡gi mgq m~iv Avj-Bgiv‡bi 18-19 AvqvZ (kvwn`vjvû ... Bb‣vÏxbv Bb`vjvwnj Bmjvg....) cvV
Ki‡e Avjvn Zv †_‡K 70 nvRvi wdwikZv m„wó Ki‡eb hviv Zvi Rb¨ wKqvgZ ch©‡„ ¶gvcÖv_©bv Ki‡Z _vK‡e|
G nv`x‡mi mb‡` RvwjqvZMY we`¨gvb| G k‡ã G nv`xmwU Rvj|
362. †h e¨w³ cÖwZw`b wZbevi ej‡e: ÔAvjvni mvjvZ Av`‡gi DciÕ Avjvn Zvi cvcmg~n ¶gv Ki‡eb, hwÌ Zv mg~‡`ªi
†dbvi †P‡qI †ewk nq, Avi †m e¨w³ Rvb‣v‡Z Av`‡gi (Av) mnPi n‡e|
G nv`xmwU gybKvi ev AvcwËKi|
363. †h e¨w³ Avgv‡K mdi gvm AwZµv‡„ nIqvi mymsev` cÖ`vb Ki‡e Avwg Zv‡K Rvb‣v‡Zi mymsev` cÖ`vb Kie|
Bgvg mvMvbx I BivKx G nv`xmwU‡K Rvj e‡j‡Qb|

364. †h e¨w³ (Ave~ evKi) wmÏxK‡K Mvwj †`q †m wh•`xK, †h Dgvi‡K Mvwj †`q Zvi Avkªq Rvnvb‣vg, †h Dmgvb‡K Mvwj †`q
†m Avjvni `ykgb Ges †h Avjx‡K Mvwj †`q †m ivm~jyjvn -Gi `ykgb|
365. hvi m‡‘wó PvIqv n‡jv ev ivM `~i Kivi †Póv Kiv n‡jv wK‡‘ †m m‡‘ó n‡jv bv †m kqZvb|
G K_vwU nv`xm bq, eis Bgvg kvwdqx †_‡K Zuvi wb‡Ri K_v wn‡m‡e ewY©Z| Abyiƒcfv‡e Zuvi †_‡K ewY©Z n‡q‡Q:
127
hv‡K ivMv‡bv n‡jv wK‡‘ †m ivM‡jv bv †m M`©f| Kexi|
366. †Zvgiv g„Zz¨ eiY Ki †Zvgv‡ì g„Zzï Av‡MB|

Beby nvRvi AvmKvjvbx I mvLvex e‡jb, G nv`xmwUi †Kv‡bv Aw¯„Z¡ †bB| Z‡e †gvjv Avjx Kvix e‡jb, G n‡jv
m~dx‡ì K_v| Gi A_© n‡jv: eva¨Zvg~jK g„Zzï Av‡M Hw‛QK g„Zz¨ eiY Ki| Hw‛QK g„Zzï A_© †jvf-jvjmv, cÖe„wËi
AbymiY, †Lj-Zvgvkv Ges GZ`mswkó Ag‡bv‡hvwMZv I c`öjb cwiZ¨vM Kiv| jyj,y Kexi|
367. gywgb mywgó I Kvwdi wZ³-gv`Kxq|

(Beby nvRvi) AvmKvjvbx e‡jb, G nv`xmwU evwZj, Gi †Kv‡bv Aw¯„Z¡ ev wfwË †bB| mvMvbx Zvi ÔgvDh~AvZÕ MÖ‡‡’
nv`xmwU Rvj wn‡m‡e msKjb K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e wb‡g‣i K_vwU ewY©Z n‡q‡Q:
gywg‡bi A‡„i wgwó fvjev‡m|180 jyj,y ZvhwKiv Avjx|
368. gywgb A‡bï fvj †`‡L wb‡Ri Rb¨ Abyiƒc fvj Kvgbv K‡ib Avi gybvwdK Cl©vKvZi nq Ges A‡bï ¶wZ Kvgbv
K‡i|
G K_vwU nv`xm bq; eis Zvwe-Zvweqx dzhvBj Beby Bqvh (187 wn)-Gi wb‡Ri K_v wn‡m‡e ewY©Z| ZvhwKiv Avjx,
ZvhwKiv Zvwni|
369. †h e¨w³ Avjx‡K fvjevm‡e Avjvn Zv‡K Zvi †`‡ni cÖwZwU wkivi Rb¨ Rvb‣v‡Z GKwU kni `vb Ki‡eb|
G nv`xmwU gynv¤§v` Beby Avng` Beby nvmvb Beby kvRvb bvgK RvwjqvZ nv`xm-eY©bvKvixi evbv‡bv nv`xm| G evwZj
nv`xmwUi mb` AÜKviv‛Qb‣| G RvwjqvZ G AÜKvi evwZj mb‡` nv`xmwU Bgvg gvwj‡Ki bv‡g bvwd †_‡K Beby Dgvi †_‡K
evwb‡q eY©bv K‡i‡Q| ( ) (71 bs) nv`xmwU Avwjd A¶‡i †`Lyb| wjmvb 5/62|
370. †h e¨w³ ej‡e Òjv Bjvnv BjvjvnÓ Ges gÏ-mnKv‡i Zv ej‡e Zv Zvi Pvi nvRvi Kexiv †Mvbvn a․sm K‡i †`‡e|
G nv`xmwU‡K byAvBg Beby Zv¤§vg bvgK GK RvwjqvZ ivex eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| Beby bv¾vi (gynv¤§v` Beby gvng~` Beby
wnevZzjvn, g„Zz¨ 643 wn/1245 L„) byAvB‡gi ewY©Z G nv`xmwU Zvi hvBjy ZvixL evM`v` MÖ‡‡’ Beby `ve․v bv‡g cwiwPZ
Aveyj Kvwmg Avãyj-vn Beby Dgvi Avj-K¬hz vbxi Rxebx cÖm‡½ D×„Z K‡i‡Qb| wjmvb 6/68|
371. †h e¨w³ †Mvjv‡ci myMÜ MÖnY Kij wK‡‘ Avgvi Dci mvjvZ coj bv †m e¨w³ Avgvi mv‡_ †eAv`we Kij|
G nv`xmwU gvÕgvi Beby eyivBK bvgK GK gnv-RvwjqvZ eY©bv K‡i‡Q| G e¨w³ iZb wn•`xi gZB GK gnv-wg_ÿK,
†h 7g wnRix kZ‡K wb‡R‡K mvnvex e‡j `vwe K‡i| wg_¨vev`x‡ì Avjvn jvwÃZ Ki‚b| wjmvb 6/68|
372. †h e¨w³ Avgvi †PvL IVvi mgq Avgv‡K †`L‡Z Gj bv, Avwg cQ•` Kwi bv †h, Avgvi (Ab¨) Amy¯’Zvi mgq †m
Avgv‡K †`L‡Z AvmyK|
G evwZj nv`xmwU gynv¤§v` Beby Avãyj-vn Avj-gvZgvZx Avj-evh&hvi bvgK GK e¨w³ Bgvg gvwj‡Ki bv‡g iUbv K‡i‡Q|
wjmvb 5/228|
373. †h e¨w³ Zvi gymwjg fvB‡K m¤§vb Kij †m g~jZ Avjvn‡KB m¤§vb Kij|
G nv`xmwU wg_¨v| gxhvb 3q LÊ|
374. †h e¨w³ iRe gv‡m GKw`b wmqvg cvjb Ki‡e Avjvn Zvi Rb¨ GK nvRvi erm‡ii wmqvg wjwce× Ki‡eb|
128
G nv`x‡mi mb‡` Avjx Beby Bqvwh` Avm-my`vC bvgK GK RvwjqvZ ivex we`¨gvb †h G nv`xmwU eY©bv
K‡i‡Q| gxhvbyj BÕwZ`vj MÖ‡‡’i †jLK (Bgvg hvnvex) e‡jb, G nv`xmwU G e¨w³i mb‡` Beby mv¤§vK msKjb K‡i‡Qb|
Avwg Rvwb bv G nv`xmwUi RvwjqvZ †K? Avjx Beby Bqwh` bvgK G e¨w³ bv mb‡ì Ab¨ †KD| gxhvb 2/241|
375. †h e¨w³ m~h© ga¨ AvKvk †_‡K X‡j covi c~‡e© m~iv dvwZnv I AvqvZzj Kzimx w`‡q Pvi ivKAvZ mvjvZ Av`vq Ki‡e
Avjvn Zvi Rb¨ Rvb‣v‡Z GKwU evwo •Zwi Ki‡eb, †hLv‡b wmÏxK ev knx` Qvov †KD emevm Ki‡e bv|
376. †h e¨w³ gvMwie I Bkvi gaëZ©x mg‡q 20 ivKAvZ mvjvZ Av`vq Ki‡e Zvi Rb¨ AgyK ZgyK mvIqve ... BZ¨vw`|
377. †h e¨w³ Bkvi mvjv‡Zi c‡i wÎk evi m~iv BLjvm w`‡q `y ivKAvZ mvjvZ Av`vq Ki‡e Zvi Rb¨ Avjvn Rvb‣v‡Z GK
nvRvi cÖvmv` •Zwi Ki‡eb|
Dc‡ii wZbwU nv`xmB evwZj| G wZb evwZj nv`x‡mi eY©bvKvix Ave~ DmvB`v Avgi Beby DevB` bvgK GK ivex
Avgi Beby Rvixi †_‡K eY©bv K‡i‡Qb, wZwb G¸wj BmgvCj Beby Avex Lvwj` bvgK GK e¨w³ †_‡K eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| Avgi
Beby Rvixi bvgK G e¨w³‡K Ave~ nvwZg ivhx wg_¨vev`x e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| `vivKzZbx Zv‡K gvZiƒKzj nv`xm ev cwiZ¨³
e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| gxhvbyj BÕwZ`vj 2/283|
378. †h e¨w³ `yRb gvby‡li g‡a¨ wgj m„wó Kivi Rb¨ c_ Pj‡e Avjvn Zv‡K cÖwZwU c`‡¶c Ges G wel‡q hZ K_v e‡j‡Q
Zvi cÖwZwU k‡ãi Rb¨ GK erm‡ii Bev`Z: w`bfi wmqvg I ivZfi mvjvZ Av`v‡qi mvIqve cÖ`vb Ki‡eb| Avi †h
e¨w³ `yRb gvby‡li g‡a¨ Awgj m„wó ev m¤úK© bó Ki‡Z c_ Pj‡e Zvi wel‡q Avjvni AwaKvi GB †h wZwb Zv‡K
wKqvg‡Zi w`b Rvnvb‣v‡gi AwM‣i GK nvRvi cv_i w`‡q Zvi gv_vq AvNvZ Ki‡eb|
G nv`xmwU Rvwg Beby mvIqv`v bvgK GK RvwjqvZ ivexi evbv‡bv evwZj nv`xm| gxhvb 1/179|
379. †h e¨w³ Akxj evmbvmn †Kv‡bv wK‡kvi‡K Pz¤^b Ki‡e †m Rvnvb‣v‡gi Av¸‡b nvRvi eQi a‡i kvw¯„ jvf Ki‡e|
G nv`xmwU `vD` Beby Avd&dvb bvgK Rvwjqv‡Zi evbv‡bv| Avwjd A¶‡i ( ) (47 bs) nv`xmwU †`Lyb|
gxhvb 321|
380. †h ¯’v‡b cvwb mnRjf¨ †mLv‡b †h e¨w³ Zvi fvB‡K cvwb cvb Kivq †m †hb GKwU µxZ`vm gy³ K‡i| Avi †hLv‡b
cvwb `yjf© †mLv‡b †h Zvi fvB‡K cvwb cvb Kivq †m †hb GKwU gywgb cÖvY cybi‚¾xweZ K‡i|
G nv`xmwUi mb‡ì g‡a¨ Avng` Beby gynv¤§v` Beby Avjx bvgK GK e¨w³ we`¨gvb| Beby Av`x e‡j‡Qb, G e¨w³
Rvj nv`xm •Zwi KiZ| Gici wZwb G e¨w³i ejv mb‡` G nv`xmwU D×„Z K‡i e‡jb, G nv`xmwU G e¨w³iB evbv‡bv|
gxhvb 1/69|
381. †h e¨w³ GKwU wkï‡K jvjb cvjb Ki‡e wkïwUi Kv‡jgv kvnv`Z cvV ch©‡„ †m e¨w³i Rb¨ Rvb‣vZ IqvwRe n‡e|
G evwZj nv`xmwU Beivnxg Bebyj eviv bvgK GK wg_¨vev`x ivex myjvBgvb kvhK‚bx bvgK Av‡iK wg_¨vev`x ivex
†_‡K Zvi Kw_Z mb‡` eY©bv K‡i‡Q| wjmvb 1/39|
382. †h e¨w³ PwjkwU nv`xm wjL‡e †m Ave․v`vb I AvmKvjv‡b wbnZ knx`‡ì mvIqve jvf Ki‡e|
eyix Beby dvhj Avj-ûigyhx bvgK GK e¨w³ G nv`xmwU eY©bv K‡i‡Q| (Bgvg Beby nvRvi AvmKvjvbxi) wjmvbyj
gxhvb MÖ‡‡’ G e¨w³ m¤ú‡K© ejv n‡q‡Q: G e¨w³ †h †K wQj ev †Kgb wQj Zv wKQzB Rvbv hvq bv| Avi G AÁvZcwiPq
e¨w³ †_‡K nv`xmwU eY©bv K‡i‡Q gynv¤§v` Beby bvì Avj-AvbgvZx bvgK GK wg_¨vev`x ivex| G‡ì `yR‡bi GKRb G
129
nv`xmwU evwb‡q‡Q| wjmvb 2/69|
383. †h e¨w³ gynv¤§v` ()-Gi eskai-cwiR‡bi cÖwZ we‡Øl wb‡q g„ZzëiY Kij †m Kvwdi Ae¯’vq g„ZzëiY Kij|
G nv`xmwU iZb wn•`xi evbv‡bv wg_¨v nv`xm¸wji GKwU| wjmvbyj gxhv‡bi MÖ‡’Kvi (Bgvg Beby nvRvi AvmKvjvbx)
e‡jb, Bgvg hvnvex iZb wn•`xi wel‡q GKwU cyw¯„Kv iPbv K‡ib, hv‡Z wZwb iZb ewY©Z Rvj nv`xm¸wj msKjb K‡ib; †hb
gvby‡liv G gnv-RvwjqvZ `v¾v‡ji AKj¨vY †_‡K i¶v cvq| G Rvj nv`xmwUI †m cyw¯„Kvi g‡a¨ we`¨gvb| cieZ©x
nv`xm`ywU †`Lyb| wjmvb 2/450|
384. †h e¨w³ †Kv‡bv ¶zavZ©‡K wdwi‡q w`j, A_P Zvi ¶zav wbevi‡Yi ¶gZv Zvi wQj, Avjvn Zv‡K kvw¯„ w`‡eb, hwÌ
wZwb †cÖwiZ bex-ivm~j nb|
385. †h †Kv‡bv e¨w³ hw` ûmvB‡bi nZ¨v-wè‡m µ•`b K‡i Z‡e †m e¨w³ wKqvg‡Zi w`b gnv-m¤§vwbZ (Djyj Avhg) ivm~jM‡Yi
mv_x n‡e|
Dc‡ii `ywU nv`x‡mi mb‡` iZb wn•`x we`¨gvb| (Bgvg hvnvexi) gxhvbyj BÕwZ`vj MÖ‡‡’ D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, iZb
wn•`x‡K wK cvVK †P‡bb? wbtm‡•`‡n †m wQj GK gnv-`v¾vj kvBL| wnRix lô kZ‡Ki c‡i Zvi cÖKvk| G mg‡q †m wb‡R‡K
mvnvex e‡j `vwe K‡i| †R‡b ivLyb, mvnvexiv KL‡bv wg_¨v ej‡Zb bv| G gnvRvwjqvZ `v¾vj wb‡R‡K mvnvex e‡j wg_¨v `vwe
K‡i| gxhv‡bi †jLK (hvnvex) e‡jb, Avwg Gi wel‡q GKwU cyw¯„Kv iPbv K‡iwQ| †KD †KD e‡j‡Qb, G †jvKwU wg_¨v ej‡Z
ej‡ZB 632 wnRix‡Z g„Zz¨ eiY K‡i| Zvi cÖKv‡ki c‡i mgKvjxb eo eo gynvwÏmMY mK‡jB Zv‡K wg_¨vev`x e‡j D‡jL
K‡i‡Qb| G wQj me‡P‡q fq¼i wg_¨vev`x‡ì Ab¨Zg| (Beby nvRv‡i) wjmvbyj gxhvb MÖ‡‡’ D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, Bgvg hvnvex
e‡j‡Qb, Avgvi nv‡Z iZb-Gi Kw_Z Rvj nv`x‡mi GKwU cyw¯„Kv G‡m‡Q, †hwU DevB`yjvn Beby gynv¤§v` Beby Avãyj Avhxh
mvgviKv•`x mb`-mn eY©bv K‡i‡Q, Dc‡ii nv`xm¸wj G Rvj cyw¯„Kvi g‡a¨ we`¨gvb| wjmvb 2/451|
386. †h e¨w³ Ôwemwgjvwni ivngvwbi ivnxgÕ wjL‡e Ges Avjvn k‡ãi ÔnvÕ A¶iwU‡K weK…Z Ki‡e bv, Avjvn Zvi Rb¨ `k
j¶ †bwK wjwce× Ki‡eb Ges Zvi `k j¶ cvc †gvPb Ki‡eb Ges Zvi `k j¶ gh©v`v e„w× Ki‡eb|
G nv`xmwU Ave․vm Beby `vn&nvK Avj-evjLx bvgK gnv-RvwjqvZ gnv-wg_¨vev`x ivex Dgvi Beby `vn&nvK bvgK
Av‡iK AÁvZ-cwiPq e¨w³ †_‡K, Ave~ gyAvweqv †_‡K, AvÕgvk †_‡K, Ave~ mvwjn †_‡K Ave~ ûivBiv †_‡K, ivm~jyjvn 
†_‡K eY©bv K‡i‡Q| †gvÏv K_v n‡jv, G RvwjqvZ G mb`wU I nv`xmwU evwb‡q‡Q| Kexi, 95 c„.|
387. †h e¨w³ Avhv‡bi mgq K_v e‡j Zvi Cgvb bó nIqvi Avk¼v _v‡K|
G nv`xmwU Rvj| Kexi|
388. †h e¨w³ †Kv‡bv ci‡`kx-cÖevmx‡K ci‡`‡k ev cÖev‡mi g‡a¨ m¤§vb Ki‡e Zvi Rb¨ Rvb‣vZ cvIbv n‡e|
G nv`xmwU `vBjvgx mb`-wenxbfv‡e ivm~jyjvn -Gi nv`xm wn‡m‡e eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| Avi hviKvbx e‡j‡Qb †h, GwU Aw¯„Z¡nxb-
wfwËnxb| Z‡e Gi A_© cÖKvk K‡i wb‡g‣i nv`xm:
Ò†h e¨w³ Avjvn I AvwLiv‡Z Cgvb iv‡L †m †hb Zvi †gngvb‡K m¤§vb K‡i|Ó Kexi|181
389. †h e¨w³ iweevi GK mvjv‡g Pvi ivKAvZ mvjvZ Av`vq Ki‡e, cÖ‡Z¨K ivKAv‡Z GKevi m~iv dvwZnv I ÔAvgvbvi
ivm~j...Õ †kl ch©‡„ (m~iv evKvivi †kl `yB AvqvZ) cvV Ki‡e Avjvn Zv‡K GK nvRvi n¾ I GK nvRvi Dgivi
mvIqve w`‡eb, cÖ‡Z¨K ivKAv‡Zi wewbg‡q `k j¶ mvjv‡Zi mvIqve w`‡eb Ges Zvi I Rvnvb‣v‡gi g‡a¨ GK
130
nvRvi cwiLvi `~iZ¡ •Zwi K‡i w`‡eb|
G nv`xmwUI Rvj| RvwjqvZ‡K Avjvn jvwÃZ Ki‚b, Avjvn I Zuvi ivm~‡ji () wei‚‡× G‡ì `ytmvnm KZ †ewk!
Kexi, c„. 91|
390. †h e¨w³ iweevi iv‡Z Pvi ivKAvZ mvjvZ Av`vq Ki‡e, cÖ‡Z¨K ivKAv‡Z GKevi m~iv dvwZnv I 15 evi m~iv
BLjvm cvV Ki‡e, Avjvn Zv‡K wKqvg‡Zi w`b `kevi c~Y© KziAvb wZjvIqv‡Zi I KziAvb Abymv‡i Avgj Kivi
mvIqve cÖ`vb Ki‡eb|
G nv`xmwUI Rvj I wg_¨v| Kexi, c„. 91|
391. †h e¨w³ †mvgevi ivwÎ‡Z Pvi ivKAvZ mvjvZ Av`vq Ki‡e, cÖ‡Z¨K ivKAv‡Z GKevi m~iv dvwZnv, GKevi AvqvZzj
Kzimx, GKevi m~iv BLjvm, GKevi m~iv dvjvK I GKevi m~iv bvm cvV Ki‡e, Zvi mKj †Mvbvn ¶gv Kiv n‡e ...
BZ¨vw`|
G nv`xmwU ûmvBb Beby Beivnxg bvgK GK gnv-wg_¨vev`x `v¾v‡ji evbv‡bv wg_¨v nv`xm| †m `vwe K‡i †h, nv`xmwU
†m gynv¤§v` Beby Zvwni †_‡K Zvi mb‡` ï‡b‡Q| iweevi w`‡b, iweevi iv‡Z .... Giƒc mvßv‡ni w`‡b I iv‡Z mvjv‡Zi
dhxj‡Z Giƒc A‡bK Rvj nv`xm cÖPwjZ n‡q‡Q| Kexi, c„. 91|
392. †h e¨w³ Ôjv Bjvnv BjvjvnÕ ej‡e, Avjvn G evK¨wU †_‡K Zvi Rb¨ 70 nvRvi wRn․v m„wó Ki‡eb, cÖ‡Z¨K wRn․vi
70 nvRvi fvlv, G¸wj Zvi Rb¨ Avjvni Kv‡Q ¶gv cÖv_©bv Ki‡e| Avi †h e¨w³ AgyK-ZgyK Kg© Ki‡e Avjvn Zv‡K
Rvb‣v‡Z 70 nvRvi kni cÖ`vb Ki‡eb, cÖ‡Z¨K kn‡i 70 nvRvi cÖvmv`, cÖ‡Z¨K cÖvmv‡` 70 nvRvi n~i... BZ¨vw`|
(†gvjv Avjx Kvixi) gvDh~AvZ Kexi MÖ‡‡’ D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, G nv`x‡mi RvwjqvZ ev Giƒc nv`xm hviv evwb‡q‡Q Zviv nq
P~ov‡„ g~L© Ges AvngK, A_ev Bmjvg we‡Ølx whb`xK| Giƒc AmsjM‣ dvjyZ K_v ivm~jyjvn -Gi bv‡g e‡j Zuvi gh©v`v bó KivB
G‡ì D‡Ïk¨| Kexi, c„. 92|
393. †h e¨w³ AvwjgMY‡K m¤§vb cÖ`k©b Kij †m Avjvn I Zuvi ivm~j‡K () m¤§vb cÖ`k©b Kij ...|
G nv`xmwU `vn&nvK Beby nvghv bvgK Rvwjqv‡Zi gymxeZ¸wji GKwU| Bgvg `vivKyZbx e‡j‡Qb, G e¨w³ nv`xm
evbv‡Zv| Beby Av`x e‡jb, Gi KzwbqvZ wQj Ave~ Avãyjv n gvgweRx, G e¨w³i ewY©Z mKj nv`xmB mb` I gZb Dfq fv‡e
gybKvi ev AvcwËKi| wjmvb 3/200|
394. †h e¨w³ cÖwZ iv‡Z Zvi `yB fyi‚ wPi‚wb w`‡q AuvPov‡e Ges Avgvi Dci mvjvZ (ì‚`) cvV Ki‡e KL‡bvB Zvi †PvL
DV‡e bv ev †Pv‡Li AmyL n‡e bv|
GwUI iZb wn•`xi Rvj nv`xm¸wji GKwU| G wel‡q Bgvg hvnvex cyw¯„Kv iPbv K‡i‡Qb| ( ) (383 bs) nv`xmwU
†`Lyb| wjmvb 2/450|
395. †h e¨w³ GKwU mv`v †gviM µq Ki‡e †Kv‡bv kqZvb I hv`y Zvi Kv‡Q Avm‡e bv|
G nv`xmwU Rvj| Z‡e †gvjv Avjx Kvix e‡jb, evBnvKx Beby Dgvi †_‡K wb‡g‣i k‡ã D×„Z K‡i‡Qb:
†gviM mvjv‡Zi Avhvb †`q; †h mv`v †gviM cvjb Ki‡e †m wZbwU welq †_‡K msiw¶Z _vK‡e: mKj kqZv‡bi AKj¨vY,
131
hv`yKi I MYK|182
396. †h e¨w³ gj ev gy‡Îi cÖevn †_‡K GK jyKgv Lv`¨ DwV‡q Zv ay‡q f¶Y Ki‡e Zv‡K ¶gv Kiv n‡e|
G nv`xmwU Rvj| Kexi|
2. 3. 25. b~b A¶i : ‫حسف النون‬
397. gvbyl Zv‡ì kvm‡Ki `xb AbymiY K‡i|

mvLvex e‡jb, G nv`x‡mi †Kv‡bv mb` Rvbv †bB| Kexi, jyjy, gvKvwm`|
398. gvbyl gvby‡li Øviv|

G K_vwU nv`xm bq; Z‡e mvaviY K_v wn‡m‡e Gi A_© mwVK| G K_vwUi A_© cÖKvk K‡i wb‡g‣i mnxn nv`xmwU:
ÒAvgvi D¤§vZ (eyLvix, gymwjg I mKj eY©bvq: gywgb gywg‡bi Rb¨) Bgvi‡Zi gZ hvi GKvsk Ab¨vsk‡K kw³
†hvMvq|Ó
399. we¯§„wZ ev fy‡j hvIqv gvbe cÖK…wZ|

mvLvex e‡jb, G k‡ãi †Kv‡bv nv`xm Avgvi Rvbv †bB| Kexi, ZvhwKiv Avjx, Avj-gvmb~, jyj|y
400. my•ì †Pnvivi w`‡K `„wócvZ Kiv Bev`Z|

Bebyj KvBwqg e‡jb, Avgv‡ì kvBL Beby ZvBwgqv‡K G nv`xmwU m¤ú‡K© wRÁvmv Kiv n‡j wZwb e‡jb, GwU GKwU
wg_¨v I evwZj K_v| †gvjv Avjx Kvix e‡jb, G K_vwU evwZj I wg_¨v n‡jI, wb‡g‣i K‡qKwU K_v ewY©Z n‡q‡Q:
Òmy•ì †Pnvivi w`‡K `„wócvZ `„wó m‡ZR K‡i Ges Kzkªx †Pnvivi w`‡K `„wócvZ ùv‡Zi gqjv ev njy`Z¡ Rb¥
†`q|Ó183 Ave~ byAvBg Zvi wnjBq¨vn MÖ‡‡’ G evK¨`ywU AZ¨‡„ `ye©j mb‡` Rvwei †_‡K eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| Avj-gvmb~, ZvhwKiv
Avjx, jyj|y
401. gvby‡li wb‡Ri Rb¨ wb‡Ri mvnv‡hï †P‡q Zvi Rb¨ Avj-vni mvnvh¨ DËg|
GwU nv`xm bq; eis DnvBe Bebyj Iqvi` (g„Zz¨ 153 wn.) bvgK GKRb Zvwe-Zvweqxi wb‡Ri K_v| jyj|y
402. Kei LyeB fvj AvZ¥xq|

(Avãyi ivEd) gvbvex G nv`xm‡K Aw¯„Z¡nxb e‡j‡Qb|
403. Avwj‡gi †`vqv‡Zi GK †duvUv Kvwj Avjvni wbKU GKkZ knx‡ì Nv‡gi †_‡K †ewk wcÖq|
(myq~Zxi) hvBj MÖ‡‡’ G nv`xmwU‡K Rvj ejv n‡q‡Q| jyjy, Kexi|
404. Avwj‡gi wb`ªv Bev`Z|

G nv`x‡mi †Kv‡bv Aw¯„Z¡ ev wfwË †bB| Z‡e wb‡g‣i nv`x‡m ewY©Z n‡q‡Q †h, †ivhv`v‡ii wb`ªv Bev`Z:
ÒwmqvgiZ ev †ivhv`vi e¨w³i wb`ªv Bev`Z, Zvi bxieZv Zvmexn, Zvi Kg© (K‡g©i mvIqve) e„w×K…Z, Zvi `yAv
132
KeyjK…Z I Zvi cvc ¶gvK…Z| evBnvKx hqxd mb‡` nv`xmwU D×„Z K‡i‡Qb|
GQvov Avwj‡gi Nyg m¤ú‡K© wb‡g‣i nv`xmwU ewY©Z n‡q‡Q:
ÒBjg-mn wb`ªv g~LZ© v-mn mvjvZ Av`vq †_‡K DËg|Ó

Ave~ byAvBg Zvi wnjwqvn MÖ‡‡’ (hqxd mb‡`) nv`xmwU msKjb K‡i‡Qb| jyj,y Kexi|

405. ivm~jyj-vn  wb‡la K‡i‡Qb ¯¿x‡ì wbKU ¯^‡c‣i K_v ej‡Z|
(myq~Zxi) jvAvjx MÖ‡‡’ D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, G nv`xmwU Rvj| DKvBjx nv`xmwU‡K Aw¯„Z¡nxb-wfwËnxb e‡j D‡jL
K‡i‡Qb| G nv`x‡mi mb‡` Avãyj gvwjK (Beby wgnivb) bvgK GK e¨w³ we`¨gvb, †h A‡bK gybKvi ev AvcwËKi nv`xm
eY©bv K‡i‡Q Ges Zvi ewY©Z nv`x‡mi g‡a¨ fyjåvw‡„ e¨vcK| kvIKvbx, jvAvjx|
406. ivm~jyj-vn  wb‡la K‡i‡Qb cvwikªwg‡Ki wewbg‡q wk¶v `vb Ki‡Z Ges Avhvb w`‡Z| AZGe †h e¨w³ Giƒc Ki‡e
Zvi Dci Avjvn, wdwikZvMY Ges mKj gvby‡li jvbZ|
(Bgvg myq~Zxi) jvAvjx MÖ‡‡’ nv`xmwU‡K Rvj ejf n‡q‡Q| Gi mb‡` we`¨gvb mvwjn Ges dzivZ bv‡gi `y e¨w³
gvZiƒK ev cwiZ¨³|
407. Avwg Avgvi D¤§v‡Zi Rb¨ cÖwZ iv‡Z m~iv Bqvmxb cvV Kiv dih K‡iwQ| †h e¨w³ cÖwZiv‡Z wbqwgZ Zv cvV Ki‡e
Ges g„ZzëiY Ki‡e †m knx` wn‡m‡e g„ZzëiY Ki‡e|
(myq~Zxi) hvBj MÖ‡‡’ D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, Gi mb‡` wg_¨vi Awf‡hv‡M Awfhy³ ivex we`¨gvb| kvIKvbx|
408. weï× wbq¨vZ Avi‡ki mv‡_ Szj‡„| hLb ev•`v Zvi wbq¨vZ weï× K‡i ZLb Avik Av‡•`vwjZ nq Ges Zv‡K ¶gv
Kiv nq|
G evwZj nv`xmwU Kvwmg Beby bvmi Avm-mvwgix AvZ-Zve․vL eY©bv K‡i‡Q| gynvwÏmMY Zv‡K AÁvZcwiPq e‡j
D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| wjmvb 4/467|
2. 3. 26. IqvI A¶i : ‫حسف الواو‬
409. Avgvi ImxqZcÖvß, Avgvi †MvcbxqZvi Avavi, Avgvi cwiev‡i Avgvi Ljxdv ev ¯’jvwfwl³ Ges Avgvi c‡i me©‡kªô
hv‡K Avwg †i‡L hvw‛Q †m Avjx Beby Avex Zvwje|
mvMvbx Av`-`yi&i‚j gyjZvwKZ MÖ‡‡’ G nv`xmwU‡K Rvj e‡j‡Qb| Avjx Kvix e‡jb, GwU kxqv‡ì evbv‡bv Rvj K_v¸wji
GKwU| jyjy, Kexi|
410. m‡„vb Zvi wcZvi inm¨|

mvLvex I hvivKkx G nv`xmwU‡K Aw¯„Z¡nxb-wfwËnxb e‡j‡Qb Ges mvMvbx G nv`xmwU‡K Zvi gvDh~AvZ MÖ‡‡’ Rvj
wn‡m‡e D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| jyj,y ZvhwKiv Avjx, Kexi|
411. RviR m‡„vb Rvb‣v‡Z cÖ‡ek Ki‡e bv|

gvR`DÏxb wmivRx wmdi‚m mvAv`vn MÖ‡‡’ G nv`xm‡K evwZj e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| Avj-gvmb~, jyjy, Kexi|
412. Avwg b¨vqcivqY mgªvU (A_©vr cvi‡mï mgªvU bI‡kiIquv (Khosrow I/ Chosroes: Khosrow Anūshirvan
(Persian: “Khosrow of the Immortal Soul”, or Khosrow the Just): kvmbKvj 531-579 L„÷vã)-Gi
hy‡M Rb¥MÖnY K‡iwQ|
mvLvex G nv`xm‡K Aw¯„Z¡nxb-wfwËnxb e‡j‡Qb| hvivKkx G‡K wg_¨v I evwZj e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| Bgvg myq~Zx
e‡jb, evBnvKx ïAveyj Cgvb MÖ‡‡’ D‡jL K‡i‡Qb, Avgvi D¯„v` Ave~ Avãyjv- n nvwdh G nv`xm‡K evwZj e‡j e³e¨ †ck
133
K‡i e‡jb, wKQz Rvwnj G K_vwU eY©bv K‡i _v‡K| Kexi, Avj-gvmb~, Avj-gvKvwm`|
2. 3. 27. nv A¶i : ‫حسف الهاء‬
413. nvw`qv-Dcnvi hviv Dcw¯’Z Zv‡ì Rb¨|
414. nvw`qv-Dcnv‡i mK‡j kixK n‡e|

Dc‡i `ywU nv`xmB wfwËnxb Aw¯„Z¡nxb K_v, nv`xm bq| Z‡e wb‡g‣i K_vwU GKwU hqxd mb‡` ewY©Z n‡q‡Q:
hw` KvD‡K nvw`qv-Dcnvi †Ìqv nq Z‡e Zvi mv‡_ Dcweó mK‡jB Zv‡Z Zvi kixK| Kexi, jyj|y
415. Avgvi D¤§v‡Zi a․sm cvcvPvix Avwjg I g~L© Avwe`-ì‡ek|

(hviKvbxi) gyLZvmvi (gyLZvmvi‚j gvKvwm`) MÖ‡‡’ D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, G nv`xm †Kv_vI cvIqv hvq wb| jyjy,
ZvhwKiv Avjx|
2. 3. 28. jvg-Avwjd A¶i : ‫حسف انالم واألنف‬
416. Mvav I †h mKj cïi gvsm LvIqv •ea Zv‡ì †ckv‡e †Kv‡bv Amyweav †bB|
jvAvjx MÖ‡‡’ G nv`xmwU‡K Rvj ejv n‡q‡Q| Kexi, jvAvjx|
417. †Kv‡bv bvix ag©Z¨vM Ki‡j (gyiZv` n‡j) Zvi g„Zz¨`Ê n‡e bv|
(Bgvg myq~Zxi) jvAvjx MÖ‡‡’ D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q, `vivKzZbx e‡j‡Qb, G nv`xmwU mnxn bq, Gi mb‡` Avãyjvn Beby
Cmv bvgK GK gnv-wg_¨vev`x RvwjqvZ i‡q‡Q| Kexi, jvAvjx|
418. gmwR‡ì g‡a¨ Avgv‡K m¤§vb (Zvhxg) K‡iv bv|

G nv`x‡mi †Kv‡bv Aw¯„Z¡ ev wfwË †bB| ZvhwKiv Avjx, jyjy|
419. mvc mv‡ciB Rb¥ †`q|

GwU nv`xm bq; eis Aviexq cÖev`| ZvhwKiv Avjx, jyjy, gvKvwm`|
420. AvnviKvixi Dc‡i †Kv‡bv mvjvg †bB|

Giƒc †Kv‡bv K_v nv`xm wn‡m‡e ewY©Z nq wb| Z‡e mvaviY K_v wnmv‡e Gi A_© mwVK| (Beby nvRvi) AvmKvjvbx
e‡jb, Gi †Kv‡bv Aw¯„Z¡ ev wfwË †bB Ges mvaviYfv‡e Gi A_©I mwVK bq|184
421. hy×vwfhv‡b AskMÖnYKvixi Dci wdwikZvMY AweiZ mvjvZ (`yAv) cvV K‡ib, hZ¶Y Zvi Zievixi wdZv Zvi Kuv‡a
_v‡K|
G nv`x‡mi mb‡` BqvnBqv Beby Av¤^vmv bvgK GK ivex i‡q‡Q| Zvi wel‡q LZxe evM`v`x e‡jb, BqvnBqv Beby
Av¤^vmv g~jZ emivi gvbyl| †m nvgx` AvZ-Zvexj, Ave~ nvbxdv I mywdqvb mvIix †_‡K nv`xm eY©bv K‡i‡Q| Avi Zvi
†_‡K BDmyd Beby gymwjg, ZvgZvg I Ab¨vb¨ e¨w³ nv`xm eY©bv K‡i‡Q| `vivKzZbx e‡j‡Qb, BqvnBqv Beby Av¤^vmv gnv-
wg_¨vevw` RvwjqvZ| nvwKg (bvBmvcyix) Ges Ave~ byAvBg (Bmcvnvbx) e‡jb, G e¨w³ gvwjK I `vD` Beby Avex wnb‡ì
bv‡g A‡bK Rvj nv`xm evwb‡q cÖPvi K‡i‡Q| wjmvb 6/273|
134
422. hvi AvKj ev eyw× †bB Zvi `xb (ag©) †bB|
Bgvg bvmvC e‡jb, G nv`xmwU evwZj I gybKvi| wjmvb 2/28|
423. †h e¨w³ ¯^xKvi K‡i‡Q Zvi †Kv‡bv IRi Aewkó †bB|

Beby nvRvi AvmKvjvbx e‡jb, G nv`x‡mi †Kv‡bv Aw¯„Z¡ ev wfwË †bB| Avi Gi A_©I Gfv‡e mwVK bq| jyjy, Kexi,
Avj-gvmb~, ZvhwKiv Avjx, gvKvwm`|
424. †Zvgiv abx‡ì cyÎ‡ì mv‡_ DVvemv Ki‡e bv; KviY Zv‡ì cÖwZ A‣ea AvKl©Y Kzgvix‡ì cÖwZ AvKl©‡Yi †P‡qI
KwVbZi|
Dgvi Beby Avgvi Avj-AvmKvjvbx bvgK GK RvwjqvZ ivex G nv`xmwU eY©bv K‡i‡Q| †m GwU‡K mywdqvb mvIix
†_‡K ï‡b‡Q e‡j `vwe K‡i‡Q| gxhvbyj BÕwZ`vj MÖ‡‡’i †jLK (Bgvg hvnvex) e‡jb, G nv`xmwU G e¨w³i gymxeZ¸wji
GKwU; G e¨w³ mywdqvb mvIixi bv‡g Rvj nv`xm evwb‡q ejZ| wjmvb 4/320|
425. GKRb gymwj‡gi Dci LvivR I Dki GKwÎZ nq bv|

G nv`x‡mi mb‡` BqvnBqv Beby Av¤^vmv Avj-Kzivkx bvgK GK e¨w³ i‡q‡Q, †h G nv`xmwUi GKgvÎ eY©bvKvix| Beby
wne․vb e‡jb, †m GKRb `v¾vj I gnv-RvwjqvZ wQj| Beby Av`x e‡jb, †m gybvKi‚j nv`xm ev AvcwËKi nv`xm eY©bvKvix wQj
Ges Zvi RvwjqvwZi welqwU cÖKvwkZ wQj| Bgvg `vivKzZbx e‡jb, G GKRb `v¾vj Ges nv`xm RvjKvix, Ges Gi RvwjqvwZi
welqwU me©Rb wew`Z| wjmvb 6/272|
426. GKRb gymwj‡gi Rb¨ dih I mybv‣ Z welq¸wj m¤ú‡K© AÁ _vKv •ea bq; G¸wji AwZwi³ welq¸wj m¤ú‡K© AÁZv
•ea|
G nv`xmwU Rvj| Kexi, kvIKvbx, gvKvwm`|
427. e„× e¨w³ †hgb i‚wU †L‡Z j¾v †eva K‡ib bv, †Zgwb ÁvbvR©b ev wk¶v MÖn‡YI j¾v‡eva K‡ib bv|
G nv`xmwU AÁvZ I ARvbv| Kexi, jyj,y hvBj, ZvhwKiv Avjx|
428. †h gvmAvjvq gZ‡f` Kiv n‡q‡Q †m wel‡q Avjvn kvw¯„ w`‡eb bv|
mvLvex e‡jb, GwU nv`xm bq, Avgvi aviYv GwU c~e©eZ©x †Kv‡bv eyRy‡M©i K_v gvÎ| jyjy|
2. 3. 29. Bqv A¶i : ‫حسف الياء‬
429. †n Avjx, Avjvn ¶gv K‡i‡Qb †Zvgv‡K, †Zvgvi eskai‡K, †Zvgvi wcZvgvZv‡K, †Zvgvi ¯¿x-cwiRb‡K, †Zvgvi Abymvix
wkqv‡ì‡K Ges hviv †Zvgvi Abymvix wkqv‡ì fvjev‡m Zv‡ì‡K|
G nv`x‡mi mb‡` nv`xm RvjKvix ivex we`¨gvb| kvIKvbx|
430. †n Avjx, hLb cv‡_q wb‡e ZLb wcqv‡Ri K_v fyj‡e bv|
mvLvex e‡jb, G nv`xmwU m‣e©e wg_¨v| ZvhwKiv Avjx, jyj,y Kexi, ZvhwKiv Zvwni|
431. †n Avjx, †h e¨w³ ga¨ kvev‡bi iv‡Z (k‡e eiv‡Z) 100 ivKAvZ mvjvZ Av`vq Ki‡e 1000 evi m~iv BLjvm w`‡q
†m D³ iv‡Z hZ cÖ‡qvR‡bi K_v ej‡e Avjvn Zvi mKj cÖ‡qvRb c~Y© Ki‡eb| .... Gici eûwea AvR¸we wfwËnxb
K_v e‡j... GgbwK †k‡l e‡j: Zv‡K mËi nvRvi n~i †Ìqv n‡e, cÖ‡Z¨K û‡ii Rb¨ 70 nvRvi †Mvjvg _vK‡e...
BZ¨vw` BZ¨vw`|
135
G nv`xmwUI Rvj| †gvjv Avjx Kvix e‡jb: eo AevK welq n‡jv, †h e¨w³ myb‣v‡Zi Bj‡gi myMÜ †c‡q‡Q †m
wKfv‡e G mKj cvM‡ji cÖjvc Øviv cÖZvwiZ nq Ges G ev‡bvqvU mvjvZ Av`vq K‡i| k‡e eiv‡Zi G mvjvZ gymwjg mgv‡R
PZz_© wnRix kZ‡Ki c‡i D†¢vweZ I cÖPwjZ nq| cÖ_‡g evBZzj gvKw`‡m G mvjvZ ïi‚ nq Ges G mvjv‡Zi D†¢ve‡bi ci
RvwjqvZMY G mvjv‡Zi c‡¶ A‡bK nv`xm •Zwi K‡i| Kexi, c„. 151|
432. †n ûgvBiv (Av‡qkv), Zzwg gvwU ev Kv`v Lv‡e bv; KviY Gi d‡j AgyK-ZgyK †ivMe¨vwa Rb¥ †bq|
433. †Zvgv‡ì `x‡bi A‡a©K ûgvBiv (Av‡qkv) †_‡K MÖnY Ki‡e|

Dc‡ii `ywU nv`xmB Rvj| Bgvg Rvjvj DÏxb myq~Zx e‡jb, Av‡qkv‡K ûgvBiv e‡j AvL¨vwqZ Kiv cÖvq mKj nv`xm
Rvj n‡jI, G wel‡q wb‡g‣i nv`xmwU mnxn| nvwKg Zvi gymZvìvK MÖ‡‡’ Zuvi mb‡` D¤§y mvjvgv (iv) †_‡K D×„Z K‡ib:
Òivm~jjy v- n  †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv bex-cZ‣xi we‡`ªv‡ni K_v D‡jL K‡ib, ZLb Av‡qkv †n‡m D‡Vb| ZLb wZwb e‡jb, †n
ûgvBiv, †`L, ZzwgB †m we‡`ªvnx nI wKbv| Gici wZwb Avjxi w`‡K `„wó w`‡q e‡jb, hw` Zzwg KL‡bv Zvi (Av‡qkvi)
†Kv‡bv KZ©Z „ ¡ jvf Ki Z‡e Zvi mv‡_ webgª eënvi Ki‡e|Ó nvwKg e‡jb, nv`xmwU eyLvix I gymwj‡gi kZ© Abymv‡i mnxn|
Kexi|
434. †Zvgvi kÎ‚i nvZ hw` KZ©b Ki‡Z bv cvi Z‡e Zv‡Z Pz¤^b Ki|
GwU †Kv‡bv nv`xm bq| Ave․vmx Ljxdv gvbm~i (ivRZ¡ 136-158 wn) †_‡K ewY©Z n‡q‡Q, wZwb ej‡Zb: Ò‡Zvgvi
kÎ‚ hw` †Zvgvi w`‡K nvZ evwo‡q †`q, Zvn‡j Zzwg m¤¢e n‡j Zv †K‡U †dj; Avi hw` Zv KZ©b Ki‡Z bv cvi Zvn‡j Zv‡Z
Pz¤^b Ki|Ó Kexi|
435. †h Zvc ev Mig †VwK‡q‡Q †mB VvÊv †VKv‡e|

K_vwU nv`xm bq; Z‡e Gi A_© mwVK; KviY Avjvn e‡j‡Qb:
ÒAvjvn †Zvgv‡ì Rb¨ eë¯’v K‡i‡Qb cwi‡aq e‡¯¿i hv †Zvgv‡ì Zvc †_‡K i¶v K‡i|Ó185
G AvqvZ †_‡K Dc‡ii K_vwUi A_© eySv hvq| Kexi|
436. mg‡eZ gvbyl‡ì g‡a¨ hvi †Pnviv me‡P‡q my•ì †m Zv‡ì BgvgwZ Ki‡e|
†gvjv Avjx Kvix e‡jb, G nv`xmwU Rvj|
437. †Zvgv‡ì wmqv‡gi w`b †Zvgv‡ì Kzievbxi w`b|

Bgvg Avng` e‡jb, G nv`xmwU Aw¯„Z¡nxb-wfwËnxb| Avj-gvmb~, jyjy, Kexi| hvivKkx I mvLvex G nv`xm‡K
wbg‣iƒ‡c D‡jL K‡i‡Qb:
438. †Zvgv‡ì Kzievbx †Zvgv‡ì wmqv‡gi w`b|

G nv`xm‡KI Avng` Beby nv¤^vj wfwËnxb e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| †gvjv Avjx Kvix e‡jb, G K_vwU hw` mwVKI n‡Zv
Zvn‡j Gi A_© n‡Zv AwaKvsk mgq, A_ev †h eQi wZwb G K_v e‡j‡Qb †m erm‡i, A_©vr we`vq n‡¾i erm‡i ev Ab¨
†Kv‡bv eQi|
439. Avgvi D¤§‡Zi g‡a¨ GK e¨w³ Avm‡e, hv‡K Ave~ nvbxdv ejv n‡e, Avjvn Zvi nv‡Z Avgvi mybv‣ Z cybi‚¾xweZ
Ki‡eb|
G nv`xm (gynv¤§v`) Beby Kvi&ivg-Gi Rvj LvZvi nv`xm| Beby Av`x e‡jb, Avng` (Beby Avãyjvn Beby Lvwj` Avj-
RyAvBevix) †h mKj nv`xm Rvj K‡i evbvZ Beby Kvi&ivg Zv Zvi wb‡Ri LvZvq wj‡L wbZ| Avng` (RyAvBevix) bvgK G e¨w³i
wel‡q Beby wne․vb e‡jb, G e¨w³ `v¾vjM‡Yi g‡a¨ eo GK `v¾vj wQj| bvmvC I `vivKzZbx e‡jb, G e¨w³ gnv-wg_¨vev`x|
136
gxhvbyj BÕwZ`vj MÖ‡‡’i †jLK (Bgvg hvnvex) e‡jb, Avng` RyAvBevixi wg_¨vPvi wQj cÖev` Zzj¨| wjmvb 1/193|
440. †kl hy‡M GKRb gvbyl Avwef©yZ n‡e, hvi bvg gynv¤§v` Beby Kvi&ivg, †m mybv‣ Z I RvgvAvZ‡K cybR©xweZ Ki‡e|
Lyivmvb †_‡K evBZzj gvKw`‡m Zvi wnRiZ g°v †_‡K g`xbvq Avgvi wnRi‡ZiB gZ|
G nv`xmwU Rvj| Gi mb‡ì ivexMY AwaKvskB AÁvZ-cwiPq| Avi G nv`xmwUi RvwjqvwZi Rb¨ Awfhy³ n‡jv
mb‡ì BmnvK (Beby gynvgkvn) bvgK ivex| G e¨w³ GKRb gnv-wg_¨vev`x wQj| †m Kvi&ivgxqv gZev` Abymv‡i Rvj
nv`xm •Zwi KiZ| jvAvjx|
441. Avgvi D¤§v‡Zi g‡a¨ GK e¨w³i Avwef©ve n‡e hvi bvg n‡e gynv¤§v` Beby Bìxm .... BZ¨vw`|
G nv`xmwU gvgyb Beby Avng` Avm-myjvgx Avj-nvivex bvgK mycÖwm× RvwjqvZ Zvi D¯„v` Avng` Beby Avãyj-vn
Avj-RyAvBevix †_‡K mb`-mn eY©bv K‡i| Beby wne․vb e‡jb gvgyb bvgK G e¨w³ GKRb `v¾vj| (Beby nvRvi
AvmKvjvbxi) wjmvbyj gxhvb MÖ‡‡’ D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, Ave~ byAvBb Bmcvnvbx Zvi ÔAvj-gymZvLivR Avjv mvnxn gymwjgÕ
MÖ‡‡’i f~wgKvq e‡jb, gvgyb Avm-myjvgx nviv‡Zi gvbyl wQj| †m AZ¨‡„ N„Y¨ ch©v‡qi RvwjqvZ wQj| wnkvg Beby Av¤§vi,
`ynvBg I Zuv‡ì gZ cÖwm× wbf©i‡hvM¨ gynvwÏm‡ì bv‡g- Zuv‡ì †_‡K ï‡b‡Q `vwe K‡i- †m Rvj nv`xm cÖPvi KiZ| †m
Zvi D¯„v` Av‡iK gnv RvwjqvZ gnv-wg_¨vev`x Avng` Avj-RyAvBevix †_‡K Avãyjv n Beby gvÕ`vb Avj-Avh`x †_‡K Avbvm
(iv) †_‡K ivm~jyjvn  †_‡K Dc‡ii nv`xmwU eY©bv K‡i| Ave~ byAvBg e‡jb, Gi gZ e¨w³i cÖvc¨ Avjvn, Zuvi ivm~j Ges
gymwjg‡ì c¶ †_‡K jvbZ-Awfkvc| nvwKg wbmvc~ix Zvi ÔAvj-gv`LvjÕ MÖ‡‡’ e‡jb, gvgyb Beby Avng` Avj-nvivex‡K
ejv n‡jv, kvwdqxi welqwU wK †`‡LQ, wKfv‡e Lyivmv‡b Zvi gZ cÖmvi jvf Ki‡Q? ZLb †m e‡j, Avgv‡K Avng` Beby
Avãyjv n e‡jb, Avgv‡K Avãyjvn Beby gvÕ`vb e‡jb... Gfv‡e GKwU Rvj mb` •Zwi K‡i †m Dc‡ii Rvj nv`xmwU e‡j|
Gici nvwKg e‡jb, hvi mvgvb¨Zg Ávb Av‡Q wZwbI mv¶¨ w`‡eb †h, G mKj nv`xm ivm~jyj-vn -Gi bv‡g evbv‡bv Rvj
nv`xm| wjmvb 5/7|
137
PZz_© cwi‡”Q`:
†h mKj eY©bv I Kvwnbx Rvj e‡j‡Qb
Avgiv †`Ljvg †h, Rvj nv`x‡mi Aviex ev‡Kï cÖ_g k‡ãi cÖ_g A¶‡ii wfwË‡Z Awfavb c×wZ‡Z Avjvgv Avey
Rvdi c~‡e©i Rvj nv`xm¸wj msKjb K‡i‡Qb| Gici wZwb ÒwKQz wew¶ß Rvj nv`xm I KvwnbxÓ bv‡g c„_K cwi‡‛Q‡`
mgv‡R cÖPwjZ A‡bK NUbv, Kvwnbx, K_v ev gZ‡K Rvj I wfwËnxb e‡j wbwðZ K‡i‡Qb| wZwb e‡jb:
(1) nv`xm:- nhiZ Rvwei (iv)-Gi `vIqv‡Zi w`‡b ivm~jyjvn  `y cyÎ‡K RxweZ K‡ib- hwÌ †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv
HwZnvwmK G Kvwnbx wj‡L‡Qb, wK‡‘ (kvBL Avãyj n° gynvwÏm †`njex (1052wn/1642L„) iwPZ) Ògv`vwiRyj beyIqvZÓ
MÖ‡‡’ D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, G nv`xm wejKzj AmZ¨ ev wfwËnxb| †jLK|
(2) nv`xm:- GK Bû`xi ÒwemwgjvnÓ ï‡b gymjgvb n‡q hvIqv, gv‡Qi †cU †_‡K AvOwU †ei nIqv, Gi d‡j D³
Bn~`xi cy‡iv †Mv‡Îi ivm~jjy v n -Gi wbKU G‡m Bmjvg MÖnY Kiv- G Kvwnbx AmZ¨|
(3) nv`xm:- GK Bû`xi wb‡Ri †PvL mvZevi †ei K‡i Ges mvZeviB fvj n‡q hvq, Gici †m Zvi †g‡q Ges
†Mv‡Îi †jvKRb-mn gymjgvb n‡q hvq...| GwUI wg_¨v| †jLK|
(4) nv`xm:- ivm~jjy v- n  cv`yKv Ly‡j Avi‡k hvIqv, Avi‡k cweÎ K`g ivLv, Avi‡k ùvov‡bv ev emv.....| G mKj
K_v †Kvb mb`-hy³ wbf©i‡hvM¨ MÖ‡‡’ ewY©Z ev cÖgvwYZ nq wb|
(5) nv`xm:- Kei †_‡K bq erm‡ii gy`©v‡K RxweZ K‡i Kvwjgv cov‡bv.....| GwUI wg_¨v K_v|
(6) nv`xm:- †gÕiv‡Ri g‡a¨ ivm~jyjvn  wb‡Ri wcZvgvZv‡K Avhv‡ei g‡a¨ †`L‡Z cvb| Avjvn e‡jb, wb‡Ri
wcZvgvZvi gyw³ Pvb bvwK wb‡Ri D¤§v‡Zi gyw³ Pvb| ZLb wZwb wb‡Ri D¤§v‡Zi gyw³ cÖv_©bv K‡ib....| GwUI wg_¨v K_v|
(7) nv`xm:- wgiv‡Ri iv‡Î ivm~jyjvn  hLb RyZv cwiwnZ Ae¯’vq Avi‡k †cu․Qv‡jb, ZLb Avik kv‡„ nq, Gi Av‡M
Avik Aw¯’i wQj .....| GwUI ev‡bvqvU K_v| †jL‡Ki M‡elYv|
(8) nv`xm:- wKqvg‡Zi w`b nhiZ dvwZgv (iv) Lvwj gv_vq I Lvwjcv‡q GK nv‡Z mvB‡q`yk ïnv`v Bgvg ûmvB‡bi
i³ I Ab¨ nv‡Z nvmv‡bi wel wgwkªZ Kvco wb‡q Avi‡ki LuywU a‡i dwiqv` Ki‡eb ..... BZ¨vw`| G¸wj me wg_¨v| bvEhy
wej-vn|
(9) nv`xm:- wgÕiv‡R hLb me c`©v AwZµg Kiv n‡jv, †Kej GKwU c`©v evwK _vKj, ZLb Zvi wfZi †_‡K Avjvn
†ei n‡q Avm‡jb Ges bex ()-†K †Kv‡ji g‡a¨ emv‡jb| GwU m¤ú~Y© wg_¨v K_v|
(10) nv`xm:- nhiZ Avjx I wewe dvwZgv () nvmvb-ûmvBb‡K GK dKxi‡K w`‡q w`‡qwQ‡jb| GwUI Rvj K_v|
GwU †Kvb wkÕqvi gbMov evbv‡bv K_v|
(11) nv`xm:- GKw`b Bgvg ûmvBb Kuv`‡Z jvM‡jb| Avjvn wReªvBj‡K (Av) †cÖiY Ki‡jb| wReivC‡ji eySv‡bvi
c‡iI wZwb kv‡„ n‡jb bv, ZvB wZwb Zv‡K Rvb‣vZ åg‡b wb‡q hvb| wejKzj wg_¨v K_v|
(12) nv`xm:- ivm~jyj-vn -Gi gmwR‡` Mgb, I DKvkvi cÖwZ‡kva MÖnY...| G¸wj wejKzj wg_¨v K_v| †`Lyb: Avj-
jvAvjx|
(13) nv`xm:- hvixe Beby evimvgvjx bvgK e¨w³i bv‡g cÖPwjZ Kvwnbx| Bebyj RvIhx e‡jb, hvix‡ei nv`xm
evwZj| Kexi, c„. 98|
(14) nv`xm:- nvekx I Kv‡jv‡ì wb•`vq ewY©Z mKj nv`xm wg_¨v| Kexi, c„. 102|
(15) nv`xm:- m‡„vb-m‡„wZi wb•`vq ev m‡„vb MÖn‡Yi wb•`vq ewY©Z mKj nv`xm cÖ_g †_‡K †kl ch©‡„ wg_¨v| Kexi,
c„. 104|
(16) KZ¸wj dvm©x k‡ãi wel‡q ejv nq †h, G kã¸wj ivm~jyjvn  D‛PviY K‡i‡Qb ev eënvi K‡i‡Qb| G¸wj
Rvj K_v|
(17) ÒAvkv¾Ó bvgK (mvnvex e‡j `vex`vi) GK e¨w³i mKj nv`xm Rvj| wLivk bvgK GKe¨w³ †h Avbvm (iv)
†_‡K nv`xm eY©bv K‡i Zvi mKj nv`xm Rvj, bvmZ‚i iƒgx bvgK GK RvwjqvZ †h wb‡R‡K mvnvex e‡j `vex K‡i Zvi bv‡g
ewY©Z mKj nv`xm Rvj| weki Ges byAvB‡gi mKj nv`xm Rvj| BqvLk~ bvgK GK e¨w³- †h wb‡R‡K Avbvm (i)-Gi QvÎ
e‡j `vex K‡i- Zvi ewY©Z nv`xm¸wj Rvj| Beivnxg Beby nvw`q¨v KvBmxi cÖPvwiZ cyw¯„Kvi mKj nv`xm Rvj| iZb wn•`xi
mKj nv`xm Rvj| jyjy|
(18) cÖ‡Z¨K gv‡m P•`ª MÖn‡Yi djvdj welqK, A_©vr gynviig gv‡m P•`ª MÖnY n‡j AgyK-ZgyK evjv-gywmeZ n‡e,
138
mdi gv‡m P•`ªMÖnY n‡j..| Gfv‡e cÖ‡Z¨K gv‡m P•`ªMÖnY welqK `xN© nv`xm Rvj| mvMvbx|
(19) (Bgvg myq~Zxi) Avj-jvAvjx MÖ‡‡’ i‡q‡Q †h, ivm~jyjvn -Gi me©‡kl LyZev ev e³…Zv bv‡g Ave~ ûivBiv (iv)
I Ave․vm (iv)-Gi m~‡Î GKwU j¤^v nv`xm ewY©Z n‡q‡Q, hv Rvj| j~j~
(20) nhiZ wejv‡ji (iv) GKwU Kvwnbx cÖwm×| G Kvwnbxi mvi-ms‡¶c GB †h, ivm~jyjv n -Gi B‡‡„Kv‡ji ci
wZwb g`xbv †_‡K P‡j hvb| cybivq ivm~jyjvn ()-‡K ¯^‡c‣ †`‡L g`xbvq AvMgb K‡ib| g`xbvq G‡m wZwb Avhvb
†`b...BZ¨vw`| AwaKvsk wgjv‡ì wKZv‡e G Kvwnbx cvIqv hvq| (Bgvg myq~Zxi) ÒhvBjyj gvDh~AvZÓ MÖ‡‡’ D‡jL Kiv
n‡q‡Q †h, G Kvwnbxi me wKQz Rvj| Kexi|
(21) gynvwÏmMY GKgZ †h, mvjvZzi ivMvBe welqK mKj nv`xm Rvj| Abyiƒcfv‡e iRe gv‡mi wewfb‣ iv‡Zi
mvjvZ¸wj me Rvj| 27 †k iRe ivwÎi mvjvZ Rvj, ga¨ kvev‡bi ivZ ev k‡e eiv‡Zi iv‡Z 100 ivKÔAvZ mvjvZ,
cÖ‡Z¨K ivKAv‡Z 10 evi K‡i m~iv BLjvm cvV- G¸wj meB Rvj| (kvBL Ave~ Zvwje g°xi) K‚Zjz Kzjye MÖ‡’ I (kvBL Ave~
nvwg` Mvhvjxi) GnBqvD Dj~wgÏxb MÖ‡‡’ G¸wji D‡jL †`‡L †auvKv Lv‡eb bv| Abyiƒcfv‡e (Avng` Be‡b gynv¤§v` Be‡b
Beªvnxg) mvÕjvex (427 wn) Zuvi ÒZvdmxiÓ MÖ‡‡’ G¸wj D×„Z K‡i‡Qb †`‡L, Ges (Avjx Beby Avng` Avj-‡Nvix) wjwLZ
(†mvnivIqviw`qv ZixKvi Avgj-Ihxdvi eB) kviûj AvIiv` MÖ‡‡’ G¸wji D×„wZ †`‡L †auvKvMÖ¯„ n‡eb bv|Ó Kexi|
(22) KziAv‡bi m~iv¸wji dhxj‡Z ewY©Z nv`xm Ges †h e¨w³ AgyK m~iv cvV Ki‡e Zvi Rb¨ AgyK-ZgyK mvIqve
i‡q‡Q... Gfv‡e KziAv‡bi cÖ_g m~iv †_‡K †kl m~iv ch©‡„ m~iv¸wji dhxj‡Z ewY©Z nv`xm Rvj| G Rvj nv`xm mvÕjvex I
Iqvwn`x cÖ‡Z¨K m~ivi ïi‚‡Z D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| Avi hvgvLkvix cÖ‡Z¨K m~ivi †k‡l D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| evBhvex Ges Aveym
mvE` gydZx Gfv‡eB hvgvLkvixi AbymiY K‡i‡Qb| Avãyjv n Bebyj gyevivK e‡j‡Qb: Avgvi aviYv wh•`xKMY G
nv`xm¸wj‡K Rvj K‡i‡Q| G nv`x‡mi RvwjqvZ wb‡RB Zvi RvwjqvwZi K_v ¯^xKvi K‡i‡Q Ges e‡j‡Q: Avwg gvbyl‡ì‡K
Ab¨ welqvw` †_‡K wdwi‡q KziAv‡bi g‡a¨ e¨¯„ ivLvi Rb¨ G¸wj Rvj K‡iwQ|
(23) nvIqv I Av`g (Av) kqZvb‡K †L‡q †d‡jb| G RvZxq Mí-Kvwnbx Rvj| †Kvb wbf©i‡hvM¨ MÖ‡‡’ Gi D‡jL
†bB|
(24) ER Beby DbyK ev ER cv‡jvqv‡bi cÖwm× Mí Rvj| †h M‡íi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q †h, byn (Av)-Gi Zzdv‡bi cvwb Zvi
cv‡qi wMiv ch©‡„ D‡V, Avi †m mg~‡`ªi gvQ a‡i m~‡h©i Zv‡c ivb‣v Ki‡Zv... BZ¨vw` Rvj| Kexi, ZvhwKiv Avjx, jyj|y
(25) (Avjx Beby Avng` Avj-‡Nvix wjwLZ ZwiK‡Zi Avgj-Ihxdvi eB) kviûj AvIiv` bvgK MÖ‡‡’ wjwLZ Av‡Q
†h, ivm~jyjvn  e‡jb, †n dv‡Zgv, †h gywgb cyi‚l ev gywgb bvix mvjvZzj weZ&i-Gi c‡i mvR`vq gv_v †i‡L (
) 5 evi ej‡e, Gici gv_v Zz‡j GKevi AvqvZzj Kzimx cvV Ki‡e, Gici wØZxq mvR`vi g‡a¨
Abyiƒc Ki‡e ..... Gfv‡e G Avg‡ji wel‡q j¤^v PIov nv`xm †jLv n‡q‡Q| G me mb`wenxb K_v| wgdZvûj Rvb‣vZ|
(26) Òbygvb web mvweZ Avj Kzdx gyiwRqv wdiKvi Abymvix wQ‡jb, gymwjgiv Zuvi gZev` I Zvi nv`xm cwiZ¨vM
K‡i‡QbÓ186- G K_vwU m¤¢eZ †Kv‡bv MvBi gyKvwj` e¨w³i evbv‡bv K_v| MvBi gyKvwj` ev gvhnve-we‡ivax‡ì MÖ‡’
ÒwmqvbvZzj gywgbxbÓ-G G K_vwU ejv n‡q‡Q| K_vwU m¤ú~Y© wg_¨v K_v|
(27) Abyiƒcfv‡e †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv MvBi gyKvwj` KZ©K „ 1327 wnRix‡Z gyw`ªZ Ò¸wbqvZzZ ZvwjexbÓ MÖ‡‡’i 208 c„óvq
( ): ÒAve~ nvbxdvi KwZcq Abymvix gyiwRqv wQjÓ K_vwUi e`‡j (
): ÒAve~ nvbxdvi Abymvixiv gyiwRqv wQjÓ †jLv n‡q‡Q| GwU †g․jfx gywnDwÏb Ges Zvi cyÎ Avãyj nvB MvBwi
gyKvwj-`-Gi evbv‡bv Rvj K_v |
(28) Ò`yi‡i gynv¤§v`xÓ bvgK MÖ‡’wU †g․jfx Gjvwn eLk bvgK GKRb MvBi gyKvwj`-Gi †jLv| G MÖ‡‡’i g‡a¨
wb‡g‣i nv`xmwU D×„Z Kiv n‡q‡Q| byAvBg Beby nv¤§v`-Gi m~‡Î ewY©Z †h, ivm~jyjvn  e‡j‡Qb: Avgvi D¤§‡Zi g‡a¨ wZbwU
`j n‡e| me †P‡q Lvivc `j hviv Zv‡ì AwfgZ Øviv Øxwb wel‡q wKqvm Ki‡e Ges nvjvj‡K nvivg I nvivg‡K nvjvj
Ki‡e| (Avjvgv hvnvexi) wghvbyj BÔwZ`vj, 3q L‡Êi 123 c„ôvq G nv`xm‡K wfwËnxb ‡jLv n‡q‡Q| byAvBg bvgK G ivex
nv`xm Rvj Ki‡Zb| wZwb Bgvg Avey nvwbdvi wei‚‡× A‡bK wg_¨v nv`xm iPbv K‡ib|
(29) gywRhv‡q K`g kixd- A_©vr cv_i †gvg n‡q cv‡qi wPý aviY Kiv...| nv`x‡mi MÖ‡‡’ Gi †Kvb Aw¯„Z¡ cvIqv
hvq bv| Z‡e ÒKvwm`v‡q nvgwhqvnÓ cvV Ki‡j g‡b nq †h, gywRhv‡q bK&kv K`g kixd cÖKvk n‡q‡Q| 187 wK‡‘ AvRKvj hv
wb‡q †eov‡bv nq Zvi †Kv‡bv Aw¯„Z¡ ev wfwË †bB| dvZvIqv ivwkw`q¨vn|
(30) ivm~jjy v- n  hLb wgÕivR kix‡d Zvkixd Av‡bb, ZLb eo cxi mv‡ne Kuva evwo‡q †`b| ivm~jyjvn  e‡jb,
†n gywnDwÏb, hvI, †Zvgvi cv mKj Ijx‡ì Kuv‡ai Dci| GwU m¤ú~Y© AmZ¨| †h G Mí evwb‡q‡Q †m gvjEb-Awfkß|
wK‡‘y eo cxi mv‡ne GKevi GK gvRwj‡m e‡jb, Avgvi cv mKj Ijx‡ì Nv‡oi Dc‡i| GwU MÖnY‡hvM¨ wKZv‡e we`¨gvb
139
Av‡Q| dZIqv nv`xwmq¨v I iwkw`q¨vn|
(32) cvb LvIqvi e¨vcv‡i †Kv‡bv nv`xm †Kv‡bv MÖ‡‡’ †bB| cvb LvIqv gyevn ev •ea| dvZIqv‡q iwkw`q¨vn|
(33) wheywb‣mv m¤ú©wKZ A‡bK wg_¨v Kvwnbx cÖwmw× jvf K‡i‡Q|188 hv‡Z BD‡ivcxq †jLKMY Ges AvRKvj wn•`y
†jLKMY A‡bK is jvwM‡q‡Qb| G mKj M‡íi GKwU n‡jv, wheywb‣mv Ges AvwKj Luvi mv‡_ eÜz‡Z¡i m¤úK© wQj| wheywb‣mv
Zv‡K †Mvc‡b A•ì gn‡j WvK‡Zb| GKw`b (wheywb‣mvi wcZv) mgªvU AvIi½‡he AvjgMxi gn‡j Dcw¯’Z wQ‡jb|
AvjgMxi Rvb‡Z cv‡ib †h, AvwKj gn‡j Av‡Q Ges Zv‡K (AvwKj‡K) nv¤§vgLvbv (†MvmjLvbvi) †W‡Mi g‡a¨ jywK‡q ivLv
n‡q‡Q| AvjgMxi bv-Rvbvi fvb K‡i H †W‡Mi g‡a¨ cvwb Mig Ki‡Z Av‡`k w`‡jb| AvwKj †MvcbxqZv i¶vi Rb¨
†Kv‡bviƒc mvov w`‡jb bv Ges Av¸‡b cy‡o gviv hvb| givi mgq G KweZv e‡jb: ÒAvgvi †Mvcb g„Zzï ci Zzwg hw`
Avgv‡K ¯§iY Ki: Kvd‡bi nvZ †_‡K I kvw‡„i dwiqv` Kwi|Ó
AvwKj Luvi we¯„vwiZ NUbv ÒgvAvwQi‚j DgvivÓ MÖ‡‡’ we`¨gvb| †h‡nZz wZwb Kwe wQ‡jb ZvB Zuvi Rxe‡bi we¯„vwiZ
NUbv I Ae¯’v Zv‡Z Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| wK‡‘y Dc‡ii G Kvwnbxi bvg-wbkvbv †Kv_vI †bB| †h mKj MÖ‡‡’ AvwKj Lv‡bi
welq Rvbv hvq Ges MÖnY‡hvM¨ e‡j g‡b Kiv nq †m¸wji bvg wb‡g‣ †Ìqv nj Ges G mKj MÖ‡’ Avgv‡ì Aa¨q‡bi A‡„
f©y³| †m¸wj: AvjgMxibvgvn, gvAvwmi‚j Dgviv, ZvhvwKiv‡q †Lvk Lvhvbvn, Avwgivn mv‡ivAvhv`, Bqv` evBhv..| G mKj
MÖ‡‡’ G NUbv m¤úwK©Z GKwU A¶iI †bB| j¶Yxq †h, Zvi g„Zyï wel‡q mevB wj‡L‡Qb †h, 1170 wnRix‡Z Zvi g„Zz¨
nq|189
wØZxq GKwU NUbv †heywb‣mvi bv‡g cÖwm× n‡q‡Q †h, wZwb GKw`b dvm©x KweZvi GKwU jvBb iPbv K‡ib| wZwb
jvBbwUi †Rvov •Zwi K‡i KweZvwU c~Y© Ki‡Z Pvw‛Q‡jb, wK‡‘ gvbvbmB wgj •Zwi Ki‡Z cviwQ‡jb bv| ZLb wZwb jvBbwU
Kwe bvwmi Avjxi wbKU cvwV‡q †`b| bvwmi Avjx †heywb‣mvi †cÖg wb‡e`b w`‡q KweZvi PiYwU wgwj‡q †`b|
†h e¨w³ •Zgyi-eskxq‡ì gh©v`v, i‚wP, PvjPjb, ixwZbxwZi mv‡_ cwiwPZ wZwb eyS‡Z cvi‡eb †h, †ePviv bvwmi
Avjx ¯^‡c‣I KL‡bv †heyb wbmvi mv‡_ Giƒc †eAvèx Kivi K_v wP‡„v K‡ib wb| (‣Zgyi Lv•`v‡bi gwnjv‡ì Rxebx
†`Lyb)|190
(33) gynv¤§` web mv‡jn †_‡K GKwU Kvwnbx ewY©Z Av‡Q| †hwU mb`-mn wejKzj Rvj| G KvwnbxwU Beby bv¾v‡ii
BwZnvm MÖ‡‡’ msKwjZ| wjmvb 6ô LÊ 137c„ôv|
(34) Aveivnvi nvZx-evwnbx em‡„ †iv‡M Avµv‡„ n‡q `‡j `‡j gviv hvq| m~iv dxj-Gi e¨vL¨vq Giƒc K_v AvRKvj
†Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv evsjv I Bs‡iRx ZvdmxiKviK D‡jL Ki‡Qb| G K_v m¤ú~Y© wg_¨v|
(35) ÒAve~ `yRvbvi ZèxiÓ bv‡g GKwU Rvj nv`xm i‡q‡Q (hv‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q †h, mvnvex Ave~ `yRvbv Avbmvix
ivm~jjy v- n -Gi wbKU wRb-kqZvb‡ì Drcv‡Zi Awf‡hvM K‡ib, ZLb wZwb Zuv‡K GKwU `yAv wj‡L †`b, hv N‡i ivL‡j
wRb-kqZvb kvw¯„ cv‡e Ges cvwj‡q hv‡e... BZ¨vw`)| Bgvg myq~Zxi Avj-jvAvjx MÖ‡‡’i 186 c„ôvq D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h,
ÒAve~ `yRvbvi ZèxiÓ welqK nv`xmwU Rvj| Z‡e G wel‡q Ab¨ GKwU eY©bvI i‡q‡Q|
(36) GKwU Kvwnbx cÖwm× n‡q‡Q †h, nvmvb emix GKw`b ivm~jyjvn -Gi cvwbi cvÎ †_‡K cvwb cvb K‡ib|
ivm~jyj-vn  D¤§y mvjvgvi (iv) N‡i G‡m e‡jb, cvwb †K cvb Kij? wZwb e‡jb, nvmvb emix| ivm~jyjvn  e‡jb, nvmvb
hZUzZz cvwb cvb K‡i‡Q ZZUzKy Bj&g Zvi g‡a¨ cÖmvwiZ n‡q‡Q| G eY©bvwU Rvj| †Kbbv nvmvb emix 21 wnRix‡Z Rb¥
MÖnY K‡ib Ges ivm~jjy v n  Gi `k ermi Av‡MB 11 wnRix‡Z B‡‡„Kvj K‡ib|
(37) weaev‡ì wØZxq weev‡ni e¨vcv‡i mvaviY †jvK e‡j, wØZxq weevn Ki‡j †m AvwLiv‡Z jvBwj gRbyi weevn
†`L‡Z cvi‡e bv| G¸wj meB evwZj K_v| AvwLiv‡Z jvBwj-gRbyi weevn n‡e †m K_vI evwZj|
(38) AvRy©gvb&` evby †eMg m¤ú©‡K A‡bK Rvj I wg_¨v Kvwnbx cÖwm× n‡q‡Q, BD‡ivcxq †jLKMY A‡bK iO Pwo‡q
G¸wj wj‡Lb| Lye mveavbZvi mv‡_ G mKj Kvwnbx we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e|
(39) exiej I †gvjv †`v‡cqvwR m¤ú©‡K A‡bK AmsjM‣ I AvcwËKi K_vevZ©v mgv‡R cÖPjb jvf K‡i‡Q, hv gvbyl
AvMÖn f‡i ï‡b _v‡K| G mKj K_vevZ©v †Kv‡bv cÖwm× I MÖnY‡hvM¨ BwZnv‡mi cy¯„‡K cvIqv hvq bv| (‣Zgyi Lv•`v‡bi
bvix‡ì RxebKvwnbx `ªóe¨)
(40) ev`kvn AvIi½‡R‡ei wel‡q G e`bvwg cÖPvi Kiv nq †h, wZwb Rvnvbviv‡K nZ¨v Kivi Rb¨ w`wj wb‡q
wM‡qwQ‡jb| GI G‡Kev‡i wfwËnxb, †eû`v I ev‡R K_v| wKQz Bmjvg-we‡Ølx, mv¤cÖ`vwqK HwZnvwmKMY †gvMj ivRv-
ev`kvn‡ì wel‡q Kzrmv iUbvi Rb¨ †Pv‡L cwÆ †eu‡a AÜ †m‡R G mKj K_v wj‡Lb| BwZnv‡mi MÖ‡’¸wj‡Z G mKj K_vi
wPýgvÎ cvIqv hvq bv| e¯‘Z AvIi½‡Re Rvnvbvivi mv‡_ †Kv‡bv cÖKvi Lvivc eënvi K‡ib wb ev Lvivc eënv‡ii †Kv‡bv
B‛QvI K‡ib wb|
140
(41) g~Li© v e‡j, hLb ivm~jyjvn -Gi cweÎ ùvZ Dn‡ì hy‡× knx` nq, ZLb wZwb nvjyqv †L‡qwQ‡jb|
GRb¨ Ôk‡e eiv‡ZÕ nvjyqv cvKv‡bv DwPZ| G me fyj I AmZ¨ K_v| Avi Dn‡ì hy× kvIqvj gv‡m n‡qwQj|
(42) ivm~jyj-vn  ÒMhjÓ ev mvgv-m½xZ kªeY K‡ib Ges G mg‡q ÒnvjÓ ev ÒBk‡Ki Db¥ËZvÓ-i Ae¯’vq wZwb Zuvi
cweÎ Pvì wQ‡o eÈb K‡i †`b.... BZ¨vw` Kvwnbx meB Rvj I ev‡bvqvU| ÒAvIqvwidzj gvAvwidÓ MÖ‡‡’i †jLK
†mvnivIqv`©x ZixKvi cªwZôvZv Ave~ nvdm Dgvi Beby gynv¤§v` wknveyÏxb †mvnivIqv`x© (539-632 wn/ 1145-1234L„)
my¯úófv‡eB G Kvwnbx‡K Rvj e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| G wel‡q nv`xm bv‡g hv wKQz ejv nq meB Rvj| (nv°zm mvgv)
141
cÂg cwi‡”Q`:
†h mKj eB co‡Z wb‡la K‡i‡Qb
Rvj nv`x‡mi Awfkvc †_‡K D¤§vZ‡K i¶vi Kivi Rb¨ Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKxi me©vZ¥K cÖ‡Póvi GKwU w`K †h,
wZwb ïay Rvj nv`xm I wfwËnxb Kvwnbx¸wj wPwýZ K‡iB ¶v‡„ nb wb; Dci‡‘ †h mKj MÖ‡‡’ Rvj nv`xm we`¨gvb ev †h mKj
MÖ‡’ cvV Ki‡j Rvj nv`xm ev Bmjvg we‡ivax wP‡„v-wek¦v‡mi ¶à‡i covi AvksKv †m mKj MÖ‡‡’i GKwU ZvwjKv wZwb c„_K
cwi‡‛Q‡` D‡jL K‡i G mKj cy¯„K bv co‡Z ev mZK©Zvi mv‡_ co‡Z civgk© w`‡q‡Qb| GLv‡b Avgiv Avjvgv Avey Rvdi
wmwÏKxi G cwi‡‛Q‡ì e³‡eï evsjv ûeû D×„Z KiwQ| Dc¯’vc‡Ki †Kv‡bv e³e¨ ev ms‡hvRbx _vK‡j Zv eÜbxi g‡a¨ ev
cvÙxKvq D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx e‡jb:
†h mKj MÖš’ cvV Ki‡j ¶wZ n‡Z cv‡i Ges †h mKj cy¯—K cvV Kiv Av‡`․ •ea bq †m¸wji GKwU msw¶ß ZvwjKv
wb‡gœ cÖ`vb Kiv n‡jv| Z‡e cÖwZev` Kivi Rb¨ cov †h‡Z cv‡i|
(1) ZvdixRyj LvwZi dx gvbvwKwek kvBL Avãyj Kvwì
(Avãyj Kvwì Beby gywnDÏxb (1315 wn) wjwLZ kvBL Avãyj Kvwì Rxjvbxi Rxebx) G MÖ‡‡’i g‡a¨ wg_¨v
Kvwnbxmg~n we`¨gvb|
(2) LvhxbvZzj Avmivi (¸ß‡f‡ì fvÊvi)
(gynv¤§v` nv°x Beby Avjx (1301wn/ 1884L„) wjwLZ ZvmvDd-ZixKvi welqK) G MÖ‡’wUi g‡a¨ wKQz wKQz wf‡R-
ïK‡bv ev Rvj I evwZj nv`xm we`¨gvb| G MÖ‡’ cv‡V mZK© n‡Z n‡e|
(3) `xIqvb Bgi“Dj KvBm (Bgi“Dj KvB‡mi Kve¨ msKjb)
G MÖ‡’wU cov •ea bq| G‡Z weåvw‡„Ki-cvcvPv‡ii K_v i‡q‡Q| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv gv`ªvmvq mvwnZ¨ wn‡m‡e cov‡bv nq|
(4) gykZvwgjyj AvnKvg
†jLK (A‡Uvgvb mvgªv‡Rï cÖwm× m~dx I nvbvdx dKxn BqvnBqv Beby Avãyjv n) dvLi‚Ïxb iƒgx (864 wn/1460 L„)|
wZwb (cÖwm× A‡Uvgvb mgªvU KÝwU‡bw•U‡cvj weRqx) myjZvb gynv¤§v` Avj-dvwZn-Gi Rb¨ (nvbvdx gvhnv‡ei dvZIqvMÖ‡’
wn‡m‡e) G MÖ‡w’ U iPbv K‡ib| Kvkdzh hybb~ MÖ‡‡’i †jLK e‡jb, †g․jex eviKvjx (981 wn)191 G MÖ‡’wU‡K cÖPwjZ I cÖwm×
`ye©j I wfwËnxb MÖ‡’¸wji A‡„f©y³ K‡i‡Qb| Kvkdzh hyb~‡bi K_v GLv‡bB †kl| e¯‘Z G MÖ‡’wU wfwËnxb-fyj gvmvAvjv Ges
Rvj nv`x‡m fiv| dKxnMY Ges gynvwÏmMY Kv‡iv Kv‡QB G MÖ‡’wUi MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv †bB|
(5)192 gydx`yj gymZvdx`
(6) Kvbhyj Bev` dx kviwnj AvDiv`
Dfq MÖ‡‡’i †jLK Avjx Beby Avng` †Nvix| †gvjv Avjx Kvix (1014 wn) ÒZvevKvZzj nvbvwdq¨vnÓ (nvbvdx
AvwjgM‡Yi Rxebx) MÖ‡‡’ e‡jb: Avjx Beby Avng` Avj-‡Nvix| wZwb (wdKnx gvmBj wel‡q) Ògydx`yj gymZvdx`Ó bv‡g
GKwU MÖ‡’ iPbv K‡ib, †h MÖ‡w’ U‡Z wb•`bxq I AcQ•`bxq gZvgZ I gvmvBj msKjb K‡ib| wØZxq MÖ‡’ (whKi-Ihxdv I
ZixK‡Zi Avgj m¤ú‡K© iwPZ) ÒKvbhyj Bev` dx kviwnj AvDiv`Ó MÖ‡’wUi wel‡q Avjvgv RvgvjyÏxb gyiwk`x e‡jb: G
MÖ‡‡’ A‡bK ev‡R I Rvj nv`xm we`¨gvb †h¸wj kªeY KivI Rv‡qh bq|
(7) gvZvwjeyj gywgbxb
Avj-vgv Beby Avwe`xb kvgx (1252wn) ÒZvbKxûj dvZvIqv Avj-nvwgw`q¨vÓ MÖ‡‡’ wj‡L‡Qb †h, G MÖ‡’wUi †jLK
ÒkvBL eì‚Ïxb Beby ZvRyÏxb Beby Avãyi ivnxg jv‡nvixÓ bvgK GKRb Avwjg|
(8) LvhvbvZzi wiIqvqvZ
Kvkdzh& hyb~‡bi †jLK (nvRx Ljxdv, g„Zz¨ 1067 wn) D‡jL K‡i‡Qb †h, G MÖ‡’wUi †jLK ¸Riv‡Ui Kvhx RMb|
(9) wkiAvZzj Bmjvg
G MÖ‡‡’i †jLK gynv¤§v` Beby Avex evKi Avj-R~Mx (573 wn)|
Dc‡ii MÖ‡’¸wj meB wf‡R-ïK‡bv, Rvj-evwZj ev fv‡jv-g•` me iKg wel‡q ficyi| Dci‡‘ G‡Z AMwYZ Rvj
nv`xm, ev‡bvqvU Kvwnbx I NUbv we`¨gvb|
(10) dvZvIqv m~dxq¨vn
†jLK dv`jyjv n gynv¤§v` Beby AvBEe (666 wn), gv‡Mvi Awaevmx wQ‡jb| †g․jex eviKvjx (981 wn) D‡jL
K‡i‡Qb †h, (ZvmvDd wel‡q iwPZ) dvZvIqv m~wdq¨vn MÖ‡’wU †Kv‡bv MÖnY‡hvM¨ ev wbf©i‡hvM¨ MÖ‡’ bq| Kv‡RB G MÖ‡‡’ †h
142
mKj gZvgZ ev Avgj i‡q‡Q Zv cvjb ev MÖnY Kiv •ea bq| Z‡e hw` Zv `x‡bi g~jbxwZi mv‡_ mvgÄm¨c~Y©
e‡j RZ‡e wfb‣ K_v|
(11) dvZvIqv AvZ-Z‚ix
(12) dvZvIqv Beby byRvBg
ivÏyj gynZvi MÖ‡‡’i †jLK (Avjvgv Beby Avwe`xb: 1252 wn) I Ab¨vb¨ Avwjg D‡jL K‡i‡Qb †h, G MÖ‡¸’ wj
wbf©i‡hvM¨ bq|
Dch©y³ Awbf©i‡hvM¨ MÖ‡’¸wji wel‡q g~jbxwZ wbg‣iƒc: G¸wji g‡a¨ †h mKj gZ Gi †P‡q D‛PZi ch©v‡qi MÖ‡’¸wji
wecixZ †m¸wj MÖnY Kiv hv‡e bv| Avi †h mKj gZ ev gvmAvjv Ab¨ MÖ‡‡’ cvIqv hvq bv †m¸wji wel‡q M‡elYv Ki‡Z
n‡e, hw` kixq‡Zi g~jbxwZ I `jx‡ji AvIZvq c‡o Z‡e MÖnY Kiv hv‡e, bB‡j bq|
Dc‡ii wm×v‡„ gvIjvbv Avãyj nvB jvLbexi ÒAvb-bvwd Avj-KvexiÓ MÖ‡’ †_‡K MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q| wZwb Av‡iv D‡jL
K‡i‡Qb †h, wdK‡ni A‡bK MÖ‡’ i‡q‡Q †h¸wji Dci cÖwm× I †kªôZg dKxnMY wbf©i K‡i‡Qb, A_P †m¸wji g‡a¨ A‡bK
Rvj nv`xm we`¨gvb| we‡klZ dvZIqvi MÖ‡’¸wj| G mKj MÖ‡‡’i †jLKMY hwÌ Kvwgj ev c~Y©Zvm¤úb‣ Avwjg wQ‡jb,
ZeyI Zviv nv`xm D×„wZ Kivi †¶‡Î Amveavb wQ‡jb| gvIjvbv Avãyj nvB jvLbexi g~j e³e¨ wbg‣iƒc:
ÒA‡bK wbf©i‡hvM¨ MÖ‡’ i‡q‡Q, †h¸wji Dci †kªôZg dKxnMY wbf©i K‡i‡Qb, †m MÖ‡’¸wj Rvj nv`x‡m ficyi|
we‡kl K‡i dvZIqvi MÖ‡’¸wj| Mfxi I we¯„vwiZ Aa¨q‡bi gva¨‡g Avgv‡ì Kv‡Q ¯úó n‡q‡Q †h, G mKj MÖ‡‡’i †jLKMY
hwÌ Kvwgj ev c~Y©ZvcÖvß wQ‡jb Z‡e Zviv nv`xm D‡jL Kivi †¶‡Î Amveavb wQ‡jb| Avi G welqwUB we‡ivax
Awf‡hvMKvix‡ì gyL Ly‡j w`‡q‡Q, d‡j Zviv aviYv K‡i‡Qb †h, nvbvdx gvhnv‡ei gvmjv-gvmvBj ev wdKnx gZvgZ Rvj
nv`xm ev AZ¨‡„ `ye©j nv`x‡mi Dci wbf©ikxj Ges nvbvdx gvhnv‡ei AwaKvsk gvmvBj `x‡bi BgvgM‡Yi MÖ‡’¸wj‡K
cÖgvwYZ nv`xm¸wji we‡ivax| GwU GKwU evwZj aviYv I APj Kíbv|Ó
gvIjvbv Avãyj nvB jvLbex Zuvi Dg`vZzi wiqvqvn MÖ‡‡’ e‡jb:
Ònu¨v, hw` †m MÖ‡‡’i †jLK gynvwÏm nb Zvn‡j Zv MÖnY Kiv m¤¢e n‡Z cv‡i, hw` wZwb D×„wZi †¶‡Î wbf©i‡hvM¨ nb|
Gi inm¨ n‡jv, Avjvn cÖ‡Z¨K ¯’v‡bi Rb¨ c„_K K_v Ges cÖ‡Z¨K kv¯¿ ev wel‡qi Rb¨ we‡kl e¨w³ m„wó K‡i‡Qb| wZwb
Zuvi m„wói cÖ‡Z¨K †kªYx‡K we‡kl gh©v`v cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb hv Ab¨‡ì g‡a¨ cvIqv hvq bv| gynvwÏm‡ì g‡a¨ †KD †KD
i‡q‡Qb hv‡ì GKgvÎ KvR nv`xm¸wj‡K weï×fv‡e gyL¯„ I eY©bv Kiv, nv`xm¸wji wdKnx w`K wb‡q M‡elYvi Mfx‡i Zviv
hvb bv| Avevi dKxn‡ì g‡a¨ †KD †KD i‡q‡Qb hv‡ì GKgvÎ KvR wdKnx gvmjv-gvmvBj I gZvgZ¸wj wbq‡¿Y I
msi¶Y| nv`xm eY©bvi †hvM¨Zv I cvi`wk©Zv Zv‡ì †bB| Kv‡RB Zv‡ì e³e¨‡K Zv‡ì Ae¯’vi Av‡jv‡K wePvi I MÖnY
Kiv Ges Zv‡ì cÖ‡Z¨K‡K Zv‡ì wba©vwiZ gh©v`vq ¯’vb †Ìqv IqvwRe|
(13) kviûj Kvbh (KvbhyÏvKvBK MÖ‡š’i e¨vL¨vMÖš)’ (Aviex)
†jLK †gvjv wgmKxb (811 wn)193|
(14) kviûb wbKvqv (Avb-wbKvqv MÖ‡š’i e¨vL¨v) (Aviex)
†jLK †Kvn¯„vbx (962 wn)194|
G MÖ‡’`ywUi †jLKØ‡qi cÖK…Z Ae¯’v AcwiÁvZ| G MÖ‡’`ywU wf‡R-ïK‡bv ev mwVK-‡ewVK I Rvj-evwZj K_vq
ficyi| GRb¨ G MÖ‡’Ø‡qi Dci wbf©i K‡i d‡Zvqv †Ìqv Rv‡qh bq, hZ¶Y bv Zv‡ì Z_¨m~Î I Drm Rvbv hv‡e| (Avb-
bvwd Avj-Kvexi)
143
(15) Avj-KzbBqv195 (Aviex)
†jLK hvwn`x, wZwb gyÕZvwhjx AvKx`vi Abymvix wQ‡jb|196 G MÖ‡‡’ `ye©j gZ I AcÖPwjZ gvmvBj we`¨gvb| wdK‡ni
G MÖ‡’wUi Dci wbf©i K‡i †Kv‡bv d‡Zvqv †Ìqv Rvwqh bq| Z‡e hw` †Kv‡bv gZ ev gvm&Avjvi g~j Drm I m~Î Rvbv hvq
Z‡e wfb‣ K_v| (bvwd Kvexi)
(16) Avj-gynxZ Avj-eyinvbx: wdKn197
G MÖ‡‡’i †jLK (eyinvb DÏxb gvng~`) hwÌ gvhnv‡ei gvmAvjvq gyRZvwn‡ì ch©v‡qi (gvhnv‡ei g‡a¨ wdKnx
gvmAvjvq BRwZnv‡ì †hvM¨Zv m¤úb‣) wQ‡jb, Zv m‡Ë¡I wZwb Òiv‡Zi AÜKv‡i KvV Kzov‡bviÓ gZ wbwe©Pvi I Amveavb
msKjK wQ‡jb| wf‡R I ïK‡bv- mwVK I †ewVK- mKj cÖKv‡ii gZvgZ I gvmAvjv G‡Z we`¨gvb| GRb¨ G MÖ‡’ cv‡V
mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Ki‡Z n‡e| (bvwd)
(17) Zvdmxi Avj-Kvk&kvd (Aviex)
†jLK hvgvLkvix (538 wn), wZwb nvbvdx gyÕZvwhjx wQ‡jb|198
(Bgvg hvnvexi) gxhvbyj BÕwZ`vj MÖ‡‡’ i‡q‡Q: gvng~` Beby Dgvi hvgvLkvix gydvm&wmi I fvlvwe` wQ‡jb| wZwb
gyÕZvwhjx AvKx`vi Abymvix wQ‡jb| Zvi †jLv ÒZvdmxi Kvk&kvdÓ MÖ‡’wU †_‡K AvZ¥i¶v Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| GQvov Òwbmveyj
BnwZmveÓ MÖ‡‡’i †jLKI (wgm‡ii GKmg‡qi cÖavb wePvicwZ Dgvi Beby gynv¤§v` Beby BIqv` nvbvdx, g„Zz¨ 696 wn) G
MÖ‡’ cvV Ki‡Z wb‡la K‡i‡Qb|
(18) Avj-wdi`vDm (Aviex)
†jLK (kxiIqvBwn Beby kvniv`vi) `vBjvgx (509wn)199| G MÖ‡‡’ msKjK mnxn Ges evwZj nv`x‡mi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv
cv_©K¨ ev evPwePvi K‡ib wb Ges Gi g‡a¨ wecyj cwigv‡Y Rvj nv`xm we`¨gvb| (eymZvbyj gynvwÏmxb)
(19) Avj-gymZvìvK (Aviex)
†jLK (Ave~ Avãyjv n gynv¤§v` Beby Avãyjv n) nvwKg wbmvc~ix (405 wn)| Bgvg hvnvex e‡jb, nvwKg †Kv‡bv nv`xm‡K
ÒmnxnÓ ej‡j †m nv`xm‡K ÒmnxnÓ g‡b K‡i †auvKvMÖ¯„ n‡eb bv| e¨vcK AbymÜvb I M‡elYvi gva¨‡g nv`xmwUi mnxn
nIqvi wel‡q wbwðZ bv nIqv ch©‡„ nvwK‡gi gZvbymv‡i †Kv‡bv nv`xm‡K mnxn e‡j MY¨ Kiv hv‡e bv| KviY Bgvg nvwKg
Zuvi G MÖ‡‡’ A‡bK nv`xm‡K mnxn e‡j‡Qb, A_P †m¸wj mnxn bq, eis wZwb †h mKj nv`xm‡K mnxn e‡j‡Qb †m¸wji
g‡a¨ A‡bK Rvj nv`xmI i‡q‡Q| †h Kvi‡Y gymZvìvK MÖ‡’wU cy‡ivUvq Î‚wUhy³ n‡q wM‡q‡Q| (eymZvbyj gynvwÏmxb)
(20) Avj-wKZve (Aviex)
G MÖ‡‡’i we‡kl bvg AcwiÁvZ| G MÖ‡‡’i †jLK gyhvd&di Beby Avi`kxi (547 wn) AZ¨‡„ mycÖwm× Iqvwqh wQ‡jb|
wK‡‘ wZwb mvjvZ Av`v‡q Ae‡njv Ki‡Zb| Avi g` I gv`K`ª‡eï •eaZvi wel‡q wZwb G cyw¯„Kv iPbv K‡ib| (wjmvbyj
gxhvb 6 LÊ 53 c„ôv)
(21) wKZveyj Rvjxm Iqvj Avbxm (Aviex)
bvwke (Beby wnjvj) nvi&ivbx (591wn) G MÖ‡’wU Beby KvDm †_‡K ï‡b‡Qb e‡j `vwe K‡ib| evn¨Z Gi meB wejKzj
wg_¨v I Rvj nv`x‡m ficyi| (wjmvb 6/144)
(22) wKZveyb dxi wiÏvn (AvLevi“i wiÏvn) (Aviex)
G MÖ‡‡’i †jLK Iqvmxgvn Beby g~mv (237 wn)| wZwb gvmjvgv Bebyj Kvwmg †_‡K nv`xm eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| Zvi ewY©Z
nv`xm¸wji AwaKvskB Zvi wb‡Ri evbv‡bv Rvj nv`xm| Zvi G MÖ‡‡’i g‡a¨ A‡bK gybKvi-AvcwËKi nv`xm we`¨gvb|
(wjmvb 6/217)
(23) Avj-gyeZv`v Iqv Kvmvmyj Avw¤^qv (Aviex)
G MÖ‡’ I Dc‡ii MÖ‡w’ U Df‡qi †jLK Iqvmxgvn Beby g~mv| G MÖ‡‡’I Rvj nv`xmmg~n we`¨gvb| (wjmvb 6/217)|200
(24) hvni“i wiqv` (Aviex)
gynv¤§v` Beby Avjx Bebyj dv`&j hvivbnvix (5g wnRix kZ‡Ki eyLviv AÂ‡ji GKRb Avwjg) Bebym mvBqv‡ì
wel‡q A‡bK Rvj nv`xm eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| Zvi GmKj Rvj eY©bvi wfwË‡Z Beby mvBqv‡ì Kvwnbx wb‡q Òhvni‚i wiqv`Ó
bvgK MÖ‡’wU iwPZ| G MÖ‡’wU Rvj nv`x‡m ficyi| (wjmvbyj gxhvb 5 LÊ 258 c„ôv)
(25) hvnivZzi wiqv` (Aviex)
†jLK ZvRyj Bmjvg myjvBgvb Beby `vD`| (Iqv‡hi MÖ‡’ wn‡m‡e AwZ cÖwm×) G cy¯„KwU wbf©i‡hvM¨ bq| (Kvkdzh
144
hyb~b)
(26) hvZz` `vIqvBi (Aviex)
G MÖ‡’wU wRb Avn․vb Kiv, wRb‡ì ewkf~Z Kiv, wRb eënvi Kiv BZ¨vw` wel‡q iwPZ GKwU Qwem¤^wjZ MÖ‡’|
MÖ‡’Kvi `vwe K‡i‡Qb †h, G mKj welq myjvBgvb (Av)-Gi g‡¿x Avwmd Beby eviwLqv Beby BmgvCj †_‡K ewY©Z|
wbtm‡•`‡n G¸wj meB wg_¨v I Rvj|
(27) `vjvBjyj AvnKvg (Aviex)
wdKnx gvmvB‡ji `jxj wn‡m‡e cÖ`Ë nv`xm¸wj G eB‡q ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| BDm~d Beby ivwd Beby kvÏv`
nvjvex kvwdqx (632wn) G MÖ‡’wUi †jLK|
(28) LyZevZzj we`v (Aviex)
ivm~jyj-vn  we`vq n‡¾ †h LyZev cÖ`vb K‡ib †m welqK| (ivm~jjy v n  we`vq n‡¾ Avivdv I wgbvq wewfb‣¯’v‡b
LyZev ev fvlY cÖ`vb K‡ib| wewfb‣ mnxn nv`x‡m Gi mnxn weeiY i‡q‡Q| cvkvcvwk Òwe`vq n‡¾i LyZevÓ bv‡g j¤^v-PIov
Rvj nv`xmI cÖPwjZ|) mvMvbx e‡jb: Rvj nv`xm wfwËK MÖ‡’vewji g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q ÒLyZevZzj we`vÓ ev Òwe`vq n‡¾i LyZevÓ
bvgK G MÖ‡’wU| (Kvkdzh hyb~b)
(29) mvjvZzi ivMvBe
(iRe gv‡mi cÖ_g RygyAvi ivwÎ‡Z gvMwie I Bkvi mvjv‡Zi gaëZ©x mg‡q we‡kl m~iv w`‡q `y ivKAvZ K‡i 12
ivKAvZ mvjvZ ÒmvjvZzi ivMvBeÓ ev ÒAvMÖ‡ni mvjvZÓ bv‡g cÖwm×|) KwZcq gnv-wg_¨vev`x PZz_© wnRix kZ‡K mvjvZzi
ivMvB‡ei dhxj‡Z Rvj nv`xm iUbv K‡i| d‡j †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv eyRyM© I Avwjg Gi dhxj‡Zi K_v e‡j‡Qb, Zuv‡ì g‡a¨
i‡q‡Qb Ave~ Zvwje g°x| Avi Mvhvjx Zuvi AbymiY K‡i‡Qb| Zuviv G Rvj nv`x‡mi Dci wbf©i K‡i‡Qb| G mvjv‡Zi wei‚‡×
wjwLZ GKwU MÖ‡’ ÒZzndvZzj RvbvBe (nvevBe) web-bvnB Avb mvjvwZi ivMvBeÓ- mvjvZzi ivMvBe †_‡K wb‡la Rvwb‡q
m¤§vwbZ wcÖqRb‡ì Dcnvi (cÖwm× kvwdqx dKxn I gynvwÏm, wmwiqvi cÖavb wePvicwZ gynv¤§v` Beby gynv¤§v` Avj-LvB`vix, g„.
894wn iwPZ)| mvjvZzi ivMvBe welqK Rvj nv`x‡mi ¯îƒc D‡b¥vP‡b GKB MÖ‡’Kv‡ii wjwLZ Ab¨ MÖ‡’: Avj-eviKzj jvg~Õ wj
Kvkwdj nv`xwmj gvD`~ (Rvj nv`x‡mi D‡b¥vP‡b cÖ¾¡wjZ we`ÿZvfv)| †h mKj Avwjg mvjvZzi ivMvB‡ei wel‡q AvcwË I
cÖwZev` Rvwb‡q‡Qb Zuv‡ì g‡a¨ i‡q‡Qb Bgvg beex| kvBL Ave~ gynv¤§v` Avãyi ivngvb Beby BmgvCj gvKw`mx Ave~ kvgv
(665 wn) G mvjvZ evwZj cÖgvY K‡i GKwU eB wj‡Lb| eBwU wj‡L wZwb fvj K‡i‡Qb| wZwb G eBwUi bvgKiY K‡ib:
ÒAvj-jygvÓ| G mvjv‡Zi cÖwZev` I AvcwËKvix‡ì g‡a¨ i‡q‡Qb Ave~ evKi ZziZ‚mx, Beby †`wnqv, Ave~ gynv¤§v` Avãyj Avhxh
Beby Avãym mvjvg| Beby Avãym mvjvg `vwgk‡Ki Rvwg Dgvex ev eo gmwR‡ì LZxe wQ‡jb| wZwb 637 wnRixi iRe gv‡mi
cÖ_g RygyAvi LyZevq G mvjvZ m¤ú‡K© e‡jb: †R‡b ivLyb, GwU GKwU AvcwËKi weÀvZ| wZwb G wel‡q GKwU cyw¯„KvI iPbv
K‡ib, hvi bvg iv‡Lb: ÒAvZ-ZviMxe Avb mvjvwZi ivMvBeÓ- mvjvZzi ivMvBe †_‡K wbi‚rmvn cÖ`vbÓ| G cy¯„‡K wZwb
weÀvZ cvjb †_‡K gvbyl‡ì‡K mveavb K‡ib|
(30) wKZve dx dv`vBwjZ Zz¾vi (Aviex)
†jLK Avng` Beby mvC` Beby dvikvL| G MÖ‡‡’i g‡a¨ Rvj nv`xm I wfwËnxb K_vevZ©v we`¨gvb| (gxhvb)
(31) wKZveyj AvDwjqv (Aviex)
Avng` Beby gynv¤§v` bvgK GK †jL‡Ki †jLv| G MÖ‡‡’i g‡a¨ wg_¨v I wfwËnxb eY©bvewj mwb‣‡ewkZ| (wjmvb
2/316)
(32) Zvdmxi MÖš’ (Aviex)
†jLK Avjx Beby Beivnxg Aveyj nvmvb gynv¤§v`x ivwdhx| G MÖ‡’ evjv-gywmeZ, Rvj-RvwjqvwZ I Kzms¯‥v‡i cwic~Y©|
(wjmvb 4/51)
(33) bvnRyj evjvMv (Aviex)
(Avjx (iv)-Gi e³e¨ e‡j Kw_Z) G MÖ‡’wUi †jLK Avjx Bebyj nvmvb Beby g~mv AvjûmvBbx kixd gyiZvhv (436
wn)| G MÖ‡w’ U cvV Ki‡j †h †Kv‡bv mvaviY Ávbm¤úb‣ gvbylI wbwðZ n‡eb †h, MÖ‡w’ U Avgxi‚j gywgbxb Avjx (iv)-Gi bv‡g
Rvj K‡i iPbv Kiv| G MÖ‡‡’i g‡a¨ Ave~ eKi (iv) I Dgvi (iv)-Gi wel‡q e¨vcKfv‡e MvjvMvwj, wb•`v I AegvbbvKi
K_vevZ©v D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q| GQvov Gi g‡a¨ ci¯úi we‡ivax I mvsNwl©K e³e¨ I wbg‣gv‡bi Kzi‚wPm¤úb‣ fvlv I evKÏ
e¨vcK| †h e¨w³ KzivBk es‡ki mvnvexM‡Yi i‚wP, Avè I gvbwmKZv I cieZ©x hy‡Mi gvbyl‡ì i‚wP I gvbwmKZvi mv‡_
cwiwPZ wZwb wbwðZ n‡eb †h, G MÖ‡’wU evwZj I Rvj| (wjmvb 4/233)
(34) evnRvZzj Avmivi (Aviex)
†jLK Avjx Beby Avãyjv n Beby Rvnhvg hvwn` (414 wn)| G MÖ‡‡’i †jLK‡K RvwjqvwZi Awf‡hv‡M Awfhy³ Kiv
n‡q‡Q Ges G MÖ‡‡’ Rvj nv`xm we`¨gvb| (wjmvb 4/238)
(35) wKZve Avm-wmi&i Avj-gvKZ‚g dx gyLvZvevwZb byR~g (Aviex)
145
ejv nq †h, G MÖ‡‡’i †jLK dvLi‚Ïxb ivhx (606 wn)| G MÖ‡‡’ A‡bK welq i‡q‡Q hv my¯úó hv`y| Avj-
dvIqvB` Avj-evwnq¨v MÖ‡‡’ D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, G MÖ‡’wU dLi‚Ïxb ivhxi †jLv bq| eis †Kv‡bv ag©‡`ªvnx gyjwn` G MÖ‡’
iPbv K‡i dLi‚Ïxb ivhxi bv‡g cÖPvi K‡i‡Q, †hb Zv gvby‡li g‡a¨ `ª‚Z cÖmvi jvf K‡i| ivhx wb‡RB G MÖ‡’ Zuvi bq e‡j
Zuvi †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv MÖ‡‡’ D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| G‡Z eySv hvq †h, Zuvi RxeÏkv‡ZB G MÖ‡’ Zuvi bv‡g cÖPvwiZ n‡qwQj|
(36) gvD`~AvZ Avj-Kz`vqx
(wgkZvZzj gvmvexn MÖ‡‡’i e¨vL¨vKvi cÖwm× gynvwÏm Avj-vgv kvivdzÏxb nvmvb Beby gynv¤§v` Zxex (743 wn)-Gi
†jLv) Avj-Lyjvmv (dx Dm~wjj nv`xm) MÖ‡‡’ MÖ‡’Kvi kvBL Zxex e‡jb: nv`x‡mi wel‡q Ggb wKQz MÖ‡’ msKjb Kiv n‡q‡Q
†h¸wji mKj nv`xmB Rvj| †hgb ÒgvDh~AvZ Avj-Kz`vqxÓ (gynv¤§v` Beby mvjvgvn Avj-Kz`vqx (454 wn) iwPZ Avk-
wknve MÖ‡’)| Abyiƒc Rvj-nv`xm wbf©i Av‡iKwU MÖ‡’:
(37) Avj-AvievEb Avj-IqvÀvwbq¨vn (Beby Iqv`ÔAv‡bi ÔPwjk nv`xm)
Bgvg myq~Zx e‡jb, (Biv‡Ki gvIwm‡ji Kvwh Ave~ bvm&i gynv¤§v` Beby Avjx) Beby Iqv`ÔAvb (494 wn) iwPZ ÒAvj-
AvievEbÓ ev ÔPwj-k nv`xmÕ bvgK MÖ‡‡’i †Kv‡bv nv`xmB ivm~jyjvn  †_‡K Zvi D‡jwLZ mb‡` mnxn bq, hwÌ †QvU †QvU
K‡qKwU mnxn evK¨ Gi g‡a¨ A‡„f©y³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avi bmxnZ wn‡m‡e A‡bK my•ì K_v i‡q‡Q| wK‡‘ K_v n° ev mZ¨
n‡jB †Zv Zv nv`xm nq bv| eis Zvi DëvwUB mZ¨| (A_©vr hv wKQz nv`xm Zv meB mZ¨ I my•ì, wK‡‘ hv wKQz mZ¨ I my•ì Zv
me nv`xm bq|) G MÖ‡‡’i mKj nv`xmB Rvj I Pzwi Kiv| Beby IÀvb G nv`xm¸wj g~j RvwjqvZ (cÂg wnRix kZ‡Ki
cÖwm× `vk©wbK I nv`xm eY©bvKvix) hvB` Beby widvAv †_‡K Pzwi K‡i‡Qb| hvB` wb‡RB G¸wj evwb‡qwQ‡jb| ÒivmvBjy
BLIqvwbm mvdvÓ (BLIqvbym mvdvi cÎvewj) bvgK MÖ‡’wUI hvB` bvgK G e¨w³i RvwjqvwZ e‡j ejv nq| (Avjvgv wgh&hx
Beby IqvÀv‡bi Pwjk nv`x‡mi wel‡q e‡jb, G e¨w³ wQj) Avjvni mKj m„wói g‡a¨ nv`x‡mi wel‡q me‡P‡q AÁ, me‡P‡q
wbj©¾, I wg_¨vq me‡P‡q `ytmvnmx gvbyl‡ì g‡a¨ GKRb|
(38) dvhjyj Djvgv
†jLK kvivdzÏxb evjLx| G MÖ‡‡’i ïi‚‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q: †h e¨w³ wdK‡ni GKwU gvmAvjv wk¶v Ki‡e Zvi Rb¨
i‡q‡Q AgyK-ZgyK...|
(39) gymbv` Avbvm Avj-evmix
(mvgAvb Beby gvn`x bv‡g wØZxq wnRix kZ‡Ki GK RvwjqvZ cÖvq wZbkZ nv`x‡mi GKwU cvÊwjwc cÖPvi K‡i `vwe
K‡i †h, †m G¸wj Avbvm Beby gvwjK (iv)Ñ‡_‡K ï‡b‡Q) Avbvm emixi gymbv` bv‡g cÖPvwiZ G cyw¯„Kvi mKj nv`xmB
Rvj| (Kexi)
(40) gvMvhx, gvjvwng I Zvdmxi welqK MÖš’vw`
(41) Kvjexi Zvdmxi
eY©bvKvix ev msKjK gynv¤§v` Beby mvBe Kvjex (146 wn)|
(42) gyKvwZj Beby myjvBgv‡bi Zvdmxi
eY©bvKvix ev msKjK gyKvwZj Beby myjvBgvb (150 wn)
(43) Beby Bmnv‡Ki gvMvhx MÖš’
msKjK gynv¤§v` Beby BmnvK gv`vbx (151 wn)
(44) IqvwK`xi gvMvhx MÖš’
msKjK gynv¤§v` Beby Dgvi IqvwK`x (207 wn)
Avãyj gvwjK gvBg~bx e‡jb, Avwg Bgvg Avng` Beby nv¤^vj‡K (241 wn) ej‡Z ï‡bwQ, wZwb e‡j‡Qb: ÒwZb cÖKv‡ii
cy¯„Kvw` we`¨gvb †h¸wji †Kv‡bv wfwË †bB| †m¸wj n‡jv gvMvhx (ivm~jjy v n -Gi hy× weMÖn welqK BwZnvm I NUbvewj),
gvjvwng (fwel¨‡Zi hy×weMÖn I NUbvcÖevn welqK fwel¨ØvYxmg~n) I Zvdmxi|
LZxe evM`v`x (463 wn) Zuvi ÒAvj-Rvwg wj AvLjvwKi ivex Iqv Av`vwem mvwgÓ bvgK MÖ‡‡’ Bgvg Avng‡ì G
e³e¨wU mb`-mn D×„Z K‡i G K_vi e¨vL¨vq e‡jb: G K_vi D‡Ïk¨ G wZb wel‡qi wba©vwiZ wKQz MÖ‡’, †h¸wji msKj‡Ki
Awbf©i‡hvM¨Zvi Kvi‡Y, †m¸wj‡Z msKwjZ nv`xm I msev`¸wji eY©bvKvix‡ì Awbf©i‡hvM¨Zvi Kvi‡Y Ges G¸wji g‡a¨
KvwnbxKvi I MíKvi‡ì ms‡hvR‡bi Kvi‡Y G MÖ‡¸’ wj AMÖnY‡hvM¨, Awbf©i‡hvM¨ I g~j¨nxb e‡j MY¨ n‡q‡Q|
gvjvwng ev fwel¨‡Zi hy×weMÖn I NUbvewji fwel¨ØvYx welqK mKj MÖ‡‡’i Ae¯’vB Giƒc| fwel¨‡Zi hy×weMÖn,
wdZbv-msNvZ, wec`vc` m¤ú‡K© hv wKQz ewY©Z n‡q‡Q Zvi g‡a¨ mvgvb¨ K‡qKwU nv`xm Qvov wKQzB mnxn bq|
Zvdmxi wel‡q me‡P‡q cÖwm× gynv¤§v` Beby mvBe Kvjex (146 wn) Ges gyKvwZj Beby myjvBgvb (150 wn)-Gi
Zvdmxi welqK eY©bv I msKjb| Bgvg Avng` Beby nv¤^vj e‡j‡Qb †h, Kvjexi Zvdmx‡ii cÖ_g †_‡K †kl ch©‡„ meB
146
wg_¨v|201
gvMvhx ev ivm~jjy v- n -Gi hy× weMÖn wel‡q me‡P‡q cÖwm× gynv¤§v` Beby Bmnv‡Ki gvMvhx MÖ‡’ Ges IqvwK`xi gvMvhx
MÖ‡’| Beby BmnvK Bn~`x I L„÷vb‡ì †_‡K hy×weMÖn I NUbvewj welqK eY©bv MÖnY Ki‡Zb| Avi Bgvg kvwdqx e‡j‡Qb
†h, IqvwK`xi MÖ‡’¸wj‡Z wg_¨v we`¨gvb| gvMvhxi wel‡q g~mv Beby DKev (141 wn) ewY©Z I msKwjZ gvMvhx MÖ‡’ Qvov Avi
wKQzB cy‡ivcywi mnxn bq| Kexi| Z‡e gynvwÏmMY mvaviYfv‡e gvMvhx I mxivZ wel‡q gynv¤§v` Beby Bmnv‡Ki eY©bv
MÖnY‡hvM¨ e‡j MY¨ K‡i‡Qb|
(45) ivDhvZzk ïnv`v (dvm©x)
†jLK ûmvBb Kv‡kdx| G MÖ‡‡’ Rvj nv`xmmg~n we`¨gvb| mZK©Zvi mv‡_ G MÖ‡’ co‡Z n‡e|
(46) evnRvZzj AvbIqvi (dvm©x)
(47) byhnvZzj Kzj~e (dvm©x)
G MÖ‡’`ywU Dc‡i D‡jwLZ (25 bs MÖ‡)’ ZvRyj Bmjvg myjvBgvb Beby `vD` wjwLZ ÒhvnivZzi wiqv`Ó bvgK MÖ‡‡’i
dvm©x Abyev`| G MÖ‡’¸wj meB Awbf©i‡hvM¨| (Kvkdzh hyb~b)
Av‡iv wKQz MÖ‡‡’i bvg, †h¸wj cvV Ki‡j ¶wZ n‡e| †hgb:
(48) Kve¨ msKjb `xIqvb Ges Mh‡ji MÖš’mg~n
G¸wj‡Z A‡bK Kzms¯‥vi, wfwËnxb MvjMí I eY©bv mwb‣‡ewkZ|
(49) e`‡i gywb‡ii Kvwnbx
(50) Av›ìmfv
(51) kvn Bqvgv‡bi Mí
(52) `v¯—v‡b Avgxi-Igiv
(53) ¸‡j eKvIjx
(54) Avwjd jvBjv
(55) bK‡k myjvBgvbx
(56) dvjbvgv
(57) †Km&m‡q gv‡n ivghvb
(58) gywRhv‡q Av‡j bex
(59) †P‡nj †imvjv
Gi g‡a¨ wKQz cyw¯„Kv G‡Kev‡iB wg_¨v|
(60) IdvZ bvgv
Gi g‡a¨ wKQz eY©bv wejKzj wfwËnxb|
(61) Aviv‡q‡k gvnwdj
(62) R½bvgv nhiZ Avjx
(63) R½bvgv gynv¤§v` nvbydv
(64) Zvdmx‡i m~iv BDmyd
cÖ_gZ: Gi g‡a¨ wKQz wg_¨v eY©bv i‡q‡Q| wØZxqZ: Gi g‡a¨ A‡bK Av‡kKvbv ev †cÖgg~jK K_v evZ©v i‡q‡Q hv ¯¿x -
m‡„vb ev bvix‡ì‡K †kvbv‡bv ev cov‡bv LyeB ¶wZKi|
(65) nvRvi gvmAvjv
(66) nvBivZzj wdKn
(67) ¸j`kZv‡q †givR
(68) bvZ wn bvZ
(69) wÌqv‡b jyZd
Dc‡ii wZbwU MÖ‡’ Ges G RvZxq Av‡iv A‡bK MÖ‡’ ivm~jyjvn  Gi bvZ-Zvixd ev cÖksmvi bv‡g wjwLZ n‡jI ev¯„
‡e Gi g‡a¨ A‡bK kixqZ we‡ivax welqe¯‘ we`¨gvb|
(70) `yAv MÄj Avik
(71) Avnv` bvgv
G `ywU MÖ‡’ Ges Giƒc A‡bK A‡bK MÖ‡’ i‡q‡Q hv‡Z D‡jwLZ A‡bK `yAvi K_v fvj, Z‡e G¸wji †h mb` †jLv
n‡q‡Q Ges ivm~jyjvn -Gi bv‡g eo eo j¤^v PvIov †h mKj mvIqv‡ei K_v D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv meB wejKzj wg_¨v I
147
ev‡bvqvU K_v|
(72) wgiAvZzj Aviƒm
(73) evbvZzb bvÕk
(74) gynmvbvZ
(75) Avqvgx
Dc‡ii PviwU MÖ‡‡’i Ae¯’v GB †h, Gi g‡a¨ †Kv_vI †Kv_vI we‡eKRvZ I cÖK…wZm¤§Z K_v i‡q‡Q| Avevi †Kv_vI
†Kv_vI Ggb me K_v i‡q‡Q hv‡Z `xb ¶wZMÖ¯„ nq|
(78) b‡fj-Dcb¨vm RvZxq MÖš’vw`
G mKj MÖ‡‡’i Ggb KwVb cÖfve n‡q _v‡K †h Zv we‡li †P‡qI ¶wZKi nq| (†e‡nkwZ †hIi)
(79) Zvnhxeyj AvLjvK, †jLK m¨vi mvB‡q` Avng`
(79) b~i“j AvdvK, †jLK m¨vi mvB‡q` Avng`
(79) AvKgvjyj AvLBqvi, †jLK m¨vi mvB‡q` Avng`
(79) Bg`v`yj AvdvK, †jLK m¨vi mvB‡q` Avng`
m¨vi mvB‡q` Avng‡ì †jLv MÖ‡’vw` cvV Kiv Rv‡qh bq| G¸wji g‡a¨ AvKx`v we‡ivax e³e¨ we`¨gvb| GQvov
cÖK…wZev`x †bPvwihg gZevÌ G¸wj‡Z my¯úó| (†jL‡Ki M‡elYv)
(80) byi“j AvdvK
†jLK †g‡n`x Avjx| G MÖ‡‡’ AvKx`v we‡ivax e³e¨ we`¨gvb| GQvov cÖKw… Zev`x †bPvwihg gZevÌ we`¨gvb| GwU
cvV Kiv Rv‡qh bq| (†jL‡Ki M‡elYv)
(81) byi“j AvdvK
†jLK †PivM Avjx| G MÖ‡’wU cvV KivI Rv‡qh bq|
(82) AvbIqvi“b byR~g
evsjv hv`y‡Uvbvi eB|
(83) Lvebvgv wmwÏKx
(84) ¸‡j mvbvIei
(85) †ZvZv wgqv
(86) †ZvZv Kvwnbx
G¸wj meB evwZj, Kzms¯‥vi I wg_¨v Kvwnbx‡Z fic~i|
(87) bv‡dDj LvjvBK
ZvweR-Ke‡Ri eB| Gi g‡a¨ wKQz hv`yI i‡q‡Q| GQvov Ggb A‡bK ZvweR we`¨gvb †h¸wji A_© eySv hvq bv|
G¸wj †jLv ev KvD‡K †Ìqv Rv‡qh bq| mvaviY gvby‡liv G MÖ‡’ cvV Ki‡e bv|
(88) †g․jy‡` †`jchxi
(89) †g․j~‡` †`jcm›`
(90) †g․jy‡` mv`x
(91) †g․jy‡` knx`x
G mKj MÖ‡‡’ Ges gxjv` welqK AwaKvsk MÖ‡‡’i †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv ¯’v‡b Rvj nv`xm I wg_¨v Kvwnbx we`¨gvb| mvaviY
gvby‡liv G mKj MÖ‡’ cvV Kiv eR©b Ki‡e|
(92) gynvi&iv‡gi ZvwRqv welqK MÖš’vw`
gynvi&iv‡gi Zvwhqv-‡kvKgvZg •eaZv `vwe K‡i †h mKj cyw¯„Kv iPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q †m¸wj cov Rv‡qh bq|
(93) †ekiv †eÀvZx dKxi‡ì evbv‡bv cyw¯—Kvw`
kixqZ we‡ivax I weÀvZx dKxi‡ì †jLv cy¯„Kvw` cvV Kiv Rv‡qh bq|
(94) hv`y‡Uvbv, ïf-Aïf wbY©q BZ¨vw` welqK MÖš’vw`
hv`y, †Uvbv I GRvZxq Avgj m¤úwK©Z hZ MÖ‡’ we`¨gvb me¸wjB evwZj| G¸wj cvV Kiv Rv‡qh bq|
(95) Avh© mgvR I cv`wi‡ì †jLv cy¯—Kvw`
Bmjv‡gi wei‚‡× Avh©mgvR I cv`wi‡ì †jLv mKj cÖKv‡ii eBcy¯„K cvV Kiv gymwjg bibvix‡ì Rb¨ wbwl× I bv-
Rv‡qh|
(96) mvR`v Zvwnq¨v ev mvjvg-ÁvcK mvR`vi •eaZv welqK MÖš’vw`
(97) Avnjym mybœv‡Zi wei“‡× kxqv m¤cÖ`v‡qi wjwLZ MÖš’vw`
(98) cÖvYxi Qwe A¼‡bi •eaZv welqK MÖš’vw`
148
(99) Mvb-evRbvi •eaZv welqK MÖš’vw`
(100) k~K‡ii •eaZv welqK MÖš’vw`
G mKj MÖ‡’ cvV Kiv Rv‡qh bq|
(101) Bmjvg-we‡ivax cÎ cwÎKv
†h mKj cÎ-cwÎKvq Bmjv‡gi wei‚‡× I Pvi gvhnv‡ei wei‚‡× K_vevZ©v cÖPvi Kiv nq, Qwe BZ¨vw` mwb‣‡ewkZ _v‡K
†m¸wj cvV Kiv •ea bq|
(102) kvBL Avng‡ì ¯^cœ welqK ImxqZbvgv
A‡b‡KiB Rvbv †h, gv‡S gv‡S D`y© I evsjv fvlvq GKwU cÖPvicÎ weZiY Kiv nq, hv‡Z †jLv nq †h, kvBL Avng`
bvgK GK e¨w³ ivm~jyj-vn  †K ¯^‡c‣ †`‡L, Ges Zv‡Z wKqvg‡Zi AvjvgZ I G welqK wKQz fwel¨ØvYx _v‡K| evsjv I
fvi‡Z mKj kxl©¯’vbxq Avwjg-Djvgv GKgZ †h, G ImxqZbvgv wejKzj wg_¨v I evwZj| †Kv‡bv gymwjg †hb G¸wj mwZ¨
g‡b bv K‡i †m wel‡q mveavb Ki‡Z n‡e|
(103) AvKx`v we‡ivax gbMov K_vm¤^wjZ ZvdmxiMÖš’
†h mKj ZvdmxiMÖ‡‡’ ZvdmxiKviK wb‡Ri c¶ †_‡K Avnj~m mybv‣ Z Iqvj RvgvAv‡Zi AvKx`v we‡ivax K_vevZ©v
wj‡L †i‡L‡Qb †m¸wj cvV Kiv Rv‡qh bq|
(104) m¨vi mvB‡q` Avng‡ì Zvdmxi
(105) wMixk P›`ª †m‡bi e½vbyev` KziAvb
(106) gynv¤§v` Avjx Kvw`qvwbi †jLv KziAv‡bi Bs‡iwR Abyev`
G mKj Zvdmxi ev Abyev` MÖ‡‡’ AvKx`v we‡ivax K_vevZ©v i‡q‡Q| GQvov wMixk P‡•`ªi e½vbyev‡` ey× a‡g©i K_vevZ©v
†jLv n‡q‡Q| mvaviY gymwjg‡ì Rb¨ G MÖ‡¸’ wj cvV Kiv AZ¨‡„ ¶wZKi|
(107) †g․jex AvKivg Lvb cÖYxZ Avgcvivi Zvdmxi (evsjv)
G MÖ‡‡’ Avnjym mybv‣ Z Iqvj RvgvAv‡Zi we‡ivax K_vevZ©v we`¨gvb| G Qvov mKj cÖwm× gydvm&wmi‡ì g‡Zi
wecix‡Z wb‡Ri gbMov gZvgZ wZwb wj‡L‡Qb| G MÖ‡’ cvV Kiv Rv‡qh bq|
(108) †Mv‡ìK mv‡ne I †mj mv‡n‡ei Bs‡iwR Abyev` KziAvb
Gi g‡aÏ Avnjym myb‣vZ Iqvj RvgvAvZ we‡ivax K_vevZ©v wjwLZ i‡q‡Q| G¸wj cvV Kiv Rv‡qh bq|
(109) welvawmÜz (evsjv)
gxi gkviid †nv‡mb cÖYxZ| wZwb evsjv fvlvq eo gv‡ci mvwnwZ¨K wQ‡jb| Zvi fvlvi mvwnwZ¨K gvb LyeB fvj|
Z‡e Rvj NUbv I Kvwnbx G‡Z mwb‣‡ewkZ| eR©b Kiv Ri‚ix|
(110) mKj cyuw_-mvwnZ¨
†hgb, Avgxi nvghv, Rx‡Mvb, †mvbvfvb, mg_©fvb, R½bvgv, gvwjKv AvKvi, KvjyMvhx, Avãyj Avjx, jvBjx-gRby
BZ¨vw` evsjv fvlvq wjwLZ cyw_| G¸wj meB wg_¨v Kvwnbx‡Z fiv| G¸wj cvV Kiv Rv‡qh bq|
149
lô cwi‡”Q`:
†h mKj K_v‡K wfwËnxb e‡j‡Qb
evsjvi gymwjg mgv‡R A‡bK gvmjv-gvmvBj, aviYv I gZvgZ we`¨gvb hvi †Kv‡bv wfwË KziAvb, nv`xm ev Bmjvgx
wdK‡n cvIqv hvq bv| †m¸wj mivmwi nv`xm bv‡g cÖPwjZ bv n‡jI, Bmjv‡gi bv‡g †Kv‡bv wKQz ejvi A_© g~jZ Avjvn ev
ivm~jyj-vn -Gi bv‡g K_vwU Pvjv‡bv| GRb¨ Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx Zuvi ÒAvj-gvDh~AvZÓ MÖ‡‡’i †k‡l ÒwKQz wfwËnxb
K_vÓ kxl©K cwi‡‛Q‡` G RvZxq A‡bK K_v D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| GLv‡b Zuvi e³‡eï evsjv Abyev` †ck Kiv n‡jv:
(1) G K_v cÖwm× †h, cvLv Uvb‡Z Uvb‡Z hw` kix‡i jv‡M Z‡e †m Rgx‡b †UvKv †`‡e| GUv m¤ú~Y© fyj K_v|
(2) GwUI cÖwm× †h, nvwmVvÆv ev gkKiv‛Q‡j hw` †KD Qzwi ev KvUvwi w`‡q KvD‡K †LuvPv †`q Zvn‡j †mwU‡K gvwU‡Z
†VKv‡bv ev †VvKv Ri‚ix| GwUI wfwËnxb K_v| Giƒc Kiv bv-Rv‡qh|
(3) hw` †Kvb †jvK Kv‡R Avmvi mgq nuvwP †`q Zvn‡j mvaviY gvbyl G‡K AhvÎv ev Aïf e‡j aviYv K‡i| GUv m¤ú~Y©
fyj K_v|
(4) hw` Kv‡iv K_v ejvi mgq, A_ev †Kv‡bv KvR Kivi mgq wUKwUwK kã K‡i Zvn‡j mvaviY gvby‡liv e‡j, wUKwUwK
G KvR ev K_vwU wVK e‡j Rvbv‡‛Q| Zviv eySv‡Z Pvb †h, G KvRwU ev K_vwU m¤ú~Y© mZ¨ I mwVK, ZvB wUKwUwK Gi
mZ¨Zvi mv¶¨ w`‡‛Q| G wek¦vm †cvlYKvix KwVb †MvbvnMvi n‡eb|
(5) gwnjviv aviYv K‡i †h, m„wóMZfv‡e †Rvov dj f¶Y Ki‡j †Rvov ev hgR m‡„vb nq| GUv wejKzj åv‡„ K_v |
(6) Lv`¨ MÖn‡Yi mg‡q Lv`¨ ev cvbxq Ök¦vmbvjx‡Z, Zvjy‡Z ev bv‡Ki g‡a¨ P‡j †M‡j mvaviY gvby‡liv e‡j †h, †KD
Zv‡K ¯§iY Ki‡Q| GUv G‡Kev‡i fyj K_v |
(7) G K_vI cÖwm× †h, Kv‡iv bvg †bIqvi mgq †m hw` Dcw¯’Z n‡q hvq Z‡e mvaviY ‡jvK e‡j †Zvgvi nvqvZ e„w×
cv‡e| GUv wejKzj wg_¨v I evwZj K_v|
(8) AwaKvsk mvaviY gvbyl e‡j †h, iweevi euvk KvUv hv‡e bv| Gw`b euvk KvU‡j VvKz‡ii Awfkvc ev e`-‡`vqvq
Avµv‡„ n‡Z n‡e| GUv m¤ú~Y© wg_¨v K_v | Giƒc K_vq ev wek¦v‡m Cgvb P‡j hvIqvi fq Av‡Q|
(9) mvavi‡Yi gv‡S cÖwm× †h, hw` †Kv‡bv e¨w³ gviv hvq Z‡e Pwjk w`b ci †Kvb Av‡jg †W‡K Zvi i‚n evwni Ki‡Z
nq, Ab¨_vq ¶wZi m¤¢vebv Av‡Q | GUv m¤ú~Y© bv-Rv‡qh I weÀvZ K_v|
(10) †¶Z¶vgvi I dm‡ji †ndvh‡Zi Rb¨ mvaviY †jvK †¶‡Zi gvSLv‡b nvwo‡Z Pzb BZ¨vw` w`‡q gvby‡li AvK…wZ •Zix
K‡i| GwU wfwËnxb wg_¨v K_v| G‡Z Qwe evbv‡bvi Rb¨ ¸bvnMvi n‡e|
(11) hw` †Kvb e¨w³ iv¯„vq Pjvi mgq Lvwj Kjm †`‡L A_ev mvc ev k„Mvj Wvb w`K †_‡K evg w`‡K hvIqv †`‡L Z‡e
†m Zv AhvÎv ev Aïf e‡j g‡b K‡i| GUv wfwËnxb K_v| Giƒc wek¦vm †cvlYKvix ¸bvnMvi n‡e|
(12) cÖwm× Av‡Q †h, mvjv‡Zi Rb¨ Avhvb gmwR‡ì evg w`‡K Ges BKvgZ Wvb w`‡K †Ìqv DwPZ| GUv wfwËnxb K_v |
(13) cÖwm× n‡q‡Q †h, hw` gy³v`x cvMwo gv_vq mvjvZ Av`vq K‡i Ges Bgvg ïay Uzwc cwiavb K‡i mvjvZ Av`vq K‡i Z‡e
gy³v`xi mvjvZ gvKi‚n n‡q hv‡e| GUv m¤ú~Y© wfwËnxb K_v| hw` †KD me©`v cvMwo cwiav‡b Af¨¯„ nq Ges eÜz‡ì
gRwj‡m cvMwo Qvov †h‡Z j¾v †eva K‡i Z‡e Zvi Rb¨ cvMwo Qvov mvjvZ Av`vq Kiv gvKi‚n, PvB †m Bgvg †nvK
A_ev gy³v`x †nvK |
(14) mvavi‡Yi gv‡S cÖPwjZ Av‡Q †h, ¯^vgx Zvi ¯¿xi Rvbvhvi LvuwUqv ai‡Z cvi‡ebv| GwU G‡Kev‡i wfwËnxb K_v|
LvwUqv aivi †¶‡Î Ab¨ mK‡ji †P‡q ¯^vgxi `vwqZ¡ I AwaKvi me‡P‡q †ewk|
(15) mvavi‡Yi gv‡S cÖPwjZ Av‡Q †h, mZi †Lvjv Ae¯’vq †`L‡j Ih~ bó n‡q hvq| GwUI fyj K_v|
(16) GK_vI cÖwm× †h, †P․wKi Dci mvjvZ Av`vq Ki‡j gvbyl euvì n‡q hvq| GwUI wfwËnxb K_v|
(17) cÖPwjZ Av‡Q †h, g„Z‡`n hZ¶Y evwo‡Z _vK‡e ZZ¶Y AvZ¥xq-¯^Rb ev Ab¨‡ì Rb¨ Lvbvwcbv wbwl×| GwU
wfwËnxb K_v|
(18) cÖPwjZ Av‡Q †h, gvÕRyi e¨w³ mvjv‡Zi KvZv‡ii evg w`‡K ùvov‡e| kixq‡Z G K_vi †Kv‡bv wfwË †bB |
(19) gwnjv‡ì g‡a¨ cÖwm× Av‡Q †h, mvjvZ Av`v‡qi ci Rvqbvgv‡hi cÖv‡„ Aek¨B Dwë‡q w`‡Z n‡e| Ab¨_¨vq kqZvb
†mLv‡b mvjvZ Av`vq Ki‡e (!) kixq‡Z G K_vi †Kv‡bv wfwË †bB |
(20) cÖPwjZ Av‡Q †h, Bqvwh‡ì nv‡Z †e` wQj, GRb¨ Gi eënvi Rv‡qh bq| GUv wfwËnxb fyj K_v|
(21) cÖPwjZ Av‡Q †h, SvD Mv‡Qi KvV eënvi Kiv •ea bq| GwUI wfwËnxb K_v|
(22) cÖPwjZ Av‡Q †h, ¯^vgx-¯¿x GK cx‡ii gyix` nIqv Rv‡qh bq| KviY G‡Z Zviv ci¯úi fvB-†evb n‡q hvq| GwU åv‡„
K_v|
(23) cÖPwjZ Av‡Q, ¯^vgx-¯¿x GK cv‡Î `ya cvb Kiv wbwl×; G‡Z Zviv ci®ú‡i `yafvB-†evb n‡q hvq| GwU wfwËnxb åv‡„
K_v|
150
(24) cÖPwjZ Av‡Q, Ihy K‡i ïKi †`L‡j Ihy †f‡½ hvq| GwU fyj K_v|
(25) cÖPwjZ Av‡Q †h, AÜKv‡i mvjvZ Av`vq Rv‡qh bq| GUv fyj| Z‡e GZUzKz †Lqvj Kiv Avek¨K †h, wKejvn †_‡K
Ab¨ w`‡K gyL bv n‡q hvq|
(26) cÖPwjZ Av‡Q †h, †cuPv ev Ab¨ AgyK cÖvYx WvK w`‡j evjv-gywmeZ bvwhj nq| GwUI åv‡„ K_v |
(27) cÖwm× Av‡Q †h, gwnjv‡ì Rb¨ wb‡Ri cxi †_‡K c`v© Kiv Ri‚ix bq| GwUI åv‡„ K_v|
(28) †`Lv hvq †h, A‡bK gvbyl mvjvZ Av`v‡qi Rb¨ gmwR‡` G‡m cÖ_‡g e‡m c‡o, Gici mvjvZ Av`vq ïi‚ K‡i|
GgbwK wbKUeZ©x †Kv‡bv ¯’vb †_‡K Avm‡jI ev K¬v‡„ bv n‡jI Gfv‡e gmwR‡` Xy‡K cÖ_‡g e‡m c‡o Gici mvjv‡Z
ùvovq| kixq‡Z Gi †Kv‡bv wfwË †bB| (gmwR‡` cÖ‡ek K‡i wKQz mvjvZ Av`vq bv K‡i e‡m cov mybv‣ ‡Zi †Ljvd|
nv`xm kix‡d gmwR‡` Xy‡K †Kv‡bv mvjvZ Av`vq bv K‡i e‡m co‡Z wb‡la Kiv n‡q‡Q|)
(29) cÖwm× Av‡Q †h, hw` †Mv‡¯„i mv‡_ nvo bv _v‡K Zvn‡j Zv LvIqv Rv‡qh bq| GUv fyj K_v|
(30) cÖwm× Av‡Q †h, byb c‡o †Mj cuvcwo w`‡q DVv‡Z nq| GwUI fyj K_v|
(31) AwaKvsk gvby‡li aviYv †h, KzKzi Kuv`‡j evjv-gywmeZ Qovq| GUv fyj K_v|
(32) hw` evwo‡Z KvK Wv‡K Z‡e gwnjviv e‡j †h, AwP‡iB ‡gngvb Avm‡e| GwU fyj K_v|
(33) wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv w`b ev Zvwi‡L mdi Kiv‡K mvaviY gvbyl fvj ev g•` e‡j aviYv K‡i| GwUI evwZj aviYv|
(34) mvavi‡Yi gv‡S †iIqvh Av‡Q RygÕAvi Lyrevq ivm~jyj-vn -Gi bvg ïb‡j †Rv‡i †Rv‡i ì‚` cvV Kiv| Gfv‡e †Rv‡i
ì‚` cvV bv-Rv‡qh| g‡b g‡b ì‚` cvV Ki‡e, g„`y k‡ãI co‡e bv|
(35) bZzb gymjgvb‡K †Rvjvc w`‡Z n‡e, bZzev †m cweÎ n‡ebv| GwU fyj K_v|
(36) cÖPwjZ Av‡Q, †h e¨w³ RevB K‡i Zvi †Mvbvn ¶gv nq bv| GwUI wfwËnxb åv‡„ K_v|
(37) wKQz gvbyl mvjvg †Ìqvi mgq Kcv‡j nvZ iv‡L A_ev mvgvb¨ Sz‡K hvq Ges gymvdvnv Kivi mgq ey‡K nvZ iv‡L
(gymvdvnv Kivi c‡i nvZwU ey‡K iv‡L)| G¸wj me kixqZ we‡ivax KvR|
(38) cÖPwjZ Av‡Q †h, iv‡Z Svo” †Ìqv, dzuK bv w`‡q evwZ wbfv‡bv Ges Pzj AvuPov‡bv wbwl×| G me åv‡„ K_v|
(39) cÖwm× Av‡Q †h, cxi Zvi gyix` I gyix`vi mv‡_ weevn eÜ‡b Ave× n‡Z cvi‡ebv | GUv fzj|
(41) ejv nq †h, KziAvb kixd wKQy wKQy ¯’vb (gv‡S bv †_‡g) wgwj‡q co‡j Kvwdi n‡q hvq Ges myiv dvwZnvi wKQy
A¶i (Av‡Mi k‡ã mv‡_) wgjv‡j kqZv‡bi bvg n‡q hvq| GI wfwËnxb K_v| Aek¨ ZvRex‡ì †Ljvd n‡j
¸bvnMvi n‡e, wK‡‘ Kvwdi n‡q hvIqv Ges kqZv‡bi bvg evbv‡bv evovevwo|
we‡kl `ªóe¨: Rbve †g․jfx Gbv‡qZyjv n mv‡n‡ei †jLv eB ÔMjZ gvmv‡qjÕ (evsjv )| Gi g‡a¨ A‡bK wfwËnxb gvmv‡qj
msKjb Kiv n‡q‡Q | cvVKMY Aek¨ Aek¨B MÖ‡w’ U Aa¨qb Ki‡eb|
Dcmsnvi:
Rvj nv`xm welqK KwZcq ÁvZe¨
Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx MÖ‡‡’i †k‡l Bjg nv`xm I Rvj nv`xm welqK wKQz g~jëvb Z_¨ AwZ ms‡¶‡c D‡jL
K‡i‡Qb| wZwb e‡jb:
2. 7. 1. Rvj nv`xm eY©bvKvix‡ì cÖKvi‡f`
†h mKj ivex ev nv`xm eY©bvKvixi eY©bvi g‡a¨ Rvj, wg_¨v I Dëvcvëv nv`xm cvIqv hvq Zv‡ì weeiY wbg‣iƒc:
(1) GK †kªYxi ivex †ewk K‡i hyn` ev ì‡ewki cÖwZ Suz‡K c‡ob| d‡j wbqwgZ nv`xm gyL¯’ ivLv I PP©v Kiv †_‡K
†e‡Lqvj n‡q hvb| Avevi †KD †KD wb‡Ri wbKU msiw¶Z nv`x‡mi MÖ‡’ ev cvÊywjwc nvwi‡q †d‡jb| d‡j nv`xm eY©bvi
mgq wb‡Ri ¯§iYkw³i Dci wbf©i K‡i gyL¯’ nv`xm ej‡Z n‡q‡Q| G‡Z Zvi ewY©Z nv`x‡mi g‡a¨ fyjåvw‡„ e¨vcK n‡q‡Q|
(2) Av‡iK †kªYxi ivex g~jZ AZ¨‡„ wbf©i‡hvM¨ I wbf~j eY©bvi †hvM¨Zvm¤úb‣ wQ‡jb| wK‡‘ †kl Rxe‡b eva©K¨RwbZ
¯§„wZn«v‡m Avµv‡„ nb| †h Kvi‡Y †kl Rxe‡b Dëvcvëv hv-Zv eY©bv K‡i‡Qb|
(3) Av‡iK †kªYxi ivex fyjekZ Ggb wKQz eY©bv K‡i‡Qb hv cÖK…Z c‡¶ wVK bq| Gici hLb Zv‡K mwVK welqwU
Rvbv‡bv n‡q‡Q Ges wb‡Ri fyj eyS‡ZI †c‡i‡Qb ZLb j¾v ev AvZ¥m¤§vb ekZ wb‡Ri fyj ¯^xKvi Kiv †_‡K weiZ
†_‡K‡Qb, d‡j wg_¨v ev fyj nv`xm eY©bvKvix wn‡m‡e wPwýZ i‡q wM‡q‡Qb|
(4) Av‡iK †kªYxi ivex g~jZ wh•`xK ev eY©‡Pviv ag©we‡Ølx wQj| Zviv cweÎ kixqZ‡K Kjw¼Z Kivi gvb‡m, ag©
wb‡q Dcnvm Kivi Rb¨ Ges ag©wel‡q m‡•`n m„wó Kiivi Rb¨ mycwiKwíZfv‡e Rvj nv`xm •Zwi K‡i‡Q| G‡ì g‡a¨ A‡bK
wh•`xK GgbI wQj †h, Zvi wb‡Ri D¯„v` ev AvZ¥xq cÖwm× gynvwÏ‡mi cvÊywjwci g‡a¨ †Mvc‡b wKQz Rvj nv`xm wj‡L ivLZ,
†h¸wj g~jZ D³ D¯„v‡ì ewY©Z nv`xm bq|
(5) Av‡iK †kªYxi gvbyl wb‡Ri gvhnve ev gZvg‡Zi mg_©‡b Rvj nv`xm •Zwi KiZ|
(6) Av‡iK †kªYxi ivex Rvb‣v‡Zi DÏxcbv m„wó Ki‡Z Ges Rvnvb‣vg †_‡K mZK© Ki‡Z- ag©cvj‡b Drmvn w`‡q-
151
A‡bK Rvj nv`xm evwb‡q cÖPvi K‡i‡Q|
(7) Av‡iK †kªYxi gvbyl cÖPwjZ †Kv‡bv my•ì ev AvKl©Yxq K_vi Rb¨ GKwU Rvj mb` •Zwi K‡i K_vwU‡K nv`xm
evwb‡q w`‡q‡Q|
(8) Av‡iK †kªYxi gvbyl ivRv-ev`kv ev kvmK-cÖkvmK‡ì •bKU¨ jvf ev myweav jv‡fi Rb¨ wg_¨v nv`xm Rvj
K‡i‡Q|
(9) MíKvi Iqvwqh †kªYx| Giv †kªvZv‡ì‡K wew¯§Z Ki‡Z Ges †kªvZv‡ì ü`q gvwZ‡q wb‡R‡ì w`‡K AvKl©Y
Kivi gvb‡m ü`q-Kvov g‡bvgy»Ki K_vevZ©v nv`x‡mi bv‡g evwb‡q ejZ Ges Giƒc RvwjqvwZ Rv‡qh ev •ea g‡b KiZ|
2. 7. 2. nv`xm ev gvmAvjv D×„wZi g~jbxwZ
‡gvjv Avjx Kvix e‡jb, GKwU g~jbxwZ n‡jv, mycÖwm×, mycÖPwjZ I me©Rb wew`Z MÖ‡’vw` Qvov †Kv‡bv MÖ‡’ †_‡K
nv`xm, Avqv‡Z KziAvbxi Zvdmxi ev wdKnx gvmAvjv Abywjwc Kiv ev D×„Z Kiv Rv‡qh bq| Giƒc mycÖwm× MÖ‡‡’i evB‡i
AcÖPwjZ MÖ‡‡’i Dci wbf©i Kiv hvq bv| Gi KviY n‡jv, AcÖPwjZ MÖ‡’vwì wjwLZ cvÊywjwci g‡a¨ wh•`xK ev eY©‡Pviv
ag©we‡Ølx‡ì nvZmvdvB‡qi ev ms‡hvRb we‡qvR‡bi fq _v‡K| c¶v‡„‡i msiw¶Z I wbf©i‡hvM¨ MÖ‡’vwì A‡bK cvÊywjwc I
Abywjwc _vKvi Kvi‡Y G¸wji g‡a¨ Zviv ms‡hvRb-we‡qvRb ev weK…wZ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| (Kexi)
2. 7. 3. Bebyj RvIhxi MÖ‡š’i Ae¯’v
Bebyj RvIhx Zvi ÒAvj-gvDh~AvZÓ MÖ‡‡’i g‡a¨ A‡bK mnxn, nvmvb ev hqxd nv`xm‡KI Rvj e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb|
GRb¨ G MÖ‡‡’i gZvgZ mveavbZvi mv‡_ MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| (jvAvjx)
2. 7. 4. MÖš’Kv‡ii wnRvh mdi
Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx Zuvi wcZv kvBLyj Bmjvg Avgxi‚k kvixqvn Avjvgv Ave~ evKi wmwÏKxi RxeÏkvq 1351
wnRix gyZv‡eK 1932 L„÷v‡ã cweÎ n¾ cvj‡bi Rb¨ wnRvh md‡i Mgb K‡ib| Zuvi wnRvh md‡ii AvKl©Yxq eY©bv wZwb
G MÖ‡‡’i †k‡l wjwce× K‡i‡Qb| MÖ‡’Kv‡ii Rxebx cÖm‡½ Avgiv G md‡ii wKQz welq D‡jL K‡iwQ|
2. 7. 5. MÖš’Kv‡ii Ab¨vb¨ `y®cÖvc¨ MÖš’
Gici MÖ‡’Kvi Zuvi wjwLZ MÖ‡’¸wji ga¨ †_‡K QqwU MÖ‡‡’i bvg, weeiY I g~j¨ D‡jL K‡i GKwU ZvwjKv †ck
K‡i‡Qb| G ZvwjKvwU Avgiv cÖ_g Aa¨v‡q MÖ‡K ’ v‡ii Rxebx cÖm‡½ D‡jL K‡iwQ|
2. 7. 6. †kl wb‡e`b
MÖ‡‡’i G‡Kev‡i †k‡l MÖ‡’Kvi Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx Òwb‡e`bÓ bv‡g wb‡g‣i wb‡e`bwU wj‡L‡Qb:
ÒcvVK‡ì mgx‡c G †MvbvnMv‡ii wb‡e`b GB †h, fvj `yAvi mv‡_ ¯§iY Ki‡eb, †hb Avjvn G e¨w³i †Mvbvn¸wj
¶gv K‡i †`b| Avi gvbexq `ye©jZvi Kvi‡Y hw` †Kv‡bv fyj cvIqv hvq, A_ev †Kv‡bv nv`xm gvDh~ (Rvj) bq e‡j m‡›`n
nq, Z‡e mb`-mn nv`xmwU Abywjwc K‡i Avgvi wbKU cvwV‡q w`‡eb; †hb ivexM‡Yi MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv welqK ÔAvmgvDi wiRvjÕ
MÖš’vwì Av‡jv‡K †m wel‡q ZvnKxK ev M‡elYv Kiv hvq| hw` cÖK…ZB †m nv`xmwU †Kv‡bv cÖKv‡ii nv`xm e‡j cÖgvwYZ nq
Z‡e wØZxq gy`ª‡Y †m nv`xmwU ev` †Ìqv n‡e| ïay wKZv‡ei eivZ †Ìqv h‡_ó bq| A_©vr G K_v ejv h‡_ó bq †h, AgyK
MÖ‡š’ G nv`xm D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q| Z‡e hw` †Kv‡bv MÖš’ Bjg nv`x‡mi fvj MÖš’ nq, †m MÖ‡š’ Rvj nv`x‡mi AvwaK¨ bv _v‡K
Ges †m MÖ‡š’i †jLKI fvj nb Zvn‡j Zv MÖnY‡hvM¨ n‡Z cv‡i|Ó
†kl| dzidziv kixd iexDm mvbx gvm, 1348 wn (†m‡Þ¤î 1929L„)
152
Z…Zxq Aa¨vq
Avey Rvdi wmwÏKxi Avj-gvDh~AvZ:
ch©v‡jvPbv
cÖ_g cwi‡”Q`:
gynvwÏmM‡Yi cwifvlv Dc¯’vcb
c~‡e©i Aa¨v‡q Avgiv Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKxi ÒAvj-gvDh~AvZÓ MÖ‡‡’i welqe¯‘i Dc¯’vcbv †kl K‡iwQ| G
Aa¨v‡q Avgiv G MÖ‡’wUi mvgwMÖK ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡Z PvB| PviwU cwi‡‛Q‡` G g~jëvb MÖ‡’wUi ch©v‡jvPbv Kie| cÖ_g
cwi‡‛Q‡` Avgiv Avjvgv Avey Rvdi KZ…K © Rvj nv`xm wel‡q gynvwÏmM‡Yi cwifvlv Dc¯’vc‡bi welqwU Av‡jvPbv Kie|
Rvj nv`xm wPwýZ Ki‡Z gynvwÏmMY wewfb‣ evK¨, kã I cwifvlv eënvi K‡i‡Qb| G¸wji mv‡_ cwiwPZ bv nIqvi
Kvi‡Y A‡b‡KB gynvwÏm‡ì AwfgZ fyj ey‡Sb| Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx me©cÖ_g e½‡`kxq Avwjg I Zvwje Bjg‡ì‡K
G mKj cwifvlvi mv‡_ mivmwi cwiwPZ K‡ib| G mKj cwifvlvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q:
3. 1. 1. Rvj (‫)موضوع‬, wg_¨v (‫)كرب‬
†Kv‡bv nv`xm‡K wg_¨v, Rvj ev ev‡bvqvU e‡j wPwýZ Ki‡Z gynvwÏmM‡Yi me‡P‡q †ewk cÖPwjZ I cwiwPZ cwifvlv
nv`xmwU‡K ÒRvjÓ e‡j D‡jL Kiv| ÒRvjÓ K_vwU‡K Avgiv Aviex ÒgvDh~Ó ev ÒgvD`~Ó ( ) k‡ãi evsjv cÖwZkã
wn‡m‡e MY¨ KiwQ| gvDh~ ev ÒRvjÓ k‡ãi A_© Avgiv cÖ_g Aa¨v‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ| Avgiv †`‡LwQ †h, gvDh~ ev Rvj
k‡ãi Av‡iKwU cÖwZkã Òwg_¨vÓ( ) | †Kv‡bv nv`xm‡K ÒgvDh~Ó, ÒRvjÓ ev Òwg_¨vÓ e‡j AvL¨vwqZ Kivi A_© n‡jv †m
nv`xmwU‡K ev‡bvqvU, wg_¨v ev wfwËnxb e‡j wbwðZ Kiv|
Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx G MÖ‡‡’ nv`xm D‡jL K‡i cÖwZwU nv`x‡mi wel‡q my¯úó g‡„e¨ K‡i‡Qb| ( ) ev
Rvj kãwUB wZwb †ewk eënvi K‡i‡Qb| †hgb e‡j‡Qb: ( ) D‡jwLZ nv`xmwU Rvj, (
), Avwjg‡ì HKg‡Z¨ nv`xmwU Rvj, ( ): G nv`xmwU Rvj.... BZ¨vw`|
KL‡bv KL‡bv wZwb e‡j‡Qb Rvj eySv‡Z Òwg_¨vÓ kãwU eënvi K‡i‡Qb| †hgb e‡j‡Qb: (
) G nv`xmwU wejKzj wg_¨v, ( ) G nv`xmwU wejKzj wg_¨v I dvjZz K_v, (
): ÒG my¯úó wg_¨v K_v, ( ): G nv`xmwU wejKzj wg_¨v I AmZ¨,
( ): †`Lyb †Kgb wg_¨v nv`xm!, ( ) G nv`xmwU
wejKzj wg_¨v I Rvj| ... BZ¨vw`|
A‡bK mvaviY gymwjg g‡b K‡ib, nv`xm A_© ivm~jyj-vn -Gi K_v, Avi Zuvi K_v‡K wg_¨v ejv wKfv‡e Rv‡qh nq!
G aviYv AÁZvi dj| Bmjvgx cwifvlvq Ònv`xmÓ A_© Òivm~jyj-vn -Gi bv‡g Kw_Z K_v, KvR, Kg© ev Aby‡gv`bÓ| Zuvi
bv‡g Kw_Z K_vwU weï× e‡j cÖgvwYZ n‡j Zv Òmnxn nv`xmÓ, †gvUvgywU MÖnY‡hvM¨ e‡j cÖg vwYZ n‡j ÒnvmvbÓ nv`xm, Zuvi
K_v e‡j cÖgvwYZ bq, eis Zuvi K_v bv e‡j evn¨Z g‡b nq Giƒc nv`xm Òhqxd nv`xmÓ Ges Zuvi bv‡g Kw_Z wK‡‘ Zuvi K_v
bq e‡j cÖgvwYZ K_v Òwg_¨v nv`xmÓ ev ÒRvj nv`xmÓ|
3. 1. 2. evwZj (‫)تاطم‬
†Kv‡bv nv`xm‡K Rvj ev wg_¨v eySv‡Z Dc‡ii kãØq (Rvj, wg_¨v) QvovI gynvwÏmM‡Yi Av‡iv A‡bK cwifvlv
i‡q‡Q| G¸wj m¤ú‡K© we¯„vwiZ Rvb‡Z Avwg cvVK‡K Ònv`x‡mi bv‡g RvwjqvwZÓ MÖ‡’wU cvV Ki‡Z Aby‡iva KiwQ| G mKj
cwifvlvi Ab¨Zg n‡jv ÒevwZjÓ| A‡bK mgq gynvwÏmMY wg_¨v nv`xm‡K ÔgvDh~Õ ev Rvj bv e‡j ÔevwZjÕ e‡jb| we‡klZ,
A‡bK gynvwÏm ivexi B‛QvK…Z wg_¨vi wel‡q wbwðZ bv n‡j nv`xm‡K ÔgvDh~Õ ej‡Z Pvb bv| G †¶‡Î Zviv ÔevwZjÕ kã
eënvi K‡ib| A_©vr nv`xmwU wg_¨v I evwZj, Z‡e ivex B‛Qv K‡i Zv Rvj K‡i‡Q, bv Awb‛QvK…Z AmZ¨ e‡j‡Q Zv wbwðZ
bq|
Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx (ivn) A‡bK mgq G cwifvlvwU eënvi K‡i‡Qb| †hgb ( ): G wejKzj
evwZj K_v, ( ) G nv`xmwU evwZj I dvjZz K_v, ( ) G nv`xmwU evwZj....
BZ¨vw`|
3. 1. 3. gybKvi (‫)منكس‬
153
( ) ÔgybKviÕ A_© ÔA¯^xKviK…ZÕ, ÔAvcwËK…ZÕ ev ÔMwn©ZÕ| gynvwÏmMY wewfb‣ A‡_© ivex Ges nv`xm‡K
ÔgybKviÕ e‡j‡Qb| mvaviYZ ÔAZ¨‡„ `ye©jÕ A‡_© gybKvi kãwU eënvi Kiv nq| GQvov †KD †KD Rvj I evwZj A‡_© gybvKi
kãwU eënvi K‡ib| †hgb ( ) ÒGKR‡bi wel‡q Avgvi weavb mK‡ji Dc‡i Avgvi
weav‡bi gZBÓ-G K_vwU GKwU mb`wenxb Rvj nv`xm| G m¤ú‡K© wewfb‣ Avwj‡gi AwfgZ D×„Z K‡i Avjvgv Avey Rvdi
e‡j‡Qb: ÒBivKx e‡jb, G nv`x‡mi †Kv‡bv m~Î ev wfwË †bB| gyhbx Ges hvnvex nv`xmwU‡K gybKvi e‡j‡Qb| hviKvkx e‡j‡Qb,
G nv`xm AcwiÁvZ|...Ó
GLv‡b Avgiv †`LwQ †h, nv`xmwU‡K Rvj eySv‡Z BivKx G‡K ÒAw¯„Z¡nxbÓ ev ÒwfwËnxbÓ e‡j‡Qb Ges hvnvex
ÒgybKviÓ e‡j‡Qb|
Avjvgv Avey Rvdi nv`xm‡K Rvj eySv‡Z KL‡bv KL‡bv ÒgybKviÓ kã eënvi K‡i‡Qb| †hgb wZwb e‡j‡Qb: (
): ÒG nv`xm gybKvi I evwZjÓ, ( ): ÒG nv`xmwU gybKviÓ, ( ) ÒG
nv`xmwU evwZj I gybKviÓ.... BZ¨vw`|
3. 1. 4. wfwËnxb (‫)ال أصم نه‬, nv`xm bq (‫)نيس تحديث‬
gynvwÏmMY Rvj I wg_¨v nv`xm eySv‡Z A‡bK mgq e‡jb ( ), ( ) A_©vr Gi †Kv‡bv Aw¯„Z¡, m~Î
ev wfwË †bB| KL‡bv ev Zviv e‡jb: ( ) A_©vr GwU nv`xm bq|
ÒAw¯„Z¡nxbÓ ev ÒwfwËnxbÓ ej‡Z Zuviv mvaviYfv‡e eySvb †h, G nv`xmwU Rbgy‡L cÖPwjZ GKwU mb` wenxb evK¨
gvÎ, Gi mnxn, hqxd ev gvD`~ †Kv‡bv cÖKv‡ii †Kv‡bv mb` ev m~Î †bB Ges †Kv‡bv MÖ‡‡’ Zv mb`-mn cvIqv hvq bv| G
A‡_©B Zviv e‡jb, ÒGwU nv`xm bq|Ó Avevi KL‡bv KL‡bv Rvj ev evwZj mb‡ì nv`xm‡KI Zuviv Gfv‡e ÔGi †Kv‡bv wfwË
†bBÕ, ÔwfwËnxb ev ÔAw¯„Z¡nxbÕ e‡j AvL¨vwqZ K‡ib|
Avj-vgv Avey Rvdi G cwifvlv¸wj e¨vcKfv‡e eënvi K‡i‡Qb| wZwb mvaviYZ cÖ_g A‡_© Zv eënvi K‡i‡Qb| †hgb
GnBqvD Dj~wgÏxb MÖ‡‡’ D×„Z Òmg~‡`ªi g‡a¨ c„w_ex n‡jv f~c„‡ôi g‡a¨ GKwU Av¯„ve‡ji gZÓ-nv`xmwUi wel‡q g‡„e¨ K‡i
wZwb e‡jb: ( ): ÒG nv`xmwU G‡Kev‡i wfwËnxb...|Ó A_©vr G K_vwU †Kv‡bv mb‡` †Kv_vI ewY©Z
nq wb ev †Kv‡bv MÖ‡‡’ mb`-mn msKwjZ nq wb|
Abyiƒcfv‡e ZvdZvhvbxi kviûj AvKvwq` MÖ‡‡’ D×„Z (Avwjg ev Zvwj‡e Bjg hLb †Kv‡bv MÖvg-gnjv w`‡q Mgb
K‡ib ZLb Avjvn †m MÖvg ev gnjvi †Mvi¯’v‡bi Avhve 40 w`‡bi Rb¨ Zz‡j †bb)-nv`xmwUi wel‡q g‡„e¨ K‡i wZwb e‡jb:
( ): ÒD‡jwLZ nv`xmwU Aw¯„Z¡nxb-wfwËnxb...Ó A_©vr †Kv‡bv mnxn, hqxd ev Rvj mb‡` G
K_vwU nv`xm wn‡m‡e ewY©Z nq wb ev †Kv_vI msKwjZ nq wb| nv`xm wn‡m‡e Gi †Kv‡bv Aw¯„Z¡B †bB|
G A‡_© wZwb A‡bK mgq Ònv`xm bqÓ cwifvlvwUI eënvi K‡i‡Qb| †hgb (†µZv‡K mvnvh¨ Ki) K_vwU m¤ú‡K© g‡„
‡e¨ wZwb e‡jb: ( ): Ò Giƒc †Kv‡bv K_v nv`xm wn‡m‡e ewY©Z nq wb| G wU
wfwËnxb K_vÓ| (gvby‡li g‡a¨ hvi AvKj ev eyw× †ekx †mB me‡P‡q †kªô) K_vwUi wel‡q e‡jb: (
): Ò GwU nv`xm bq, Rvj K_vÓ| (`yB `ye©j GK kw³kvjxi Dci Rqjvf K‡i) nv`xmwUi wel‡q wZwb e‡jb: (
): ÒGwU nv`xm bqÓ|
KL‡bv KL‡bv ÒAw¯„Z¡nxb-wfwËnxbÓ ej‡Z wZwb eywS‡q‡Qb †h, †Kv‡bv wbf©i Kivi gZ mnxn ev hqxd mb` †bB|
nv`xmwU hwÌ mb`-mn ewY©Z n‡q‡Q, Z‡e mb`wU my¯úó Rvj I ev‡bvqvU nIqvi Kvi‡Y Zv‡K ÒwfwËÓ ev ÒAw¯„Z¡Ó wn‡m‡e
MY¨ Kiv hvq bv| †hgb (†gngvb`vwi Kiv Zveyevmx †e`yCb‡ì Dci `vwqZ¡; MÖvg-knievmx‡ì Rb¨ `vwqZ¡ bq)- nv`xmwUi
wel‡q wZwb e‡jb: ( ): ÒG nv`xmwU Aw¯„Z¡nxb wfwËnxbÓ| j¶Yxq †h, G nv`xmwU Rvj n‡jI mb`-
wenxb bq| Beby Av`x Avj-Kvwgj MÖ‡‡’ Ges Kz`vqx Zvi gymbv`yk wknve MÖ‡‡’ Beivnxg Beby Avãyjv n bvgK GKRb RvwjqvZ
ivexi m~‡Î msKjb K‡i‡Qb| myq~Zx Zuvi Rvwg mMxi MÖ‡‡’ I gyËvKx wn•`x Zuvi Kvbhyj D¤§vj MÖ‡‡’ Kz`vqxi m~‡Î D×„Z
K‡i‡Qb| `vivKZzbx, Beby Av`x, hvnvex, Beby nvRvi, †gvjv Avjx Kvix cÖgyL gynvwÏm Beivnxg Beby Avãyjvn bvgK G
e¨w³‡K gnv-wg_¨vev`x RvwjqvZ e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb Ges nv`xmwU‡K Rvj e‡j wbwðZ K‡i‡Qb| GRb¨ nv`xmwUi mb`
_vK‡jI my¯úó Rvj nIqvi Kvi‡Y bv _vKviB mgvb| G A‡_© Avjvgv Avey Rvdi G‡K ÒAw¯„Z¡nxb ev wfwËnxbÓ e‡j D‡jL
K‡i‡Qb|202
gynvwÏm‡ì Abyiƒc g‡„e¨ Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB Beby gvRvn msKwjZ (iv‡Z hvi mvjvZ †ewk n‡e w`‡b Zvi gyLgÊj
my•ì n‡e)- nv`xmwU cÖm‡½| G nv`xm cÖm‡½ Avjvgv Avey Rvdi e‡jb:
154
ÒDKvBjx e‡jb, nv`xmwU evwZj, Gi †Kv‡bv Aw¯„Z¡ ev wfwË †bB| .... GQvov Avj-gvKvwm` Avj-nvmvbv
MÖ‡‡’ G nv`xm‡K wfwËnxb-Aw¯„Z¡nxb e‡j D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q| ....Ó|
G nv`xmwU Beby gvRvn mb`-mn msKjb K‡i‡Qb| wK‡‘ mb`wUi Rvj nIqvi wel‡q gynvwÏmM‡Yi my¯úó wm×v‡‡„i
Kvi‡Y G mKj gynvwÏm G‡K wfwËnxb e‡j AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb| G nv`xmwUi we¯„vwiZ Av‡jvPbv Avgiv cieZ©x cwi‡‛Q‡`
†`Le, Bbkv Avjvn|
1. 3. 5. †Kv_vI cvBwb, AcwiwPZ (‫ غسية‬،‫ ال يعسف‬،‫)نم أجد‬
wfwËnxb ev Aw¯„Z¡nxb K_vi Av‡iKwU cÖwZkã ÒARvbvÓ ev AcwiwPZ| †h mKj gynvwÏm Zuv‡ì Rxeb nv`xm msMÖn,
AbymÜvb, hvPvB I wbix¶vi g‡a¨ AwZevwnZ K‡i‡Qb, Zuv‡ì †KD hw` e‡jb, GB nv`xmwU Avwg wPwb bv, Rvwb bv, †Kv_vI
†`wL wb, †Kv_vI cvB wb, cwiwPZ bq..., Z‡e Zuvi K_vwU cÖgvY Ki‡e †h, G nv`xmwU wfwËnxb I ev‡bvqvU K_v| gynvwÏmMY
GKgZ †h, nv`xm msKwjZ n‡q hvIqvi c‡i, †Kv‡bv cÖPwjZ evK¨ hw` mKj cÖKv‡ii AbymÜv‡bi c‡iI †Kv‡bv MÖ‡‡’ mb`-
mn bv cvIqv hvq Zvn‡j m‡•`nvZxZfv‡e cÖgvwYZ n‡e †h, K_vwU Rvj, evwZj I wfwËnxb| KziAvb I nv`x‡mi msi¶‡Y
Avjvni Iqv`v I Zuvi gnvb ivm~‡ji () fwel¨ØvYx Ges nv`xm wk¶v, msKjb, msi¶Y I cÖPv‡i gymwjg D¤§vni Kg©KvÊ
m¤ú‡K© hvi mvgvb¨Zg aviYv Av‡Q wZwb G welqwU Lye mn‡RB eyS‡Z cvi‡eb|
GRb¨ Rvj nv`xm eySv‡Z AwZ-cwiwPZ cwifvlv¸wji Ab¨Zg: G nv`xm Avwg Rvwb bv, Avgvi Rvbv †bB, †Kv_vI
cvIqv hvq bv, Avwg †Kv_vI cvB wb, Giƒc †Kv‡bv nv`xm ewY©Z nq wb, Gi mb` Avgvi Rvbv †bB, †Kv‡bv nv`x‡mi MÖ‡‡’ Zv
msKwjZ nq wb, nv`xmwU AÁvZ ( ) ... BZ¨vw`|
†h mKj K_v Ònv`xmÓ bv‡g mb` Qvov wewfb‣ MÖ‡‡’ D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q, A_ev †jvKgy‡L cÖPwjZ n‡q‡Q †m¸wji wel‡q
Zuviv G mKj cwifvlv eënvi K‡ib| A_©r G K_vwU Ònv`xmÓ wn‡m‡e AgyK ev ZgyK MÖ‡‡’ D‡jL Kiv n‡jI ev †jvK gy‡L
cÖPwjZ n‡jI †Kv‡bv MÖ‡‡’ Zv mb`-mn nv`xm wn‡m‡e D×„Z ev msKjb Kiv nq wb|
G A‡_© †KD †KD Mixe ( ) kãwU eënvi K‡i‡Qb| Mixe A_© (strange/alien): AcwiwPZ, AkÖ‚Zc~e©,
we¯§qKi, ci‡`kx... BZ¨vw`| mvaviYZ GKK e¨w³i ewY©Z nv`xm eySv‡Z ÒMixeÓ cwifvlvwU eëüZ nq| G cwifvlv
Abymv‡i Mixe nv`xm mnxn n‡Z cv‡i, hqxdI n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv gynvwÏm nv`xm e‡j Kw_Z mb`wenxb K_v‡K
ÒMixeÓ ( ) ev Mixe wRÏvb ( ) A_©vr ÒAcwiwPZÓ ev ÒLyeB AcwiwPZÓ e‡j AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb| Ab¨vb¨
gynvwÏm †h nv`x‡mi wel‡q e‡j‡Qb ÔRvwb bv, wfwËnxb...Õ, †m¸wji wel‡q Zuviv e‡j‡Qb, ÔMixeÕ ev ÔMixeyb wRÏvbÕ A_©vr
AcwiwPZ ev AZ¨‡„ AcwiwPZ| Bgvg `vivKzZbx, LZxe evM`v`x, hvnvex cÖgyL gynvwÏm Gfv‡e G cwifvlvwU KL‡bv KL‡bv
eënvi K‡i‡Qb| G cwifvlvwU †ewk eënvi K‡i‡Qb 8g kZ‡Ki cÖwm× nvbvdx dvKxn I gynvwÏm Avjvgv Avãyj-vn Beby
BDm~d hvBjvqx (762wn)|203
Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx Rvj nv`xm welqK G mKj cwifvlvi mv‡_ Avgv‡ì‡K cwiwPZ K‡i‡Qb Ges Avgv‡ì
AÁZv `~i K‡i‡Qb| wZwb Rvj nv`xm wPwýZ Ki‡Z ÔRvwb bv, Rvbv †bB, †Kv_vI cvIqv hvq bv, †Kv_vI cvB wb, Gi mb`
Avgvi Rvbv †bB, AÁvZÕ BZ¨vw` cwifvlv e¨vcKfv‡e eënvi K‡i‡Qb| †hgb: (
): ÒAvmKvjvbx e‡j‡Qb, G K_vwU nv`xm e‡j Avgvi Rvbv †bBÓ, (
): ÒhvivKkx e‡jb, G nv`x‡mi mb` Avgvi Rvbv †bBÓ, (
): ÒBeby `vex e‡j‡Qb, G K_v nv`xm wn‡m‡e ewY©Z nq wbÓ, ( ), ÒBebyj
ûgvg e‡jb, G nv`x‡mi †Kv‡bv wfwË Rvbv hvq bvÓ, ( ): ÒBgvg
mvLvex e‡jb, G nv`x‡mi †Kv‡bv mb` Avgvi Rvbv †bBÓ, ( ):
ÒmvLvex e‡jb, Giƒc †Kv‡bv nv`xm Avgvi Rvbv †bBÓ, (
 ): ÒBgvg beex Zvnhxe MÖ‡‡’ e‡jb, Giƒc †Kv‡bv nv`xm ivm~jjy v n  †_‡K ewY©Z nq wbÓ, (
): Ò BebynvRvi AvmKvjvbx e‡jb, Avwg G nv`xm †Kv_vI †`wL wbÓ..... (
): ÒgyLZvmvi MÖ‡‡’ D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, G nv`xm †Kv_vI cvIqv hvq wbÓ..... BZ¨vw`|
3. 1. 6 mb‡ì g‡a¨ RvwjqvZ we`¨gvb
Avgiv †`‡LwQ †h, Rvj nv`x‡mi me‡P‡q mnR cwiwPwZ: Ò†h nv`x‡mi mb‡` RvwjqvZ we`¨gvbÓ ZvB Rvj nv`xm|
A_©vr †h nv`xm ïay GKRb RvwjqvZ eY©bv K‡i‡Q, Ab¨ †Kv‡bv m~‡Î †h nv`xm ewY©Z nq wb †m nv`xmwU Rvj e‡j wPwýZ| Avi
GRb¨ A‡bK mgq gynvwÏmMY †Kv‡bv nv`xm‡K Rvj eySv‡Z †m nv`x‡mi mb‡` we`¨gvb RvwjqvZ ivexi K_v D‡jL K‡ib|
Avj-vgv Avey Rvdi A‡bK mgq nv`xm‡K Rvj eySv‡Z mb‡ì ivexi RvwjqvwZi K_v D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| GRb¨ wZwb
gynvwÏmM‡Yi g‡a¨ cÖPwjZ wewfb‣ cwifvlv eënvi K‡i‡Qb|
155
3. 1. 6. 1. wg_¨vev`x, RvwjqvZ, Awfhy³
†Kv‡bv ivex‡K RvwjqvZ e‡j wPwýZ Ki‡Z mvaviYZ gynvwÏmMY Zv‡K ( ) ÒRvwjqvZ/Rvj K‡iÓ,
( ) gnvRvwjqvZ, ( ) gnvwg_¨vev`x, ( ) `v¾vj/ gnvcÖZviK ( ) Awfhy³ ev RvwjqvwZi Awf‡hv‡M Awfhy³
BZ¨vw` cwifvlv eënvi K‡ib| G¸wj mivmwi wg_¨vevw`Zv ev RvwjqvwZ eySvq| Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx AwaKvsk mgq
G RvZxq cwifvlv eënvi K‡i‡Qb| †hgb ( ): ÒG nv`x‡mi
mb`¸wji g‡a¨ d`j Beby Cmv bvgK wg_¨vev`x we`¨gvb...Ó, (
) ÒG nv`x‡mi mb‡ì g‡a¨ Dgvi Beby myen bvgK GKRb RvwjqvZ eY©bvKvix i‡q‡Q...Ó, (
): ÒG nv`x‡mi mb`¸wji g‡a¨ gnv-wg_¨vev`x ivex i‡q‡Q..Ó .... BZ¨vw`|
3. 1. 6. 2. Avc`, gymxeZ ( )
RvwjqvwZ eySv‡Z gnvwÏmM‡Yi GKwU mycwiwPZ cwifvlv ( ) A_vr Avc`, wec`, gymxeZ| Zuviv A‡bK
mgq †Kv‡bv nv`xm‡K Rvj e‡j wPwýZ Ki‡Z †h‡q e‡jb: ÒG nv`x‡mi Avc` ev wec` AgyK, G nv`xmwU Agy‡Ki
gymxeZ¸wji GKwU....|
Avj-vgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx Zuvi G cy¯„‡K gv‡S gv‡S G cwifvlv¸wj eënvi K‡i G‡`‡ki Avwjg, Zvwje Bjg I
cvVK‡ì‡K G cwifvlvi mv‡_ cwiwPZ K‡i‡Qb| †hgb (
) ÒG nv`x‡mi wec` Gi mb‡` we`¨gvb hvjxg A_ev Avi-i‚°xÓ, ( ): ÒG nv`x‡mi wec`
gvZvi...Ó, ( ): ÒG nv`xmwU `vn&nvK Beby nvghvi gymxeZ¸wji
GKwU....Ó|
3. 1. 6. 3. gybKvi ( ), gvZiƒK ( )
Dc‡ii cwifvlv¸wji cvkvcvwk gynvwÏmMY ivexi RvwjqvwZ eySv‡Z Av‡iv wKQz cwifvlv eënvi K‡ib| G¸wji g‡a¨
i‡q‡Q ( ) gybKvi ev AvcwËKi/ AvcwËK…Z I ( ) cwiZ¨³|
Avgiv †`‡LwQ †h, ÔAZ¨‡„ `ye©jÕ A‡_© Ges KL‡bv KL‡bv ÒRvjÓ A‡_© nv`xm‡K gybKvi ejv nq| nv`x‡mi cvkvcvwk
ivex‡KI gynvwÏmMY ÔgybKviÕ ev ÔgybKvi‚j nv`xmÕ e‡j AvL¨vwqZ K‡ib| A‡b‡K AZ¨‡„ `ye©j ivex‡K ÔgybKviÕ e‡j‡Qb|
†KD †KD wg_¨vev`x ivex‡K ÔgybKviÕ e‡j‡Qb| we‡klZ, Bgvg eyLvix ivexM‡Yi Î‚wU D‡j‡Li wel‡q AZ¨‡„ ÔbigÕ kã
eënvi Ki‡Zb| wZwb mivmwi KvD‡K Ôwg_¨vev`xÕ e‡j D‡jL K‡ib wb| eis Ab¨ gynvwÏmMY hv‡K wg_¨vev`x e‡j‡Qb, wZwb
Zvi †¶‡Î ÔgybKviÕ ev Abyiƒc kã eënvi K‡i‡Qb|
gynvwÏmM‡Yi g‡a¨ cÖPwjZ Av‡iKwU cwifvlv: ÒgvZiƒKÓ, A_©vr ÔcwiZ¨³Õ ev ÔcwiZ¨vR¨Õ| mvaviYZ gynvwÏmMY
AZ¨‡„ `ye©j ivex‡K ÔcwiZ¨³Õ e‡jb| Z‡e Bgvg eyLvix, bvmvC, `vivKzZbx I Ab¨ KwZcq gynvwÏm wg_¨vev`x ivex‡K
ÔgvZiƒKÕ e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| we‡klZ Bgvg eyLvix I Bgvg bvmvC KvD‡K ÔgvZiƒKÕ ev cwiZ¨³ ejvi A_©B n‡jv †h,
Zuviv Zv‡K wg_¨vev`x e‡j Awfhy³ Ki‡Qb| Abyiƒcfv‡e gynvwÏmMY hw` e‡jb †h ÔAgy‡Ki nv`xm eY©bv Kiv •ea bqÕ
Zvn‡jI Zvi wg_¨vPvwiZv eySv hvq| G‡ZI eySv hvq †h †m cwiZ¨³|
Avj-vgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKxi e³‡eï g‡a¨ gv‡S gv‡S G mKj cwifvlv cvIqv hvq| †hgb: (
) Ò jvAvjx MÖ‡‡’ nv`xmwU‡K Rvj e‡j D‡jL Kiv
n‡q‡Q| G nv`x‡mi mb‡` we`¨gvb mvwjn Ges dzivZ bv‡gi `y e¨w³ gvZiƒK ev cwiZ¨³..Ó (
) Ò G nv`x‡mi mb‡` gvmAv`v Beby mv`vKvn bvgK e¨w³ i‡q‡Q| `vivKzZbx G e¨w³‡K
ÔgvZiƒKÕ ev cwiZ¨³ e‡j‡Qb....Ó, (
) : ÒG nv`xmwU Dgvi Beby BqvnBqv bvgK Gi ivex ïÕev Bebyj nv¾vR †_‡K eY©bv K‡ib| Ave~ byAvBg e‡jb, Dgvi bvgK
G e¨w³ gvZi‚Kzj nv`xm ev Zvi nv`xm cwiZ¨³ ...Ó, (
): ÒG nv`x‡mi mb‡` Ave~ BmnvK bvgK GK †nRvhx kvBL i‡q‡Qb, whwb g~mv Beby Avex
Av‡qkv bvgK gynvwÏ‡mi bv‡g A‡bK gybKvi nv`xm eY©bv K‡ib ...Ó, (
): ÒjvAvjx MÖ‡‡’ D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, G
nv`xmwU Rvj| DKvBjx nv`xmwU‡K Aw¯„Z¡nxb-wfwËnxb e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| G nv`x‡mi mb‡` Avãyj gvwjK bvgK GK e¨w³
we`¨gvb, †h A‡bK gybKvi ev AvcwËKi nv`xm eY©bv K‡i‡Q...Ó BZ¨vw`|
3. 1. 6. 4. AÁvZcwiPq ( )
hw` †Kv‡bv ivexi bvg GKwU mb‡` we`¨gvb _v‡K, wK‡‘ wØZxq †Kv‡bv m~Î †_‡K Zvi bvg, Aw¯„Z¡ ev MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv m¤ú‡K©
wKQzB Rvbv hvq bv Zv‡K gynvwÏ&mMY gvRn~j ( ) A_©vr AÁvZ cwiPq ev AcwiwPZ e‡j AvL¨vwqZ K‡ib| mvaviYfv‡e
mb‡ì g‡a¨ AÁvZ cwiPq ivex _vK‡j †m nv`xm‡K mivmwi ÒRvjÓ ejv nq bv; eis `ye©j e‡j AvL¨vwqZ Kiv nq| Z‡e A_©,
eY©bvfw½ ev Avbylw½K cÖgv‡Yi wfwË‡K A‡bK mgq we‡klÁ gynvwÏmMY Giƒc nv`xm‡KI Rvj e‡j wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb|
Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKxi Av‡jvPbvq Avgiv Gi bgybv †`L‡Z cvB| †hgb 73 bs Rvj nv`xmwUi wel‡q wZwb
156
e‡jb:
ÒG evwZj nv`xmwU Avey hvKIqvb bvgK GKe¨w³ nvwim †_‡K Zvi mb‡` eY©bv K‡ib| Avey hvKIqvb bvgK G e¨w³
m¤ú‡K© gynvwÏmMY e‡j‡Qb †h, †m A‡Pbv I AÁvZcwiPq eY©bvKvix|Ó
320 bs Rvj nv`x‡mi wel‡q g‡„‡e¨ wZwb e‡jb:
ÒG nv`xmwU Bebyj RvIhx mb`-mn Beby Ave․v‡mi (iv) gva¨‡g ivm~jyjvn  †_‡K eY©bv K‡i‡Qb Ges e‡j‡Qb †h,
nv`xmwU Rvj| Gi mb‡ì AwaKvsk ivex AÁvZ cwiPq| Dci‡‘ Avj-jvAvjx MÖ‡‡’I G nv`xmwU‡K Rvj ejv n‡q‡Q|Ó
323 bs Rvj nv`xmwUi wel‡q wZwb e‡jb:
ÒAvj-jvAvjx Avj-gvmb~Avn MÖ‡‡’ Av‡Q †h, G nv`xmwU Rvj| G nv`xmwU Bebyj RvIhx mb`-mn D×„Z K‡i‡Qb Ges
e‡j‡Qb †h, Gi mb‡` AÁvZcwiPq ivexMY we`¨gvb|Ó
408 bs Rvj nv`xm cÖm‡½ wZwb e‡jb:
ÒG evwZj nv`xmwU Kvwmg Beby bvmi Avm-mvwgix AvZ-Zve․vL eY©bv K‡i‡Q| gynvwÏmMY Zv‡K AÁvZcwiPq e‡j
D‡jL K‡i‡Qb|Ó
157
wØZxq cwi‡”Q`:
wbe©vwPZ e¨w³ I MÖš’vewj
G MÖ‡‡’i cvVK wbwðZ n‡eb †h, Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKxi e¨vcK Aa¨q‡bi dmj G MÖ‡’wU| nv`xm, Dj~gyj nv`xm,
Bjgyi wiRvj, Rvin Iqv ZvÕ`xj, gvDh~AvZ BZ¨vw` wel‡q e¨vcK Aa¨qb I M‡elYvi wfwË‡ZB G MÖ‡w’ U iPbv K‡ib wZwb|
me‡P‡q j¶Yxq †h, Zuvi mgqKvi fviZxq ev e½xq `xbx †jLK‡ì g‡a¨ Z_¨m~Î cÖ`v‡bi †Zgb †Kv‡bv ixwZ wQj bv| wK‡‘
wZwb gymwjg D¤§vni cÖvPxb gynvwÏmM‡Yi ixwZ‡Z Z_¨m~Î cÖ`v‡bi wel‡q we‡kl ¸i‚Z¡ Av‡ivc K‡i‡Qb| wZwb MÖ‡‡’i ïi‚‡Z
GKevi Zuvi wbe©vwPZ Z_¨m~Î D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| Gici wZwb Zvi †jLwbi g‡a¨ me©`v Z‡_ï Drm I m~Î D‡jL K‡i‡Qb|
fviZxq I we‡klZ e½xq ag©xq MÖ‡’ iPbvi BwZnv‡m G GKwU AmvaviY •ewkó¨|
¯^fveZB GKRb M‡elK AmsL¨ MÖ‡’ Aa¨q‡bi c‡iB Giƒc GKwU MÖ‡’ iPbv Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Z‡e mvaviYZ cÖvmw½K
mKj e¨w³ ev MÖ‡‡’i bvg †KD wj‡Lb bv| †h mKj MÖ‡’ †_‡K mivmwi D×„wZ †Ìqv nq ev †ewk wbf©i Kiv nq Zv‡ì bvg
D‡jL KivB mvaviY ixwZ|
Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKxi G MÖ‡’ cvV Ki‡jI GKB wPÎ †`Lv hvq| cvVK eyS‡Z cv‡ib †h, cÖvmw½K AmsL¨ MÖ‡’
wZwb cvV Ki‡jI †KejgvÎ †h mKj e¨w³ I MÖ‡‡’i Dci †ewk wbf©i K‡i‡Qb Ges mivmwi D×„wZ cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb †m¸wjiB
wZwb bvg D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| wZwb G MÖ‡‡’ †h mKj cÖwm× Avwj‡gi Awfg‡Zi Dci wbf©i K‡i‡Qb e‡j wb‡R D‡jL K‡i‡Qb
Ges †h mKj MÖ‡‡’i D×„wZ cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb †m mKj e¨w³ I MÖ‡’ m¤ú‡K© Avgiv G cwi‡‛Q‡` Av‡jvPbv Kie, Bbkv Avjvn|
D‡jwLZ AvwjgM‡Yi g„Zz¨ m‡bi µg Abymv‡i Avgiv Zuv‡ì D‡jL Kie, †hb cvVK c~e©eZ©x I cieZ©x AvwjgMY‡K wPb‡Z
cv‡ib|
Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx Zuvi G MÖ‡‡’i ms‡¶c cwim‡iI Zuvi D‡jwLZ Rvj nv`xm¸wj m¤ú‡K© gymwjg D¤§vni
mycÖwm× AvwjgM‡Yi AwfgZ D×„Z K‡i‡Qb| mb‡ì eY©bvKvix (ivex)-M‡Yi Rvin-ZvÕ`xj ev MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv I AMÖnY‡hvM¨Zv
e¨vL¨v, nv`x‡mi A_© eY©bv, nv`xm‡K Rvj †NvlYv BZ¨vw` wel‡q wZwb D¤§vni cÖwm× gynvwÏm, gydvm&wmi, dKxn I
AvwjgM‡Yi wm×v‡„ D×„Z K‡i‡Qb| Zuv‡ì g‡a¨ †h mKj Avwj‡gi e³e¨ evisevi D‡jL K‡i‡Qb Ges Zuvi D‡jwLZ Rvj
nv`xm¸wj‡K Rvj e‡j wPwýZ Ki‡Z hv‡ì Awfg‡Zi Dci wbf©i K‡i‡Qb Zuv‡ì msw¶ß cwiPq wb‡g‣ D‡jL Kiv n‡jv:
3. 2. 1. Bgvg bvmvC (215-303 wn/830-915L„)
Bgvg Ave~ Avãyi ivngvb Avng` Beby ïAvBe Avb-bvmvC Z…Zxq-PZz_© wnRix kZ‡Ki cÖwm× gynvwÏm I Bjgyj Rvin
IqvZ Zv`x‡ji Bgvg| Zuvi msKwjZ ÒAvm-mybvbyj myMivÓ ev ÒAvj-gyRZvevÓ mybvb bvmvC bv‡g cÖwm× I Òwmnvn wmËvÓ
bv‡g L¨vZ QqwU MÖ‡‡’i Ab¨Zg| `ye©j I RvwjqvZ ivex‡ì wel‡q wZwb wewfb‣ MÖ‡’ iPbv K‡ib|
Avjvgv Avey Rvdi K‡qK ¯’v‡b Zuvi gZ D×„Z K‡i‡Qb| †hgb ( ): Ò hvi AvKj ev eyw× †bB
Zvi `xb (ag©) †bBÓ nv`xmwU m¤ú‡K© g‡„e¨ Kv‡j wZwb e‡jb: ÒBgvg bvmvC e‡jb, G nv`xmwU evwZj I gybKvi ev
AvcwËKi|Ó wZwb Bgvg bvmvCi G e³‡eï Z_¨m~Î wn‡m‡e nvwdR Beby nvRvi AvmKvjvbxi Òwjmvbyj gxhvbÓ MÖ‡‡’i K_v
D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| GQvov Bgvg bvmvCi QvÎ PZz_© wnRixi mycÖwm× gynvwÏm gynv¤§v` Beby Avng` Av`-`~jvex (310 wn) Zuvi
ÒAvj-Kzbv Iqvj AvmgvÓ MÖ‡‡’ Bgvg bvmvCi mivmwi m~‡Î G nv`xmwU msKjb K‡i †mLv‡b Bgvg bvmvCi G e³e¨ D×„Z
K‡i‡Qb|204
3. 2. 2. Bgvg DKvBjx (... - 322 wn/934L„)
Bgvg Avey Rvdi gynv¤§v` Beby Avgi Avj-DKvBjx Avj-gv°x PZz_© wnRix kZ‡Ki mycÖwm× gynvwÏm I Rvin-
Zv`x‡ji Bgvg| `ye©j, wg_¨vev`x I RvwjqvZ ivex‡ì wel‡q Zuvi †jLv ÒAv`-`yAvdvÓ bvgK MÖ‡’wU AZ¨‡„ cÖwm×| wZwb
`ye©j I RvwjqvZ ivex‡ì ewY©Z wewfb‣ nv`xm Zv‡ì `ye©jZv ev RvwjqvwZi bgybv wn‡m‡e D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| GRb¨ Rvj nv`xm
wel‡q Zuvi gZ wewfb‣fv‡e D×„Z nq|
Avjvgv Avey Rvdi K‡qK ¯’v‡b Zuvi wm×v‡‡„i Dci wbf©iZvi K_v D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| †hgb, ( ):
Òiv‡Z hvi mvjvZ †ewk n‡e w`‡b Zvi gyLgÊj my•ì n‡eÓ- G nv`xmwU‡K Rvj e‡j Zuvi MÖ‡‡’ D‡j‡Li wfwË wnmv‡e Avjvgv Avey
Rvdi e‡jb: ÒDKvBjx e‡jb, nv`xmwU evwZj, Gi †Kv‡bv Aw¯„Z¡ ev wfwË †bBÓ| Avjvgv Avey Rvdi G nv`xm cÖm‡½ Ab¨vb¨
e³‡eï Z_¨m~Î D‡jL Ki‡jI DKvBjxi e³‡eï Z_¨m~Î wb‡`©k K‡ib wb| G welqK A‡bK MÖ‡‡’B DKvBjxi AwfgZwU D‡jL
Kiv n‡q‡Q| DKvBjx Zuvi ÒAv`-`yAvdvÓ MÖ‡‡’ G nv`x‡mi eY©bvKvix mvweZ-Gi Av‡jvPbv cÖm‡½ Zuvi G gZwU e¨³ K‡i‡Qb|205
(  ): Òivm~jyj-vn  wb‡la K‡i‡Qb ¯¿x‡ì wbKU ¯^‡c‣i K_v ej‡ZÓ-G nv`xmwU‡K
Rvj e‡j MY¨ Kivi wfwË wn‡m‡e Avjvgv Avey Rvdi e‡jb: ÒjvAvjx MÖ‡‡’ D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, G nv`xmwU Rvj| DKvBjx
158
nv`xmwU‡K Aw¯„Z¡nxb-wfwËnxb e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb..|Ó206
Gfv‡e K‡qK ¯’v‡b Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx Bgvg Avey Rvdi DKvBjxi wm×v‡‡„i Dci wbf©iZvi K_v D‡jL
K‡i‡Qb|
3. 2. 3. Bgvg Beby wneŸvb (... - 354wn/965L„)
Bgvg Ave~ nvwZg gynv¤§v` Beby wne․vb Avj-eym&Zx PZz_© wnRix kZ‡Ki Ab¨Zg †kªô gynvwÏm wQ‡jb| wZwb mnxn
nv`xm msKj‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ †h MÖ‡w’ U iPbv K‡ib Zv Òmnxn Beb wne․vbÓ bv‡g mycwiwPZ| nv`xm msKjb QvovI wbf©i‡hvM¨ I
Awbf©i‡hvM¨ eY©bvKvix ev ivex‡ì wel‡q wZwb MÖ‡’vw` iPbv K‡ib| `ye©j I RvwjqvZ ivex‡ì wel‡q Zuvi †jLv ÒAvj-
gvRiƒnxbÓ bvgK MÖ‡’wU Rvj nv`xm wPwýZKi‡Yi Rb¨ Ab¨Zg cÖvgvY¨ MÖ‡’| Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx A‡bK ¯’v‡bB
nv`xm‡K Rvj MY¨ Kivi †¶‡Î Beby wne․v‡bi wm×v‡‡„i Dci wbf©iZvi K_v D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| †hgb (
): Òme‡P‡q m¤§vwbZ gvRwjm-‣eVK hv‡Z wKejvgywL n‡q emv nqÓ- nv`xmwUi wel‡q wZwb e‡jb: ÒBeby
wne․vb e‡j‡Qb, nv`xmwU Rvj...|Ó
Ab¨Î Avk~ivi wè‡m Avik, Kzimx, Kjg, Rvb‣vZ, Av`g, ... BZ¨vw` m„wó I wKqvgZ msNwUZ nIqvi nv`xmwUi (81
bs Rvj nv`xm) RvwjqvwZ eY©bv cÖm‡½ Avjvgv Avey Rvdi e‡jb: ÒG nv`x‡mi mb‡` nvexe Beby Avex nvexe Avj-LviZvZx
Avj-gviIqvhx bvgK GK e¨w³ i‡q‡Q ... nvexe bvgK G e¨w³ GKRb RvwjqvZ wQj †h Rvj nv`xm iPbv KiZ| ... Beby
wne․vb e‡jb, G e¨w³ Gfv‡e Rvj nv`xm •Zwi KiZ|Ó Z_¨m~Î wn‡m‡e wZwb Beby nvRvi AvmKvjvbxi wjmvbyj gxhvb MÖ‡‡’i
D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| Beby wne․vb Zuvi Avj-gvRiƒnxb MÖ‡‡’ nvexe bvgK G e¨w³i Av‡jvPbv cÖm‡½ G gZ e¨³ K‡i‡Qb|207
Gfv‡e A‡bK ¯’v‡b Avjvgv Avey Rvdi Beby wne․v‡bi g‡„e¨ I wm×v‡‡„i Dci wbf©i K‡i‡Qb|
3. 2. 4. Bgvg Beby Av`x (277-365wn/ 890-976L„)
Bgvg Ave~ Avng` Avãyjv- n Beby Av`x Avj-RyiRvbx 4_© wnRix kZ‡Ki cÖwm×Zg gynvwÏmM‡Yi Ab¨Zg| `ye©j I
RvwjqvZ ivex‡ì wel‡q Zuvi wjwLZ ÒAvj-Kvwgj dx `yAvdvwqi wiRvjÓ MÖ‡’wU mycÖwm×| `ye©j ivexM‡Yi wel‡q I Rvj
nv`x‡mi wel‡q Zuvi AwfgZ cÖvqk D×„Z Kiv nq| Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx A‡bK ¯’v‡b Zuvi AwfgZ D×„Z K‡i‡Qb|
†hgb ( ): ÒAvj-Avgxb ev AvgvbZ`vi wek¦¯„ wZb Rb: wReivCj, Avwg Ges gyAvweqvÓ-
nv`xmwUi wel‡q wZwb e‡jb: ÒG nv`xmwU wejKzj wg_¨v| nvmvb Beby Dmgvb bv‡g GK e¨w³ G nv`xm eY©bv K‡i‡Q, hv‡K
Beby Av`x gnv-wg_¨vev`x e‡j‡Qb|Ó Beby Av`x Zuvi Kvwgj MÖ‡‡’ welqwU D‡jL K‡i‡Qb|208
Ab¨Î ( ): Ò†h e¨w³ Zvi gv‡qi `y †Pv‡Li gv‡S Pz¤^b Ki‡e Zvi Pz¤^b Zv‡K Rvnvb‣v‡gi Av¸b †_‡K
i¶v Ki‡eÓ- nv`xmwUi wel‡q wZwb e‡jb: ÒG nv`xmwU Beby Av`x Beby Ave․v‡mi (Av) m~‡Î ivm~jyjvn  †_‡K D×„Z K‡i‡Qb
Ges Gi mb` I gZb DfqB gybKvi|Ó Beby Av`x Zuvi Avj-Kvwgj MÖ‡‡’ G gZwU D‡jL K‡i‡Qb|209
( ): ÒmyjvBgvb (Av)ÑGi AvswUi bK&kv ev †Lvw`Z K_v wQj:
jv Bjvnv Bj-vj-vû gynv¤§v`yi ivm~jyj-vnÓ- nv`xmwU wel‡q wZwb e‡jb: ÒBeby Av`x G nv`xmwU Rvwei (iv)-Gi m~‡Î ivm~jyjvn
 †_‡K eY©bv K‡i‡Qb; wK‡‘ Gi mb‡` kvBL Beby Avex Lvwj` bvgK GK e¨w³ we`¨gvb, †h e¨w³ RvwjqvwZi Awf‡hv‡M
Awfhy³| G nv`xmwUI Zvi •Zwi evwZj nv`xm¸wji GKwU|Ó Beby Av`x Kvwgj MÖ‡‡’ G AwfgZ e¨³ K‡i‡Qb|210
Gfv‡e wewfb‣ ¯’v‡b Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx Bgvg Beby Av`xi Dci Zuvi wbf©iZvi K_v D‡jL K‡i‡Qb|
3. 2. 5. Bgvg `vivKzZbx (306-385wn/ 918-995L„)
Bgvg Aveyj nvmvb Avjx Beby Dgvi `vivKzZbx 4_© wnRix kZ‡Ki Ab¨Zg cÖwm× gynvwÏm| nv`x‡mi wewfb‣ wel‡q
wZwb 80wUiI AwaK †g․wjK MÖ‡’ iPbv K‡ib| nv`x‡mi mb` wePvi, eY©bvKvix ev ivexM‡Yi mgv‡jvPbv I Rvj nv`xm wel‡q
Zuvi Awfg‡Zi Dci wbf©i Kiv nq| Avjvgv Avey Rvdi A‡bK ¯’v‡b Zuvi AwfgZ D×„Z K‡i‡Qb|
†hgb ( ): Òivm~jjy v- n  Dj½ Ae¯’vq Kvev N‡ii cv_i enb KiwQ‡jb...Ó nv`xmwUi mb`
D‡jL K‡i wZwb e‡jb: ÒBgvg `vivKzZbx e‡jb, G nv`x‡mi mb` Ges gZb DfqB evwZj...Ó `vivKzZbxi G gZwU Beby
nvRvi AvmKvjvbx Zuvi wjmvbyj gxhvb MÖ‡‡’ D×„Z K‡i‡Qb| Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wjmvb †_‡K Zv D×„Z K‡i‡Qb|211
Ab¨Î ( ): ÒGKRb gymwj‡gi Dci LvivR I Dki GKwÎZ nq bvÓ- nv`xmwU‡K
Rvj e‡j MY¨ Kivi wfwË eY©bv K‡i wZwb e‡jb: ÒG nv`x‡mi mb‡` BqvnBqv Beby Av¤^vmv Avj-Kzivkx bvgK GK e¨w³ i‡q‡Q,
... Beby wne․vb e‡jb, G e¨w³ GKRb `v¾vj I gnv-RvwjqvZ wQj| Beby Av`x e‡jb, G gybvKi‚j nv`xm ev AvcwËKi nv`xm
159
eY©bvKvix wQj Ges Zvi RvwjqvwZi welqwU cÖKvwkZ wQj| Bgvg `vivKzZbx e‡jb, G GKRb `v¾vj Ges nv`xm
RvjKvix, Ges Gi RvwjqvwZi welqwU me©Rb wew`Z| ...Ó
D‡jL¨ †h, Beby wne․vb, Beby Av`x I `vivKzZbx mK‡jB kvwdqx gvhnv‡ei Abymvix wQ‡jb| Avgiv cieZ©x Av‡jvPbvq
†`Le †h, G nv`xmwU nvbvdx gvhnv‡ei wewfb‣ wdK‡ni MÖ‡‡’ nv`xm wn‡m‡e msKwjZ| nvbvdx gvhnv‡ei Abymvix †h †Kv‡bv
Aa©wkw¶Z ev mvaviY Avwjg, Zvwje-Bjg ev mvaviY gymwjg e‡j †dj‡Z cv‡ib †h, GwU nvbvdx gvhnve Abymv‡i mnxn, A_ev
nvbvdx dKxnMY G‡K mnxn e‡j‡Qb, Kv‡RB Gi wecix‡Z kvwdqx gvhnv‡ei gynvwÏm‡ì e³e¨ MÖnY Kiv hv‡e bv, A_ev kvwdqx
gvhnv‡ei gynvwÏmMY Cl©vekZ G nv`xm‡K Rvj e‡j‡Qb.... BZ¨vw`|
Avjvgv Avey Rvdi Giƒc Ae©vPx‡bi gZ K_v e‡jb wb| KviY wZwb I mKj gvhnv‡ei mKj cÖvÁ dKxn I gynvwÏm Rv‡bb
†h, nv`xm wePv‡i †Kv‡bv gvhnvex cv_©K¨ †bB| nv`xm wePv‡ii Rb¨ gynvwÏmM‡Yi my¯úó, mywew`Z I •eÁvwbK bxwZgvjv i‡q‡Q|
G bxwZgvjvi Av‡jv‡K gZ‡f‡ì my‡hvM Av‡Q, wK‡‘ bxwZgvjvi evB‡i gvhnv‡ei †`vqvB w`‡q Rvj nv`xm‡K ivm~jyj-vn -Gi K_v
e‡j Pvjv‡bvi †Póv Kiv mKj gvhnv‡ei mKj dKxn I Avwj‡gi `„wó‡ZB KwVbZg cvc I kixqZ wbwl× Kg©| GKgvÎ g~L©, AÁ
ev Ávbcvcx cÖvÁ e¨w³B mZ¨‡K Gwo‡q hvIqvi Rb¨ Giƒc AhynvZ w`‡q AÁ gvbyl‡ì weåv‡„ Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Avjvgv Avey Rvdi
wmwÏKx ivm~jyj-vn -Gi cweÎ Avw½bv‡K RvwjqvwZi AcweÎZv †_‡K gy³ ivLvi AvgvbZ Av`v‡qi †¶‡Î Giƒc †Kv‡bv
gvbwmKZv‡K cÖkªq †`b wb| wZwb Beby wne․vb, `vivKzZbx I Ab¨vb¨ gynvwÏ‡mi wm×v‡‡„i wfwË‡Z G nv`xmwU‡K Rvj e‡j wbwðZ
K‡i‡Qb| Av‡iv A‡bK ¯’v‡b wZwb Bgvg `vivKzZbxi ch©v‡jvPbv I Awfg‡Zi Dci wbf©i K‡i‡Qb|
3. 2. 6. Bgvg Bebyj RvIhx (508-597 wn/ 1116-1201L„)
Bgvg Aveyj dvivR Avãyi ivngvb Beby Avjx Bebyj RvIhx lô wnRix kZ‡Ki Ab¨Zg cÖwm× gynvwÏm, gydvm&wmi,
HwZnvwmK, Iqvwqh I nv¤^vjx dKxn wQ‡jb| Avgiv †`‡LwQ †h, Rvj nv`xm wel‡q Zuvi ÒAvj-gvDh~AvZÓ MÖ‡’wU G wel‡q
Ab¨Zg e„nr I cÖwm× MÖ‡’| G MÖ‡‡’ Zuvi wKQz fyjåvw‡„ cieZ©x gynvwÏmMY wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb, cvkvcvwk †h mKj nv`x‡mi †¶‡Î
Zuvi fyj aiv c‡o wb †m mKj nv`xm‡K Rvj e‡j wPwýZ Ki‡Z Zuviv Zuvi gZ D×„Z K‡ib|
Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx wewfb‣ ¯’v‡b Bebyj RvIhxi gZ D×„Z K‡i‡Qb| †hgb, (
) Ò†Zvgiv Ijxgv-Kvixi `vIqvZ Keyj Ki‡e... Ó- nv`xmwUi wel‡q wZwb e‡jb: ÒBebyj RvIhx Zvi ÒgvDh~AvZÓ
MÖ‡‡’ e‡jb, G nv`xmwU nvmvb Beby Avjvb Avj-Lvi&ivZ bvgK RvwjqvZ Rvj K‡i‡Q|Ó212
Ab¨Î ( ) Ò`„wókw³ bó nIqv cv‡ci ¶gv...Ó nv`xmwUi wel‡q wZwb e‡jb: Ò Bebyj
RvIhx nv`xmwU‡K gvDh~ e‡j wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb| myq~Zx Zvi mv‡_ GKgZ †cvlY K‡i‡Qb...|Ó213
Ab¨Î ( ) ÒAvgvi D¤§‡Zi g‡a¨ GKe¨w³, hvi bvg byÕgvb Ges Zvi
KzwbqvZ ev Dcbvg Ave~ nvbxdv, †m Avgvi D¤§v‡Zi cÖ`xcÓ- nv`xmwU‡K Rvj e‡j MY¨ Kivi KviY D‡jL K‡i wZwb e‡jb:
ÒBebyj RvIhx G nv`xmwU‡K Rvj e‡j‡Qb| GQvov LZxe evM`v`xI G nv`xmwU‡K Rvj e‡j‡Qb|Ó
GLv‡bI Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx Avgv‡ì‡K Rvj nv`xm eR©‡bi †¶‡Î mwVK c‡_i wb‡`©kbv w`‡q‡Qb| Bebyj
RvIhx nv¤^vjx Ges LZxe evM`v`x kvwdqx gvhnv‡ei Abymvix wQ‡jb| Avjvgv Avey Rvdi nvbvdx gvhnv‡ei Abymvix wn‡m‡e
Zuvi Bgv‡gi cÖksmvq ewY©Z G nv`xmwU‡K mnxn e‡j `vex Kivi †Kv‡bv †Póv K‡ib wb| G‡¶‡Î †Kv‡bviƒc †Nvicu¨v‡PiI
Avkªq †bb wb| GwU‡K Nywi‡q wdwi‡q A‡„Z ÒhqxdÓ e‡j `vwe Kivi †Póv K‡ib wb| GgbwK G nv`xmwU‡K Rvj e‡j
msKjb Kiv †_‡KI weiZ _v‡Kb wb| KviY Bgv‡gi cÖwZ fw³-fvjemv Ges ivm~jyj-vn -Gi cÖwZ fvjevmv, fw³ I Zuvi
cweÎ Avw½bv‡K RvwjqvwZ †_‡K gy³ ivLvi AvgvbZ- mewKQzi `vwe G nv`xmwU‡K Rvj e‡j D‡jL Kiv; †hb †Kv‡bv mvaviY
Avwjg, Zvwje-Bjg ev mvaviY gvbyl Bgvg Ave~ nvbxdvi cÖwZ fw³ I fvjevmv ekZ AmZK©fv‡e G K_vwU‡K ivm~jyjvn -
Gi K_v e‡j cÖPvi K‡i †MvbvnMvi bv nb| Bgvg Ave~ nvbxdv (ivn)-Gi gh©v`v mywew`Z I mycÖwZwôZ| Zv cÖwZôvi Rb¨
Rvj nv`x‡mi †Kv‡bv cÖ‡qvRb †bB|
3. 2. 7. Bgvg mvMvbx (577-650wn/ 1181-1252L„)
Bgvg ivwhDÏxb nvmvb Beby gynv¤§v` Avj-Dgvix Avm-mvMvbx 7g wnRix kZ‡Ki Ab¨Zg cÖwm× fvlvwe`, gynvwÏm I
nvbvdx dKxn wQ‡jb| wZwb jv‡nv‡i Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib Ges fvi‡Z I ga¨cÖv‡Pï wewfb‣ kn‡i emevm K‡ib| fvlv, Awfavb,
nv`xm, wdKn BZ¨vw` wel‡q wZwb A‡bK MÖ‡’ iPbv K‡ib| Rvj nv`x‡mi wel‡q ÒAvj-gvDh~AvZÓ bv‡g GKwU cyw¯„Kv wZwb
iPbv K‡ib|
Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx Zuvi G MÖ‡‡’i f~wgKvq mvMvbxi ÒAvj-gvDh~AvZÓ MÖ‡’‡K Zuvi G MÖ‡‡’i g~j Z_¨m~Î¸wji
g‡a¨ D‡jL K‡i‡Qb Ges A‡bK ¯’v‡b Bgvg mvMvbxi Awfg‡Zi Dci wbf©i K‡i‡Qb| †hgb ( ):
Ò†`k‡cÖg Cgv‡bi AskÓ- nv`xmwUi wel‡q g‡„‡eï g‡a¨ wZwb e‡jb: Ò... Dci‡‘ Bgvg mvMvbx G nv`xmwU‡K
160
Rvjnv`xmmg~‡ni g‡a¨ D×„Z K‡i‡Qb...|Ó214
Ab¨Î ( ): ÒZzwg bv n‡j Avwg gnvKvkmg~n (wek¦) m„wó KiZvg bvÓ- nv`xmwU‡K Rvj e‡j
MY¨ Kivi wfwË e¨vL¨v cÖm‡½ wZwb e‡jb: ÒBgvg mvMvbx e‡jb, Lyjvmv MÖ‡‡’ G nv`xm‡K Rvj e‡j D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q
....|Ó215
( ) Ò†h e¨w³ gmwR‡ì g‡a¨ `ywbqvex K_v ej‡e Avjvn Zvi 40 erm‡ii Avgj
webó K‡i w`‡ebÓ- nv`xmwU‡K Rvj e‡j MY¨ Kivi KviY e¨vL¨v K‡i wZwb e‡jb: ÒmvMvbx e‡jb, G nv`xmwU Rvj| A_©vr
Gi fvlv I Gi A_© DfqB evwZj..Ó|216
Gfv‡e wewfb‣ ¯’v‡b wZwb mvMvbxi Awfg‡Zi Dci wbf©i K‡i‡Qb|
3. 2. 8. Bgvg beex (631-676wn/ 1234-1278L„)
Bgvg gywnDÏxb Ave~ hvKvwiqv BqvnBqv Beby kvivd Avb-beex wQ‡jb 7g wnRix kZ‡Ki Ab¨Zg †kªô gynvwÏm I
kvwdqx dKxn| Zuvi ZvKIqv, `ywbqv-wegyLZv I Bev`Ze‡•`Mx †m mg‡qB cÖev‡ì gZ wQj| gvÎ 45 erm‡ii RxebKv‡j
wZwb nv`xm, wdKn, fvlv, BwZnvm BZ¨vw` wel‡q hZ¸wj MÖ‡’ iPbv K‡i‡Qb me¸wjB cieZ©x hyM¸wj‡Z Afvebxq
MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv jvf K‡i| nv`xm, wdKn, Iqvh, AvLjvK, ZvmvDd mKj wel‡q mnxn nv`x‡mi Dci wbf©iZvi †¶‡Î wZwb
me©vZ¥K †Póv Ki‡Zb| 5g wnRix kZ‡Ki cÖwm× kvwdqx dKxn Beivnxg Beby BDmyd kxivhx (476 wn)-i †jLv ÒAvj-
gynvh&hveÓ MÖ‡w’ U kvwdqx wdK‡ni Ab¨Zg †kªô MÖ‡’| Bgvg beex G MÖ‡w’ Ui e¨vL¨vq ÒAvj-gvRg~Ó bv‡g GKwU MÖ‡’ iPbv
K‡ib| G MÖ‡‡’ wZwb wewfb‣ ¯’v‡b Bgvg kxivhxi D‡jL Kiv ev Ab¨vb¨ wdKnx MÖ‡‡’ D‡jL Kiv A‡bK nv`x‡mi mb`
ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb Ges wKQz nv`xm Rvj e‡j wbwðZ K‡i‡Qb| G Qvov Zuvi Ab¨vb¨ MÖ‡‡’I wZwb wewfb‣ nv`x‡mi mb`
ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb|
Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx wewfb‣ ¯’v‡b Bgvg beexi AwfgZ D×„Z K‡i‡Qb| †hgb ( )Ò
gymvwdi I Zvi m¤ú` a․s‡mi gy‡LvgywLÓ- nv`xmwUi wel‡q wZwb e‡jb: ÒBgvg beex Zvnhxe MÖ‡‡’ e‡jb, Giƒc †Kv‡bv nv`xm
ivm~jyj-vn  †_‡K ewY©Z nq wb| G K_vwU c~e©eZ©x †Kv‡bv GK eyRy‡M©i Dw³ ....|Ó
D‡jL¨ †h, G evK¨wU kxivhx Zvi Ògynvh&hveÓ MÖ‡‡’ nv`xm wn‡m‡e D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| Bgvg beex Zv D‡jL K‡i Dc‡ii g‡„
e¨ K‡i‡Qb|217
Ab¨Î ( ) Òwè‡mi mvjvZ †evevÓ nv`xm cÖm‡½ wZwb e‡jb: Òbeex kviûj gynvh&hv‡e e‡j‡Qb †h,
G nv`xm evwZj; Gi †Kv‡bv Aw¯„Z¡ ev wfwË †bB|Ó
GK_vwUI kxivhx nv`xm wn‡m‡e D‡jL K‡i‡Qb Ges Bgvg beex Zuvi e¨vL¨vMÖ‡‡’ G g‡„e¨ K‡i‡Qb| KviY nv`x‡mi
weï×Zv i¶v Ges Avjvni Inx‡K gvbexq ms‡hvRb †_‡K cweÎ ivLvi AvgvbZ Av`v‡qi †¶‡Î Bgv‡gi cÖwZ fvjevmv
†Kv‡bv evav n‡Z cv‡i bv| eis Bgv‡gi cÖwZ fvjevmvi `vex †h, Zuvi fyjwU cvVK‡ì Kv‡Q Zz‡j aiv, †hb wZwb Gi `vq
†_‡K gy³ n‡q hvb| Bgvg kxivhxi BRwZnv`x fy‡ji Rb¨ Zuvi Aciva bv n‡jI cieZ©x cvVK‡ì‡K G fyj †_‡K wegy³
Kivi `vwqZ¡ cieZ©x Avwjg‡ì| Bgvg beex G `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i‡Qb|218
Ab¨Î ( ) Ò†h e¨w³ Avgv‡K Ges Avgvi wcZv Beivnxg‡K
GKB eQ‡i whqviZ Ki‡e †m Rvb‣v‡Z cÖ‡ek Ki‡eÓ- nv`xm cÖm‡½ wZwb e‡jb: ÒG nv`xmwU Rvj| beex kviûj gynvh&hve
MÖ‡‡’ G nv`xmwU‡K Rvj I evwZj e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| Beby ZvBwgqvI G nv`xmwU‡K Rvj e‡j‡Qb|...Ó219
Gfv‡e wewfb‣ ¯’v‡b Avjvgv Avey Rvdi Bgvg beexi Awfg‡Zi Dci wbf©i K‡i‡Qb|
3. 2. 9. Bgvg Beby ZvBwgqv (661-728wn/ 1263-1328L„)
kvBLyj Bmjvg ZvwKDÏxb Aveyj Ave․vm Avng` Beby Avãyj nvjxg Beby ZvBwgq¨vn 8g wnRix kZ‡Ki Ab¨Zg
cÖwm× gynvwÏm I nv¤^jx dKxn wQ‡jb| evM`v‡ì cZ‡bi c‡i ZvZvi AvMÖvm‡bi wei‚‡× gymwjg kvmKMY I RbMY‡K
wRnv‡ì †cÖiYv `vb, ivóª ms¯‥vi, mgvR ms¯‥vi, mgv‡R cÖPwjZ wewfb‣ Kzms¯‥vi, wkiK, Kzdi, weÀvZ BZ¨vwì wei‚‡×
mwµq AMÖYx f~wgKvi cvkvcvwk wZwb Bmjvgx Áv‡bi wewfb‣ kvLvq wZbk‡ZiI AwaK MÖ‡’ iPbv K‡ib| Zuvi wKQz wKQz
Awfg‡Zi wel‡q Zuvi mgmvgwqK I cieZ©x A‡bK Avwjg AvcwË I cÖwZev` Ki‡jI Zuvi MÖ‡’vw` cvVKvix mKj Avwjg
GKev‡K¨ ¯^xKvi K‡ib †h, Bmjvgx Áv‡bi mKj kvLvq Zuvi eyrcwË wQj AmvaviY| nv`x‡mi wel‡q Zuvi AmvaviY cvwÊ‡Zï
K_v eySv‡Z Zuvi QvÎ Avjvgv hvnvex e‡jb: ( ) Ò†h nv`xm Beby ZvBwgqv Rv‡bb
161
bv †mwU †Kv‡bv nv`xmB bq|Ó
cieZ©x hy‡Mi A‡bK Avwjg I m~dxqv‡q wKiv‡gi g‡a¨ Beby ZvBwgqvi cÖwZ weiƒc aviYv e¨vcKZv jvf K‡i|
we‡klZ hviv Zuvi †jLv MÖ‡’vw` bv c‡o ïay Zuvi wei‚‡× cÖPvwiZ K_v¸wj GKZidv ï‡b‡Qb Zuviv Zuv‡K weï× Bmjvgx
wek¦v‡mi we‡ivax e‡j g‡b K‡i‡Qb| Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx GKRb m~dx Avwjg wn‡m‡e G mKj Awfg‡Zi mv‡_
cwiwPZ wQ‡jb| wK‡‘ G Kvi‡Y nv`x‡mi wel‡q Zuvi AwfgZ MÖn‡Y wZwb wØav K‡ib wb| wZwb Zuvi G MÖ‡‡’i wewfb‣ ¯’v‡b Beby
ZvBwgqvi Awfg‡Zi Dci Zuvi wbf©iZvi K_v D‡jL K‡i‡Qb|
e¯‘Z Avjvgv Avey Rvdi gymwjg D¤§vni cÖwm× Avwjg I eyRyM‡© ì g~jbxwZ AbymiY K‡i‡Qb| AvKx`v, wdKn ev Ab¨
†Kv‡bv wel‡q gZ‡f‡ì Kvi‡Y Zuviv †Kv‡bv Avwj‡gi cÖwZ we‡Øl †cvlY, Zuvi wei‚‡× XvjvI gZcÖKvk ev Zuvi mKj gZ
eR©b Kivi gZ g~LZ © v cÖ`k©b K‡ib wb| †Kv‡bv Avwjg‡K gh©v`v †Ìqv ev Zuvi g‡Zi Dci wbf©i Kivi A_© Zuvi mKj gZ
MÖnY Kiv ev Zuv‡K wbf©jy e‡j MY¨ Kiv bq| Abyiƒcfv‡e †Kv‡bv wel‡q Kv‡iv g‡Zi `ye©jZv ev weåvw‡„ cÖKvk Kivi A_© Zuvi
mKj g‡Zi AMÖnY‡hvM¨Zv cÖKvk Kiv bq| mvnvex-ZvweqxMY I BgvgM‡Yi hyM †_‡K gymwjg D¤§vni †Kv‡bv cÖvÁ Avwjg I
eyRMy © Giƒc A‣bmjvwgK I A‡h․w³K I A-Ávbe„wËK gZ cÖkªq †`b wb| Zuviv wb‡Ri cÖvYwcÖq Bgvg, cxi ev eyR‡y M©i g‡ZiI
fyjÎ‚wU `„wó‡MvPi n‡j Zv Am‡¼v‡P Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb, Zuvi cÖwZ cwic~Y© kª×v I fvjevmv-mn| Avevi gZ‡f`xq wel‡q Ab¨ gZ,
AvKx`v ev gvhnv‡ei AvwjgM‡Yi fyjÎ‚wU `„pZvi mv‡_ D‡j‡Li cvkvcvwk Zv‡ì cÖwZ fvjevmv I kª×v‡eva Ae¨vnZ
†i‡L‡Qb Ges †h mKj wel‡q Zuv‡ì AwfgZ mwVK e‡j cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q †m mKj wel‡q Zuv‡ì gZ MÖnY K‡i‡Qb|
Gi A‡bK bgybv Avgiv B‡Zvc~‡e© †`‡LwQ| DKvBjx, Beby wne․vb, Beby Av`x, `vivKzZbx, LZxe evM`v`x, Bebyj RvIhx,
beex I Ab¨vb¨ gynvwÏm AvKx`v I wdK‡ni A‡bK wel‡q nvbvdx gvhnv‡ei we‡ivwaZv I mgv‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb Ges nvbvdx
AvwjgMY Zuv‡ì wewfb‣ g‡Zi we‡ivwaZv I mgv‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| G we‡ivwaZv I mgv‡jvPbv ÒBjgxÓ ev Ávbe„wËK| GRb¨ Zuviv
cvi¯úwiK kª×v‡eva webó K‡ib wb Ges Ab¨vb¨ wel‡q G‡K Ac‡ii gZ MÖnY Ki‡Z wØav K‡ib wb| Avjvgv Ave~ Rvd‡ii K‡g©
Avgiv Zv †`‡LwQ| GKBfv‡e wZwb G MÖ‡‡’i A‡bK ¯’v‡b Beby ZvBwgqvi g‡Zi Dci wbf©i K‡i‡Qb; KviY G mKj wel‡q wZwb
Òwe‡klÁÓ wQ‡jb Ges cieZ©x gynvwÏmMY Zuvi g‡Zi wbf©yjZv wbwðZ K‡i‡Qb|
( ): Ò†h e¨w³ Zvi fvB‡K Ih~ Ki‡Z GK cvÎ cvwb GwM‡q w`j †m †hb
Zv‡K GKwU `ª‚ZMvgx †Nvov Dcnvi w`jÓ- nv`xmwUi wel‡q Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx e‡jb: ÒBeby ZvBwgqvn G nv`xmwU‡K
Rvj e‡j‡Qb|Ó
Z_¨m~Î wn‡m‡e wZwb Avjx Kvixi Avj-gvmb~ I gvDh~AvZ Kexi I KvIKvRxi Avj-jyjy Avj-gvim~ MÖ‡‡’i D‡jL K‡i‡Qb|
Beby ZvBwgqvn Zuvi gvRgyDj dvZvIqv MÖ‡‡’ G nv`x‡mi wel‡q G g‡„e¨ K‡i‡Qb|220
Ab¨Î ( ): Ò†h e¨w³ Zvi fvB‡K Avjvni wKZv‡ei GKwU AvqvZ wk¶v w`j †m Zvi Nv‡oi gvwjK n‡q
†MjÓ- nv`xmwUi wel‡q wZwb e‡jb: ÒBeby ZvBwgqv G nv`xmwU‡K Rvj e‡j‡Qb| hvBjyj gvDh~AvZ MÖ‡‡’I GwU‡K Rvj ejv
n‡q‡Q| jyj~, Kexi|Ó Beby ZvBwgqvn Zuvi ÒAvnv`xmyj Kzm&mvmÓ MÖ‡‡’ G nv`xmwU‡K Rvj e‡j wbwðZ K‡i‡Qb|221
Ab¨Î ( ): ÒAvwg ¸ß fvÊvi wQjvg...Ó- nv`xmwUi wel‡q wZwb e‡jb: ÒBeby ZvBwgqv e‡jb, GwU
ivm~jyj-vn -Gi K_v bq| G K_vi mnxn ev hqxd †Kv‡bviƒc †Kv‡bv mb` cvIqv hvq bv| hvivKkx I Beby nvRviI Beby
ZvBwgqvi AbymiY K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e GK_vi A_© mwVK Ges cÖKvk¨ Ges Zv mydxM‡Yi g‡a¨ cÖPwjZ|Ó
Avgiv cieZ©x Av‡jvPbvq †`Le †h, G evK¨wU‡K A‡bK m~dx eyRMy © nv`xm wn‡m‡e D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| †KD †KD G
K_vwU‡K Kvk‡di gva¨‡g mnxn e‡j `vwe K‡i‡Qb| †KD †KD Beby ZvBwgqv‡K m~dx we‡ivax e‡j `vwe K‡i G nv`x‡mi
wel‡q Zuvi AwfgZ Dwo‡q †Ìqvi †Póv K‡i‡Qb| GgbwK G nv`x‡mi wel‡q Beby ZvBwgqvi gZ‡K †KD †KD Zuvi ZvmvDd
we‡ivwaZvi cÖgvY wn‡m‡e MY¨ K‡i‡Qb| GmeB cÖMvp g~LZ © vi cÖKvk| Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx Giƒc †Kv‡bv gZ‡K cÖkªq
†`b wb| GgbwK m~dxM‡Yi g‡a¨ cÖPwjZ nIqvi Kvi‡Y ev †KD †KD Kvk‡di gva¨‡g mnxn e‡j `vwe Kivi Kvi‡Y G
K_vwU‡K ÒRvj nv`xmÓ wn‡m‡e Zuvi MÖ‡‡’ D‡jL Kiv †_‡KI wZwb weiZ _v‡Kb wb| wZwb mywdqv‡q wKiv‡gi Ihi †ck
K‡i‡Qb G e‡j †h, G K_vwUi A_© Bmjvg we‡ivax bq; Kv‡RB mvaviY K_v wn‡m‡e GwU ejv wbwl× bq| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv m~dx
GwUi A‡_©i w`‡K ZvwK‡q mb` ch©v‡jvPbv bv K‡i mijg‡b GwU‡K nv`xm wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e K_vwU ivm~jyjvn -
Gi nv`xm bq| Kv‡RB ivm~jyjvn -Gi cweÎ Avw½bv‡K RvwjqvwZ †_‡K gy³ ivLvi Rb¨ Ges Avjvni Inx‡K gvbexq K_v
†_‡K cweÎ ivLvi Rb¨ G‡K Rvj e‡j wPwýZ K‡i MÖ‡’vqb Kiv Ri‚ix, †hb Ab¨vb¨ Avwjg, Zvwje Bjg I mydx-eyRMy © G
wel‡q mZK© nb| Avi G wel‡q Beby ZvBwgqvi Dci wZwb wbf©i K‡i‡Qb| KviY Beby ZvBwgqv G wel‡q we‡klÁ| wZwb
wbwðZ K‡i‡Qb †h, †Kv‡bv cÖKvi mnxn, hqxd ev Rvj mb‡` G K_vwU ewY©Z nq wb| GwU m¤ú~Y© wfwËnxb K_v| Avi
cieZ©xKv‡j †KD Zuvi G K_vi fyj cÖgvY Ki‡Z cv‡ib wb; eis Beby nvRvi, hvivKkx cÖgyL gynvwÏm Zuvi e³‡eï wbf©yjZv
162
wbwðZ K‡i‡Qb|
Ab¨Î ( ): Ò†h wb‡R‡K wPbj †m Zvi cÖwZcvjK‡K wPbjÓ- K_vwU‡K Rvj e‡j MY¨
Kivi wfwË e¨vL¨v K‡i wZwb e‡jb: ÒBeby ZvBwgqv e‡j‡Qb †h, G nv`xmwU Rvj| mvgAvbx e‡j‡Qb †h, ivm~jyjvn -Gi
e³e¨ wn‡m‡e G nv`x‡mi †Kv‡bv Aw¯„Z¡ Rvbv hvq bv| beex e‡jb, ivm~jyjvn  †_‡K G K_v †Kv‡bvfv‡e ewY©Z nq wb|
Z‡e G K_vi GKwU MÖnY‡hvM¨ A_© n‡Z cv‡i| dvZvIqv nv`xwmq¨vn MÖ‡‡’ D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, G nv`xmwU wfwËnxb-Aw¯„
Z¡nxb| G K_vwU BqvnBqv Beby gyAvh Avi-ivhx (g„Zz¨ 258 wn/872 L„) †_‡K Zuvi wb‡Ri e³e¨ wn‡m‡e ewY©Z n‡q‡Q| Bgvg
mvLvex G‡K Avãyi ingvb Beby whqv`-Gi K_v e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| ZvhwKiv Avjx, ZvhwKiv Zvwni, hvBj, gvKvwm`|Ó
cieZ©x Av‡jvPbv †_‡K Avgiv †`Le †h, G K_vwUI A‡bK m~dx eyRMy © I Avwjg Ònv`xmÓ ev ivm~jyj-vn -Gi K_v
wn‡m‡e D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| †KD ev ÒKvkdÓ-Gi gva¨‡g Gi weï×Zv AeMZ nIqvi `vwe K‡i‡Qb| Avjvgv Avey Rvdi
wmwÏKx G ai‡Yi AÁZvRvZ Av‡eM Øviv Avµv‡„ nIqvi A‡bK E‡a․© wQ‡jb| GgbwK G mKj K_vq cÖfvweZ n‡q G
nv`xm‡K G MÖ‡‡’ D‡jL †_‡K weiZI _v‡Kb wb|
GKRb mvaviY Avwjg nqZ fve‡Z cvi‡Zb, †h‡nZz G mKj eyRMy © G K_vwU‡K nv`xm e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb, nqZev
Gi †Kv‡bv wfwË _vK‡Z cv‡i, Kv‡RB G nv`xmwU Rvj e‡j D‡jL Kivi ìKvi †bB, eis G wel‡q bxie _vKvB fvj|
Avjvgv Avey Rvdi Zv K‡ib wb| KviY wZwb Rvb‡Zb, †h nv`x‡mi †Kv‡bv mb`B †bB ev †Kv‡bv nv`xmMÖ‡‡’B Zv msKwjZ
nq wb, Zv‡K †Kv‡bv fv‡e ivm~jyjvn -Gi bv‡g D‡jL Kivi A_© ivm~jyjvn -Gi bv‡g RvwjqvwZi c_ Db¥y³ Kiv Ges
nv`xm bv‡g hv ejv nq Zv hvPvB Kivi wel‡q ivm~jjy v n -Gi wb‡`©k I mvnvex-ZvweqxM‡Yi Kg©aviv j“Nb Kiv|
mKj gynvwÏm, dKxn, Bgvg, m~dx eyRyM© I Avnjym myb‣vZ Iqvj RvgvAv‡Zi AvKx`v we‡klÁMY GKgZ †h, ÒKvkdÓ,
ÒBjnvgÓ, ÒBjKvÓ BZ¨vwì †Kv‡bv nv`xm, AvKx`v, wdKnx gvmAvjv ev Awfg‡Zi weï×Zv Rvbvi c_ bq| Kvkd, Bjnvg
BZ¨vw` e¨w³MZ Abyf~wZ I Avj-vni c¶ †_‡K m¤§vbbv ev KvivgZ gvÎ, `x‡bi †Kv‡bv gvb`Ê bq| mvnvex-ZvweqxMY I cieZ©x
mKj Bgvg I eyRyM© nv`x‡mi weï×Zv m¤ú‡K© m‡•`n n‡j mv¶x `vwe Ki‡Zb, kc_ Kiv‡Zb ev nv`xm MÖnY Ki‡Z A¯^xKvi
Ki‡Zb, wK‡‘ KL‡bvB Kvkd-Bjnv‡gi Dci wbf©i K‡ib wb| GRb¨ cÖK…Z m~dxMY evisevi D‡jL K‡i‡Qb †h, mnxn myb‣vZB
Kvk‡di weï×Zvi gvb`Ê, Kvkd KL‡bvB myb‣v‡Zi weï×Zvi gvcKvwV bq|222
Avi G g~jbxwZi wfwË‡ZB Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKxi gZ GKRb mycÖwm× m~dx I cxi m~wdqv‡q wKiv‡gi cÖwZ cÖMvp
kª×v-mn Zuv‡ì A‡b‡Ki wbKU nv`xm wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ G evK¨‡K ÒRvj nv`xmÓ wn‡m‡e G MÖ‡‡’ msKjb K‡i‡Qb| Dci‡‘
Beby ZvBwgqv I cieZ©x cÖwm× gynvwÏ‡mi AwfgZ D‡jL K‡i welqwU Av‡iv wbwðZ K‡i‡Qb|
Ab¨Î ( ): Ògywg‡bi A‡„i Avjvni M„nÓ- nv`xmwUi wel‡q wZwb e‡jb: Òivm~jyj-vn -Gi evYx
wn‡m‡e G nv`x‡mi †Kv‡bv Aw¯„Z¡ ev wfwË †bB| hvivKkx G‡K Aw¯„Z¡nxb-wfwËnxb e‡j‡Qb| Beby ZvBwgqv G‡K Rvj
e‡j‡Qb| hvBj MÖ‡‡’I GiƒcB ejv n‡q‡Q| †gvjv Avjx Kvix e‡jb, mvaviY K_v wn‡m‡e Gi A_© mwVK|Ó
G nv`xmwU‡K Rvj e‡j wPwýZ Kivi †¶‡ÎI Beby ZvBwgqv (728 wn) cw_K…r wQ‡jb| hvivKkx (794 wn), myq~Zx
(911 wn), †gvjv Avjx Kvix (1014 wn) cÖgyL Avwjg G wel‡q Beby ZvBwgqvi AbymiY K‡i‡Qb| Avjvgv Avey Rvdi Zuv‡ì
g‡Zi Dci wbf©i K‡i‡Qb|
( ): ÒAvgvi AvKvk I Avgvi hgxb Avgv‡K aviY
Kivi gZ cÖk¯„Zv cvq wb; wK‡‘ Avgvi gywgb ev•`vi A‡„i Avgv‡K avi‡Yi cÖk¯„Zv †c‡q‡Q...Ó-nv`xmwUi wel‡q Avjvgv Avey
Rvdi e‡jb: ÒBivKx e‡jb, Avwg G nv`x‡mi †Kv‡bv Aw¯„Z¡ ev wfwË †Kv_vI †`wL wb| Beby ZvBwgqv e‡jb: G K_vwU
Bn~`x‡ì g‡a¨ cÖPwjZ BmivCjx eY©bvi g‡a¨ cvIqv hvq; ivm~jyjvn  †_‡K Gi †Kv‡bviƒc †Kv‡bv mb` cwiÁvZ bq|
(Bgvg myq~Zxi) hvBjyj jvAvjx MÖ‡‡’I Dc‡ii G K_v¸wj D‡jL K‡i Zv mg_©b Kiv n‡q‡Q| G K_vi A_© Giƒc n‡e †h,
Avgvi cÖwZ Cgvb I Avgvi gne․‡Zi Kvi‡Y gywg‡bi ü`q cÖk¯„Zv jvf K‡i‡Q (Avgvi gywgb ev•`vi ü`q Avgvi cÖwZ Cgvb
I Avgvi gne․Z aviY Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q)| Giƒc A_© bv Ki‡j G K_v Kzdix K_vq cwiYZ n‡e; KviY G †_‡K gvby‡li g‡a¨
Avjvni AeZiY ev AeZviev` eySv hv‡e| hvivKkx e‡j, ag©‡`ªvnx gyjwnìv G K_vwU evwb‡q‡Q...|Ó
G nv`x‡mi wfwËnxbZv cÖgvwYZ Kivi †¶‡ÎI Beby ZvBwgqvB cw_K…r| hvivKkx, BivKx, myq~Zx I Ab¨vb¨ gynvwÏm
ZuviB c`v¼ AbymiY K‡i‡Qb Ges Zuvi Awfg‡Zi mZ¨Zv wbwðZ K‡i‡Qb| e¯‘Z K_vwU GKwU Bn~`x eY©bv wn‡m‡e Z…Zxq-
PZz_© kZ‡KB msKwjZ n‡q‡Q| Z‡e cieZ©x Kv‡j †KD †KD GwU‡K Ònv`xmÓ wn‡m‡e D‡jL K‡ib| 7g-8g wnRix kZ‡K
G K_vwU Ònv`xmÓ wn‡m‡e e¨vcK cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i| Beby ZvBwgqv‡K G nv`xmwUi wel‡q cÖk‣ Kiv n‡j wZwb e‡jb:

163
ÒG K_vwU Bmªv‡qjxq eY©bv ev Bn~`x‡ì g‡a¨ cÖPwjZ K_vq cvIqv hvq| ivm~jyj-vn  †_‡K Gi †Kv‡bv
mb` Rvbv hvq bv| Gi A_© Avgvi ev•`vi A‡„i Avgvi cÖwZ Cgvb, Avgvi gne․Z I Avgvi gvÕwidv‡Zi Rb¨ cÖk¯„ n‡q‡Q
(Avgvi Cgvb, gne․Z I gvÕwidvZ aviY K‡i‡Q); GQvov hw` †KD e‡j †h, Avjvni cweÎ mË¡v gvbyl‡ì A‡„‡i AeZiY
K‡ib Zvn‡j †m e¨w³ L„÷vb‡ì †P‡qI eo Kvwdi n‡e; KviY L„÷vbiv GKgvÎ Cmv gvmx‡ni †¶‡Î Giƒc `vex K‡i
_v‡K|Ó223
Avgiv †`LwQ †h, Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx G nv`xmwUi wfwËnxbZv eY©bv I Gi A_© we‡kl‡Yi †¶‡Î g~jZ Beby
ZvBwgqvi g‡Zi Dci wbf©i K‡i‡Qb| Gfv‡e G MÖ‡‡’i A‡bK ¯’v‡b wZwb Rvj nv`xm wPwýZ Ki‡Z Beby ZvBwgqvi
Awfg‡Zi Dci wbf©i K‡i‡Qb|
3. 2. 10. Bgvg hvnvex (673-748wn/ 1275-1347L„)
Beby ZvBwgqvi mycÖwm× QvÎ Bgvg kvgmyÏxb Ave~ Avãyjv- n gynv¤§v` Beby Avng` Avh-hvnvex wnRix 8g kZ‡Ki
Ab¨Zg †kªô gynvwÏm, gydvm&wmi, HwZnvwmK I nv¤^vjx dKxn wQ‡jb| we‡klZ nv`xm eY©bvKvix‡ì Rxebx, cwiPq I
MÖnY‡hvM¨Zvi gvb wbY©q welqK wiRvj I Rvin-ZvÕ`xj wel‡q wZwb AZ¨‡„ cÖwmw× jvf K‡ib Ges G mKj wel‡q Zuvi †jLv
MÖ‡’¸wj cieZ©x Avwjg‡ì Rb¨ Ab¨Zg Z_¨MÖ‡‡’ cwiYZ nq| G wel‡q Bgvg mvLvex (902 wn) e‡jb: ÒcieZ©x hyM¸wji
gynvwÏmMY g~jZ 4 e¨w³i MÖ‡’vewji Dci wbf©ikxj: wgh&hx (742 wn), hvnvex (748 wn), BivKx (806) I Beby nvRvi
(852 wn)|
Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx Zuvi G MÖ‡‡’ Bgvg hvnvexi Dci e¨cKfv‡e wbf©i K‡i‡Qb| Dci‡‘ Bgvg hvnvexi
Ògxhvbyj BÕwZ`vjÓ MÖ‡’‡K wZwb Zuvi MÖ‡‡’i g~j Z_¨m~Î¸wji Ab¨Zg e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb|
( ): Ò†h e¨w³ iRe gv‡m GKw`b wmqvg cvjb Ki‡e Avjvn Zvi
Rb¨ GK nvRvi erm‡ii wmqvg wjwce× Ki‡ebÓ- nv`xmwUi wel‡q Avjvgv Avey Rvdi e‡jb: ÒG nv`x‡mi mb‡` Avjx Beby
Bqvwh` Avm-my`vC bvgK GK RvwjqvZ ivex we`¨gvb †h G nv`xmwU eY©bv K‡i‡Q| gxhvbyj BÕwZ`vj MÖ‡‡’i †jLK (Bgvg
hvnvex) e‡jb, G nv`xmwU G e¨w³i mb‡` Beby mv¤§vK msKjb K‡i‡Qb| Avwg Rvwb bv G nv`xmwUi RvwjqvZ †K? Avjx
Beby Bqwh` bvgK G e¨w³ bv mb‡ì Ab¨ †KD| gxhvb...|Ó
( ): ÒRvb‣vZevmxMY Rvb‣v‡ZI AvwjgM‡Yi gyLv‡c¶x n‡ebÓ-
nv`xmwU‡K Rvj e‡j MY¨ Kivi wfwË wn‡m‡e wZwb e‡jb: Ògxhvbyj BÕwZ`vj MÖ‡‡’ (Bgvg hvnvex cÖYxZ) G nv`xmwU‡K Rvj
e‡j D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q...|Ó
Gfv‡e Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx G MÖ‡‡’i me©ÎB wewfb‣fv‡e Bgvg hvnvexi Awfg‡Zi Dci wbf©i K‡i‡Qb| KL‡bv
Zuvi Ògxhvbyj BwZ`vjÓ †_‡K, KL‡bv Beby nvRv‡ii Òwjmvbyj gxhvbÓ MÖ‡’ †_‡K Ges KL‡bv Ab¨vb¨ MÖ‡’ †_‡K Bgvg
hvnvexi AwfgZ D×„Z K‡i‡Qb| A‡bK mgq gZ‡f‡ì †¶‡Î Bgvg hvnvexi gZ‡KB wZwb MÖnY K‡i‡Qb|
3. 2 11. Bgvg Bebyj KvBwqg (691-751wn/ 1292-1350L„)
Beby ZvBwgqvi NwbôZg QvÎ I mnPi Avj-vgv gynv¤§v` Beby Avex evKi Beby KvBwqwgj RvIwhq¨vn 8g wnRix
kZ‡Ki Ab¨Zg †kªô gynvwÏm I nv¤^vjx dKxn wQ‡jb| nv`xm, Zvdmxi, wdKn, BwZnvm, mxivZ, ZvmvDd, AvKx`v BZ¨vw`
wel‡q wZwb A‡bK g~jëvb MÖ‡’ iPbv K‡ib| Rvj nv`xm wel‡q ÒAvj-gvbvi Avj-gybxdÓ bvgK Zuvi MÖ‡’wU cieZ©x hy‡Mi
gynvwÏmM‡Yi Ab¨Zg Z_¨m~‡Î cwiYZ nq|
Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx Zuvi G MÖ‡‡’ A‡bK ¯’v‡b Bebyj KvBwq‡gi Awfg‡Zi Dci wbf©i K‡i‡Qb| †hgb, (
): Òivm~jjy v- n  GKwU m½x‡Zi gvRwj‡m Dcw¯’Z nb Ges m½x‡Zi Zv‡j bZ©b
K‡ib, GgbwK fvev‡e‡M wb‡Ri Rvgv wQ‡o †d‡jb...Ó- nv`xmwUi wel‡q wZwb e‡jb: ÒG nv`xmwU wejKzj wg_¨v, hv Bebyj
KvBwqg D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| wZwb e‡j‡Qb, †h e¨w³ G nv`xmwU evwb‡q‡Q Zv‡K Avjvn Awfkß Ki‚b...|Ó224
Ab¨Î ( ): ÒQqwU Kg© we¯§„wZ Rb¥ †`q..Ó -nv`xmwUi wel‡q wZwb e‡jb: ÒGwU nv`xm bq|
Beby KvBwqg Avj-RvIwhq¨vn e‡jb, G nv`xmwU evwZj|...Ó225
Bebyj KvBwq‡gi Rvj nv`xm welqK MÖ‡’ ÒAvj-gvbvi Avj-gybxdÓ QvovI Ab¨vb¨ MÖ‡‡’i Dci wbf©i K‡i‡Qb Avjvgv
Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx| G¸wji g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q ZvmvDd I myj~K welqK MÖ‡’ Ògv`vwiRym mvwjKxbÓ| 5g wnRix kZ‡Ki cÖwm×
dKxn I m~dx Avãyjv- n Beby gynv¤§v` Avj-Avbmvix Avj-nvivex (481wn) wjwLZ Ògvbvwhjym mvwqixbÓ bvgK ZvmvDd welqK
MÖ‡‡’i e¨vL¨v wj‡Lb Bebyj KvBwqg Ògv`vwiRym mvwjKxbÓ bv‡g| Avjvgv Avey Rvdi G MÖ‡’ †_‡K Bebyj KvBwq‡gi gZ
164
D×„Z K‡i‡Qb| ( ): Ò†kªô Bev`Z ZvB hv‡Z Kó me‡P‡q †ewk...Ó nv`xmwUi wel‡q wZwb
e‡jb: ÒhvivKkx e‡jb, G nv`x‡mi mb` Avgvi Rvbv †bB| myq~Zx G wel‡q bxieZv Aej¤^b K‡i‡Qb| Bebyj KvBwqg kviû
gvbvwhwjm mvwqixb226 MÖ‡‡’ G nv`xmwU‡K wfwËnxb e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| †gvjv Avjx Kvix e‡jb, K_vwU nv`xm bv n‡jI, Gi
A_© nv`xm m¤§Z ...|Ó
Gfv‡e wewfb‣ ¯’v‡b Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx Rvj nv`xm wPwýZ Ki‡Z Bgvg Bebyj KvBwq‡gi Dci wbf©i
K‡i‡Qb|
3. 2. 12. Bgvg hvivKkx (745-794 wn/ 1344-1392L„)
Bgvg Ave~ Avãyjv- n eì DÏxb gynv¤§v` Beby evnv`yi hvivKkx 8g kZ‡Ki Ab¨Zg cÖwm× gynvwÏm I kvwdqx dKxn
wQ‡jb| nv`xm, wdKn, Dm~jyj wdKn BZ¨vw` wel‡q wZwb A‡bK MÖ‡’ iPbv K‡ib| we‡klZ mgv‡R cÖPwjZ AmsL¨ nv`x‡mi
g‡a¨ †Kvb&wU mnxn, †Kvb&wU hqxd Ges †Kvb&wU Rvj †m wel‡q wZwb ÒAvZ-ZvhwKiv wdj Avnv`xm Avj-gykZvwnivÓ bv‡g
GKwU MÖ‡’ iPbv K‡ib| MÖ‡w’ U cieZ©x Kv‡j Rvj nv`xm welqK M‡elYvi GKwU †g․wjK Z_¨m~‡Î cwiYZ nq| Avjvgv Avey
Rvdi wmwÏKxI Bgvg hvivKkxi Ab¨vb¨ MÖ‡’ Ges we‡klZ G MÖ‡’wUi Dci wbf©i K‡i‡Qb| †hgb ( ):
ÒÁvbx‡ì Kvwj knx`‡ì i³ †_‡K AwaK gh©v`vgq...Ó K_vwUi wel‡q wZwb e‡jb: ÒhvivKkx D‡jL K‡i‡Qb †h, LZxe
evM`v`x G nv`xmwU‡K Rvj e‡j wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb| wZwb e‡jb, GwU nvmvb emixi K_v|...Ó
Ab¨Î ( ): ÒcvK¯’jx †ivMe¨wai Avevm¯’j Ges Lv`¨vf¨vm wbq‡¿Y †kªô JlyaÓ- K_vwUi wel‡q
wZwb e‡jb: hvivKkx e‡jb, GwU †Kv‡bv nv`xm bq, †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv wPwKrm‡Ki K_v| nv`xm wn‡m‡e Gi †Kv‡bv Aw¯„Z¡ ev
wfwË †bB ....|Ó Gfv‡e wewfb‣ ¯’v‡b Avjvgv Avey Rvdi Bgvg hvivKkxi Dci wbf©i K‡i‡Qb|
3. 2. 13. Bgvg BivKx (725-806 wn/ 1325-1404 L„)
Bgvg Aveyj dv`j hvBbyÏxb Avãyi inxg Bebyj ûmvBb Avj-BivKx 8g-9g wnRix kZ‡Ki Ab¨Zg †kªô gynvwÏm I
kvwdqx dKxn wQ‡jb| wdKn I nv`xm wel‡q wZwb A‡bK MÖ‡’ iPbv K‡ib| †m¸wji g‡a¨ Djygyj nv`xm wel‡q Zuvi
ÒAvjwdqvnÓ ev nvRvi csw³i Q‡•`ve× MÖ‡’ Ges ÒdvZûj gyMxmÓ bv‡g GwUi GKwU e¨vL¨v MÖ‡’ cieZ©x mKj hy‡Mi Zvwje
Bjg I gynvwÏmM‡Yi Aek¨cv‡V¨ cwiYZ nq| GQvov wZwb cÖwm× wewfb‣ MÖ‡‡’i nv`xm¸wji ZvLixR ev Z_¨m~Î wb‡`©kbvq MÖ‡’
iPbv K‡ib| cÖwm× gydvm&wmi Avjvgv Kvhx evBhvexi ÒAvj-wgbnvR Avj-IqvRxhÓ bvgK Dm~jyj wdKn welqK MÖ‡‡’ D‡jwLZ
nv`xm¸wji m~Î wb‡`©kbvq wZwb ÒZvLixR Avnv`xwmj wgbnvRÓ bvgK MÖ‡’ iPbv K‡ib| Bgvg Mvhvjxi GnBqvD Dj~wgÏxb MÖ‡‡’
D×„Z nv`xm¸wji ÒZvLixRÓ ev m~Î eY©bvi Rb¨ wZwb wZbwU c„_K MÖ‡’ iPbv K‡ib| G mKj MÖ‡’ cieZ©x hy‡M cÖPwjZ nv`xm
I Rvj nv`xm wel‡q †g․wjK Z_¨MÖ‡‡’ cwiYZ nq|
Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx G MÖ‡‡’i wewfb‣ ¯’v‡b Zuvi Awfg‡Zi Dci wbf©i K‡i‡Qb| B‡Zvc~‡e© Ab¨vb¨ gynvwÏ‡mi
Av‡jvPbv cÖm‡½ Avgiv Zuvi D‡jL †`‡LwQ| Ab¨Î ( ): Ò†n Avjvn, Avcwb kvmK I kvwmZ‡K
ms‡kvwaZ Ki‚b...Ó nv`xmwU cÖm‡½ wZwb e‡jb: ÒBivKx e‡j‡Qb †h, G nv`xmwU wfwËnxb...|Ó
g~jZ Bgvg Mvhvjx nv`xmwU Zuvi GnBqvD Dj~wgÏxb MÖ‡‡’ D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| wZwb e‡jb:
Ò`yAvi g‡a¨ ewY©Z n‡q‡Q Ò‡n Avjvn, Avcwb kvmK I kvwmZ-‡ì‡K ms‡kvab Ki‚bÓ, kvmK ej‡Z wZwb Kvje‡K
eywS‡q‡Qb|Ó
Bgvg BivKx G nv`xm cÖm‡½ e‡jb: ( ): ÒGi †Kv‡bv Aw¯„Z¡ ev wfwË Avwg cvB wb|Ó227 Avj-vgv
Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx GLv‡b G nv`xmwU‡K Rvj e‡j wPwýZ Kivi †¶‡Î nvwdh BivKxi G e³e¨‡K wfwË wn‡m‡e MÖnY
K‡i‡Qb| Avjvgv Zvwni dvZvbx, †gvjv Avjx Kvix I cieZ©x Ab¨vb¨ gynvwÏmI GKB K_v e‡j‡Qb|
Ab¨Î ( ): ÒGKR‡bi wel‡q Avgvi weavb mK‡ji Dc‡i Avgvi weav‡bi gZBÓ- nv`xmwUi wel‡q
wZwb e‡jb: ÒBivKx e‡jb, G nv`x‡mi †Kv‡bv Aw¯„Z¡ ev wfwË †bB| gyhbx Ges hvnvex nv`xmwU‡K gybKvi e‡j‡Qb| hviKvkx
e‡j‡Qb, G nv`xm AcwiÁvZ|Ó
G nv`xmwU Zvdmxi evBhvexi †jLK Avjvgv Kvhx bvwmi‚Ïxb evBhvex (691 wn) ÒAvj-wgbnvRÓ bvgK Dm~jyj
wdK‡ni MÖ‡‡’ nv`xm e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| evBhvexi c~‡e© Beby nvh&g hvwnix (456 wn) ÔAvj-BnKvgÕ MÖ‡‡’, Mvhvjx (505 wn)
ÔAvj-gymZvmdvÕ MÖ‡‡’ Avwg`x (631 wn) ÔBnKvgÕ MÖ‡‡’ Ges Av‡iv A‡bK dKxn I Dm~jwe` Bgvg evBhvexi c~‡e© I c‡i G
K_vwU‡K nv`xm wn‡m‡e D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e †h mKj dKxn I gynvwÏm nv`xmwU mb` m¤ú‡K© M‡elYv K‡i‡Qb Zuviv
GKgZ †h, GwU GKwU wfwËnxb K_v hvi †Kv‡bviƒc †Kv‡bv mnxn, hqxd ev Rvj mbÌ †Kv_vI cvIqv hvq bv| Bgvg BivKx
165
G mKj M‡elK gynvwÏm I dKx‡ni cy‡ivav wQ‡jb| wZwb ÒZvLixR Avnv`xwmj wgbnvRÓ ev ÒwgbnvR MÖ‡‡’
D‡jwLZ nv`xm¸wji m~Î eY©bvÓ MÖ‡‡’ G nv`xmwU‡K wfwËnxb I Aw¯„Z¡nxb e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| Avj-vgv Avey Rvdi G
nv`xmwU‡K Rvj e‡j MY¨ Kivi †¶‡Î BivKx I Ab¨vb¨ gynvwÏ‡mi e³e¨‡K `jxj wn‡m‡e †ck K‡i‡Qb| Gfv‡e wewfb‣
¯’v‡b Avjvgv Avey Rvdi Bgvg BivKxi Awfg‡Zi Dci wbf©i K‡i‡Qb|
3. 2. 14. Bgvg AvmKvjvbx (773-852wn/ 1372-1448L„)
Avj-vgv BivKxi wewkó QvÎ beg wnRix kZ‡Ki Ab¨Zg †kªô gynvwÏm I dKxn wknveyÏxb Aveyj dv`j Avng` Beby
Avjx Beby nvRvi AvmKvjvbx| wZwb GKw`‡K kvwdqx gvhnv‡ei dKxn wQ‡jb| Aciw`‡K wZwb wQ‡jb hyM‡kªô gynvwÏm,
Djygyj nv`xm I wiRvj we‡klÁ| nv`x‡mi gZb msKjb, nv`x‡mi e¨vL¨v, ivexM‡Yi Rxebx I gvb eY©bv BZ¨vw` wel‡q Zuvi
†jLv MÖ‡’¸wj weMZ cÖvq Qq kZ ermi hveZ we‡k¦i mKj †`‡ki mKj gynvwÏm I nv`xm wk¶v_©xi †g․wjK cvV¨ I Z_¨MÖ‡’|
Bgvg Mvhvjxi (505wn)-i †jLv ÒAvj-IqvRxhÓ MÖ‡’wU kvwdqx gvhnv‡ei msw¶ß wdKnx MÖ‡’¸wji Ab¨Zg| Gi
e¨vL¨v wj‡Lb Avjvgv Avãyj Kvixg Beby gynv¤§v` Avi-ivwdqx (623 wn)| Zuvi e¨vL¨v MÖ‡’wU ÒAvk-kviûj KvexiÓ bv‡g
cÖwm× I kvwdqx gvnv‡ei cÖwm×Zg wdKnx MÖ‡’¸wji Ab¨Zg e‡j we‡ewPZ| G MÖ‡‡’i g‡a¨ Avjvgv ivwdqx A‡bK nv`xm
D‡jL K‡i‡Qb †h¸wji mb` ev Ae¯’v wZwb e‡jb wb| Beby nvRvi AvmKvjvbx G MÖ‡‡’i nv`xm¸wji ZvLixR ev Z_¨
wb‡`©kbvq ÒZvjLxmyj nvexiÓ bv‡g GKwU MÖ‡’ iPbv K‡ib| Abyiƒcfv‡e wZwb cÖL¨vZ nvbvdx dKxn Avj-vgv eyinvbyÏxb
gviMxbvbx (593 wn)-i †jLv Ò†n`vqvÓ MÖ‡‡’i nv`xm¸wji ZvLix‡R ÒAv`-wìvqvÓ bvgK MÖ‡’ iPbv K‡ib| ivRve gv‡mi
dhxj‡Z ewY©Z nv`xm¸wji Ae¯’v ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i wZwb ÒZveqxbyj AvRve dxgv Iqviv`v dx dv`wj ivRveÓ ev (ivRv‡ei
dhxj‡Z ewY©Z nv`xm¸wji wel‡q we¯§q cÖKvk) bv‡g GKwU MÖ‡’ iPbv K‡ib| `ye©j I RvwjqvZ ivwe‡ì wel‡q Bgvh
hvnvexi Ògxhvbyj BÕwZ`vjÓ MÖ‡‡’i wfwË‡Z wZwb Òwjmvbyj gxhvbÓ bvgK MÖ‡’ iPbv K‡ib|
G mKj MÖ‡‡’ Ges Zuvi †jLv Ab¨vb¨ MÖ‡‡’ wZwb cÖPwjZ A‡bK Rvj nv`xm wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb| Avjvgv Avey Rvdi Bgvg
AvmKvjvbxi G welqK Awfg‡Zi Dci G MÖ‡‡’ e¨vcKfv‡e wbf©i K‡i‡Qb| we‡klZ Zuvi Òwjmvbyj gxhvbÓ MÖ‡‡’ K wZwb Zuvi
g~j Z_¨m~Î I MÖ‡’cÄxi Ab¨Zg e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| GLv‡b mvgvb¨ `y-GKwU bgybv †ck KiwQ|
( ): ÒAvnviKvixi Dc‡i †Kv‡bv mvjvg †bBÓ-nv`xmwUi wel‡q wZwb e‡jb: ÒGiƒc †Kv‡bv K_v
nv`xm wn‡m‡e ewY©Z nq wb| Z‡e mvaviY K_v wnmv‡e Gi A_© mwVK| AvmKvjvbx e‡jb, Gi †Kv‡bv Aw¯„Z¡ ev wfwË †bB
Ges mvaviYfv‡e Gi A_©I mwVK bq|Ó
Ab¨Î ( ): ÒmKj gv‡mi g‡a¨ iRe gv‡mi gh©`v mKj K_vi Dc‡i KziAv‡bi
gh©v`vi gZ...Ó-nv`xmwUi wel‡q wZwb e‡jb: ÒBeby nvRvi G nv`xm Rvj e‡j‡Qb...|Ó
( ): Ò†h e¨w³ iRe gv‡mi 27 Zvwi‡Li iv‡Z 12 ivKAvZ mvjvZ Av`vq
Ki‡e....Ó- nv`xmwUi wel‡q wZwb e‡jb: Ònvwdh Beby nvRvi G nv`xmwU Zuvi ÒZveqxbyj AvRveÓ bvgK MÖ‡‡’ mb`-mn Beby
Ave․vm (iv) †_‡K Zuvi e³e¨ wn‡m‡e msKjb K‡i‡Qb| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv cvÊywjwc‡Z ivm~jyjvn -Gi K_v wn‡m‡e D×„Z Kiv
n‡q‡Q| me©ve¯’vq wZwb G nv`xmwU‡K Rvj e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb|Ó
Dc‡ii `ywU nv`x‡mi wel‡qB Bgvg Beby nvRvi g‡„e¨ K‡i‡Qb Zuvi ÒZveqxbyj AvRveÓ MÖ‡‡’|228 G MÖ‡‡’ wZwb e‡jb:
ÒiRe gv‡mi dhxj‡Z, Ggv‡m ev Ggv‡mi †Kv‡bv wba©vwiZ w`‡b wmqv‡gi dhxj‡Z ev G gv‡mi †Kv‡bv iv‡Z mvjvZ
Av`v‡qi dhxj‡Z wbf©i‡hvM¨ ev cÖvgvY¨ GKwUI mnxn nv`xm ewY©Z nq wb| Avgvi c~‡e©I (cÖwm× dKxn I m~dx) Bgvg Ave~
BmgvCj (Avãyj-vn Beby gynv¤§v` Avj-Avbmvix) Avj-nvivex (481 wn) welqwU Gfv‡e wbðqZvi mv‡_ D‡jL K‡i‡Qb|
Avgiv mnxn mb‡` Zuvi G welqK gZ eY©bv K‡iwQ| GQvov Ab¨vb¨ Avwj‡gi Abyiƒc AwfgZI Avgiv mnxn mb‡` D×„Z
K‡iwQ| wK‡‘ Avwjg‡ì g‡a¨ cÖwm× n‡q wM‡q‡Q †h, Zuviv dhxjZ welqK nv`x‡m `ye©jZv _vK‡jI Zv eY©bv K‡ib, kZ©
166
n‡jv †h Zv Rvj n‡e bv| GLv‡b Av‡iv kZ© Kiv Avek¨K †h, Giƒc hqxd ev `ye©j nv`x‡mi Dci Avgj Kivi
†¶‡Î AvgjKvix my`„pfv‡e wek¦vm Ki‡eb †h, GwU `ye©j nv`xm| Dci‡‘ wZwb Giƒc `ye©j nv`x‡mi Dci Avgj Kivi welqwU
KvD‡K Rvbv‡eb bv ev cÖPvi Ki‡eb bv| †hb gvbyl hqxd nv`x‡mi Dci Avgj bv K‡i Ges hv kixqZ bq Zv‡K †hb
kixq‡Zi A‡„f©y³ bv K‡i| A_ev AÁ gvby‡liv Zv‡K Avgj Ki‡Z †`L‡j Giƒc Avgj‡K mnxn mybv‣ Z e‡j aviYv Ki‡e|
hqxd nv`x‡mi Dci Avgj Kivi †¶‡Î Giƒc kZ©v‡iv‡ci Avek¨KZv m¤ú‡K© D¯„v` Ave~ gynv¤§v` Bh&hyÏxb Beby Avãym
mvjvg (660 wn) Ges Ab¨vb¨ Avwjg my¯úófv‡e e³e¨ †ck K‡i‡Qb| ivm~jyjvn  e‡j‡Qb: Òhw` †KD Avgvi †_‡K
†Kv‡bv nv`xm eY©bv K‡i †h nv`x‡mi wel‡q Zvi g‡b n‡e †h, nv`xmwU nqZ wg_¨v n‡Z cv‡i, Z‡e †mI GKRb wg_¨vev`x|Ó
G nv`x‡mi AvIZvq †hb bv c‡o hvq †mRb¨ mveavb I mZK© nIqv gywg‡bi Avek¨K| hw` Giƒc nv`xm eY©bv Kivi Aciva
GZ KwVb nq Zvn‡j Giƒc nv`x‡mi Dci Avgj Kivi Aciva KZ eo n‡Z cv‡i? nvjvj-nvivg BZ¨vw` AvnKv‡gi †¶‡Î
Avgj Kiv Avi dhxj‡Zi †¶‡Î Avgj Kivi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bvB cv_©K¨ †bB, KviY meB kixqZ|Ó229
3. 2. 15. Bgvg mvLvex (831-902wn/ 1427-1497L„)
Beby nvRv‡ii cÖwm× QvÎ Bgvg gynv¤§v` Beby Avãyi ivngvb mvLvex 9g wnRix kZ‡Ki Ab¨Zg cÖwm× gynvwÏm,
HwZnvwmK I kvwdqx dKxn| Bmjvgx Áv‡bi wewfb‣ kvLvq wZwb cÖvq 200 MÖ‡’ iPbv K‡ib| mgv‡R cÖPwjZ nv`xm¸wji m~Î I
mb` ch©v‡jvPbvq wZwb ÔAvj-gvKvwm` Avj-nvmvbvÕ bvgK GKwU MÖ‡’ iPbv K‡ib| MÖ‡’wU AZ¨‡„ M‡elYvg~jK I cieZ©x mKj
gynvwÏm cÖPwjZ Rvj nv`xm wel‡q G MÖ‡’wUi Dci wbf©i K‡ib| Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx Zuvi G MÖ‡‡’ Bgvg mvLvexi
gvKvwm` MÖ‡’wU‡K g~j Z_¨m~‡Îi Ab¨Zg e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb Ges mvgwMÖKfv‡e mvLvexi Awfg‡Zi Dci e¨vcKfv‡e wbf©i
K‡i‡Qb|
†hgb ( ): Ò gvbyl Zv‡ì kvm‡Ki `xb AbymiY K‡i...Ó- nv`xmwUi wel‡q wZwb
e‡jb: ÒmvLvex e‡jb, G nv`x‡mi †Kv‡bv mb` Rvbv †bB...|Ó
Ab¨Î ( ): Ò†h e¨w³ †Kv‡bv GKRb Avwj‡gi Kv‡Q emj †m †hb GKRb bexi
Kv‡Q emjÓ- K_vwUi wel‡q wZwb e‡jb: ÒmvLvex e‡jb, ivm~jjy v n -Gi nv`xm wn‡m‡e Gi †Kv‡bv Aw¯„Z¡ Av‡Q e‡j Avgvi
Rvbv †bB..|Ó
Gfv‡e Avj-gvKvwm` Avj-nvmvbv MÖ‡’ Ges Bgvg mvLvexi wm×v‡‡„i Dci e¨vcKfv‡e wbf©i K‡i‡Qb Avjvgv Avey
Rvdi wmwÏKx|
3. 2. 16. Bgvg myq~Zx (849-911 wn/ 1445-1505 L„)
Bgvg RvjvjyÏxb Avãyi ivngvb Beby Avex evKi Avm-myq~Zx 9g-10g wnRix kZ‡Ki cÖwm×Zg Avwjg| Bmjvgx
Áv‡bi cÖvq mKj kvLvq wZwb cÖvq 600 MÖ‡’ iPbv K‡ib| cÖwm× wewfb‣ MÖ‡‡’i nv`xm¸wji ÒZvLixRÓ ev m~Î eY©bv K‡i wZwb
wKQz MÖ‡’ iPbv K‡ib| G¸wj‡Z wZwb A‡bK Rvj nv`xm wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb| GQvov Rvj nv`xm wel‡q wZwb K‡qKwU MÖ‡’ iPbv
K‡ib| ÒAvj-jvAvjx Avj-gvmb~AvÓ, ÒAvb-byKvZzj ev`xAvZÓ I ÒZvAv°zevZÓ wZbwU MÖ‡‡’ wZwb Bebyj RvIhxi ÒAvj-
gvDh~AvZÓ MÖ‡‡’i Rvj nv`xm¸wji ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| GQvov ÒAv`-`yivi‚j gybZvwmivÓ I ÒhvBjyj gvDh~AvZÓ bvgK Ab¨
MÖ‡‡’ wZwb mgv‡R cÖPwjZ Av‡iv A‡bK Rvj nv`xm D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx myq~Zxi ÒAvj-jvAvjxÓ,
ÒAv`-`yiviÓ I ÒhvBjÓ MÖ‡’¸wj‡K Zuvi MÖ‡‡’i g~j Z_¨m~‡Îi g‡a¨ D‡jL K‡i‡Qb Ges Zuvi Awfg‡Zi Dci wewfb‣fv‡e
wbf©i K‡i‡Qb| GLv‡b `y-GKwU bgybv D‡jL KiwQ|
( ): ÒAvwjg ev Zvwje Bjg hLb †Kv‡bv MÖvg-gnjv w`‡q Mgb K‡ib ZLb Avjvn
Z_vKvi †Mvi¯’v‡bi Avhve 40 w`‡bi Rb¨ Zz‡j †bbÓ- K_vwUi wel‡q wZwb e‡jb: Ònvwdh RvjvjyÏxb myq~Zx e‡jb, D‡jwLZ
nv`xmwU Aw¯„Z¡nxb-wfwËnxb|Ó
( ): Ò†h e¨w³ AvwjgM‡Yi mv‡_ mv¶vZ Kij †m †hb Avgvi mv‡_B mv¶vZ Kij..Ó-
nv`xm cÖm‡½ wZwb e‡jb: ÒG nv`x‡mi mb‡` nvdm bvgK Gi e¨w³ i‡q‡Q, †h GKRb gnv-wg_ëv`x wQj| hvBjyj jvAvjx MÖ‡‡’
welqwU Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q...|Ó
Gfv‡e wewfb‣ ¯’v‡b Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx Bgvg myq~Zxi Awfg‡Zi Dci wbf©i K‡i‡Qb| gv‡S gv‡S wZwb Bgvg
myq~Zxi mgv‡jvPbvI K‡i‡Qb †h, wZwb wb‡RB G nv`xmwU‡K Rvj e‡j wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb Avevi wZwbB nv`xmwU‡K Zuvi AgyK
MÖ‡‡’ D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| cieZ©x cwi‡‛Q‡` Avgiv welqwU we¯„vwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kie Bbkv Avjvn|
3. 2. 17. Bgvg Beby `vex (...- 944 wn/1538L„)
Bgvg mvLvexi Nwbô QvÎ I mnPi Avj-vgv IqvRxûÏxb Avãyi ivngvb Beby Avjx Avh-hvex`x Beby` `vex 10g wnRix
167
kZ‡Ki GKRb cÖwm× gynvwÏm I kvwdqx dKxn| nv`xm I wdKn wel‡q wZwb K‡qKwU MÖ‡’ iPbv K‡ib, †m¸wji
g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg Zuvi D¯„v` mvLvexi ÒAvj-gvKvwm` Avj-nvmvbvÓ MÖ‡‡’i ÒgyLZvmviÓ ev ms‡¶c| wZwb G MÖ‡‡’ mvLvexi we¯„
vwiZ Av‡jvPbvi mvi-ms‡¶c D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| †gvjv Avjx Kvix I Ab¨vb¨ gynvwÏm G ÒgyLZvmviÓ MÖ‡’wUi Dci e¨vcKfv‡e
wbf©i K‡i‡Qb| Avjvgv Avey RvdiI G MÖ‡’wUi Dci wbf©i K‡i‡Qb Ges wewfb‣ ¯’v‡b Beby `vex-i gZ‡K Zuvi wm×v‡‡„i wfwË
wn‡m‡e D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| †hgb ( ): ÒhLb fvjevmv-gne․Z mZ¨ nq ZLb Av`‡ei
kZ©¸wj wejyß-AcmvwiZ n‡q hvqÓ- nv`xmwUi wel‡q wZwb e‡jb: ÒBeby `vex e‡jb, G K_vwU nv`xm bq| †gvjv Avjx Kvix
e‡jb, G K_vwU RybvB‡ì K_v...|Ó
Ab¨Î ( ): Òwbq¨vZ‡K weï× Ki Ges weRb cÖv‡„‡i evm KiÓ- nv`xmwUi wel‡q wZwb
e‡jb: ÒBeby `vex e‡j‡Qb †h, GwU †Kv‡bv nv`xm bq...|Ó
Gfv‡e wewfb‣ ¯’v‡b wZwb Beby `vexi AwfgZ‡K Zuvi wm×v‡‡„i cÖgvY wn‡m‡e †ck K‡i‡Qb|
3. 2. 18. Bgvg Zvwni dvZvbx (910-986wn/1504-1578L„)
Bgvg RvgvjyÏxb gynv¤§v` Zvwni wmwÏKx wn•`x dvZvbxi Rb¥ I g„Zz¨ fvi‡Zi ¸Riv‡U| wZwb 10 wnRix kZ‡Ki cÖwm×Zg
gynvwÏmM‡Yi Ab¨Zg wQ‡jb| wZwb nv`xm I Zvdmxi wel‡q K‡qKwU cÖwm× MÖ‡’ iPbv K‡ib, †m¸wji g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q Rvj nv`xm
wel‡q ÒZvhwKivZzj gvDh~AvZÓ bvgK MÖ‡’| Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx G MÖ‡’wU‡K Zuvi †g․wjK Z_¨cÄxi Ab¨Zg e‡j D‡jL
K‡i‡Qb Ges Rvj nv`xm wPwýZ Ki‡Z Zvwni dvZvbxi Awfg‡Zi Dci e¨vcKfv‡e wbf©i K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e mvaviYZ wZwb Zvwni
dvZvbxi bvg D‡jL bv K‡i Zuvi MÖ‡‡’i D×„wZ w`‡q‡Qb|
†hgb ( ): ÒPuv` hLb e„wðK ivwk‡Z Ae¯’vb K‡i...Ó K_vwUi wel‡q wZwb e‡jb: ÒgvRgvDj wenvi
(gvRgvD wenvwii AvbIqvi dx MvivBweZ Zvbhxj Iqv jvZvBwdj AvLevi) MÖ‡‡’i †jLK (gynv¤§v` Zvwni dvZvbx) Zuvi
ÔZvhwKivZzj gvDh~AvZÕ MÖ‡‡’ G nv`xmwU‡K Rvj e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb...|Ó
Ab¨Î ( ): ÒAcev‡ì ¯’vb¸wj †_‡K AvZ¥i¶v KiÓ- K_vwUi wel‡q wZwb e‡jb: G nv`xmwU Rvj|
†`Lyb: ZvhwKiv Zvwni, ZvhwKiv Avjx, Kexi|Ó
Gfv‡e Avjvgv Zvwni dvZvbxi MÖ‡’‡K Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx Zuvi GKwU †g․wjK Z_¨m~Î wn‡m‡e eënvi
K‡i‡Qb|
3. 2. 19. Bgvg Avjx Kvix (...- 1014 wn/ ...- 1606 L„)
Avjvgv Avjx Beby myjZvb gynv¤§v` byi‚Ïxb Avj-gyj-v Avj-nviex Avj-Kvix GKv`k wnRix kZ‡Ki Ab¨Zg †kªô
gynvwÏm I nvbvdx dKxn| ZrKvjxb Bjgx RM‡Zi Ab¨Zg c~‡ivav wQ‡jb wZwb| Zvdmxi, nv`xm, wdKn, AvKx`v, ZvmvDd,
Awfavb BZ¨vw` wel‡q wZwb eû MÖ‡’ iPbv K‡ib| Rvj nv`xm wel‡q wZwb GKvwaK MÖ‡’ iPbv K‡ib| Zb¥‡a¨ wZbwU MÖ‡’
Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx Zuvi G MÖ‡‡’i g~j Z_¨m~Î wn‡m‡e D‡jL K‡i‡Qb: (1) ZvhwKivZzj gvDh~AvZ, (2) gvDh~AvZ
Kexi Ges (3) Avj-gvmb~| M‡elKMY Zuvi †jLv G welqK Av‡iv GKwU MÖ‡‡’i D‡jL K‡i‡Qb, hvi bvg ÒAvj-wnevZ Avm-
mvwbq¨vZ dx Zveqxwbj Avnv`xwmj gvDh~AvZ ( )|
Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKxi MÖ‡’ cvV Ki‡j Avgiv †`wL †h, †gvjv Avjx Kvixi MÖ‡’¸wji Dci wZwb e¨vcKfv‡e wbf©i
K‡i‡Qb| Z_¨m~Î wn‡m‡e wZwb ÒZvhwKiv AvjxÓ, Kexi I ÒAvj-gvmb~Ó G wZbMÖ‡‡’i D×„wZ w`‡q‡Qb me‡P‡q †ewk| †gvj-v
Avjx Kvixi AwfgZI wZwb wewfb‣ ¯’v‡b D×„Z K‡i‡Qb| GQvov Rvj nv`x‡mi A_© Av‡jvPbv †¶‡Î wZwb †gvjv Avjx Kvixi
Dci A‡bK †¶‡Î wbf©i K‡i‡Qb|
( ): Òmg‡eZ gvbyl‡ì g‡a¨ hvi †Pnviv me‡P‡q my•ì †m Zv‡ì BgvgwZ Ki‡eÓ- K_vwUi
wel‡q wZwb e‡jb: Ò†gvjv Avjx Kvix e‡jb, G nv`xmwU Rvj|Ó
( ): Òwec`vc` wih&‡Ki PvweÓ- evK¨wUi wel‡q wZwb e‡jb: ÒBeby `vex e‡jb, G k‡ã
ivm~jyj-vn  †_‡K †Kv‡bv nv`xm ewY©Z nq wb| mvLvex ÔgvKvwm`Õ MÖ‡‡’ nv`xmwU D‡jL K‡i‡Qb, Z‡e we¯„vwiZ Av‡jvPbv
K‡ib wb| †gvjv Avjx Kvix e‡j‡Qb †h, G K_vwUi `ywU A_© n‡Z cv‡i| A_© `ywU wZwb gvDh~AvZ Kexi MÖ‡‡’ D‡jL
K‡i‡Qb| D³ MÖ‡’ †_‡K A_© `ywU †`‡L wbb...|Ó
( ): Ò†kªô Bev`Z ZvB hv‡Z Kó me‡P‡q †ewkÓ- evK¨wUi wel‡q wZwb
e‡jb: ÒhvivKkx e‡jb, G nv`x‡mi mb` Avgvi Rvbv †bB| myq~Zx G wel‡q bxieZv Aej¤^b K‡i‡Qb| Bebyj KvBwqg kviû
gvbvwhwjm mvwqixb MÖ‡‡’ G nv`xmwU‡K wfwËnxb e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| †gvjv Avjx Kvix e‡jb, K_vwU nv`xm bv n‡jI, Gi A_©
nv`xm m¤§Z| G A‡_© eyLvix I gymwjg msKwjZ Av‡qkv (iv) †_‡K ewY©Z nv`x‡m ivm~jyjvn  e‡jb: †Zvgvi Kó A_ev e¨q
Abymv‡i Zzwg mvIqve ev cyi¯‥vi jvf Ki‡e|Ó
Ab¨Î ( ): Ò†n Avjx, †h e¨w³ ga¨ kvev‡bi iv‡Z (k‡e eiv‡Z)
100 ivKAvZ mvjvZ Av`vq Ki‡e....Ó nv`xmwUi wel‡q wZwb e‡jb: G nv`xmwUI Rvj| †gvjv Avjx Kvix e‡jb: eo AevK
168
welq n‡jv, †h e¨w³ mybv‣ ‡Zi Bj‡gi myMÜ †c‡q‡Q †m wKfv‡e G mKj cvM‡ji cÖjvc Øviv cÖZvwiZ nq Ges G
ev‡bvqvU mvjvZ Av`vq K‡i| k‡e eiv‡Zi G mvjvZ gymwjg mgv‡R PZz_© wnRix kZ‡Ki c‡i D†¢vweZ I cÖPwjZ nq|
cÖ_‡g evBZzj gvKw`‡m G mvjvZ ïi‚ nq Ges G mvjv‡Zi D†¢ve‡bi ci RvwjqvZMY G mvjv‡Zi c‡¶ A‡bK nv`xm •Zwi
K‡i|Ó
3. 2. 20. Bgvg hviKvbx (1055-1122wn/1645-1710L„)
Øv`k wnRix kZ‡Ki cÖwm× gynvwÏm I gvwjKx dKxn Avjvgv Ave~ Avãyjv n gynv¤§v` Beby Avãyj evKx Avh-hviKvbx|
wdKn, nv`xm, mxivn, BwZnvm BZ¨vw` wel‡q wZwb A‡bK MÖ‡’ iPbv K‡i‡Qb| wZwb Bgvg mvLvexi ÒAvj-gvKvwm` Avj-
nvmvbvÓ MÖ‡’wUi `ywU mvi-ms‡¶c cÖKvk K‡ib: GKwU eo I GKwU †QvU| G MÖ‡’Ø‡q wZwb gvKvwm` MÖ‡‡’i nv`xm¸wj D‡jL
K‡i mvLvexi we¯„vwiZ Av‡jvPbv ev` w`‡q ïay ms‡¶‡c nv`x‡mi Ae¯’v D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| G Qvov wZwb AwZwi³ Av‡iv A‡bK
cÖPwjZ nv`xm G MÖ‡Ø’ ‡q D‡jL K‡i †m¸wji Ae¯’v ms‡¶‡c D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx Rvj nv`xm wPwýZ
Ki‡Z Bgvg hviKvbxi Awfg‡Zi Dci wewfb‣ ¯’v‡b wbf©i K‡i‡Qb|
†hgb ( ): Òm¤§vb ewÈZ Ges m¤§vb mÜvbx wPw‡„ZÓ K_vwUi wel‡q wZwb e‡jb:
Ònv`xmwU Avbv‡mi m~‡Î ivm~jyjv n  †_‡K ewY©Z n‡q‡Q| nv`xm wn‡m‡e GwU Aï×| Z‡e Gi A_© mwVK| hviKvbx e‡jb,
G nv`x‡mi †Kv‡bv Aw¯„Z¡ ev wfwË †bB..|Ó
Ab¨Î ( ): Ò†h e¨w³ †Kv‡bv ci‡`kx-cÖevmx‡K... ci‡`‡k ev cÖev‡mi g‡a¨ m¤§vb Ki‡e ...Ó-
K_vwUi wel‡q wZwb e‡jb: ÒG nv`xmwU `vBjvgx mb`-wenxbfv‡e ivm~jyjvn -Gi nv`xm wn‡m‡e eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| Avi
hviKvbx e‡j‡Qb †h, GwU Aw¯„Z¡nxb-wfwËnxb...|Ó
Gfv‡e wewfb‣ ¯’v‡b Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx Rvj nv`xm wPwýZ Kivi †¶‡Î hviKvbxi gZ‡K wfwË wn‡m‡e D‡jL
K‡i‡Qb|
3. 2. 21. Bgvg kvIKvbx (1173-1250wn/1759-1834 L„)
Î‡qv`k wnRix kZ‡Ki cÖwm× gynvwÏm, dKxn I gyRZvwn` Avjvgv gynv¤§v` Beby Avjx kvIKvbx Bqvgvbx| wZwb g~jZ
hvB`x kxqv gvhnv‡ei dKxn wQ‡jb| Z‡e cieZ©x‡Z gvhnv‡ei ZvKjx` eR©b K‡ib Ges Avnjym mybv‣ Z Iqvj RvgvAv‡Zi
Pvi gvhnve-mn wewfb‣ Bgv‡gi Awfg‡Zi Av‡jv‡K ¯^vaxb dvZIqv I wm×v‡„ cÖ`vb Ki‡Zb Ges ms¯‥vi I BRwZnv‡ì cÖPvi
Ki‡Zb| Zvdmxi, nv`xm, wdKn, Dm~j, AvKvB`, BwZnvm BZ¨vw` wel‡q wZwb A‡bK g~jëvb MÖ‡’ iPbv K‡ib| Rvj nv`xm
wel‡q wZwb ÒAvj-dvIqvB` Avj-gvRg~AvÓ bvgK MÖ‡’ iPbv K‡ib hv ÒgvDh~Av‡Z kvIKvbxÓ bv‡gI cwiwPZ| Avj-vgv Avey
Rvdi wmwÏKx Rvj nv`xm wel‡q kvIKvbxi Awfg‡Zi Dci we‡klfv‡e wbf©i K‡i‡Qb| wZwb f~wgKvq kvIKvbxi G MÖ‡’wU‡K
Zuvi g~j Z_¨m~Î I MÖ‡’cÄxi Ab¨Zg e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb, ms‡¶‡c kvIKvbxi Rxebx‡Z Zv‡K Bgvg, gynvwÏm, gydvm&wmi I
HwZnvwmK e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb Ges Zuvi bvBjyj AvIZvi I Ab¨vb¨ MÖ‡‡’i D‡jL K‡i‡Qb|
Avjvgv Avey Rvdi AwaKvsk †¶‡Î kvIKvbxi MÖ‡‡’i Z_¨m~Î cÖ`vb K‡i ms‡¶‡c e‡j‡Qb ÒkvIÓ A_©vr kvIKvbx|
KL‡bv KL‡bv we¯„vwiZfv‡e Zuvi AwfgZ D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| `y-GKwU bgybv †`Lyb|
( ): ÒAvjvni Kv‡Q me‡P‡q N„wYZ ev•`v †m e¨w³ hvi cwi‡aq
e¯¿Øq Zvi K‡g©i †P‡q DËg...Ó nv`xmwUi wel‡q wZwb e‡jb: ÒG nv`xmwU Rvj| kvIKvbx|Ó
( ): Òm~iv Bqvmxb cvV Ki‡e, KviY Zv‡Z `kwU eiKZ i‡q‡Q...Ó- nv`xmwUi wel‡q
wZwb e‡jb: ÒG nv`x‡mi mb`¸wji g‡a¨ gnv-wg_¨vev`x ivex i‡q‡Q| kvIKvbx|Ó
Ab¨Î ( ): ÒAvUvi Lvwgi †Ìqv †_‡K weiZ _vKv `vwi‡`ªi Rb¥ †`q...Ó- nv`xmwUi wel‡q wZwb
e‡jb: kvIKvbxi gvDh~AvZ MÖ‡‡’ nv`xmwU‡K Rvj e‡j D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q...|Ó
3. 2. 22. Bgvg jvLbex (1264-1304wn/1848-1887 L„)
Avjvgv Aveyj nvmvbvZ gynv¤§v` Avãyj nvB Beby gynv¤§v` Avãyj nvjxg jvLbex PZz`©k wnRix kZ‡Ki (L„÷xq
Ebwesk kZ‡Ki) Ab¨Zg †kªô fviZxq Avwjg wQ‡jb| ZrKvjxb gymwjg we‡k¦i Ab¨Zg †kªô gynvwÏm I nvbvdx dKxn
wn‡m‡e wZwb cÖwmw× jvf K‡ib| gvÎ Pwjk erm‡ii Rxe‡b wZwb nv`xm, wdKn, Rxebx, BwZnvm, BZ¨vw` wel‡q kZvwaK MÖ‡’
iPbv K‡ib †h¸wj Zuvi Mfxi cvwÊZ¨ I †g․wjK wP‡„vi ¯^v¶i enb K‡i| wdKn welqK wewfb‣ MÖ‡‡’ wZwb nv`xm ZvwË¡K
A‡bK Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb Ges cÖPwjZ A‡bK Rvj nv`xm wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb| GQvov Rvj nv`xm wel‡q wZwb K‡qKwU MÖ‡’ iPbv
K‡ib, †h¸wji g‡a¨ ÒAvj-Avmvi Avj-gvid‚Av wdj AvLevi Avj-gvDh~AvÓ MÖ‡w’ U Ab¨Zg|
Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx Zuvi G MÖ‡‡’i wewfb‣ ¯’v‡b jvLbexi Awfg‡Zi Dci wbf©i K‡i‡Qb Ges Zuvi ÒAvj-
AvmviÓ MÖ‡’wU‡K G MÖ‡‡’i g~j Z_¨m~‡Îi g‡a¨ D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| msw¶ß Rxebx‡Z wZwb jvLbexi wewfb‣ MÖ‡‡’i K_v D‡jL
K‡i‡Qb|
KL‡bv KL‡bv wZwb Avjvgv jvLbexi ÒAvj-AvmviÓ MÖ‡’‡K Z_¨m~Î wn‡m‡e D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| †hgb, (
169
): ÒLv‡`ï Dci cvbxq cvb Ki‡e Zvn‡j cwiZ…wß jvf Ki‡eÓ- K_vwUi wel‡q wZwb e‡jb: ÒG
nv`xmwU evwZj| jyj,y ZvhwKiv Avjx, Avmvi|Ó
`y-GK ¯’v‡b wZwb jvLbexi Ab¨ MÖ‡‡’i D×„wZ cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb| †hgb: ( ): ÒAvgvi
D¤§v‡Zi AvwjgMY ebx BmivC‡ji bexM‡Yi gZÓ- K_vwUi wel‡q wZwb e‡jb: ÒwZiwghx, w`gBqvix I Beby nvRvi
AvmKvjvbx e‡j‡Qb †h, G nv`xmwUi †Kv‡bv Aw¯„Z¡ ev wfwË †bB| myq~Zx bxie †_‡K‡Qb| Dci‡‘ hviKvkx gyLZvmvi‚j
gvKvwm` MÖ‡‡’ G nv`xmwU‡K wfwËnxb e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| gvIjvbv Avãyj nvB jvLbex Dg`vZzi wiqvBqvn MÖ‡‡’ G nv`xmwU
Rvj e‡j ¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb....|Ó
Gfv‡e wewfb‣ ¯’v‡b Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx Bgvg jvLbexi Awfg‡Zi D×„wZ cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb|
3. 2. 23. Bgvg KvIKvRx (1223-1305wn/1809-1888L„)
Avj-vgv kvBL Aveyj gvnvwmb gynv¤§v` Beby Lvjxj Beby Beivnxg Avj-gvkxkx Avj-KvIKvRx Î‡qv`k-PZz`©k wnRix
kZ‡Ki (L„÷xq Ebwesk kZ‡Ki) Ab¨Zg †kªô gynvwÏm, nvbvdx dKxn I cÖwm× m~dx wQ‡jb| wZwb wmwiqvq Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib
Ges `xN© Rxeb jvf K‡i cÖvq 81 ermi eq‡m g°vq g„ZzëiY K‡ib| Zvdmxi, nv`xm, wdKn, ZvmvDd, AvKx`v, BwZnvm,
ågb BZ¨vw` wel‡q wZwb cÖvq 100wU cy¯„K iPbv K‡ib| Rvj nv`xm wel‡q wZwb ÒAvj-jyjy Avj-gvim~ dxgv jvBmv jvû
Avmjyb AvI we Avmwjnx gvDh~Ó (hvi †Kv‡bv wfwË †bB ev hv wfwËmnB Rvj †m wel‡q MÖw_Z gy‡³vgvjv) bv‡g GKwU MÖ‡’
iPbv K‡ib| G‡Z wZwb Zuvi mgv‡R cÖPwjZ A‡bK Rvj nv`xm D‡jL K‡ib|
Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx kvBL KvIKvRxi G MÖ‡’wU‡K Zuvi MÖ‡‡’i g~j Z_¨m~‡Îi Ab¨Zg wn‡m‡e D‡jL K‡i‡Qb
Ges e¨vcKfv‡e G MÖ‡‡’i D×„wZ cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb| A‡bK mgq Ab¨vb¨ MÖ‡‡’i mv‡_ G MÖ‡’‡K Z_¨m~Î wn‡m‡e D‡jL K‡i‡Qb|
†hgb, ( ): ÒAve~ nvbxdv Avgvi D¤§v‡Zi cÖ`xcÓ- K_vwUi wel‡q wZwb e‡jb: ÒgynvwÏmMY GKgZ †h
K_vwU Rvj| Kexi, jyjy|Ó
Ab¨Î ( ): ÒK…cY e¨w³ Avjvni kÎ‚ hwÌ †m ì‡ek nqÓ- nv`xmwUi wel‡q wZwb
e‡jb: ÒG nv`xmwU wfwËnxb ev‡bvqvU| Abyiƒcfv‡e G A‡_©i Ab¨ nv`xmI Rvj, †h nv`x‡m ejv n‡q‡Q: K…cY e¨w³ hw`
Av‡e`-ì‡ekI nq ZeyI Rvb‣v‡Z cÖ‡ek Ki‡e bv; Avi `vbkxj e¨w³ hw` dvwmK-cvcxI nq ZeyI Rvnvb‣v‡g cÖ‡ek Ki‡e
bvÓ- Dfq nv`xmB Rvj I wfwËnxb| jyjy, gvmb~, Kexi|Ó
A‡bK ¯’v‡b wZwb GKKfv‡e G MÖ‡‡’i Dci wbf©i K‡i‡Qb| †hgb ( ): ÒAvwg Avgvi
wb‡Ri Dci kc_ K‡iwQ †h, Avng` I gynv¤§v` bv‡gi KvD‡K Rvnvb‣v‡g cÖ‡ek Kiv‡ev bvÓ- K_vwUi wel‡q wZwb e‡jb: ÒG
nv`xmwUI wfwËnxb| jyjy|Ó
Ab¨Î ( ): ÒAvjvn Avk~ivi w`‡b Avmgvb-hgxb m„wó K‡i‡QbÓ- K_vwUi
wel‡q wZwb e‡jb: ÒG nv`xmwU Rvj| jyjy|Ó
Gfv‡e Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx Zuvi MÖ‡‡’i wewfb‣ ¯’v‡b Bgvg KvIKvRxi G MÖ‡w’ Ui D×„wZ cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb|
3. 2. 24. Ab¨vb¨ Bgvg I gynvwÏm
Dc‡i Av‡jvwPZ gynvwÏmM‡Yi D×„wZ Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx Zuvi MÖ‡‡’ evisevi cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb| GQvovI nv`x‡mi
mb`, eY©bvKvix‡ì Ae¯’v, nv`x‡mi A_©, G welqK Ab¨ nv`xm, cÖvmw½K AwfgZ BZ¨vw` wel‡q Av‡iv A‡bK gynvwÏm,
dKxn, eyRMy © I cÖwm× ms¯‥viK‡ì D×„wZ wZwb `y-GKevi cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb| G‡ì g‡a¨ nv`xm I wdK‡ni wbg‣ewY©Z mycÖwm×
Bgvg I AvwjgMY i‡q‡Qb: BqvnBqv Beby gvqxb (233 wn), Ave~ Cmv wZiwghx gynv¤§v` Beby Cmv (275 wn), Ave~ nvwZg
ivhx gynv¤§v` Beby Bìxm (277 wn), Ave~ gynv¤§v` Avãyi ivngvb Beby Avex nvwZg ivhx (327 wn), nvwKg bvBmvc~ix
gynv¤§v` Beby Avãyjv- n (405 wn), Ave~ byAvBb Bmcvnvbx Avng` Beby Avãyjv- n (430 wn), Ave~ evKi Avng` Beby ûmvBb
evBnvKx (458 wn), Ave~ evK&i Avng` Beby Avjx LvZxe evM`v`x (463 wn), Ave~j gyhvd&dvi Bebym mvgAvbx gvbm~i Beby
gynv¤§v` (489 wn), dvLi‚Ïxb ivhx gynv¤§v` Beby Dgvi (606 wn), Aveyj nv¾vR wgh&hx BDmyd Beby Avãyi ivngvb Avh-
hvKx (742 wn), eyinvb mvdvwKmx Beivnxg Beby gynv¤§v` (742 wn), w`gBqvix gynv¤§v` Beby g~mv (808 wn), gvR`DÏxb
wd‡ivh Avev`x gynv¤§v` Beby BqvKze (817 wn), Bebyj ûgvg gynv¤§v` Beby Avãyj Iqvwn` (861 wn), mvB‡q` gyqxbyÏxb
mvdvex gynv¤§v` Beby Avãyi ingvb (906 wn), KvmZvjvbx Avng` Beby gynv¤§v` (923 wn), Avjx Beby gynv¤§v` Avj-gvb~dx
(939 wn), Beby nvRvi nvBZvgx gv°x Avng` Beby gynv¤§v` (974 wn), Avãyi ivEd gvbvex (1031 wn), Avkivd Avjx
_vbex (1362 wn)|
gnvb Avj-vn G mKj Avwjg I D¤§v‡Zi mKj Avwjg‡K ingZ, gvMwdivZ I m‡e©vËg cyi¯‥vi `vb Ki‚b| Avgxb|
170
Z…Zxq cwi‡”Q`:
nv`xm ebvg nv`x‡mi A_©
Avgiv †`‡LwQ †h, nv`xm ej‡Z ivm~jyjvn -Gi bv‡g Kw_Z ev ewY©Z ÒK_vÓB eySv‡bv nq| kã I A_© Df‡qi
mgw‡^Z iƒ‡ci bvgB K_v| GRb¨ Bmjv‡gi cÖ_g hyM¸wji gynvwÏmMY A_©‡K kã †_‡K c„_Kfv‡e wePvi K‡ib wb| †h
ÒK_vÓ ivm~jyj-vn - †_‡K †Kv‡bv mb‡` ewY©Z nq wb, A_ev mb`-mn ewY©Z n‡q‡Q, wK‡‘ Zvi mb‡` wg_¨vev`x we`¨gvb †m
K_v‡K Zuviv Rvj e‡j‡Qb, Zvi A_© fvj bv g•` Zv Zuviv c„_Kfv‡e wePvi K‡ib wb| KviY ZLb Kg‡ewk mK‡jB nv`xm
welqK cwifvlvi mv‡_ cwiwPZ wQ‡jb| cieZ©xKv‡j A‡bK mgq gynvwÏmMY †Kv‡bv Rvj nv`xm wPwýZ Ki‡j †m A‡_©
†Kv‡bv mnxn ev hqxd nv`xm ewY©Z n‡q _vK‡j Zv D‡jL Ki‡Zb|
3. 3. 1. Rvj nv`xm msKj‡b A_©v‡jvPbvi ¸i“Z¡
weMZ K‡qK kZvãx hver mvgwMÖKfv‡e `xbx Bjg I we‡klfv‡e Bjg nv`xm wel‡q AÁZv e¨vcK †_‡K e¨vcKZi
n‡q‡Q| G Kvi‡Y Rvj nv`xm I Zvi A_© wb‡q wewfb‣ cÖKv‡ii A¯úóZv I weåvw‡„ Rb¥ wb‡q‡Q| †Kv‡bv nv`xm‡K Rvj e‡j
Rvb‡Z cvi‡j:
(1) A‡b‡K g‡b K‡ib, G K_vwU †h‡nZz Rvj †m‡nZz Gi A_©I evwZj| G A‡_© †Kv‡bv K_v †KD ej‡j wZwb Zvi
mgv‡jvPbv K‡ib|
(2) A‡b‡K kã I ev‡Kï welqwU wP‡„v bv K‡i A‡_©i Dci wbf©i K‡i g‡b K‡ib, G nv`xmwU Rvj nIqvi A_©, G
A_©wUB Rvj| d‡j Rvj nv`xmwUi KvQvKvwQ A_© cÖKvkK †Kv‡bv mnxn nv`xm †`L‡j Zv‡KI wZwb Rvj e‡j g‡b K‡ib ev
`vwe K‡ib|
(3) †KD ïay A_© †`‡L nv`xm wePvi K‡i e‡j‡Qb, G A‡_© †Zv AgyK mnxn nv`xm ewY©Z n‡q‡Q, Zvn‡j GwU Rvj n‡e
†Kb?
(4) A‡b‡K A_© wePvi K‡i Rvj nv`xm cÖPv‡ii †Póv K‡i‡Qb| Zviv aviYv K‡i‡Qb †h, K_vwUi A_© †h‡nZz fvj I
Bmjvg m¤§Z, Kv‡RB G‡K nv`xm ej‡Z evav Kx? G‡Z Bmjv‡gi ¶wZB ev Kx? Giv wb‡Riv RvwjqvZ bv n‡jI, Giƒc
weåvw‡„i Kvi‡Y Rvj nv`xm cÖPv‡i mn‡hvwMZv K‡i‡Qb Ges RvwjqvZ‡ì‡K Drmvn w`‡q‡Qb|
G Rb¨ weMZ K‡qK kZvãx hver †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv gynvwÏm Rvj nv`xm Av‡jvPbv cÖm‡½ A_© Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb|
3. 3. 2. A_© mwVK nIqvi A_©
mvaviYZ RvwjqvZMY me©`v ÒfvjÓ A‡_©B Rvj nv`xm •Zwi K‡i‡Qb I Ki‡Qb| AwaKvsk RvwjqvZ me©v‡„Ki‡Y †Póv
K‡i‡Qb Avjvn I Zuvi ivm~‡ji () mvnvh¨v‡_© (!!) Ggb K_v evwb‡q ej‡Z, †h K_v ej‡j `x‡bi DcKvi (!!) n‡e, gvbyl
Avj-vn-gywL n‡e, gvby‡li g‡a¨ Avjvn I Zuvi ivm~‡ji () cÖwZ Cgvb, fw³ I fvjevmv e„w× cv‡e, gvbyl cvc eR©b Ki‡e,
†ewk K‡i †bK Avgj Ki‡e, myb‣v‡Zi Abymi‡Y AbycÖvwYZ n‡e, `ywbqv eR©b I AvwLivZ AR©‡b e¨¯„ n‡e....|
mKj RvwjqvZB †Póv K‡i‡Qb Zvi Rvj K_vwU †hb Zvi Áv‡bi cwiwa Abymv‡i Zvi mg‡q cÖPwjZ wdKn, ZvmvDd,
AvKx`v, Ávb, weÁvb, mvwnZ¨, BwZnvm BZ¨vwì Av‡jv‡K ÒfvjÓ, Òmy•ìÓ, AvKl©Yxq I MÖnY‡hvM¨ Ònv`xmÓ wn‡m‡e †kªvZv
I cvVK‡ì PgrK…Z Ki‡Z cv‡i| ¯^fveZB AwaKvsk †¶‡Î Rvwjqv‡Zi KwíZ ÒfvjÓ A‡_©i ÒAvKl©YxqÓ I ÒweÁvb-
m¤§ZÓ K_v¸wj fvj e‡j cÖgvwYZ nq bv| eis AwaKvsk †¶‡Î G KwíZ ÒfvjÓ K_vwUi A_© Bmjvgx g~j¨‡ev‡ai mv‡_
mvsNwl©K nq| AwaKvsk Rvj nv`xmB G ch©v‡qi| Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKxi MÖ‡‡’i Rvj nv`xm¸wj ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡jB
cvVK Zv eyS‡Z cvi‡eb| KL‡bv KL‡bv Giƒc Rvj K_vi A_© ÒfvjÓ ev ÒmwVKÓ e‡j †`Lv hvq|
†Kv‡bv Rvj K_vi A_© ÒmwVKÓ ev ÒfvjÓ nIqvi A_© G bq †h, K_vwU‡K nv`xm e‡j MY¨ Kiv hv‡e| †Kv‡bv K_vi A_©
hZ mZ¨ ev gnvmZ¨B †nvK bv †Kb, mnxn mb‡` ivm~jyjvn  †_‡K cÖgvwYZ bv n‡j Zv‡K †Kv‡bv Ae¯’v‡ZB Ònv`xmÓ e‡j D‡jL
Kiv •ea bq| Giƒc †Kv‡bv K_v Ònv`xmÓ e‡j D‡jL Kivi A_©B Òivm~jyj-vn  hv e‡jb wb Zv Zvi bv‡g ejv|Ó Avi G cv‡ci
AeavwiZ kvw¯„ Rvnvb‣v‡gi Avevm¯’j|
Rvj nv`x‡mi A_© mwVK nIqvi A_© K_vwU nv`xm bv n‡jI mvaviY K_v ev e³e¨ wn‡m‡e Bmjvg we‡ivax bq| †KD
hw` Ònv`xmÓ bv e‡j wb‡Ri K_v, Ab¨ Kv‡iv K_v ev mvaviY bxwZ wn‡m‡e Zv e‡j Zvn‡j Zv Aciva ev cvc bq|
3. 3. 3. Rvj nv`x‡mi mgv_©K mnxn nv`xm
Rvj nv`x‡mi A‡_©i mwVKZ¡ `yfv‡e cÖgvwYZ nq: cÖ_gZ, G A‡_© Ab¨ †Kv‡bv mnxn nv`xm ewY©Z nIqv Ges wØZxqZ,
KziAvb-mybv‣ ni mvgwMÖK wb‡`©kbvi Av‡jv‡K K_vwUi A_© mwVK cÖgvwYZ nIqv|
10 bs Rvj nv`xm ( ): †Zvgv‡ì m‡„vb‡ì‡K mßg wè‡m LvZbv Ki‡e; KviY Zv AwaK cweÎZv i¶v K‡i
Ges AwaK `ª‚Z ¶Z c~iY K‡iÓ- cÖm‡½ Avjvgv Avey Rvdi e‡jb: Ò`vD` Beby myjvBgvb bvgK GKRb RvwjqvZ eY©bvKvixi cyw¯„
Kv‡Z G nv`xmwU ewY©Z| †m Bgvg Avjx Beby gymv †ihv I Ab¨vb¨‡ì †_‡K nv`xm eY©bv KiZ| Bgvg BqvnBqv Beby gvqxb e‡jb, G
171
†jvKwU wg_¨vev`x| Avi Ave~ nvwZg e‡jb, G‡K Avwg wPwb bv| me©ve¯’vq G e¨w³ wg_¨vevw` RvwjqvZ eY©bvKvix
wQ‡jb...|Ó
Zvn‡j G k‡ã I mb‡` nv`xmwU Rvj| Z‡e Rvwei (iv) †_‡K ewY©Z, ivm~jyjvn  nvmvb I ûmvBb‡K R‡b¥i mßg w`‡b
LvZbv Kivb| Beby Ave․vm †_‡K ewY©Z ( ) Òwkïi R‡b¥i 7g w`‡b 7wU welq
mybv‣ Z, Zvi Ab¨Zg n‡jv Zvi bvg ivLv I LvZbv Kiv‡bv|Ó G nv`xm `ywUiB mb‡` `ye©jZv Av‡Q, Z‡e Df‡qi mg‡^‡q 7g
w`‡b LvZbvi welqwU MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv jvf K‡i‡Q|230
wK‡‘ j¶Yxq †h, Rvj K_vi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv Kj¨vY †bB Ges Rvj nv`xm Ges KvQvKvwQ A‡_©i mnxn nv`x‡mi A‡_©i
g‡a¨ Kg-‡ewk wKQz cv_©K¨ _vK‡eB| R‡b¥i mßg w`‡b LvZbv Kiv mybv‣ Z nIqvi welqwU Dch©³ y nv`xm`ywU †_‡K Rvbv hvq|
wK‡‘ Rvj nv`xmwU‡Z AwZwi³ ejv n‡q‡Q †h, Giƒc Kiv AwaKZ cweÎZv i¶v K‡i Ges AwaK `ª‚Z ¶Z ïKv‡Z mnvqK|
G A_©wU mnxn nv`xm Øviv cÖgvwYZ bq| ev¯„e AwfÁZv, wPwKrmvwe`¨v ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Áv‡bi wfwË‡Z G AwZwi³ K_v‡K
nv`xm e‡j `vwe Kivi †Kv‡bv AwaKvi Avgv‡ì †bB|
347 bs Rvj nv`xm ( ): Ò†h e¨w³ dR‡ii mvjvZ RvgvAv‡Z Av`vq Ki‡e,
AZtci m~‡h©v`q ch©‡„ BÕwZKvd Ki‡e, AZtci Pvi ivKAvZ mvjvZ Av`vq Ki‡e: cÖ_g ivKAv‡Z 3 evi AvqvZzj Kzimx I
m~iv BLjvm, wØZxq ivKAv‡Z m~iv Iqvk kvgwm, Z…Zxq ivKAv‡Z m~iv ZvwiK, PZz_© ivKAv‡Z .....) cÖm‡½ Avjvgv Avey Rvdi
wmwÏKx e‡jb: ÒhvBj MÖ‡‡’ D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, G nv`x‡mi eY©bvKvix b~n Beby Avex gwiqg mycÖwm× RvwjqvZ...|Ó
G nv`xmwU Rvj| Z‡e KvQvKvwQ A‡_© `y-GKwU mnxn I nvmvb nv`xm i‡q‡Q| Ave~ Dgvgv (iv) e‡jb, ivm~jjy v n 
e‡j‡Qb:
Ò†h e¨w³ dR‡ii mvjvZ Rvgv‡Z Av`vq Ki‡e, AZtci e‡m Avjvni whKi Ki‡e m~‡h©v`q ch©‡„ (mvjvZ Av`v‡qi
mgq nIqv ch©‡„), AZtci ùvwo‡q `y ivKAvZ mvjvZ (mvjvZz‡Ïvnv ev Pvk‡Zi mvjvZ) Av`vq Ki‡e, †m GKwU n¾ I
GKwU Dgivi mvIqve AR©b Ki‡e|Ó231
Gfv‡e Avgiv †`LwQ †h, dR‡ii ci gmwR‡` e‡m whK‡i iZ †_‡K m~‡h©v`‡qi ci `y ivKAvZ PvkZ ev mvjvZz‡Ïvnv
Av`vq Kivi we‡kl mvIqv‡ei wel‡q mnxn nv`xm i‡q‡Q| Z‡e GLv‡bI j¶Yxq †h, mnxn nv`xm I Rvj nv`x‡mi g‡a¨
A_©MZ A‡bK cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| Kv‡RB G Rvj nv`xmwU‡K Ònv`xmwU Rvj, wK‡‘ G A_© mwVKÓ ejvi wel‡q mZK©Zv Aej¤^b
Ki‡Z n‡e| KviY Rvj nv`x‡mi g‡a¨ AwZwi³ A‡bK K_v i‡q‡Q hv wfwËnxb, AvR¸we Ges evwZj K_v|
185 bs Rvj nv`xm ( ): Ò gy‡Li Dci K…ZÁZv cÖKv‡k wb•`v Kiv nqÓ- cÖm‡½ Avj-vgv Avey
Rvdi wmwÏKx e‡jb: ÒG K_v nv`xm bq| Z‡e A‡_©i w`K †_‡K Ab¨ GKwU nv`x‡mi A‡_©i mv‡_ mvgÄm¨c~Y© †h nv`x‡m
Kv‡iv gy‡Li Dci ev Kv‡iv Dcw¯’wZ‡Z Zvi cÖksmv Ki‡Z AvcwË K‡i ejv n‡q‡Q:
ÒZzwg †Zvgvi fvB‡qi Mjv †K‡U †dj‡j!Ó .....|Ó

GLv‡b Avgiv †`LwQ †h, GwU wfwËnxb Rvj K_v n‡jI, Ab¨ GKwU mnxn nv`x‡mi A‡_©i mv‡_ G Rvj K_vwUi A‡_©i
wKQz wgj i‡q‡Q| K…ZÁZvi bv‡g hw` mvg‡bi Dci cÖksmv Kiv nq Zvn‡j Zv G nv`x‡mi Av‡jv‡K wb•`bxq n‡Z cv‡i|
Z‡e j¶Yxq †h, A‡_©i wKQz wgj _vK‡jI mnxn nv`x‡mi mv‡_ G K_vwUi A‡_©i AwgjI A‡bK| K…ZÁZv ( )I
cÖksmv ( ) GK welq bq| wewfb‣ mnxn nv`x‡m ivm~jyjvn  DcKvixi cÖwZ K…ZÁZv cÖKvk Ki‡Z we‡klfv‡e wb‡`©k
w`‡q‡Qb| Kv‡RB mvg‡b cÖksmv Kivi wb‡lavÁv _vK‡jI mvg‡b K…ZÁZv cÖKv‡ki wb‡lavÁv †bB| eis mvg‡b I wcQ‡b
K…ZÁZv cÖKv‡ki I `yAv Kivi Av‡`k i‡q‡Q|
e¯‘Z ivm~jyjvn -Gi K_v Avj-vni Inx, Avi Rvj nv`xm gvby‡li eyw×RvZ K_v| Kv‡RB †Kv‡bv Rvj nv`x‡mi A_©B
cy‡ivcywi mwVK n‡Z cv‡i bv|
165 bs Rvj nv`xm ( ): Ògywg‡bi jvjv my¯’Zv ev †ivMgyw³Ó cÖm‡½ Avjvgv Avey Rvdi e‡jb: ÒGwU
†Kv‡bv nv`xm bq| Z‡e Gi A_© mwVK| †hgb GKwU mnxn nv`x‡m ewY©Z n‡q‡Q, Av‡qkv (iv) e‡jb, ivm~jyjvn  Amy¯’
e¨w³‡K dzuK w`‡Z ej‡Zb:
172
Avjvni bv‡g, Avgv‡ì hwg‡bi gvwU, Avgv‡ì Kv‡iv jvjvi mv‡_, Avgv‡ì Amy¯’ e¨w³ my¯’Zv jvf K‡i, Avgv‡ì
cÖwZcvj‡Ki AbygwZ‡Z|Ó
GLv‡bI Avgiv †`LwQ †h, mnxn nv`xmwUi A‡_©i mv‡_ Rvj K_vwUi A‡_©i wKQz wgj _vK‡jI Awgj A‡bK| Rvj
nv`xmwU †_‡K eySv hvq †h, gywg‡bi jvjv me©ve¯’vq †ivMgyw³, Gi mv‡_ `yAv _vK ev bv _vK| Avi mnxn nv`xm †_‡K Rvbv
hvq †h, `yAv †ivMgyw³i gva¨g, Gi mv‡_ duyK ev jvjv eënviI myb‣vZ m¤§Z|
297 bs Rvj nv`xm ( ): ÒnZ¨vKvix wbn‡Zi †Kv‡bv cvc Aewkó iv‡L bvÓ cÖm‡½ Avjvgv Avey Rvdi
e‡jb: ÒBeby Kvmxi Zvi BwZnvm MÖ‡‡’ D‡jL K‡i‡Qb †h, G k‡ã nv`x‡mi †Kv‡bv Aw¯„Z¡ ev wfwË Zvi Rvbv †bB| Z‡e Gi
A_© mwVK| G A‡_© Beby wne․vb Beby Dgvi (iv) †_‡K ivm~jyjvn  †_‡K wb‡g‣i nv`xmwU D×„Z K‡i‡Qb:
ÒZievix cvcivkxi Rb¨ gnv-‡gvPbKvix|Ó

Gfv‡e Beby wne․v‡bi nv`xmwUi Av‡jv‡K Dch©y³ Rvj K_vwUi A_© mwVK e‡j MY¨ K‡i‡Qb †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv gynvwÏm|
Z‡e `ywU nv`x‡mi A‡_©i g‡a¨ wg‡ji †P‡q Awgj A‡bK †ewk| Dc‡ii Rvj nv`xm †_‡K Rvbv hvq †h, nZ¨vKvix wbnZ
e¨w³i mKj cvc enb K‡i| G‡Z eySv hvq †h, mKj †¶‡ÎB wbnZ e¨w³ wb®úvc n‡q hvq Ges nZ¨vKvix Zvi mKj cvc
enb K‡i| c¶v‡„‡i Beby wne․v‡bi nv`x‡m knx` gyRvwn‡ì K_v e‡j‡Qb ivm~jyjvn | wZwb e‡jb
ÒAvi wb‡Ri wei‚‡× cvc I Ab¨v‡q wjß gywgb e¨w³, †h wb‡Ri Rxeb I m¤ú` w`‡q Avjvni iv¯„vq wRnv` K‡i| hLb
kÎ‚i gyKvwejv K‡i ZLb hy× Ki‡Z Ki‡Z wbnZ nq| Giƒc kvnv`Z †gvPbKvix, Zv Zvi cvc I Ab¨vq¸wj gy‡Q †`q| Zievix
cvcivkxi Rb¨ gnv-†gvPbKvix|Ó
Gfv‡e Avgiv †`LwQ †h, †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv Rvj nv`x‡mi A‡_© mnxn nv`xm ewY©Z n‡q‡Q| G A‡_©i mnxn nv`x‡mi
Kvi‡Y nv`xmwUi A_© mnxn e‡j MY¨ Kiv nq| Z‡e †Kv‡bv Rvj nv`x‡mi A_©B mnxn nv`x‡mi ûeû Abyiƒc nq bv Ges
†Kv‡bv Rvj nv`x‡mi A_©B cy‡ivcywi mwVK nq bv| Rvj nv`x‡mi g‡a¨ hZUzKz RvwjqvwZ ev mnxn nv`x‡mi e¨wZµg i‡q‡Q
ZZUzKBz Aï× A_© cÖ`vb K‡i|
3. 3. 4. KziAvb-mybœvni mvaviY wb‡`©kbvi mgv_©K
Rvj nv`x‡mi mnxn A_© nIqvi wØZxq w`K nv`xmwUi A_© KziAvb I nv`x‡mi mvgwMÖK A‡_©i Av‡jv‡K Bmjvg-m¤§Z
nIqv| A_©vr Rvj nv`xmwUi A‡_© GKK †Kv‡bv mnxn nv`xm bv _vK‡jI mvgwMÖKfv‡e KziAvb-mybv‣ n-Gi wb‡`©kbvi mv‡_
mvgÄm¨c~Y©| Avj-vgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKxi Av‡jvPbvq Gi A‡bK bgybv i‡q‡Q| 119 bs Rvj nv`xm (
): ÒKg© †h cÖKv‡ii cÖwZdjI †m cÖKv‡iiÓ- nv`xmwUi wel‡q wZwb e‡jb: ÒmvLvex e‡jb, G nv`xm Avgvi Rvbv †bB|
Z‡e Gi A_© mwVK| †hgb Avjvn e‡jb: Ò†Zvgiv hw` kvw¯„ `vIB Z‡e wVK ZZLvwb kvw¯„ †`‡e hZLvwb kvw¯„ †Zvgv‡ì‡K
†Ìqv n‡q‡QÓ Ab¨ Avqv‡Z e‡jb: Òg‡•ì cÖwZdj Abyiƒc g•`|Ó G mKj Avqv‡Zi gg©v_© n‡jv †h cÖwZdj Kg© Abymv‡iB
nq...|Ó
D‡jL¨ †h, G c×wZ‡Z Rvj nv`x‡mi A‡_©i mwVKZ¡ wbY©qI AwaKvsk †¶‡Î Av‡cw¶K I weZwK©Z n‡q hvq| GKw`K
†_‡K wePv‡i A_© Bmjvg-m¤§Z n‡jI Ab¨ w`K †_‡K Zv Bmjvg we‡ivax nq| †hgb 259 I 302 bs Rvj nv`xm (
): Ò gywg‡bi A‡„i Avjvni M„nÓ Ges ( ): ÒAvmgvb-hgxb Avgv‡K aviY Ki‡Z
cv‡iwb, wK‡‘ Avgv‡K aviY K‡i‡Q Avgvi gywgb ev•`vi ü`qÓ- G Rvj nv`xmØ‡qi A_© ch©v‡jvPbvq Avjvgv Avey Rvdi
wmwÏKx e‡jb: Òivm~jjy v n -Gi evYx wn‡m‡e G nv`x‡mi †Kv‡bv Aw¯„Z¡ ev wfwË †bB| ... †gvjv Avjx Kvix e‡jb, mvaviY
K_v wn‡m‡e Gi A_© mwVK ... G K_vi A_© Giƒc n‡e †h, Avgvi cÖwZ Cgvb I Avgvi gne․‡Zi Kvi‡Y gywg‡bi ü`q cÖk¯„
Zv jvf K‡i‡Q (Avgvi gywgb ev•`vi ü`q Avgvi cÖwZ Cgvb I Avgvi gne․Z aviY Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q)| Giƒc A_© bv Ki‡j G
K_v Kzdix K_vq cwiYZ n‡e; KviY G †_‡K gvby‡li g‡a¨ Avjvni AeZiY ev AeZviev` eySv hv‡e| hvivKkx e‡jb,
ag©‡`ªvnx gyjwnìv G K_vwU evwb‡q‡Q....|Ó
GLv‡b Avjvgv Avey Rvdi G Rvj nv`xmwUi A_© mwVK ejvi c‡i mwVK I †ewVK A‡_©i ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| †h
mKj Rvj nv`x‡mi A_© Gfv‡e mwVK ejv nq †m¸wji Ae¯’v GiƒcB|
GKwU D`vniY †`Lyb| 127 bs Rvj nv`xm ( ): Ò†`k‡cÖg Cgv‡bi AskÓ- cÖm‡½ Avjvgv Avey
Rvdi e‡j‡Qb: ÒBgvg mvLvex e‡jb, G nv`x‡mi mb` m¤ú‡K© Avgvi Rvbv †bB| Z‡e Gi A_© mwVK| G wel‡q we¯„vwiZ
173
Rvb‡Z Kexi †`Lyb...|Ó
†gvjv Avjx Kvixi gvDh~AvZ Kvexi ev Avj-Avmivi‚j gvid‚Avn MÖ‡’ †`L‡j cvVK Rvb‡eb †h, mvLvex G Rvj
K_vwUi A_© mnxn ej‡jI gvb~dx (939 wn) Zvi cÖwZev` K‡i‡Qb| wZwb D‡jL K‡i‡Qb †h, KziAv‡bi AvqvZ cÖgvY K‡i
†h, gybvwdK‡ìI †`k‡cÖg wQj, wK‡‘ Zv‡ì Cgvb wQj bv| Kv‡RB †`k‡cÖg Cgv‡bi Ask n‡Z cv‡i bv| G wel‡q Av‡iv
A‡bK gZ I weZK© †gvjv Avjx Kvix D‡jL K‡i‡Qb|
e¯‘Z †Kv‡bv Rvj K_vB Inxi gZ fvj A_© w`‡Z cv‡i bv| GLv‡b j¶Yxq †h, Cgvb I Bmjvg H me K‡g©i mgwó hv
gvbyl Zvi ¯^vaxb B‛Qv kw³i gva¨‡g †¯^‛Qvq Ki‡Z cv‡i ev AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i| cÖvK…wZKfv‡e ev Rb¥MZfv‡e ‡m mKj welq
AwR©Z nq Zv‡K Cgv‡bi ev Bmjv‡gi Ask ejv nq bv| KviY G¸wj Hw‛QK ev B‛Qvaxb Kg© bq| Rb¥¯’vb, Avevm¯’j,
eÜzevÜe, ¯¿x, m‡„vb, cwiRb I wcZvgvZvi cÖwZ fvjevmv GKwU cÖK…wZMZ welq| gvbyl m„wóMZ fv‡e G‡ì cÖwZ fvjevmv
Abyfe K‡i| G¸wj †KvbwUB Cgv‡bi Ask bq| GRb¨ wcZvgvZvi AvbyMZ¨ I †mev‡K Bmjv‡gi Awe‡‛Q`¨ Ask ejv
n‡q‡Q, wcZvgvZvi fvjevmv‡K bq| Abyiƒcfv‡e †`‡ki cÖwZ, Avevm¯’‡ji cÖwZ, cvov cÖwZ‡ekxi cÖwZ gymwj‡gi A‡bK
`vwqZ¡ i‡q‡Q, hv wZwb B‛Qvaxb K‡g©i gva¨‡g cvjb Ki‡eb| wK‡‘ cÖvK…wZK fvjevmv‡K Cgv‡bi Ask ejv Bmjvgx aviYvi
mv‡_ cy‡ivcywi †g‡j bv| †KD hw` cÖK„wZi wbqg‡K j“Nb K‡i, wbR m‡„vb, ¯¿x, wcZvgvZv, Avevm¯’j ev †`k‡K fvj bv
ev‡m Zvn‡j Avgiv Zv‡K AcÖK…wZ¯’, cvMj ev Db¥v` BZ¨vw` eje| Avi hw` G Ae¯’v Zv‡K Zvi Dch©y³ `vwqZ¡vw` cvjb
†_‡K weiZ iv‡L Zvn‡j Avgiv Zv‡K cvcx I Avjvni Aeva¨ eje| Kv‡RB †`k‡cÖg Cgv‡bi Ask K_vwUi A_© mwVK ejv
KóKi| eis †`k-‡mev Bmjv‡gi wb‡`©k ejv †h‡Z cv‡i|232
201 bs Rvj nv`xm ( ): Ò¯¿x‡ì Di‚i g‡a¨ Bjg nvwi‡q †MjÓ cÖm‡½ wZwb e‡jb:
ÒGwU †Kv‡bv nv`xm bq; Z‡e Gi A_© mwVK| G A‡_© weki Avj-nvdx e‡j‡Qb: Ò†h e¨w³i ¯¿x-m½ AwZ wcÖq †m mdj nq
bv|Ó wek‡ii G K_v †_‡K Dc‡ii K_vwUi A‡_©i mg_©b cvIqv hvq|Ó
Gfv‡e Avgiv †`LwQ †h, nv`xm wn‡m‡e K_vwU Rvj n‡jI weki nvdxi e³‡eï Av‡jv‡K Gi A_© mwVK| cvkvcvwk
wb‡g‣i mnxn nv`xmwU j¶¨ Ki‚b| Avbvm (iv) e‡jb, ivm~jjy vn  e‡jb:
Ò†Zvgv‡ì `ywbqvi ga¨ †_‡K †KejgvÎ ¯¿xMY Ges myMwÜ‡K Avgvi wcÖq evwb‡q †Ìqv n‡q‡Q Avi Avgvi P¶zi
cÖkvw‡„ †i‡L †Ìqv n‡q‡Q mvjv‡Zi g‡a¨|Ó233
G mnxn nv`x‡mi Av‡jv‡K wK ejv m¤¢e †h, ¯¿xm½ wcÖq nIqv Bmjv‡g wb•`bxq ev G‡Z Bjg bó nq ev G‡Z mdjZv
weN‣ nq? Bev`Z ev mvjv‡Zi GKwbôZv Ges ¯¿x-m½ wcÖqZvi g‡a¨ msNl© ev •ecixZ¨ Kíbv Kiv wK mwVK? Lyjvdv‡q
iv‡k`xb I cÖwm× mvnvexM‡Yi Rxeb ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡j mybv‣ ‡Z beexiB cÖwZ‛Qwe cvIqv hvq| Zuviv ¯¿x-m½ wcÖqZv, Bev`Z I
Bj‡gi g‡a¨ m‡e©vËg mg‡^q K‡i‡Qb|
327 bs Rvj nv`xm ( ): Ò†h e¨w³ †Kv‡bv GKRb Avwj‡gi Kv‡Q emj †m †hb
GKRb bexi Kv‡Q emjÓ- cÖm‡½ Avjvgv Avey Rvdi e‡jb: ÒmvLvex e‡jb, ivm~jyjvn -Gi nv`xm wn‡m‡e Gi †Kv‡bv Aw¯„
Z¡ Av‡Q e‡j Avgvi Rvbv †bB| Z‡e †gvjv Avjx Kvix e‡j‡Qb, GwU nv`xm bv n‡jI G K_vwUi A_© mwVK; KviY AvwjgMY
bexM‡Yi DËivwaKvix| Avjvn e‡j‡Qb:
Ò‡Zvgiv hw` bv Rvb Z‡e Ávbx‡ì‡K wRÁvmv Ki|Ó234 .....

†gvjv Avjx Kvixi e³‡eï †h․w³KZv _vK‡jI Avgiv Rvj nv`x‡mi A‡_©i mv‡_ mnxn nv`xm I KziAv‡bi Avqv‡Zi
A‡_©i e¨vcK cv_©K¨ †`L‡Z cvB| KziAv‡b AvwjgMY‡K cÖk‣ Ki‡Z wb‡`©k †Ìqv n‡q‡Q Ges mnxn nv`x‡m AvwjgMY‡K
bexM‡Yi DËivwaKvix ejv n‡q‡Q| G `ywU wb‡`©kbv †_‡K †Kv‡bvfv‡eB eySv hvq bv †h, Avwj‡gi Kv‡Q emv bexi Kv‡Q emvi
gZB gh©v`vgq ev ¸i‚Z¡c~Y©|
Gfv‡e Avgiv †`LwQ †h, cÖK…Zc‡¶ †Kv‡bv Rvj nv`x‡mi A_©B cy‡ivcywi mwVK n‡Z cv‡i bv| hZ Rvj nv`x‡mi A_©
mwVK ev mnxn ejv n‡q‡Q me¸wjiB G Ae¯’v| A_©wU G‡Kev‡i Bmjvg we‡ivax bq GZUzKz eySv‡bvi Rb¨B g~jZ gynvwÏmMY
gv‡S gv‡S Giƒc e‡j‡Qb|
326 bs Rvj nv`xm ( ): Ò†h e¨w³ gmwR‡ì g‡a¨ `ywbqvex K_v ej‡e Avjvn Zvi
40 erm‡ii Avgj webó K‡i w`‡ebÓ- cÖm‡½ Avjvgv Avey Rvdi e‡jb: ÒmvMvbx e‡jb, G nv`xmwU Rvj| A_©vr Gi fvlv I
174
Gi A_© DfqB evwZj..|Ó
GLv‡b Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx G nv`x‡mi K_v I A_© `ywUB evwZj e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| †h e¨w³ G K_vwU
evwb‡q‡Q †m Aek¨B aviYv K‡i‡Q †h, GwU LyeB fvj A_© cÖKvkK Ges GwU Avjvn I Zuvi ivm~‡ji () c‡¶ (!) I Zuvi
`x‡bi Kj¨v‡Y (!) RvwjqvwZ| G‡Z gvby‡li g‡a¨ `xb cvjb, mybv‣ Z cvjb I gmwR‡ì g‡a¨ †ewk †ewk †bK Avgj Kivi
AvMÖn e„w× cv‡e| GRb¨B A‡bK mijcÖvY `xb`vi gvbyl G K_v‡K mZ¨ e‡j MÖnY K‡i‡Qb|
wK‡‘ Rvwjqv‡Zi Bjg †Zv Avi byeyIqv‡Zi Bjg I Avjvni Inxi m¤ú~iK n‡Z cv‡i bv| Rvwjqv‡Zi `„wó‡Z hv fvj
Zv AwaKvsk †¶‡ÎB Bmjv‡gi mvgwMÖK †PZbvi mv‡_ mvsNwl©K| mvnvexMY gmwR‡` ¯^vfvweK K_vevZ©v-Mí¸Re K‡i‡Qb,
Rvwnjx hy‡Mi Kvwnbx eY©bv K‡i‡Qb, KweZv cvV I kªeY K‡i‡Qb| G¸wj wKQzB A‣ea bq| Avi hw` †KD A‣ea K_v e‡jb
Zvn‡j Zv cvc n‡jI †mRb¨ Ab¨ Avgj bó nIqvi cÖk‣ D‡V bv| mvaviYfv‡e †Kv‡bv Kexiv †Mvbv‡ni RbÏ Pwjk erm‡ii
Kg© webó nIqvi K_v Bmjv‡g ejv nq wb, †mLv‡b gmwR‡` RvMwZK K_v ej‡j 40 erm‡ii Avgj bó n‡e e‡j g‡b Kiv
Bmjvgx †PZbvi mv‡_ mvsNwl©K| †h mKj nv`x‡mi A_© mwVK ejv n‡q‡Q, †m¸wji A_© Giƒc mvsNwl©K bq ejv P‡j|
175
PZz_© cwi‡”Q`:
†h mKj MÖ‡š’i nv`xm Rvj e‡j‡Qb
3. 4. 1. nv`xm msKjb welqK weåvwš—
Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx gymwjg mgv‡R cÖPwjZ I cÖwm× A‡bK MÖ‡‡’i nv`xm Rvj e‡j wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb| welqwU
Abyaveb Kivi Rb¨ Avgv‡ì‡K gynvwÏmM‡Yi nv`xm-msKjb bxwZgvjv Rvb‡Z n‡e| Bjg nv`x‡mi bxwZgvjv m¤ú‡K©
AÁZvi Kvi‡Y A‡b‡K aviYv K‡ib †h, nv`xm, Zvdmxi, wdKn, ZvmvDd, AvLjvK BZ¨vw` MÖ‡‡’ †h mKj nv`xm D×„Z Kiv
n‡q‡Q †m¸wj meB wbf©i‡hvM¨ nv`xm| Zviv aviYv K‡ib †h, G¸wj hw` mnxn bv n‡Zv Zvn‡j †Zv G mKj cÖvÁ Avwjg
Zv‡ì MÖ‡‡’ G mKj nv`xm D×„Z Ki‡Zb bv| Giƒc aviYv cÖKU g~LZ © v Qvov wKQzB bq| cÖvPxb hy‡MI Awkw¶Z, Aa©wkw¶Z
I mvaviY gvbyl‡ì g‡a¨ Giƒc aviYv we`¨gvb wQj| Bgvg gymwjg (262 wn) Zuvi ÒZvgqxhÓ MÖ‡‡’ Ges Bgvg nvwKg
bvBmvc~ix (405 wn) Zuvi Ògv`LvjÓ MÖ‡‡’ Giƒc Kzms¯‥vi I D†¢U aviYvi K_v D‡jL K‡i Zv LÊb K‡i‡Qb|
Z‡e `ytLRbK n‡jv, eZ©gvb hy‡M A‡bK Avwjg ev Zvwje Bj‡gi g‡a¨ Giƒc AÁZv cÖKUiƒ‡c †`Lv hvq| wewfb‣
Rvj nv`xm cÖPvi Kivi †¶‡Î Zuv‡ì GKgvÎ Ò`jxjÓ (!) n‡jv, AgyK Avwjg ev eyRMy © nv`xmwU‡K Zvi AgyK MÖ‡‡’ D‡jL
K‡i‡Qb, nv`xmwU mnxn bv n‡j †Zv Avi wZwb D‡jL Ki‡Zb bv! GZ eo eo Avwjg wKQz eyS‡jb bv, Zzwg wK †ewk eyS! GZ
eo KvkdIqvjv Ijx wZwb eyS‡jb bv, †Zvgiv †ewk eyS‡j? BZ¨vw` K_vB Zv‡ì GKgvÎ cuywR|
Avj-vgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx G mKj weåvw‡„ Acmvi‡Y Kvh©Ki c`‡¶c MÖnY K‡i‡Qb| gymwjg D¤§vni cÖvÁ gynvwÏm,
dKxn, m~dx I eyRMy ©M‡Yi g~jbxwZi wfwË‡Z wZwb fviZxq Ges we‡klZ evsjvi Avwjg, Zvwje Bjg I mvaviY wkw¶Z
cvVK, hv‡ì ÁvbvR©‡bi fvlv wQj g~jZ D`©,y Zv‡ì‡K nv`xm hvPvB‡q Av‡cvmnxbZv, me©‡¶‡Î gynvwÏmM‡Yi g~jbxwZ
Abymi‡Yi Avek¨KZv I †Kv‡bv ARynv‡Z Rvj nv`xm MÖnY bv K‡i Av‡cvmnxbfv‡e Rvj nv`xm eR©‡bi wk¶v `vb K‡i‡Qb|
Dci‡‘ G welqK m‡PZbZvi Rb¨ wZwb Zuvi G eB‡qi †k‡l ÒAgyK MÖ‡‡’ nv`xmwU i‡q‡QÓ Giƒc K_v bv e‡j Ònv`xmwU
mb`-mn †Kvb& MÖ‡‡’ msKwjZÓ Zv †R‡b mb` wePv‡ii Drmvn w`‡q‡Qb| G MÖ‡‡’i †k‡l wZwb e‡j‡Qb:
Ò... Avi gvbexq `ye©jZvi Kvi‡Y hw` †Kv‡bv fyj cvIqv hvq, A_ev †Kv‡bv nv`xm gvDh~ (Rvj) bq e‡j m‡›`n nq,
Z‡e mb`-mn nv`xmwU Abywjwc K‡i Avgvi wbKU cvwV‡q w`‡eb; †hb ivexM‡Yi MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv welqK ÔAvmgvDi wiRvjÕ
MÖš’vwì Av‡jv‡K †m wel‡q ZvnKxK ev M‡elYv hvq| hw` cÖKZ … B †m nv`xmwU †Kv‡bv cÖKv‡ii nv`xm e‡j cÖgvwYZ nq Z‡e
wØZxq gy`ª‡Y †m nv`xmwU ev` †Ìqv n‡e| ïay wKZv‡ei eivZ †Ìqv h‡_ó bq| A_©vr G K_v ejv h‡_ó bq †h, AgyK MÖ‡š’
G nv`xm D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q| Z‡e hw` †Kv‡bv MÖš’ Bjg nv`x‡mi fvj MÖš’ nq, †m MÖ‡š’ Rvj nv`x‡mi AvwaK¨ bv _v‡K Ges
†m MÖ‡š’i †jLKI fvj nb Z‡e Zv MÖnY‡hvM¨ n‡Z cv‡i|Ó
nv`xm msKj‡bi †¶‡Î gynvwÏmM‡Yi hvPvB-evQvB m¤ú‡K© A‡b‡KB AeMZ n‡jI Gi †¶Î I c×wZ m¤ú‡K© AeMZ
bb| Zviv aviYv K‡ib †h, gynvwÏmMY hvPvB-evQvB‡qi c‡i †h nv`xm¸wj mnxn e‡j MY¨ K‡i‡Qb †m¸wjB ïay nv`x‡mi
MÖ‡’¸wj‡Z msKjb K‡i‡Qb| Avi †h¸wj Rvj ev Awbf©i‡hvM¨ e‡j MY¨ K‡i‡Qb †m¸wj Zviv ev` w`‡q‡Qb| GRb¨ Zviv
g‡b K‡ib, †Kv‡bv MÖ‡‡’i nv`xm‡K Rvj ev hqxd ejvi A_© †m MÖ‡‡’i †jL‡Ki mgv‡jvPbv Kiv, Zv‡K AeÁv Kiv ev Zvi
hvPvB-evQvB‡K Ae‡njv Kiv| G aviYvwU G‡Kev‡iB wfwËnxb|
†Kv‡bv e¨w³i cÖwZ fw³ ev kª×vi Kvi‡Y †Kv‡bv nv`xm‡K mb`Qvov MÖnY Kiv ev Rvj e‡j MY¨ †Kv‡bv nv`xm‡K Giƒc
†Kv‡bv MÖ‡’ ev e¨w³i D×„wZi ARynv‡Z MÖnY ev cÖPvi Kivi A_© nv`x‡mi weï×Zv wbwðZKi‡Y Avjvn I Zui ivm~‡ji () wb‡`©k
Agvb¨ Kiv, ivm~jyj-vn -Gi cweÎ Avw½bv‡K Rvj K_v w`‡q AcweÎ Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ Kiv Ges Avjvni Inxi g‡a¨ gvbexq K_v
ms‡hvRb K‡i Inxi cweÎZv webó Ki‡Z mnvqZv Kiv|
bv Rvbvi Kvi‡Y †Kv‡bv Awbf©i‡hvM¨ ev Rvj nv`xm D‡jL Kiv Am¤¢e bq| GKRb eo Avwjg I eyRyM© Zvi AMwYZ †bK
K‡g©i g‡a¨ Giƒc fyj Ki‡ZB cv‡i| mvaviYZ G¸wj BRwZnv`x fyj| GKRb Avwjg mva¨gZ †Póv K‡ib nv`xm¸wji Ae¯’v
Rvb‡Z| †h¸wji Ae¯’v Rvb‡Z cv‡ib bv †m¸wj wbR¯^ BRwZnv` I aviYvi Dc‡i D×„Z K‡ib| Avi BRwZnv`x fy‡ji Rb¨
gyRZvwn` ev eo Avwjg GKwU mvIqve cvb| Z‡e fyj Rvbvi c‡i Zv †Kv‡bv ARynv‡Z MÖnY Kiv ev †Kv‡bv nv`xm‡K gynvwÏmMY
Rvj e‡j MY¨ K‡i‡Qb Rvbvi c‡iI mb`Øviv cÖgvY Kiv Qvov †Kv‡bv e¨w³i ARynv‡Z Zv MÖnY Kiv, cÖPvi Kiv ev Zvi c‡¶ ejvi
A_© Rvj nv`x‡mi cÖPv‡i: RvwjqvZ ev cÖPviK `yR‡bi GKRb nIqv| AÁ gymwjg‡ì g‡a¨ G cÖeYZv _vK‡jI gymwjg D¤§vni
†Kv‡bv cÖvÁ Avwjg, m~dx, eyRyM©, cxi †KDB Giƒc cÖeYZv‡K cÖkªq †`b wb|
Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx Gi cÖK…ó D`vniY| wZwb wQ‡jb hyM‡kªô Avwjg, gynvwÏm, dKxn, gydZx, m~dx I kvBL
ZixKZ ev cxi| wK‡‘ wZwb nv`xm, wdKn, ZvmvDd ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv wel‡qi MÖ‡‡’i †Kv‡bv Rvj nv`xm mgv‡jvPbv Ki‡Z wØav
K‡ib wb| cieZ©x Aby‡‛Q`¸wj‡Z Avgiv Zv we¯„vwiZ ch©v‡jvPbv Kie, Bbkv Avjvn|
3. 4. 2. nv`xmMÖš’mg~‡ni Rvj nv`xm
176
Avjvgv Avey Rvdi `y cÖKv‡ii nv`xm‡K Rvj e‡j wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb (1) G‡Kev‡i mb`wenxb Rvj K_v I
(2) mb`mn nv`xm †h¸wj RvwjqvZMY mb`-mn evwb‡q‡Q| wØZxq cÖKv‡ii Rvj nv`xmB †ewk, KviY Bmjv‡gi cÖ_g
kZvãx¸wj‡Z mb`wenxb †Kv‡bv nv`xm †KDB MÖnY Ki‡Zb bv| GRb¨ RvwjqvZMY Zv‡ì Rvj nv`xm¸wji Rb¨ Rvj mb`
•Zwi KiZ|235 G mKj mb`mn Rvj nv`xm wewfb‣ nv`xmMÖ‡‡’ msKjb Kiv n‡q‡Q| G¸wji mgv‡jvPbv ev G¸wj‡K Rvj
e‡j wPwýZ Kiv‡K A‡bK cvVK AÁZv ekZ AvcwËKi e‡j MY¨ Ki‡Z cv‡ib| GRb¨ nv`xmMÖ‡’¸wj msKj‡b
gynvwÏmM‡Yi Kg©ixwZ I G¸wji g‡a¨ we`¨gvb Rvj nv`xm wel‡q Avgv‡ì aviYv cwi®‥vi Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|
e¯‘Z wØZxq wnRix kZK †_‡K gynvwÏmM‡Yi nv`xm msKjb I nv`xm hvPvB-evQvB `ywU m¤ú~Y© c„_K avivq m¤úb‣
n‡q‡Q| hviv nv`xm msKjb K‡i‡Qb Zuv‡ì AwaKvskB g~jZ mb`-mn hv wKQz ewY©Z n‡q‡Q Zv meB wbwe©Pv‡i msKjb
K‡i‡Qb| cvkvcvwk ivexM‡Yi MÖnY‡hvM¨Zvi ch©vq I nv`x‡mi hvPvB-evQvB‡qi Rb¨ gynvwÏmMY c„_K MÖ‡’vw` iPbv
K‡i‡Qb| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv gynvwÏm msKjb I hvPvB GK‡Î Kivi †Póv K‡i‡Qb| wØZxq wnRix kZK †_‡K ïi‚ K‡i cieZ©x
cÖvq 4 kZvãx ch©‡„ nv`xm msKj‡bi †h aviv Pvjy _v‡K Gi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨B wQj ivm~jyjvn  Gi bv‡g Kw_Z I cÖPvwiZ
mKj nv`xm msKjb Kiv| hv‡Z gymwjg D¤§vni gynvwÏmMY wbix¶vwfwËK weav‡bi Av‡jv‡K G¸wji ga¨ †_‡K weï× I
wbf©jy nv`xm †e‡Q wb‡Z cv‡ib|
GRb¨ Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB †h, AwaKvsk nv`xm MÖ‡‡’ mnxn, hqxd, gvDh~ mKj cÖKv‡ii nv`xm msKwjZ n‡q‡Q| 9g
wnRix kZ‡Ki cÖwm× gynvwÏm Avjvgv Beby nvRvi AvmKvjvbx (852 wn) PZz_© kZ‡Ki cÖwm× gynvwÏm Bgvg Zvevivbxi
(360 wn) MÖ‡¸’ wji g‡a¨ we`¨gvb A‡bK Rvj I evwZj nv`x‡mi Av‡jvPbv cÖm‡½ e‡jb:
ÒGwU Zvevivbxi GKK welq bq Ges G wel‡q Zv‡K c„_Kfv‡e †`vl †Ìqvi wKQz †bB; wØZxq wnRix kZvãx †_‡K
cieZ©x hyM¸wji AwaKvsk gynvwÏm g‡b Ki‡Zb †h, mb`-mn nv`xm D‡jL Ki‡jB `vwqZ¡ cvwjZ n‡q †Mj Ges Zuviv
wh¤§v`vwi †_‡K gy³ n‡jb|Ó236
e¯‘Z K‡qKRb msKjK ev‡` †Kv‡bv msKjKB ïay weï× ev wbf©i‡hvM¨ nv`xm msKj‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ MÖ‡’ iPbv K‡ib
wb| AwaKvsk gynvwÏm, gydvmwmi, Avwjg I Bgvg nv`xm msKjb K‡i‡Qb mnxn, hqxd ev ev‡bvqvU mKj cÖKvi nv`xm
mb`mn GKwÎZ Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨; †hb ivm~jyjvn ()-Gi bv‡g Kw_Z ev cÖPvwiZ mewKQyB msiw¶Z nq| Zuviv †Kv‡bv nv`xmB
ivm~jyj-vn ()-Gi K_v ev KvR wnmv‡e mivmwi eY©bv K‡ibwb| eis mb`mn, †K Zv‡ì‡K nv`xmwU Kvi m~‡Î eY©bv K‡i‡Qb
Zv D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| Zuviv g~jZ e‡j‡Qb: ÒAgyK e¨w³ e‡j‡Qb †h, ÔG K_vwU nv`xmÕ, Avwg Zv mb`mn msKwjZ KijvgÓ|
nv`xm †cÖwgK cvVKMY Gevi mnxn, hqxd I ev‡bvqvU †e‡Q wbb| G mKj msKj‡Ki †KD †KD Avevi nv`xm eY©bvi mv‡_
mv‡_ Zvi mb‡ì Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb Ges `ye©jZv ev mejZv eY©bv K‡i‡Qb|237
Aí K‡qKRb ïay mnxn nv`xm msKj‡bi †Póv K‡ib| G‡ì g‡a¨ Z…Zxq kZ‡Ki cÖwm×Zg gynvwÏm Bgvg gynv¤§v`
Beby BmgvCj Avj-eyLvix (256 wn) I Bgvg gymwjg Bebyj nv¾vR Avj-KzkvBix (261 wn) Ab¨Zg| Zuv‡ì c‡i Avãyjvn
Beby Avjx Bebyj Rviƒ` (307 wn), gynv¤§v` Beby BmnvK Beby LyhvBgv (311 wn), Avng` Beby gynv¤§v`, Bebyk kviKx (325
wn), Kvwmg Beby BDm~d Avj-evBqvbx (340 wn), mvC` Beby Dmgvb, Bebym mvKvb (353 wn), Avey nvwZg gynv¤§v` Beby
wne․vb Avj-eymwZ (354 wn), Avey Avãyjv- n gynv¤§v` Beby Avãyjv- n nvwKg bvBmvc~ix (405 wn), whqvDÏxb gynv¤§v` Beby
Avãyj Iqvwn` Avj-gvKw`mx (643 wn) cÖgyL gynvwÏm ïay mnxn nv`xm msKj‡bi †Póv K‡i ÔmnxnÕ MÖ‡’ iPbv K‡i‡Qb|238
cieZ©x hy‡Mi gynvwÏm‡ì Pzj‡Piv wbix¶vi gva¨‡g ïay eyLvix I gymwj‡gi mnxn-MÖ‡’Ø‡qi nv`xm¸wj mnxn e‡j cÖgvwYZ
n‡q‡Q| eyLvix I gymwj‡gi `y-GKRb ivexi wel‡q, `y-GKwU mb`-wenxb ZvÕjxK I ZvweqxM‡Yi e³e¨ ev ÔAvmviÓ wel‡q wKQz
AvcwË †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv gynvwÏm K‡i‡Qb| Avgiv B‡Zvc~‡e© Avjvgv i‚ûj Avwg‡bi e³‡e¨ Giƒc `y-GKwU bgybv †`‡LwQ| Z‡e
D¤§v‡Zi gynvwÏmMY mvgvwMÖK wbix¶vi gva¨‡g wbwðZ K‡i‡Qb †h, G MÖ‡’Ø‡qi mKj nv`x‡m beexB mnxn e‡j cÖgvwYZ| evKx
†Kv‡bv MÖ‡‡’iB mKj nv`xm mnxn e‡j cÖgvwYZ nq wb| eis †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv MÖ‡‡’ hqxd, evwZj I wg_¨v nv`xm msKwjZ n‡q‡Q e‡j
cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q|239
Øv`k wnRix kZ‡Ki Ab¨Zg ms¯‥viK kvn IqvwjDjvn †`njfx (1176wn/ 1762L„) nv`x‡mi MÖ‡’¸wj‡K cuvPwU
ch©v‡q fvM K‡i‡Qb| cÖ_g ch©v‡q i‡q‡Q wZbLvbv MÖ‡’: mnxn eyLvix, mnxn gymwjg I gyqvËv Bgvg gvwjK| GB wZbLvbv
177
MÖ‡‡’i mKj mb`mn ewY©Z nv`xmB MÖnY‡hvM¨ e‡j cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q|
wØZxq ch©v‡qi MÖ‡’¸wji nv`xm †gvUvgywU MÖnY‡hvM¨ e‡j cÖgvwYZ n‡jI †m¸wj‡Z wKQy Awbf©i‡hvM¨ nv`xmI i‡q‡Q|
†gvUvgywUfv‡e gymwjg D¤§vn GmKj MÖ‡’‡K MÖnY K‡i‡Qb I Zv‡ì g‡a¨ G¸wj cÖwmw× jvf K‡i‡Q| GB ch©v‡q i‡q‡Q
wZbLvbv MÖ‡:’ mybvb Avex `vD`, mybvb bvmvC I mybvb wZiwghx| Bgvg Avng‡ì gymbvÌ cÖvq GB ch©v‡qi|
Z…Zxq ch©v‡q i‡q‡Q H mKj MÖ‡’ hv Bgvg eyLvix, Bgvg gymwjg cÖgyL gynvwÏ‡mi Av‡Mi ev c‡ii hy‡M msKwjZ
n‡q‡Q, wK‡‘ Zvi g‡a¨ weï×, `ye©j, wg_¨v, fyj me ai‡bi nv`xmB i‡q‡Q, hvi d‡j we‡klÁ gynvwÏm wfb‣ GmKj MÖ‡’
†_‡K DcK…Z nIqv m¤¢e bq| G mKj MÖ‡’ gynvwÏm‡ì g‡a¨ †Zgb cÖwmw× jvf K‡iwb| G ch©v‡q i‡q‡Q: gymbv` Avex
Bqvjv, gymvb‣vd Avãyi ivh&hvK, gymvb‣vd Be‡b Avex kvBev, gymbv` Ave` Be‡b ûgvB`, gymbv` Zvqvwjmx, Bgvg evBnvKxi
msKwjZ nv`xmMÖ‡m’ g~n (mybvb Kzeiv, `vjvBjyb byeyIqvZ, ïqveyj Cgvb...), Bgvg Zvnvexi msKwjZ nv`xmMÖ‡m’ g~n (kvi&n
gvqvbxj Avmvi, kvi&n gykwKwjj Avmvi ...), Zvevivbxi msKwjZ nv`xm MÖ‡m’ g~n (Avj-gyÕRvgyj Kexi, Avj-gyÕRvgyj
AvImvZ, Avj-gyÕRvgym mvMxi...)| G mKj MÖ‡‡’i msKjKM‡Yi D‡Ïk¨ wQj hv †c‡q‡Qb ZvB msKjb Kiv| Zuviv wbix¶v I
hvPvB‡qi w`‡K gb †`bwb|
PZz_© ch©v‡qi MÖ‡’¸wj H mKj MÖ‡’ hv K‡qK hyM c‡i msKwjZ nq| G mKj MÖ‡‡’i msKjKiv g~jZ wbæ cÖKv‡ii
nv`xm msKjb K‡i‡Qb: (1) †h mKj Ônv`xmÕ c~e© hy‡M AcwiwPZ ev ARvbv _vKvi Kvi‡Y c~e©eZx MÖ‡’mg~‡n msKwjZ nqwb,
(2) †h mKj nv`xm †Kv‡bv AcwiwPZ MÖ‡‡’ msKwjZ wQj, (3) †jvKgy‡L cÖPwjZ ev Iqvwqh‡ì Iqv‡h cÖPvwiZ wewfb‣ K_v,
hv †Kv‡bv nv`x‡mi MÖ‡‡’ ¯’vb cvqwb, (4) wewfb‣ `ye©j I weåv‡„ m¤cÖ`v‡qi g‡a¨ cÖPwjZ K_vevZ©v, (5) †h mKj Ônv`xmÕ
g~jZ mvnvex ev Zvweqx‡ì K_v, Bûw`‡ì Mí ev c~e©eZx hvgvbvi Ávbx e¨w³‡ì K_v, †h¸wj‡K fyjµ‡g ev B‛Qvc~e©K
†Kv‡bv eY©bvKvix nv`xm e‡j eY©bv K‡i‡Qb, (6) KziAvb ev nv`x‡mi e¨vL¨v RvZxq K_v hv fyjµ‡g †Kv‡bv mr ev ì‡ek
gvbyl nv`xm e‡j eY©bv K‡i‡Qb, (7) nv`xm †_‡K DcjwäK…Z A_©‡K †KD †KD B‛Qvc~eK nv`xm e‡j Pvwj‡q w`‡q‡Qb A_ev
(8) wewfb‣ mb‡` ewY©Z wewfb‣ nv`x‡mi evK¨‡K GKwU nv`xm e‡j eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| Gai‡bi nv`x‡mi msKjb MÖ‡‡’i g‡a¨
D‡jL‡hvM¨ n‡jv: Beby wne․v‡bi Av`-`yqvdv, Be‡b Av`xi Avj-Kvwgj, LZxe evM`v`x, Avey byqvBg Bmcvnvbx, Beby
AvmvwKi, Bebyb bv¾vi I `vBjvgx KZ©K „ msKwjZ MÖ‡’mg~n| LvIqvwiRgx KZ…K © msKwjZ gymbv` Bgvg Avey nvbxdvI cÖvq
G ch©v‡q c‡o| G ch©v‡qi MÖ‡’mg~‡ni nv`xm nq `ye©j A_ev ev‡bvqvU|
cÂg ch©v‡qi MÖ‡’mg~‡n HmKj nv`xm i‡q‡Q hv dKxnMY, m~dxMY ev HwZnvwmKM‡Yi g‡a¨ cÖPwjZ I Zuv‡ì †jLv
eB‡q cvIqv hvq| †h mKj nv`x‡mi †Kv‡bv Aw¯„Z¡ c~‡e©i Pvi ch©v‡qi MÖ‡‡’ cvIqv hvq bv| Gme nv`x‡mi g‡a¨ Ggb
nv`xmI i‡q‡Q hv †Kv‡bv ag©Pz¨Z fvlvÁvbx cwÊZ cvcvPvix gvbyl •Zwi K‡i‡Qb| wZwb Zvi ev‡bvqvU nv`x‡mi Rb¨ Ggb
mb` •Zwi K‡i‡Qb hvi Î‚wU aiv `ytmva¨, Avi Zvi ev‡bvqvU nv`x‡mi fvlvI Giƒc my•ì †h ivm~jyj-vn -Gi K_v e‡j
mn‡RB wek¦vm n‡e| G mKj ev‡bvqvU nv`xm Bmjv‡gi g‡a¨ my`~i cÖmvix wec` I wdZbv m„wó K‡i‡Q| Z‡e nv`xm kv‡¯¿
myMfxi cvwÊ‡Zï AwaKvix we‡klÁ gynvwÏmMY nv`x‡mi fvlv I mb‡ì Zzjbvg~jK Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g Zvi Î‚wU Lyu‡R †ei
Ki‡Z m¶g nb|
kvn IqvwjDjvn e‡jb: cÖ_g I wØZxq ch©v‡qi nv`xm MÖ‡‡’i Dc‡iB ïay gynvwÏmMY wbf©i K‡i‡Qb| Z…Zxq ch©v‡qi
nv`xmMÖ‡’mg~n †_‡K nv`xm kv‡¯¿ myMfxi cvwÊ‡Zï AwaKvix Bjgyi wiRvj I Bjvj kv‡¯¿ cwÊZ we‡klÁ gynvwÏmMY Qvov
†KD DcK…Z n‡Z cv‡ib bv, KviY G mKj MÖ‡‡’ msKwjZ nv`xmmg~‡ni ga¨ †_‡K wg_¨v nv`xm I wbf©i‡hvM¨ nv`x‡mi
cv_©K¨ ïay ZuvivB Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Avi PZz_© ch©v‡qi nv`xmMÖ‡’mg~n msKjb Kiv ev cvV Kiv GK ai‡bi Ávb wejvwmZv Qvov
wKQyB bq| mZ¨ ej‡Z, iv‡dhx, gyZvwhjx I Ab¨vb¨ mKj we`ÔAvZx I evwZj g‡Zi gvby‡liv Lye mn‡RB GmKj MÖ‡’ †_‡K
Zv‡ì g‡Zi c‡¶ wewfb‣ nv`xm †ei K‡i wb‡Z cvi‡eb| Kv‡RB, G mKj MÖ‡‡’i nv`xm w`‡q †Kv‡bv gZ cÖwZôv Kiv ev
†Kv‡bv g‡Zi c‡¶ `wjj †Ìqv Av‡jg‡ì wbKU evZzjZv I AMÖnY‡hvM¨|240
GLv‡b D‡jL¨ †h, nv`x‡mi weï×Zv i¶vq Ges mnxn nv`xm‡K `ye©j I gvDh~ nv`xm †_‡K c„_K Kivi †¶‡Î
gynvwÏmM‡Yi `„pZv wQj Av‡cvlnxb I Abgbxq| †Kv‡bv hy‡M †Kv‡bv Bgvg, gynvwÏm, dKxn ev Avwjg e‡jbwb †h, †Kv‡bv
nv`x‡mi MÖ‡‡’ †Kv‡bv nv`xm ewY©Z ev D×„Z _vK‡jB Zv‡K mnxn ejv hv‡e, A_ev AgyK Avwjg †h‡nZz nv`xmwU msKjb
K‡i‡Qb, Kv‡RB nv`xmwU nqZ mnxn n‡e| †Zgwbfv‡e msKjK hZ gh©v`vm¤úb‣B †nvb, Zuvi msKwjZ †Kv‡bv nv`x‡mi g‡a¨
`ye©jZv ev B‛QvK…Z ev Awb‛QvK…Z wg_¨vi m¤¢vebv _vK‡j Zv ¯úóiƒ‡c ej‡Z †Kv‡bv wØav Zuviv KL‡bvB K‡ib wb| nv`x‡mi
weï×Zv i¶v‡K Zuviv mKj e¨w³MZ fvjevmv I kª×vi Dc‡i ¯’vb w`‡q‡Qb|
ivm~jyj-vni () nv`x‡mi bv‡g cÖPvwiZ wg_¨v I fyj wPwýZ K‡i weï× nv`xm‡K fyj I wg_¨v Ônv`xmÕ †_‡K c„_K ivLvi
G cÖej `„pZvi Kvi‡YB gynvwÏmMY KL‡bvB Kv‡iv `vex webv hvPvB‡q †g‡b †bb wb| Zuviv KL‡bvB g‡b K‡ib wb †h, AgyK
178
gnvb e¨w³Z¡ †h‡nZz nv`xmwU‡K mnxn e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb, †m‡nZz Zuvi gZvgZ webv hvPvB‡q †g‡b †bIqv DwPZ|
Avgiv Av‡MB e‡jwQ, mnxn eyLvix I mnxn gymwj‡g msKwjZ mKj nv`xm ÔmnxnÕ e‡j †g‡b †bIqvi KviY G bq †h, Bgvg
eyLvix I Bgvg gymwjg nv`xm¸wj‡K mnxn e‡j‡Qb| Zuv‡ì e¨w³MZ gh©v`v GLv‡b g~j¨nxb, eis Zuv‡ì wbix¶vB g~j welq|
Zuviv wbix¶vi gva¨‡g nv`xm¸wj‡K mnxn e‡j‡Qb Ges cieZ©x gynvwÏmMY G nv`xm¸wji mb` hvPvB K‡i‡Qb Ges Zuv‡ì
wbix¶vi weï×Zv wbwðZ K‡i‡Qb| Kv‡iv wbix¶vq fyj aiv co‡j Zv gynvwÏmMY D‡jL K‡i‡Qb|
Avjvgv Avãyj nvB jvLbex‡K cÖk‣ Kiv nq:
Òmybvb PZzôq: bvmvC, wZiwghx, Ave~ `vD`, Beby gvRvn, evBnvKxi wjwLZ MÖ‡’mg~n, `vivKyZbxi wjwLZ MÖ‡’mg~n,
nvwKg, Beby Avex kvBev, I Ab¨vb¨ mycÖwm× I wekvj wekvj nv`x‡mi MÖ‡’mg~‡ni nv`xm¸wj wK mnxn? ... bv wK nvmvb ...?
bvwK Ab¨ wKQz?Ó
DË‡i wZwb e‡jb:
G mKj MÖ‡‡’ Ges G ai‡bi Ab¨vb¨ nv`xm MÖ‡‡’ msKwjZ mKj nv`xm mnxn ev nvmvb bq; eis G mKj MÖ‡‡’i g‡a¨
mnxn, nvmvb, hqxd I Rvj mKj cÖKv‡ii nv`xm we`¨gvb|241
Gici wZwb my`xN© Av‡jvPbvq cÖwm× Avwjg, gynvwÏm, dKxn I eyRyM©M‡Yi A‡bK D×„wZ I we‡klY D‡jL K‡i †`wL‡q‡Qb
†h, Zuviv mK‡jB GKev‡K¨ ¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb †h, G mKj MÖ‡‡’i g‡a¨ A‡bK mnxn I nvmvb nv`x‡mi cvkvcvwk A‡bK hqxd I
Rvj nv`xm we`¨gvb| Kv‡RB mb` wePv‡i Rvj cÖgvwYZ n‡j Zv‡K MÖ‡’Kv‡ii gh©v`vi Ahynv‡Z MÖnY Kivi †Kv‡bv my‡hvM ev
AbygwZ †Kv‡bv gynvwÏm, dKxn ev eRyM© †`b wb|242
gvkvBL dzidziv G g~jbxwZi Dc‡i AUj †_‡K‡Qb| B‡Zvc~‡e© kvBLyj Bmjvg Avey eKi wmwÏKx I Avjvgv i‚ûj
Avwgb mv‡n‡ei e³‡e¨ Avgiv Zvi bgybv †`‡LwQ| Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx D¤§v‡Zi eyRMy ©M‡Yi G g~jbxwZi wfwË‡ZB
Zuvi MÖ‡’ iPbv K‡i‡Qb
3. 4. 3. Zvdmxi, wdKn BZ¨vw` MÖ‡š’i Rvj nv`xm
nv`xm MÖ‡’ QvovI Bmjvgx Ávb-weÁv‡bi Ab¨vb¨ wel‡qi MÖ‡’¸wj‡ZI A‡bK nv`xm msKjb Kiv n‡q‡Q| Zvdmxi,
BwZnvm, wdKn, Dm~j, ZvmvDd BZ¨vw` mKj wel‡qi MÖ‡‡’B A‡bK nv`xm D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖ_g wZb/Pvi kZvãx ch©‡„ G
mKj wel‡qi MÖ‡¸’ wj‡ZI mb`mn nv`xm D‡jL Kiv n‡Zv| cieZ©xKv‡j G mKj wel‡qi MÖ‡’¸wj‡Z mb`wenxbfv‡e nv`xm
D‡jL Kiv nq| d‡j G mKj nv`x‡mi hvPvB I mb`wePvi Av‡iv A‡bK KwVb n‡q hvq| G mKj MÖ‡‡’i †¶‡Î Av‡iv wÎwea
mgm¨v †`Lv †`q:
cÖ_gZ, G mKj MÖ‡‡’i †jLKMY wbR wel‡q mycwÊZ wQ‡jb| ¯^fveZB GK wel‡qi cwÊZ Ab¨ wel‡qi Mfx‡i ZZ
†h‡Z cv‡ib bv| G Kvi‡Y Zuviv nv`xm wel‡q nv‡Zi Kv‡Q cvIqv MÖ‡’vewji Dci wbf©i K‡i‡Qb, AwaKvsk †¶‡ÎB hvPvB
evQvB K‡ib wb| d‡j A‡bK `ye©j I Rvj nv`xm Zv‡ì MÖ‡‡’ ¯’vb †c‡q‡Q| GgbwK mgv‡R cÖPwjZ A‡bK K_v †m¸wji
†Kv‡bviƒc †Kv‡bv mb` †bB Ges †Kv‡bv nv`x‡mi MÖ‡‡’ msKwjZ nq wb Giƒc G‡Kev‡i mb`wenxb wfwËnxb K_vI nv`xm
bv‡g Zv‡ì MÖ‡’¸wj‡Z ¯’vb †c‡q‡Q|
wØZxqZ, 5g-6ô wnRix kZK I cieZ©x hyM¸wj‡Z, we‡klZ, µz‡mW hy× I ZvZvi Avµg‡b wQb‣wfb‣ gymwjg we‡k¦i
mKj †`‡k Ávb PP©vq ¯’weiZv †`Lv †`q| mvaviY gymwjg †Zv e‡UB, GgbwK G mKj hy‡Mi Avwjg I Zvwje BjgMYI
M‡elYvwegyL n‡q c‡ob| Zv‡ì M‡elYv I Rxe‡bvcKi‡Yi Rb¨ ivóªxq I mvgvwRK mn‡hvwMZv eÜ n‡q hvq| d‡j Áv‡bi
Mfx‡i cÖ‡ek Kivi cÖeYZv K‡g hvq| mK‡jB mnRcÖvc¨ I mnRjf¨ MÖ‡’¸wji Dci wbf©i Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| nv`x‡mi e„nr
MÖ‡‡’ nv`xm mÜv‡bi †P‡q Zvdmxi, wdKn, ZvmvDd, BwZnvm BZ¨vw` wel‡qi mycÖwm×, mnRjf¨ I cÖPwjZ MÖ‡’¸wji g‡a¨
we`¨gvb nv`xm¸wji Dc‡iB mK‡j wbf©i Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| Zuviv G¸wj‡K mnxn wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡ib Ges Zv‡ì wjLwb‡ZI
G¸wji D×„wZ w`‡Z _v‡Kb| d‡j G mKj MÖ‡‡’i nv`xm¸wjB mgv‡Ri me©Î cÖPvwiZ n‡Z _v‡K|
Z…ZxqZ, Ávb-M‡elYvi ¯’weiZvi cvkvcvwk G mKj †jL‡Ki gh©v`vi Kvi‡Y A‡b‡KB wbwe©Pv‡i G¸wji Dci wbf©i
Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| we‡klZ mycwÖ m× mydx, eyRMy © I AvwjgM‡Yi MÖ‡‡’i g‡a¨ we`¨gvb †Kv‡bv nv`xm‡K hqxd ev Rvj ejv mvaviY
179
gvbyl QvovI A‡bK Avwjg I Zvwje Bjg †e-Avèx e‡j MY¨ Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| A‡b‡K gyLZ © vi Kvi‡Y ej‡Z
_v‡Kb, GZ eo Avwjg I eyRMy © hLb wj‡L‡Qb, ZLb wbðq hvPvB K‡iB wj‡L‡Qb, A_ev Kvk‡di gva¨‡g wbwðZ n‡q
wj‡L‡Qb| Kv‡RB G¸wji mb` mÜv‡bi †Kv‡bv cÖ‡qvRbxqZv †bB| G¸wj‡K wbwe©Pv‡i MÖnY KivB Avgv‡ì `vwqZ¡|
weMZ K‡qK kZ ermi hver Giƒc aviYv wewfb‣ ¯„‡ii gymwjg‡ì g‡a¨ cÖmvi jvf Ki‡Z _v‡K| cvkvcvwk D¤§v‡Zi
gynvw°K AvwjgMY mKj Kzms¯‥vi I cÖwZK~jZvi g‡a¨ mybv‣ ‡Z beexi msi¶Y I ivm~jyjvn -Gi cÖv½b‡K RvwjqvwZ †_‡K
i¶vi gnvb AvgvbZ I `vwqZ¡ cvj‡b m‡Pó I †mv‛Pvi †_‡K‡Qb| ivm~jyjvn -Gi nv`x‡mi weï×Zv i¶v I Zuvi ìev‡ii
cweÎZv i¶vi †¶‡Î Ab¨ mKj fw³, fvjevmv I gZ‡K Zuviv Zz‛Q K‡i †`‡L‡Qb|
Avj-vgv Avng` Be‡b gynv¤§v` Be‡b Beªvnxg Avm mvÕjvex wbkvc~ix (427 wn) iwPZ ÒZvdmxi mvÕjvexÓ, Avj-vgv Avjx
Be‡b Avngv` Avj-Iqvwn`x wbkvc~ix (468 wn) iwPZ ÒevmxZÓ, ÒIqvwmZÓ, ÒIqvRxhÓ BZ¨vw` Zvdmxi MÖ‡’, Avjvgv Aveyj
Kv‡mg gvng~` Be‡b Dgi Avh-hvgvLkvix (538 wn) iwPZ ÒKvk&kvdÓ MÖ‡’, Avjvgv Avãyjv n Be‡b Dgi Avj-evBhvex (685
wn) iwPZ ÒAvbIqvi‚Z ZvbhxjÓ ev ÒZvdmx‡i evBhvexÓ MÖ‡’ I Abyiƒc MÖ‡’¸wj‡Z we`¨gvb KziAv‡bi wewfb‣ m~ivi dhxjZ
welqK Rvj nv`xm¸wji wel‡q mZK© K‡i‡Qb Avjvgv bvevex Zuvi ÒZvKixeÓ MÖ‡‡’ Ges Avjvgv myq~Zx Zuvi ÒZvìxeyi ivexÓ
MÖ‡‡’| myq~Zx e‡jb: ÒBivKx (806 wn) e‡j‡Qb †h, cÖ_g `yRb Ñ mvÕjvex I Iqvwn`x mb` D‡jLc~e©K GmKj Rvj nv`xm
D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| d‡j Zuv‡ì IRi wKQyUv MÖnY Kiv hvq, KviY Zuviv mb` e‡j w`‡q cvVK‡K mb` wePv‡ii w`‡K avweZ
K‡i‡Qb, hwÌ Rvj nv`xm mb`mn D‡jL Ki‡jI m‡½ m‡½ Zv‡K ÔgvIh~Õ bv e‡j Pzc K‡i hvIqv Rv‡qh bq| wK‡‘ cieZx©
`y Rb Ñ hvgvLkvix I evBhvex-Gi fyj LyeB gvivZ¥K| KviY, Zuviv mb` D‡jL K‡ibwb, eis ivm~jyjvn ()-Gi K_v e‡j
mivmwi I ¯úófv‡e G mKj ev‡bvqvU K_v D‡jL K‡i‡Qb|243
gymwjg D¤§vni ZvmvDd, †bK-Avgj I dvhv‡qj welqK Ab¨Zg MÖ‡’ KzZjz Kzje~ I GnBqvD Dj~wgÏxb| 4_© wnRix
kZvãxi Ab¨Zg †kªô I mycÖwm× m~dx I eyRMy © kvBL Ave~ Zvwje gynv¤§v` Beby Avjx Beby AvwZq¨vn Avj-AvRgx Avj-gv°x
(g„Zz¨ 368 wn)| Zuvi iwPZ cÖwm× MÖ‡’ ÒK‚Zzj Kzj~e dx gyAvgvwjZj gvne~e Iqv Iqvmwd ZvixwKj gyixw` Bjv gvKvwgZ
ZvInx`Ó (wcÖqZ‡gi mv‡_ Kviev‡i Ges GKZ¡ev‡ì ¯’v‡b Mg‡b‛QzK gyix‡ì c_eY©bvq ü`‡qi †LvivK)| AvZ¥ïw× I
•`bw•`b Avgj Z_v ZixKv-ZvmvD‡di wel‡q GK Abb¨ MÖ‡’| cieZ©x hyM¸wj‡Z MÖ‡w’ U e¨vcK cwiwPZ I cÖwm× jvf K‡i
Ges me©¯„‡ii m~dx, avwg©K I AvwLivZgywL gvbyl MÖ‡w’ Ui Dci wbf©i Ki‡Z _v‡Kb|
5g-6ô wnRix kZ‡Ki cÖwm× ms¯‥viK I gymwjg D¤§vni Ab¨Zg †kªô Avwjg û¾vZzj Bmjvg Bgvg Ave~ nvwg`
gynv¤§v` Beby gynv¤§v` Avj-Mvhvjx (505 wn)-Gi bvg I gh©v`v Kv‡ivB ARvbv bq| Zuvi iwPZ Ab¨Zg †kªô MÖ‡’ GnBqvD
Dj~wgÏxb (`x‡bi Bjg¸wji cybi‚¾xeb)| G MÖ‡’wU wdKn, nv`xm I ZvmvD‡di GKwU wek¦‡Kvl wn‡m‡e MY¨| cieZ©x
hyM¸wj‡Z me©¯„‡ii Avwjg, Zvwje Bjg, dKxn, m~dx I mvaviY cvVK G MÖ‡‡’i Dci wbf©i K‡i‡Qb|
G `ywU MÖ‡‡’i ¸i‚Z¡ I †jLKØ‡qi gh©v`vi Kvi‡Y mK‡jB wbwe©Pv‡i G¸wj‡Z D‡jwLZ nv`xm¸wji Dci wbf©i Ki‡Z
_v‡Kb| wK‡‘ gynvwÏmMY hvPvB-evQvB K‡i †`‡Lb †h, A‡bK Rvj nv`xm G¸wji g‡a¨ ¯’vb †c‡q‡Q| ¯^fveZB GRb¨
gynvwÏmMY †jLKØq‡K `vqx K‡ib wb ev Zv‡ì gh©v`vi nvwbKi wKQz e‡jb wb| cvkvcvwk Zuviv cvVK‡ì‡K G wel‡q mZK©
K‡i‡Qb| Aóg kZ‡Ki cÖwm× Avwjg I kvwdqx dKxn Avjvgv ZvR DÏxb Avãyj Iqvn&nve Beby Avjx Avm-myeKx (771 wn)
GnBqvD Dj~wgÏx‡bi K‡qK kZ nv`xm c„_Kfv‡e msKjb K‡i‡Qb, †h¸wji †Kv‡bv mb`B cvIqv hvq bv ev †Kv‡bv nv`x‡mi
MÖ‡‡’B †m¸wj msKwjZ nqwb| Av‡iv A‡b‡KB G wel‡q MÖ‡’ iPbv K‡i‡Qb| `kg-GKv`k kZ‡Ki cÖwm× nvbvdx dKxn I
gynvwÏm †gvjv Avjx Kvix (1014 wn) †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv ev‡bvqvU nv`xm D‡jL c~e©K wj‡L‡Qb: ÒKzZzj KzjyeÓ, ÒGn&BqvD
Dj~gyÏxbÓ, ÒZvdmx‡i mvÕjvexÓ BZ¨vw` MÖ‡‡’ nv`xmwUi D‡jL Av‡Q †`‡L †auvKv Lv‡eb bv|244
Avjvgv Avãyj nvB jvLbex nvbvdx wdK&‡ni wbf©i‡hvM¨ MÖ‡’vewji bvg I ch©vq web¨vm D‡jL K‡i e‡jb: ÒAvgiv
wdKnx MÖ‡’vewji wbf©i‡hvM¨Zvi †h ch©vq D‡jL Kijvg Zv meB wdKnx gvmv‡q‡ji e¨vcv‡i| G mKj cy¯„‡Ki g‡a¨ †h
mKj nv`xm D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q †m¸wji weï×Zv ev wbf©i‡hvM¨Zv wePv‡ii †¶‡Î GB web¨vm †gv‡UI cÖ‡hvR¨ bq| Giƒc
A‡bK wbf©i‡hvM¨ wdKnx MÖ‡’ i‡q‡Q †h¸wji Dci gnvb dKxnMY wbf©i K‡i‡Qb, wK‡‘ †m¸wj Rvj I wg_¨v nv`x‡m ficyi|
we‡klZ ÔdvZIqvÕ welqK cy¯„Kvw`| we¯„vwiZ ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i Avgv‡ì wbKU cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q †h, G mKj cy¯„‡Ki †jLKMY
hwÌ ÔKvwgjÕ wQ‡jb, Z‡e nv`xm D‡jL Kivi †¶‡Î Zviv AmZK© wQ‡jb|Ó245
B‡Zvc~‡e© Avgiv †`‡LwQ †h, Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx Avjvgv jvLbexi G welqK gZvgZ we¯„vwiZ D‡jL
K‡i‡Qb|
me©ve¯’vq D¤§v‡Zi Avwjg, cxi-gvkvBL I m~dxqv‡q †Kiv‡gi cÖwZ cwic~Y© kª×v cÖ`k©b I cÖPv‡ii cvkvcvwk nv`x‡mi
180
mb` wePvi Ges Rvj nv`xm wPwýZ I eR©b Kivi Rb¨ D¤§vZ‡K Avn․vb Rvbv‡bv Ae¨vnZ †i‡L‡Qb D¤§v‡Zi
cÖvÁ gynvwÏm, dKxn, m~dx I AvwjgMY| Avj-vgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx (ivn) G avivi Ab¨Zg b¶Î| Avgiv †`Le †h, wZwb
GKw`‡K †hgb mybvb Beb gvRvnmn wewfb‣ nv`xm MÖ‡‡’i nv`xm Rvj e‡j wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb| Aciw`‡K GnBqvD Dj~wgÏxb,
¸wbqvZzZ Zvwjexb, K‚Zjz Kzj~e, Zvdmxi Kvk&kvd, †n`vqv I Ab¨vb¨ MÖ‡‡’i A‡bK nv`xm Rvj e‡j wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb| GØviv
wZwb KL‡bvB GmKj MÖ‡‡’i †jLK‡ì gh©v`vi cÖwZ KUv¶ K‡ib wb| eis ivm~jyj-vn -Gi cÖv½b‡K cweÎ ivL‡Z Ges
Avjvni Inx‡K gvbexq ms‡hvRb †_‡K gy³ ivL‡Z gynvwÏmM‡Yi Av‡cvmnxb cÖ‡Póv‡K G‡`‡ki gymwjg‡ì mvg‡b Zz‡j
a‡i‡Qb|
Avj-vgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx (ivn)-Gi G MÖ‡’ Aa¨qb Ki‡j Avgiv †`wL †h, wZwb Rvj nv`xm wPwýZKi‡Y
gynvwÏmM‡Yi g~jbxwZ Abymi‡Yi †¶‡Î Avcmnxb †_‡K‡Qb| D¤§v‡Zi cÖvÁ gynvwÏm, dKxn, m~dx I eyRMy ©MY mK‡j GiƒcB
wQ‡jb| mb` ch©v‡jvPbvq nv`xm Rvj e‡j cÖgvwYZ nIqvi ci Avi †Kv‡bv we‡ePbv _v‡K bv| AgyK eyRMy © nv`xmwU D‡jL
K‡i‡Qb, AgyK MÖ‡‡’ nv`xmwU i‡q‡Q, nqZev nv`xmwUi †Kv‡bv wfwË wZwb Rvb‡Zb, Kvk‡di gva¨‡g nqZ wZwb Gi mZ¨Zv
†R‡b‡Qb, gynvwÏmM‡Yi wbKU Rvj n‡jI eyRMy ©‡ì wbKU MÖnY‡hvM¨ n‡Z cv‡i BZ¨vw` aviYv ev K_v hy‡M hy‡M RvwjqvZ I
Rvj-nv`xm cÖPviK‡ì g~j nvwZqvi, †h¸wj w`‡q Zviv mvaviY mijcÖvY gymwjg‡ì Nv‡qj K‡ib| Avjvgv Avey Rvdi
wmwÏKx Zuvi hy‡Mi Ab¨Zg †kªô dKxn, gydZx, m~dx I cxi wQ‡jb| wZwb Zuvi G MÖ‡‡’ cÖgvY K‡i‡Qb †h †Kv‡bv ARynv‡Z
gynvwÏmM‡Yi wPwýZ Rvj nv`xm‡K MÖnY Kiv mydx I eyRyMM© ‡Yi ZixKv ev c_ bq|
KziAv‡bi wel‡q ejv hvq bv †h, nvwdhMY bv Rvb‡jI, G AvqvZwU nqZ Kvk‡di gva¨‡g AgyK eyRMy © †R‡b‡Qb,
A_ev †Kv‡bv cÖvPxb cvÊywjwc‡Z nqZ Zv wQj| wdK‡ni wel‡q ejv hvq bv †h, wdK‡ni MÖ‡‡’ bv _vK‡jI, G wel‡qi •eaZv
nqZ AgyK eyRyM© Kvk‡di gva¨‡g †R‡b‡Qb, A_ev nqZ cÖvPxb †Kv‡bv MÖ‡‡’ wQj| †Zgwb nv`x‡mi †¶‡Î ejv hvq bv †h,
†Kv‡bv nv`x‡mi MÖ‡‡’ bv _vK‡jI nqZ AgyK eyRyM© Kvk‡di gva¨‡g Zv †R‡b‡Qb, A_ev nqZ †Kv‡bv cÖvPxb MÖ‡‡’ wQj Zv
nvwi‡q wM‡q‡Q| †Kv‡bv cÖvÁ gynvw°K m~dx, Avwjg, eyRMy © ev dKxn †KD KL‡bv Giƒc K_v e‡jb wb ev KvD‡K Giƒc ejvi
my‡hvM †`b wb| Z‡e A‡bK RvwjqvZ ev Rvj-nv`x‡mi cÖPviK A‡bK mgq D¤§v‡Zi m~dx, eyRMy ©, dKxn I AvwjgM‡Yi bv‡g
Giƒc K_v cÖPvi K‡ib| Avjvgv Avey Rvdi G MÖ‡’ iPbv K‡i Giƒc weåvw‡„i c_ †iva K‡i‡Qb|
3. 4. 4. Avj-vgv Avey Rvdi I nv`xm MÖš’mg~‡ni Rvj nv`xm
Avjvgv Avey Rvdi †h mKj nv`xm Rvj e‡j wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb †m¸wji A‡bK nv`xmB Zvevivbx, evBnvKx, `vivKZzbx, LZxe
evM`v`x, Beby AvmvwKi, Beby Av`x I Ab¨vb¨ gynvwÏ‡mi msKwjZ MÖ‡’mg~‡n mb`mn msKwjZ| G mKj MÖ‡‡’i Dci we¯„vwiZ
Av‡jvPbv Avgv‡ì MÖ‡‡’i K‡jei e„w× Ki‡e| GRb¨ Avgiv GLv‡b cieZ©x hy‡Mi cÖwm× MÖ‡’¸wji nv`xm m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv
mxgve× ivL‡Z PvB| KviY eZ©gvb hy‡Mi Avwjg I Zvwje BjgMY g~jZ G mKj MÖ‡‡’i Dci †ewk wbf©i K‡ib|
3. 4. 4. 1. mybvb Beb gvRvn (375 wn)
mybvb Beb gvRvn cÖwm× 6wU MÖ‡‡’i GKwU| G QqwU MÖ‡:’ mnxn eyLvix, mnxn gymwjg, mybvb bvmvC, mybvb wZiwghx,
mybvb Avex `vD` I mybvb Beb gvRvn| gymwjg we‡k¦i me©Î G MÖ‡’¸wj ¯^xK…Z I eûj cÖPwjZ| G¸wji •ewkó¨ n‡jv: (1)
G¸wj gyeviK cÖ_g wZb kZvãxi g‡a¨ msKwjZ I cÖPwjZ, (2) Bmjv‡gi cÖ‡qvRbx mKj wel‡qi cÖvq mKj nv`xm G
MÖ‡’¸wj‡Z msKwjZ, (3) G MÖ‡¸’ wji web¨vm my•ì nIqvi Kvi‡Y mn‡RB Kvw“LZ nv`xm Ly‡u R †ei Kiv hvq Ges (4) G
MÖ‡’¸wji nv`xm¸wj g~jZ mnxn ev nvmvb ch©v‡qi, †h¸wji Dci wbf©i Kiv hvq| mnxnØ‡qi nv`xm¸wj mnxn wn‡m‡e
cÖgvwYZ| mybvb MÖ‡’¸wj‡Z wKQz `ye©j nv`xm _vK‡jI cÖ_g wZb mybv‡bi msKjKMY AwaKvsk †¶‡Î Zv D‡jL K‡i‡Qb|
d‡j nv`x‡mi Ae¯’v mn‡RB Rvbv hvq| gymwjg we‡k¦i me©Î gynvwÏmM‡Yi wbKU G MÖ‡¸’ wj ÒAvj-KzZez ym wmËvnÓ A_©vr ÒMÖ‡’
QqwUÓ ev ÒMÖ‡’ lôKÓ| fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k G¸wj Òwmnvn wmËvÓ A_©vr Òmnxn MÖ‡’ QqwUÓ bv‡g cwiwPZ|
Ôwmnvn wmËvÕ ejv n‡jI cÖK…Z A‡_© G¸wji g‡a¨ 2wU MÖ‡’ mnxn I evwK¸wj mybvb| `ywU mnxn MÖ‡’: Òmnxn eyLvixÓ I
Òmnxn gymwjgÓ Qvov evwK 4wUi msKjKI ïaygvÎ mnxn nv`xm eY©bv Ki‡eb e‡j †Kv‡bv wm×v‡„ †bbwb| Zuviv Zuv‡ì
MÖ‡’¸wj‡Z mnxn nv`x‡mi cvkvcvwk A‡bK `ye©j nv`xmI msKjb K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e Zuv‡ì MÖ‡’¸wji AwaKvsk nv`xm
wbf©i‡hvM¨ nIqvi Kvi‡Y cieZx© gynvwÏmMY mvaviYfv‡e Zuv‡ì MÖ‡’¸wji Dci wbf©i K‡i‡Qb, mv‡_ mv‡_ Zuviv GmKj MÖ‡‡’
msKwjZ `ye©j I ev‡bvqvU nv`xm m¤ú‡K© mywbw`©ófv‡e weavb cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb| Avj-vgv Avãyj nvB jvLbex (1304 wn) GK
cÖ‡k‣i DË‡i wj‡L‡Qb : ÒGB Pvi MÖ‡‡’ msKwjZ mKj nv`xm mnxn bq| eis GmKj MÖ‡‡’ mnxn, nvmvb, hqxd I ev‡bvqvU
mKj cÖKv‡ii nv`xm i‡q‡Q|Ó246
B‡Zvc~‡e© Avgiv G wel‡q kvn IqvwjDjvni weeiY †`‡LwQ| Avgiv †`‡LwQ †h, wZwb mybvb Avex `vD`, mybvb bvmvC,
mybvb wZiwghx: G wZbwU MÖ‡’‡K wØZxq ch©vqfy³ K‡i‡Qb, †h mKj MÖ‡‡’i nv`xmmg~n †gvUvgywU MÖnY‡hvM¨ e‡j cÖgvwYZ
n‡jI †m¸wj‡Z wKQy Awbf©i‡hvM¨ nv`xmI i‡q‡Q| wK‡‘ wZwb Ômybvby Bewb gvRvnÕ-‡K G ch©v‡q D‡jL K‡ib wb| Gi KviY,
181
Bgvg gynv¤§v` Beby Bqvwh` Beby gvRvn Avj-Kvhexbx (275 wn) msKwjZ ÔmybvbÕ MÖ‡’wU‡K AwaKvsk gynvwÏm
cÖwm× I MÖnY‡hvM¨ MÖ‡‡’i A‡„f©y³ K‡ib wb| wnRix 7g kZK ch©‡„ gynvwÏmMY mnxn eyLvix I mnxn gymwj‡gi AwZwi³ G
wZbwU mybvb‡KB †gvUvgywU wbf©i‡hvM¨ Ges nv`xm wk¶vi wfwË wnmv‡e MÖnY Ki‡Zb|
5g-6ô wnRix kZ‡Ki gynvwÏm gynv¤§v` Beby Zvwni gvKw`mx, Aveyj dv`j Bebyj KvBmyivbx (507 wn) G¸wji mv‡_
mybvb Beb gvRvn †hvM K‡ib| Zuvi G gZ cieZ©x 2 kZvãx ch©‡„ gynvwÏmMY MÖnY K‡ib wb| 7g kZ‡Ki cÖL¨vZ gynvwÏm
Avj-vgv Bebym mvjvn (643 wn), Avj-vgv BqvnBqv Beby kvivd bvevex (676 wn) cÖgyL gynvwÏm nv`x‡mi g~j Drm wnmv‡e
Dc‡ii 5wU MÖ‡‡’i bvg D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| mybvb Beb gvRvn-‡K Zuviv G¸wji g‡a¨ MY¨ K‡ib wb| cieZ©x hy‡Mi A‡bK
gynvw°K Avwjg G‡ì AbymiY K‡i‡Qb| Aciw`‡K Bgvg Bebyj Avmxi gyevivK Beby gynv¤§v` (606 wn) I Ab¨vb¨ gynvwÏm
6ô MÖ‡’ wnmv‡e Bgvg gvwj‡Ki gyAvËv‡K MY¨ K‡i‡Qb|
mybvb Beb gvRvn‡K Dc‡ii 3wU mybv‡bi ch©vqfy³ Ki‡Z AvcwËi KviY Bgvg Beby gvRvni msKjb c×wZ G wZb
MÖ‡‡’i gZ bq| Dc‡i wZb MÖ‡‡’i msKjK †gvUvgywU MÖnY‡hvM¨ nv`xm msKj‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ MÖ‡’ cÖYqb K‡i‡Qb| welqe¯‘i
cÖ‡qvR‡b wKQz hqxd nv`xm MÖnY Ki‡jI AwaKvsk †¶‡Î †m¸wji `ye©jZvi K_v D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| c¶v‡„‡i Bgvg Beby gvRvn
ZrKvjxb mvaviY msKjb c×wZi AbymiY K‡i‡Qb| Avgiv †`‡LwQ †h, GmKj hy‡Mi AwaKvsk msKjK mb`mn cÖPwjZ
mKj nv`xm msKjb Ki‡Zb| G‡Z mnxn, hqxd, gvD`~ me cÖKv‡ii nv`xmB Zuv‡ì MÖ‡‡’ ¯’vb †cZ| mb` wePvi Qvov
nv`x‡mi wbf©iZv hvPvB Kiv m¤¢e n‡Zv bv| Bgvg Beby gvRvnI G c×wZ AbymiY K‡i‡Qb| wZwb mnxn ev nvmvb nv`xm
msKj‡bi g‡a¨ mxgve× _v‡Kb wb| wZwb A‡bK hqxd I wKQz gvDh~ ev ev‡bvqvU nv`xmI msKjb K‡i‡Qb| cÖ_g 5 MÖ‡‡’i
msKjKMY AwZ `ye©jZv, RvwjqvwZ ev wg_¨vi Awf‡hv‡M Awfhy³ nIqvi Kvi‡Y †h mKj ivexi nv`xm eR©b K‡i‡Qb, Beby
gvRvn †m mKj ivexi ewY©Z nv`xmI MÖnY K‡i‡Qb|
GKwU bgybv †`Lyb| Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKxi G MÖ‡‡’i 239 bs nv`x‡mi (Avwg I G e¨w³ (Avjx) wKqvg‡Zi w`b
Avgvi D¤§v‡Zi Dci cÖgvY) wel‡q Avgiv GKUz c‡i Av‡jvPbv Kie| Avgiv †`Le †h, G nv`x‡mi GKgvÎ eY©bvKvix gvZvi
Beby gvBg~b GKRb Awbf©i‡hvM¨ I wg_¨vev`x ivex wQ‡jb| †h Kvi‡Y cÖ_g 5wU MÖ‡‡’i (mnxn-Øq I mybvbÎq) msKjKMY
Gi †Kv‡bv nv`xm MÖnY K‡ib wb| wK‡‘ Beby gvRvn G e¨w³ ewY©Z nv`xm MÖnY K‡i‡Qb| Dci‡‘ wZwb GmKj hqxd I
ev‡bvqvU nv`x‡mi †¶‡Î †Kv‡bv g‡„e¨ K‡ib wb|
8g wnRix kZK †_‡K AwaKvsk gynvwÏm mybv‡b Beb gvRvn‡K 4_© mybvbMÖ‡’ wnmv‡e MY¨ Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| gyAvËv I
mybvb Bewb gvRvni g‡a¨ cv_©K¨, gyAvËv MÖ‡‡’i nv`xm msL¨ Kg Ges G MÖ‡‡’i mKj mnxn nv`xm Dc‡ii 5wU MÖ‡‡’
msKwjZ| d‡j G MÖ‡w’ U c„_Kfv‡e Aa¨qb Ki‡j AwZwi³ nv`xm Rvbv hv‡‛Q bv| c¶v‡„‡i mybvb Beb gvRvni g‡a¨ Dc‡ii
5 wU MÖ‡‡’i AwZwi³ mnmªvwaK nv`xm i‡q‡Q| GRb¨B cieZ©x hy‡Mi gynvwÏmMY G MÖ‡’wU‡K 4_© mybvb wnmv‡e MÖnY K‡i‡Qb|
mybvb Beb gvRvn-G †gvU 4341 wU nv`xm msKwjZ| Zb¥‡a¨ cÖvq wZb nvRvi nv`xm Dc‡ii cuvPwU MÖ‡‡’ msKwjZ|
evKx cÖvq †ò nvRvi nv`xm AwZwi³| 9g wnRix kZ‡Ki gynvwÏm Avjvgv Avng` Beby Avex evKi Avj-e~mxix (840 wn)
Beby gvRvni GmKj AwZwi³ nv`x‡mi mb` Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| Avjvgv e~mxix 1476wU nv`x‡mi mb` Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb,
†h¸wj Dc‡ii 5wU MÖ‡‡’ msKwjZ nqwb, ïay Beby gvRvn msKjb K‡i‡Qb| G¸wji g‡a¨ cÖvq `yB-Z…Zxqvsk mnxn ev nvmvb
nv`xm Ges cÖvq GKZ…Zxqvsk nv`xm hqxd| G¸wji g‡a¨ cÖvq Aa©kZ nv`xm gvDh~ e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb gynvwÏmMY|247
mybvb Beb gvRvn-Gi g‡a¨ we`¨gvb Rvj e‡j MY¨ nv`xm¸wji g‡a¨ GKwU nv`xm Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx Zuvi G
MÖ‡‡’ Rvj wn‡m‡e msKjb K‡i‡Qb| nv`xmwU wbg‣iƒc:
351248- iv‡Z hvi mvjvZ †ewk n‡e w`‡b Zvi gyLgÊj my•ì n‡e|
nv`xmwUi mb` eY©bv K‡i Bgvg Beby gvRvn& e‡jb: Avgv‡ì‡K BmgvCj Beby gynv¤§v` e‡j‡Qb, Avgv‡ì‡K mvweZ
Beby g~mv e‡j‡Qb, wZwb kvixK †_‡K, wZwb AvÕgvk †_‡K, wZwb Avey mywdqvb †_‡K, wZwb Rvwei (iv) †_‡K, wZwb e‡j‡Qb,
ivm~jyj-vn () e‡j‡Qb: ... Òhvi iv‡Zi mvjvZ AwaK n‡e wè‡m Zvi †Pnviv †m․•`h©gq n‡e|Ó249
gynvwÏmMY Zzjbvg~jK wbix¶vi gva¨‡g wbwðZiƒ‡c Rvb‡Z †c‡i‡Qb †h, G K_v ivm~jyj-vn ()-Gi bv‡g ev‡bvqvU
K_v| Z‡e Zv B‛QvK…Z bv Awb‛QvK…Z wg_¨v †m wel‡q Zuviv gZ‡f` K‡i‡Qb|
Beby gvRvni D¯„v` BmgvCj I Ab¨vb¨ A‡bK gynvwÏm G nv`xmwU mvweZ Beby g~mv Beby Avãyi ivngvb (229 wn)
†_‡K ï‡b‡Qb I wj‡L‡Qb| GKgvÎ wZwbB nv`xmwUi eY©bvKvix| wZwb `vex K‡ib †h, kvixK Beby Avãyjv n (178 wn) Zv‡K
182
G nv`xmwU e‡j‡Qb|
gynvwÏmMY kvix‡Ki mKj Qv‡Îi nv`xm, kvix‡Ki D¯„v` myjvBgvb Beby wgnivb Avj-AvÕgvk (147 wn)-Gi mKj
Qv‡Îi nv`xm, AvÕgv‡ki D¯„v` Avey mywdqvb Zvjnv Beby bwdÕ-Gi mKj Qv‡Îi nv`xm Ges Rvwei (iv)-Gi Ab¨vb¨ Qv‡Îi
nv`xm msMÖn K‡i Zzjbv K‡i‡Qb Ges wbwðZ n‡q‡Qb †h GB nv`xmwU GKgvÎ mvweZ Qvov †KD eY©bv K‡ib wb| Zuviv
†`‡L‡Qb †h, ÔmvweZÕ ÔkvixKÕ-Gi Ggb †Kv‡bv Nwbó QvÎ ev `xN©Kvjxb mnPi wQ‡jb bv †h, kvixK Ab¨ †Kv‡bv QvÎ‡K bv
e‡j ïaygvÎ Zuv‡KB G nv`xmwU ej‡eb| GQvov mvweZ ewY©Z Ab¨vb¨ nv`xm wbix¶v K‡i Zuviv †m¸wji wKQz wKQz nv`x‡m
gvivZ¥K fyj †`L‡Z †c‡q‡Qb| Gfv‡e mvgwMÖK wbix¶vi gva¨‡g Zuviv wbwðZ n‡q‡Qb †h, mvweZ B‛QvK…Z ev Awb‛QvK…Zfv‡e
wg_¨v e‡j‡Qb|
mvweZ Beby g~mv GKRb †bKKvi Avwe` I ì‡ek wQ‡jb| Zuvi avwg©KZvi Kvi‡Y mvaviYfv‡e A‡bK gynvwÏm Zuvi
cÖwZ fvj aviYv †cvlY Ki‡Zb| Z‡e Zzjbvg~jK wbix¶vi gva¨‡g Zuviv †`‡L‡Qb †h, Zuvi ewY©Z nv`x‡mi g‡a¨ †ek wKQy
nv`xm fyj ev wg_¨v e‡j cÖgvwYZ| wZwb †h mKj D¯„v‡ì m~‡Î nv`xm¸wj ej‡Qb, †m mKj D¯„v‡ì `xN©w`‡bi we‡kl QvÎ
ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv QvÎ †m nv`xm ej‡Qb bv| GRb¨ †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv gynvwÏm Zv‡K Ôwg_¨vev`xÕ e‡j‡Qb| Bgvg BqvnBqv Beby
gvCb (233 wn) mvweZ m¤ú‡K© e‡jb: ÔwZwb wg_¨vev`xÕ|250
c¶v‡„‡i Avey nvwZg ivhx (277 wn), Beby Av`x (365 wn) cÖgyL gynvwÏm mvwe‡Zi GB wg_¨v‡K ÔAwb‛QvK…ZÕ wg_¨v
e‡j g‡b K‡i‡Qb| Zuviv e‡jb †h, mvweZ g~jZ nv`xm eY©bvKvix wQ‡jb bv| mvaviY Avwe` wQ‡jb| gvÎ K‡qKwU nv`xm
eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| Zb¥‡a¨ K‡qKwU wVK e‡j‡Qb Ges K‡qKwU‡Z fyj K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi fyj Awb‛QvK…Z e‡j g‡b nq| GRb¨ Zuviv
Zv‡K Ôwg_¨vev`xÕ bv e‡j Ô`ye©jÕ e‡j‡Qb|251 Bebym mvjvn (643 wn), beex (676 wn), BivKx (806) I Ab¨vb¨ gynvwÏm G
nv`xmwU‡K ÔAwb‛QvK…Z wg_¨vÕ-i D`vniY wnmv‡e †ck K‡i‡Qb|252
me©ve¯’vq Òwmnvn wmËviÓ Ab¨ 5 Bgvg mvweZ bvgK G ivexi †Kv‡bv nv`xm MÖnY K‡ib wb| GKgvÎ Beby gvRvn-B
Zuvi nv`xm MÖnY K‡i‡Qb| Avgiv Av‡MB e‡jwQ †h, Bgvg Beby gvRvn Gfv‡e A‡bK `ye©j, cwiZ¨³ I Awfhy³ ivexi nv`xm
MÖnY K‡i‡Qb; KviY wZwb g~jZ mybvbÎ‡qi msKjK‡ì g~jbxwZ AbymiY K‡ib wb; eis ZrKvjxb mvaviY gynvwÏm‡ì
XvjvI msKjb bxwZ AbymiY K‡i‡Qb|
Avj-vgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx gynvwÏmM‡Yi ch©v‡jvPbvi wfwË‡Z nv`xmwU Rvj e‡j MY¨ K‡i Zuvi G cy¯„‡K msKjb
K‡i‡Qb| Dci‡‘ wZwb mb‡ì Ae¯’v e¨vL¨v K‡i e‡jb: ÒDKvBjx e‡jb, nv`xmwU evwZj, Gi †Kv‡bv Aw¯„Z¡ ev wfwË †bB|
GQvov Avj-jvAvjx Avj-gvmb~Av MÖ‡‡’ G nv`xmwU Ab¨vb¨ mb‡Ì D×„Z K‡i‡Qb, wK‡‘ G¸wji mKj mb‡`B wg_¨vev`x
eY©bvKvix we`¨gvb| Avj-gvKvwm` Avj-nvmvbv MÖ‡‡’ G nv`xm‡K wfwËnxb-Aw¯„Z¡nxb e‡j D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q| GQvov Bgvg
mvMvbx G nv`xmwU Rvj e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb|Ó
3. 4. 4. 2. `vBjvgxi (509 wn) wdi`vDm I gymbv`yj wdi`vDm
wnRix cÂg-lô kZ‡Ki cÖwm× Avwjg Ave~ ïRv kxiIqvBwn Beby kvniv`vi Av`-`vBjvgx (445-509wn/1053-
1115L„)| ÁvbPP©vi ¯’weiZvi hy‡M wZwb nv`xm wk¶v‡K mnR Kivi Rb¨ mb` ev` w`‡q ms‡¶c ev‡Kï `k nvRvi nv`xm
msKjb K‡i ÒAvj-wdi`vDmÓ ev Òwdi`vDmyj AvLevi we gvm~wij wLZveÓ bv‡g GKwU MÖ‡’ iPbv K‡ib|
MíKvwnbx I Rvj nv`xm PP©v †_‡K gymwjg‡ì‡K nv`xm PP©vi w`‡K AvKl©Y Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ wZwb MÖ‡w’ U iPbv K‡ib
e‡j f~wgKvq D‡jL K‡ib| wK‡‘ wZwb G MÖ‡‡’ AMwYZ `ye©j, evwZj I Rvj nv`xm msKjb K‡i‡Qb| wZwb †Kv‡bv nv`x‡miB
mb` D‡jL K‡ib wb Ges mb‡ì Ae¯’vI e‡jb wb| gynvwÏmMY GKgZ †h, †h nv`xm Ab¨ †Kv‡bv MÖ‡‡’ cvIqv hvq bv,
†KejgvÎ Òwdi`vDmÓ MÖ‡‡’ cvIqv hvq †m nv`xmwU nq `ye©j A_ev Rvj| myq~Zx Zvi ÒAvj-RvwgDj KvexiÓ ev ÒRvgDj
RvIqvwgÓ MÖ‡‡’i f~wgKvq D‡jL K‡i‡Qb †h, †Kv‡bv nv`x‡mi wel‡q Òwdi`vDmÓ MÖ‡‡’i eivZ †Ìqvi A_©B nv`xmwU hqxd
ev `ye©j|253
cÖPwjZ †Kv‡bv MÖ‡‡’ cvIqv hvq bv Giƒc A‡bK nv`xm G MÖ‡‡’ wZwb msKjb K‡ib| mn‡RB G MÖ‡’ †_‡K A‡bK
nv`xm Rvbv m¤¢e n‡q hvq| GRb¨ MÖ‡’wU `ª‚Z cÖmvi I cÖPvi jvf K‡i| G MÖ‡‡’ msKwjZ nv`xm¸wji mb` Rvbvi wel‡q
A‡b‡K AvMÖn K‡ib| ZLb MÖ‡K ’ v‡ii cyÎ Ave~ gvbm~i kvni`v` Beby kxiIqvBwn Av`-`vBjvgx (483-558 wn) Ògymbv`yj
wdi`vDmÓ bvgK MÖ‡’ iPbv K‡ib| G MÖ‡‡’ wZwb Zuvi wcZvi MÖ‡‡’i AwaKvsk nv`x‡mi mb` Zuvi wcZvi m~‡Î ev Ab¨ m~‡Î
D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| wKQz nv`x‡mi mb` wZwb D‡jL Ki‡Z cv‡ib wb| cieZ©xKv‡j gynvwÏmMY Òwdi`vDmÓ MÖ‡‡’i nv`xm¸wji
mb` wePv‡ii †¶‡Î g~jZ Ògymbv`yj wdi`vD‡miÓ Dc‡iB wbf©i K‡i‡Qb| cieZ©x Av‡jvPbvq Avgiv Zvi bgybv †`L‡Z cve,
183
Bbkv Avj-vn|
Avj-vgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx `vBjvgxi MÖ‡‡’i A‡bK nv`xm Rvj e‡j wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb| GQvov wZwb Zuvi MÖ‡‡’i †k‡l
Rvj nv`xm wbf©i MÖ‡’vwì ZvwjKvq wdi`vDm MÖ‡‡’i D‡jL K‡i wj‡L‡Qb: ÒG MÖ‡‡’i msKjK mnxn Ges evwZj nv`x‡mi
g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv cv_©K¨ ev evPwePvi K‡ib wb Ges Gi g‡a¨ A‡bK A‡bK Rvj nv`xm we`¨gvb|Ó
Avjvgv Avey Rvdi mvaviYZ G eB‡qi ms‡¶cb bxwZ Abymv‡i Rvj nv`xmwU †Kvb& MÖ‡‡’ msKwjZ Zv D‡jL K‡ib wb, ïay
nv`xmwUi RvwjqvwZ e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Qb| `vBjvgxi †¶‡Î mvaviYZ G bxwZ AbymiY Ki‡jI KL‡bv KL‡bv wZwb e‡j‡Qb, nv`xmwU
`vBjvgx msKjb K‡i‡Qb Ges nv`xmwU Rvj| `vBjvgxi MÖ‡‡’i Rvj nv`x‡mi K‡qKwU bgybv D‡jL KiwQ|
268- mKj weÀvZB c_åóZv, ïay Bev`‡Zi g‡a¨ weÀvZ Qvov|

G nv`xmwU `vBjvgx Zvi wdi`vDm MÖ‡‡’ msKjb K‡i‡Qb Ges Zvi cyÎ Gi mbÌ D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| G mb‡ì g‡a¨
GKvwaK wg_¨vev`x RvwjqvZ we`¨gvb| GLv‡b j¶Yxq †h, wewfb‣ nv`x‡m ivm~jyjvn  eviseviB e‡j‡Qb †h, `x‡bi g‡a¨ ev
Bev`Z wn‡m‡e D†¢vebB weÀvZ Ges mybv‣ ‡Zi e¨wZµg Bev`ZB weÀvZ| Avi G mKj RvwjqvZ mKj nv`x‡mi wb‡`©kbvi
wecix‡Z weÀvZ‡K •ea Kivi Rb¨ Giƒc Rvj nv`xm •Zwi K‡i‡Q|254
cieZ©x gynvwÏmMY GKgZ †h nv`xmwU Rvj| myq~Zx, Beby Avi&ivK, †gvjv Avjx Kvix, Zvwni dvZvbx I Ab¨vb¨
gynvwÏm welqwU e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Qb|255 Avj-vgv Avey Rvdi G nv`xmwUi wel‡q e‡jb: ÒG nv`xmwU `vqjvgx eY©bv K‡i‡Qb, Gi
mb‡` nvBmvg (Beby Av`x) bvgK GK gnv-wg_¨vev`x RvwjqvZ ivex we`¨gvb| G Qvov Ab¨ ivex (Ave~ evKi gynv¤§v` Bebyj
nvmvb) Avb-bv°vk RvwjqvwZi Awf‡hv‡M Awfhy³| Kexi, Avj-gvmb~, jyjy, hvBj, ZvhwKiv Avjx|Ó
200- Avivdvi w`‡bi wmqvg lvU eQ‡ii wmqv‡gi gZ|

G nv`xmwUI `vBjvgx Zvi wdi`vDm MÖ‡‡’ msKjb K‡i‡Qb Ges Zuvi cyÎ gymbv`yj wdi`vD‡m Gi mb` D‡jL
K‡i‡Qb| wK‡‘ cieZ©x gynvwÏmMY GKgZ †h nv`xmwU Rvj| G wel‡q Avjvgv Avey Rvdi e‡jb: Ònv`xmwU `vBjvgx msKjb
K‡i‡Qb; wK‡‘ Gi mb‡` gynv¤§v` Beby Zvgxg bvgK GKRb RvwjqvZ ivex i‡q‡Q; †h Kvi‡Y nv`xmwU‡K gxhv‡b Rvj e‡j
D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q| Beby wne․vb e‡jb, G †jvKwU eo wg_¨vev`x wQj| hvBj|Ó
25- hLb gyAvweqv‡K wg¤^v‡ii Dc‡i †`L‡e ZLb Zv‡K nZ¨v Ki‡e|
G nv`xmwUI `vBjvgx msKjb K‡i‡Qb|256 Avjvgv Avey Rvdi e‡jb: Ònv`xmwU `vqjvgx wdi`vDm MÖ‡‡’ D×„Z K‡i‡Qb,
Z‡e Zv Rvj|Ó
GLv‡b j¶Yxq †h, Avjvgv Avey Rvdi G nv`xmwU RvwjqvwZi Rb¨ `vqx †K Zv we¯„vwiZ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡jb bv| Gi
GKwU KviY n‡jv G Rvj nv`xmwU A‡bK¸wj mb‡` ewY©Z| Ave~ mvC` Lyìx, Avãyjv n Beby gvmE`, Rvwei Beby Avãyjv n,
mvnj Beby nvbxd () I Ab¨vb¨ mvnvexi bv‡g A‡bK mb‡` nv`xmwU ewY©Z| GZ mb‡` ewY©Z n‡jI Zv Rvj; KviY
cÖ‡Z¨K mb‡ì g‡a¨ RvwjqvZ we`¨gvb|257 †Kv‡bv GKRb Rvwjqv‡Zi evbv‡bv Rvj nv`xm hw` Av‡jvob m„wó KiZ, ZLb
Ab¨vb¨ RvwjqvZ wb‡Ri gbgZ mb` evwb‡q G nv`xmwU eY©bv KiZ| GRb¨ A‡bK Rvj nv`x‡miB Giƒc A‡bK mb`
i‡q‡Q| gynvwÏmM‡Yi cwifvlvq G‡K Ònv`xm PzwiÓ ev Òmb` PzwiÓ ejv nq|258
415- Mvav I †h mKj cïi gvsm LvIqv •ea Zv‡ì †ckv‡e †Kv‡bv Amyweav †bB|
nv`xmwU `vBjvgx wdi`vDm MÖ‡‡’ Ges LZxe evM`v`x ZvixL evM`v` MÖ‡‡’ D×„Z K‡i‡Qb| myq~Zx RvgDj RvIqvwg ev
Rvwg Kvex‡i Ges gyËvKx Zuvi Kvbhyj D¤§v‡j `vBjvgx I LvZx‡ei m~‡Î nv`xmwU D×„Z K‡i‡Qb| Bgvg myq~Zx Zuvi Avj-
jvAvjx Avj-gvmb~Av MÖ‡‡’ nv`xmwU‡K Rvj e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| Zvi Awfg‡Zi wfwË‡ZB Avjvgv Avey Rvdi nv`xmwU‡K
Rvj e‡j MY¨ K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e wZwb `vBjvgxi K_v D‡jL bv K‡i ïay e‡j‡Qb: ÒjvAvjx MÖ‡‡’ G nv`xmwU‡K Rvj e‡j D‡jL
Kiv n‡q‡Q|...Ó D‡jL¨ †h, Beby Avi&ivK, kvIKvbx, †gvjv Avjx Kvix I Ab¨vb¨ gynvwÏmI nv`xmwU‡K Rvj e‡j D‡jL
184
K‡i‡Qb|259
227- †n wReixj, Zv n‡jv, Avgvi I Avgvi wcÖqcvÎ I AjxM‡Yi ga¨Kvi †Mvcb welq| Avwg Zv Zv‡ì A‡„‡ii g‡a¨ cÖ`vb
Kwi| †Kv‡bv •bKU¨cÖvß wdwikZv ev †Kv‡bv bex-ivm~jI Zv Rvb‡Z cv‡ib bv|Ó
nv`xmwUI `vBjvgx Zvi wdi`vDm MÖ‡‡’ msKjb K‡i‡Qb Ges Zuvi cyÎ Zvi mb` D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| nv`xmwUi c~e©K_v
wbg‣iƒc: Ònvmvb emix (22-109wn) e‡j‡Qb, Avwg ûhvBdv Bebyj Bqvgvb‡K (36 wn) wRÁvmv Kijvg, Bjg evwZb Kx?
wZwb e‡jb, Avwg ivm~jyjvn () †K wRÁvmv K‡iwQjvg, Bjg evwZb Kx? wZwb e‡jb, Avwg wReixj‡K wRÁvmv K‡iwQjvg,
Bjg evwZb Kx? wZwb e‡jb, Avwg Avjvn‡K wRÁvmv K‡iwQjvg, Bjg evwZb Kx? Avjvn e‡jb, †n wReixj ....Ó
Avjvgv Beby nvRvi AvmKvjvbx `vBjvgxi MÖ‡‡’i mb` wePvi cÖm‡½ G nv`x‡mi RvwjqvwZ D‟NvUb K‡i‡Qb| GQvov
Bgvg myq~Zx, Beby Avi&ivK, †gvjv Avjx Kvix I Ab¨vb¨ gynvwÏmI G nv`xmwU Rvj e‡j wbwðZ K‡i‡Qb| nv`xmwUi
eY©bvKvixMY wg_¨vev`x I nv`xm RvwjqvwZ Ki‡Zb e‡j cÖgvwYZ| ïay ZvB bq| RvwjqvZM‡Yi Kv‡R wKQz fyj †_‡K hvq|
GLv‡b Zviv e‡j‡Q, nvmvb emix ûhvBdv‡K (iv) cÖk‣ K‡iwQ‡jb| A_P cÖK„Z c‡¶ nvmvb emix Rxe‡b ûhvBdv‡K †`‡LbI
wb, Zvi wbKU †_‡K wKQz wRÁvmv Kiv †Zv `~‡ii K_v| ûhvBdv gv`vB‡b Avi nvmvb emix g`xbvq _vK‡Zb, Avi nvmv‡bi
hLb gvÎ 13 ev 14 ermi eqm ZLb ûhvBdv B‡‡„Kvj K‡ib|260
GLv‡b D‡jL¨ †h, Beby nvRvi, myq~Zx, gyjv Avjx Kvix cÖgyL gynvwÏm D‡jL K‡i‡Qb †h, Bjg‡K hvwnix I evwZbx `yfv‡M
fvM K‡i ev evwZbx Bjg‡K hvwnix Bjg †_‡K c„_K K‡i †h mKj nv`xm cÖPwjZ †m¸wj meB Rvj| G¸wj wkqv‡ì evbv‡bv|
nv`xm kix‡d Òhev‡bi Bjg I Kj‡ei BjgÓ e‡j Bj‡gi `ywU ch©v‡qi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| KziAvb-myb‣vni Bjg ev kixq‡Zi Bjg
hLb gvby‡li ü`‡qi Mfx‡i ev Ae‡PZb g‡b ¯’vqx Avmb MÖnY K‡i ZLb Zv ü`‡qi Bj‡g cwiYZ nq| GQvov evwZbx Bjg‡K
hvwnix Bjg †_‡K c„_K welq wn‡m‡e D‡jL K‡i ewY©Z mKj nv`xmB Rvj e‡j G mKj gynvwÏm D‡jL K‡i‡Qb|261
Avj-vgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx gynvwÏmM‡Yi wm×v‡‡„i wfwË‡Z nv`xmwU‡K Rvj e‡j wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb| wZwb `vBjvgxi
K_v D‡jL bv K‡iB e‡jb: ÒG nv`xmwU wbwðZfv‡eB Rvj| Z‡e Kj‡ei cwi‛Qb‣Zv I ZvmvID‡di welq KziAvb I Ab¨vb¨
nv`x‡mi wb‡`©kbv †_‡K Rvbv hvq| G welqwU AvwjgM‡Yi ARvbv bq|Ó
A_©vr ZvmvD‡di welq¸wj cÖgv‡Yi Rb¨ Avgv‡ì Rvj nv`x‡mi Dci wbf©i Kivi †Kv‡bv cÖ‡qvRb †bB| hviv nv`xmwU
ZvmvD‡di c‡¶ e‡j mb` wePvi bv K‡i MÖnY K‡ib ev Gi c‡¶ K_v e‡jb Ges hviv nv`xmwU Rvj e‡j ZvmvD‡di mKj
welq‡K Rvj e‡j D‡c¶v Ki‡Z Pvb Zviv mK‡jB fyj c×wZi AbymiY K‡ib|
`vBjvgx msKwjZ Av‡iv A‡bK nv`xmB Avjvgv Avey Rvdi Gfv‡e Rvj e‡j wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb|
3. 4. 4. 3. myq~Zxi ÔRvwg KvexiÕ I gyËvKxi ÔKvbhyj D¤§vjÕ
(K) myq~Zxi (911wn) ÒRvwg KexiÓ ev ÒRvgDj RvIqvwgÓ
beg-`kg wnRix kZ‡Ki Ab¨Zg †kªô Avwjg Avjvgv RvjvjyÏxb myq~Zx (g„Zz¨ 911 wn)| Bmjvgx Áv‡bi wewfb‣
kvLvq Zuvi c`PviYv| nv`xm wel‡q wZwb A‡bK MÖ‡’ iPbv K‡i‡Qb| Zb¥‡a¨ Ab¨Zg ÒRvgDj RvIqv‡gÓ A_©vr ÒmKj
msKj‡bi msKjbÓ| MÖ‡’wU ÒAvj-Rvwg Avj-KvexiÓ ev Òe„nr msKjbÓ bv‡gI cwiwPZ| G MÖ‡’wU‡Z myq~Zx `ywbqvi Zver
nv`xm msKjb Kivi †Póv K‡ib| nv`x‡mi cÖvq 80wU †g․wjK MÖ‡’ I Av‡iv kZvwaK MÖ‡‡’i nv`xm wZwb G MÖ‡‡’ msKjb
K‡i‡Qb| MÖ‡’wUi c~Y©v½ iƒc P~ov‡„ Kivi Av‡MB Bgvg myq~Zx B‡‡„Kvj K‡ib| cieZ©x‡Z Zuvi G MÖ‡’wUI Avbymw½K K‡qKwU
MÖ‡’ GK‡Î ÒRvwgDj Avnv`xmÓ ev Ònv`xmmg~‡ni msKjbÓ bv‡g msKwjZ nq| Aaybv gyw`ªZ ÒRvwgDj Avnv`xmÓ MÖ‡‡’i
nv`xm msL¨v 45,757|
(M) gyËvKxi (975 wn) Kvbhyj D¤§vj
`kg wnRix kZ‡Ki cÖwm× fviZxq Avwjg Avjvgv AvjvDÏxb Avjx Beby ûmvgyÏxb gyËvKx eyinvbcyix (975 wn) wZwb
Bgvg myq~Zxi ÒAvj-Rvwg Avj-Kvexi, Avj-Rvwg Avm-mvMxi I ÒhvIqvB`yj RvwgÓ MÖ‡‡’ mKj nv`xm welqwfwËK web¨vm
K‡i ÒKvbhyj D¤§vj dx mybvwbj AvKIqvj Iqvj AvdAvjÓ bv‡g mye„nr MÖ‡’ iPbv K‡ib| AvaywbK gy`ª‡Yi MYbv Abyhvqx G
MÖ‡‡’ 46,624wU nv`xm i‡q‡Q|
wdi`vD‡mi cvkvcvwk Dc‡ii MÖ‡’Øq, we‡klZ ÒKvbhyj D¤§vjÓ MZ K‡qK kZvãx hver gymwjg we‡k¦ e¨vcKfv‡e
cÖPwjZ| Ab¨ †Kv‡bv MÖ‡‡’ †h nv`xm cvIqv hvq bv †m¸wj G mKj MÖ‡‡’ cvIqv hvq| GQvov MÖ‡‡’i web¨vm mnR nIqv‡Z nv`x‡mi
185
cÖ_g k‡ãi wfwË‡Z ev wel‡qi wfwË‡Z nv`xm Luy‡R cvIqv mnR| GRb¨ G MÖ‡’¸wj e¨vcK RbwcÖqZv jvf K‡ib|
wK‡‘ G¸wj‡Z mnxn I nvmvb nv`x‡mi cvkvcvwk AmsL¨ hqxd I A‡bK Rvj nv`xm we`¨gvb| Bgvg myq~Zx I Avjvgv gyËvKx
f~wgKvq wKQz g~jbxwZ D‡jL Ki‡jI †m¸wj Am¤ú~Y© I A¯úó| †m¸wji wfwË‡Z msKwjZ nv`xm¸wji ga¨ †_‡K mnxn I hqxd
evQvB Am¤¢e| Avi Rvj nv`xm wPwýZ Kiv †Zv G‡Kev‡iB Am¤¢e| mvaviY Avwjg, Zvwje Bjg I cvVK A‡b‡KB g‡b K‡ib †h,
G mKj MÖ‡‡’i mKj nv`xmB MÖnY‡hvM¨|
Avgiv e‡jwQ †h, `vBjvgxi msKwjZ A‡bK nv`xmB Bgvg myq~Zx Zuvi ÒRvwg KexiÓ MÖ‡‡’ Ges gyËvKx wnb`x Zuvi
ÒKvbhyj D¤§vjÓ MÖ‡‡’ msKjb K‡i‡Qb| G¸wji g‡a¨ A‡bK Rvj nv`xm i‡q‡Q| `vBjvgx Qvov Ab¨vb¨ MÖ‡‡’i m~‡ÎI Zuviv
A‡bK Rvj nv`xm Zuv‡ì G MÖ‡’Ø‡q msKjb K‡i‡Qb| Avjvgv Avey Rvdi G `y MÖ‡‡’i wKQz nv`xm Rvj e‡j wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb|
GLv‡b mvgvb¨ K‡qKwU bgybv D‡jL KiwQ:

239- Avbvm (iv) e‡jb, Avwg ivm~jyjvn -Gi wbKU wQjvg, GgZve¯’vq wZwb Avjx‡K AvMgb Ki‡Z †`‡Lb| ZLb wZwb
e‡jb, Avwg Ges G e¨w³ wKqvg‡Zi w`b Avgvi D¤§v‡Zi Dci cÖgvY|
G nv`xmwU Bgvg Beby Av`x RyiRvbx (365 wn) Zuvi `ye©j I RvwjqvZ ivexMY welqK MÖ‡’ ÒAvj-KvwgjÓ-G gvZvi
Beby Avex gvZvi gvBg~b Avj-gynvwiex Avj-BmKvd bvgK wØZxq kZvãxi GK RvwjqvZ ivexi ewY©Z nv`xm cÖm‡½ D×„Z
K‡i‡Qb| wZwb G nv`xmwU‡K gvZvi bvgK G e¨w³ ewY©Z Awbf©i‡hvM¨ nv`x‡mi bgybv wn‡m‡e D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| cieZ©x
kZvãx‡Z LZxe evM`v`x (463 wn) Zuvi ÒZvixL evM`v`Ó MÖ‡‡’ gynv¤§v` Beby AvkAvm bvgK GK e¨w³i Rxebx Av‡jvPbv
cÖm‡½ D×„Z K‡ib| Beby AvkAvmI nv`xmwU gvZvi Beby Avex gvZv‡ii m~‡ÎB eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| LZxe evM`v`xi m~‡Î myq~Zx
G nv`xmwU Zuvi Rvwg Kexi ev RvgDj RvIqvwg MÖ‡‡’ Ges myq~Zxi Abymi‡Y gyËvKx Zuvi ÒKvbhyj D¤§vjÓ MÖ‡‡’ msKjb
K‡i‡Qb|262
Bgvg myq~Zx wb‡R Zuvi Avj-jvAvjx Avj-gvmb~Av MÖ‡‡’, Ges Zuvi c~‡e© Bgvg Beby wne․vb, Bebyj RvIhx, hvnvex,
Beby nvRvi AvmKvjvbx I Ab¨vb¨ Bgvg nv`xmwU‡K evwZj I Rvj e‡j wbwðZ K‡i‡Qb| Zuviv gvZvi bvgK G e¨w³i Av‡iv
A‡bK Rvj nv`xm D‡jL K‡i‡Qb|263
Avj-vgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx G nv`xm D‡jL K‡i e‡j‡Qb: ÒG nv`xmwU Rvj| G nv`x‡mi wec` (RvwjqvZ) gvZvi
(Beby Avex gvZvi) bvgK ivex| myq~Zx e‡jb, gxhvbyj BÕwZ`vj MÖ‡‡’ D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, G nv`xmwU evwZj; G nv`x‡mi
RvwjqvwZi Rb¨ Awfhy³ n‡jv gvZvi, †h GKRb gnv-wg_ëv`x wn‡m‡e mycwiwPZ| nv`x‡mi cieZ©x ivex DevB`yjvn GKRb
wkqv ivex wQ‡jb| wZwb wbf©i‡hvM¨ I mZëv`x ivex wQ‡jb| wK‡‘ gvZv‡ii gZ GKRb mycwiwPZ wg_¨vev`xi G wg_¨v eY©bvi
cv‡c wZwb cvcx| wjmvb|Ó
GLv‡b j¶Yxq †h, †h‡nZz myq~Zx, gyËvKx I Abyiƒc †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv cÖwm× gynvwÏm nv`xmwU Zuv‡ì MÖ‡‡’ †Kv‡bviƒc
mgv‡jvPbv Qvov D‡jL K‡i‡Qb, †m‡nZz my‡hvMmÜvbx kxqv cÖPviKMY Giƒc nv`xm‡K cyuwR K‡i Zv‡ì gZev` cÖPv‡ii †Póv
K‡ib| nv`xmwUi RvwjqvwZi wel‡q gynvwÏmM‡Yi AwfgZ Zviv †P‡c hvb| Giƒc cÖ‡Póvi GKwU bgybv †`Lyb| mvB‡q`
Avãyj ûmvBb kvivdzÏxb Avj-gymvfx weMZ kZ‡Ki GKRb wkqv Avwjg| wZwb ÒAvj-gyivRvAvZÓ (cÎvjvc) bv‡g GKwU
cy¯„K iPbv K‡ib| MÖ‡’wU wkqvM‡Yi cÖPvig~jK eB¸wji Ab¨Zg| G eBwUi evsjv AbyevÌ cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| G eB‡q wZwb
KziAvb, nv`xm, mvnvexMY I Ab¨vb¨ wel‡q wkqvM‡Yi g~j AvKx`v ev ag©wek¦vm †Mvcb K‡i264 Òwkqv-mybx‣ Ó wgjb-Gi bv‡g
mij I AbwfÁ mybx‣ gymwjg‡ì wkqv g‡Z w`w¶Z Kivi †Póv K‡ib| wZwb eySv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb †h, mybx‣ ‡ì wbKU MÖnY‡hvM¨
nv`xm w`‡qB wZwb wkqv gZev` cÖgvY Ki‡Qb| Z‡e wZwb G‡¶‡Î A‡bK cÖZviYv I Am‛QZvi Avkªq wb‡q‡Qb| A‡bK mnxn
nv`xm‡K wZwb AcÖvmw½Kfv‡e e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Qb| Avevi A‡bK Rvj nv`xmI wZwb D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| †m¸wji g‡a¨ G nv`xmwU
i‡q‡Q| wZwb GwU D‡jL K‡i e‡jb: ÒLZxe evM`v`x nhiZ Avbvm n‡Z nv`xmwU eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| (Kvbhyj D¤§vj 6LÊ,
157 c„ôv, 2632 bs nv`xm)| wKiƒ‡c m¤¢e †h, Aveyj nvmvb Avjx Be‡b Avwe Zvwje ivm~‡ji gZ D¤§‡Zi Rb¨ `wjj n‡eb
A_P Zuvi ¯’vjvwfwl³ I AwffveK wn‡m‡e D¤§‡Zi cwiPvjK I wb‡`©kK n‡eb bv?Ó265
m¤§vwbZ cvVK, GLv‡b wkqv cÖPviK‡ì cÖZviYv Abyfe Ki‡Z cvi‡Qb| G Rvj nv`x‡m ejv nq wb †h, Avjx
D¤§v‡Zi AwffveK, Avjxi G AwffveKZ¡ wek¦vm Kiv Cgv‡bi Ask Ges Avjxi G AwffveKZ¡ bv gvbvi Kvi‡Y Ave~ evK&i,
Dgvi I Dmgvb (iv) mn cÖvq mKj mvnvex gyiZv` n‡q wM‡qwQ‡jb (bvEhy wejvn!) G Rvj nv`x‡m G mKj wKQzB ejv nq
wb| wK‡‘ Zvi c‡iI Zviv Giƒc GKwU Rvj nv`xm w`‡q G mKj K_v cÖgvY Ki‡Z †Póv Ki‡Qb| Avi Rvj nv`xm wel‡q
AvwjgM‡Yi AmZK©Zv I Ae‡njv G cÖZviYvi c_ •Zwi K‡i‡Q|
186

264- myjvBgvb (Av)ÑGi AvswUi b·v ev †Lvw`Z K_v wQj: jv Bjvnv Bjvjvû gynv¤§v`yi ivm~jjy v n|
G nv`xmwU PZz_© kZvãxi cÖwm× gynvwÏm Beby Av`x RyiRvbx (365 wn) Zuvi `ye©j I RvwjqvZ ivexMY welqK MÖ‡’
ÒAvj-KvwgjÓ-G kvBL Beby Avex Lvwj` m~dx bvgK GK ivexi Av‡jvPbvKv‡j Zvi m~‡Î D×„Z K‡i‡Qb Ges nv`xmwU‡K
evwZj e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| lô kZvãxi cÖwm× HwZnvwmK I gynvwÏm Avjx Beby nvmvb Beby AvmvwKi w`gvkKx (571 wn)
Zvi cÖwm× ÒZvixL w`gvkKÓ MÖ‡‡’ G nv`xmwU D³ ÒkvBL Beby Avex Lvwj`Ó bvgK e¨w³i m~‡ÎB D×„Z K‡i‡Qb|Ó266
Beby Av`x I Beby AvmvwK‡ii m~‡Î Bgvg myq~Zx nv`xmwU Zuvi ÒRvgDj RvIqvwgÓ ev Rvwg Kexi-G Ges gyËvKx wn•`x
Zuvi ÒKvbhyj D¤§vjÓ MÖ‡‡’ D×„Z K‡i‡Qb| myq~Zxi c~‡e© Bgvg Bebyj RvIhx, Bgvg hvnvex, Beby nvRvi AvmKvjvbx cÖgyL
cÖwm× gynvwÏm nv`xmwU Rvj e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| Bgvg myq~Zx wb‡RI Avj-jvAvjx Avj-gvmb~Av MÖ‡‡’ nv`xmwU Rvj Ges
kvBL Beby Avex Lvwj` RvwjqvZ e‡j cÖZ¨qb K‡i‡Qb| myq~Zxi c‡i Beby Avi&ivK, kvIKvbx I Ab¨vb¨ gynvwÏm G nv`xmwU
Rvj e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb|267
Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx G nv`xmwU D‡jL K‡i e‡jb: ÒBeby Av`x G nv`xmwU Rvwei (iv)-Gi m~‡Î ivm~jyjvn 
†_‡K eY©bv K‡i‡Qb; wK‡‘ Gi mb‡` kvBL Beby Avex Lvwj` bvgK GK e¨w³ we`¨gvb, †h e¨w³ RvwjqvwZi Awf‡hv‡M
Awfhy³| G nv`xmwUI Zvi •Zwi evwZj nv`xm¸wji GKwU| kvIKvbx, gxhvb|Ó
Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKxi G MÖ‡‡’ Rvj e‡j wPwýZ nv`xm¸wji g‡a¨ Av‡iv A‡bK nv`xm i‡q‡Q †h¸wj Bgvg
myq~Zxi ÒRvgDj RvIqvwgÓ ev ÒAvj-Rvwg Avj-KvexiÓ Ges Avjvgv gyËvKx wn•`xi ÒKvbhyj D¤§vjÓ MÖ‡‡’ msKwjZ i‡q‡Q|
3. 4. 4. 4. myq~Zxi (911 wn) Rvwg mvMxi
Dc‡ii wZbwU MÖ‡-’ `vBjvgxi wdi`vDm, myq~Zxi ÒRvwg KvexiÓ I gyËvKxi ÒKvbhyj D¤§vjÓ-Gi g‡a¨ Rvj, evwZj I
AwZ-`ye©j nv`xm we`¨gvb _vKvi wel‡q cÖvÁ AvwjgMY m‡PZb| mvaviY cvVK I AbwfÁ AvwjgMY G mKj MÖ‡‡’i
nv`xm¸wj evQwePv‡i A¶g nIqvi Kvi‡Y cÖZvwiZ n‡jI G¸wj Øviv AwfÁ AvwjgMY cÖZvwiZ nb bv| †Kv‡bv fvj I
AwfÁ Avwjg hw` G mKj MÖ‡‡’i †Kv‡bv nv`xm‡K cÖgvY wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡ib ev mnxn e‡j aviYv K‡ib, Gici Zv‡K
nv`xmwU Rvj nIqvi wel‡q gynvwÏmM‡Yi gZvgZ Rvbv‡bv nq Zvn‡j wZwb Zv MÖnY K‡i †bb| KviY Bjgyj nv`xm I
gynvwÏmM‡Yi bxwZgvjv m¤ú‡K© AwfÁ mK‡jB Rv‡bb †h, Dc‡ii MÖ‡’¸wj‡Z mnxn, hqxd, Rvj, evwZj mKj cÖKv‡ii
nv`xmB msKjb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
mgm¨v Av‡iv RwUj nq Bgvg myq~Zxi ÒRvwg mMxiÓ MÖ‡‡’i †¶‡Î| G MÖ‡‡’i f~wgKvq wZwb D‡jL K‡i‡Qb †h, wZwb G
MÖ‡‡’ Rvj nv`xm msKjb Ki‡eb bv| wZwb e‡jb: ( ) Ò‡h nv`xmwU ïay †Kv‡bv wg_¨vev`x ev
RvwjqvZ ivex eY©bv K‡i‡Q †m nv`xm †_‡K Avwg G MÖ‡’wU‡K gy³ †i‡LwQ| Zuvi G g~jbxwZi Kvi‡Y A‡bK cÖvÁ AvwjgI G
MÖ‡‡’i Dci wbf©i K‡i‡Qb| A‡b‡KB g‡b K‡i‡Qb I `vwe K‡i‡Qb †h, myq~Zx †h‡nZy nv`xmwU G MÖ‡‡’ msKjb K‡i‡Qb
†m‡nZz nv`xmwU Rvj bq| GQvov wZwb G MÖ‡‡’ msKwjZ cÖwZwU nv`x‡mi †¶‡Î Zv mnxn, nvmvb A_ev hqxd †Kvb ch©v‡qi
Zv D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| Zvi G mKj g‡„‡eï Dc‡iI cieZ©x AvwjgMY wbf©i K‡i‡Qb|
cieZ©x hy‡Mi cÖvÁ gynvwÏmMY †`‡L‡Qb †h, myq~Zx Zuvi G g~jbxwZ me©`v i¶v Ki‡Z cv‡ib wb| A‡bK Rvj nv`xm
wZwb Zuvi G MÖ‡‡’ msKjb K‡i‡Qb| GgbwK wZwb wb‡R †h mKj nv`xm Rvj e‡j Ab¨vb¨ MÖ‡‡’ D‡jL K‡i‡Qb, †m mKj
nv`xm‡K Avevi wZwb Rvwg mMx‡i msKjb K‡i‡Qb|
e¯‘Z ivm~jyjvn -Gi Avw½bv‡K gvbexq ms‡hvRb I RvwjqvwZ †_‡K cweÎ ivLvi †¶‡Î gymwjg D¤§vi cÖvÁ
AvwjgMY KL‡bvB †Kv‡bv e¨w³i gZ ev gh©v`v‡K eo K‡i †`‡Lb wb| Zuviv hvPvB evQvB me©`v Ae¨vnZ †i‡L‡Qb Ges
cÖ‡qvRbxq ms‡kvabx cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb| Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKxi G MÖ‡’ Zvi GKwU eo cÖgvY| wZwb G MÖ‡‡’ Rvwg mvMx‡ii
A‡bK nv`xm Rvj e‡j wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb Ges gv‡S gv‡S Bgvg myq~Zxi ¯^we‡ivwaZvi cÖwZ Bw½Z K‡i‡Qb| K‡qKwU D`vniY
†`Lyb:
153- `„wókw³ bó nIqv cv‡ci ¶gv; kªeYkw³ bó nIqv cv‡ci ¶gv Ges †`‡ni hv wKQz ¶wZMÖ¯„ nq Zvi cwigv‡Y cv‡ci
¶gv nq|
Beby Av`x Zvi Ò`yAvdvÕ ev `ye©j I RvwjqvZ ivex‡ì eY©bv welqK MÖ‡‡’ nv`xmwU D‡jL K‡i nv`xmwU‡K AZ¨‡„
AvcwËKi I evwZj ch©v‡qi e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| LZxe evM`v`xI Zvi ÒZvixL evM`v`Ó MÖ‡‡’ nv`xmwU msKjb K‡i‡Qb|
LZxe I Beby Av`xi m~‡Î nv`xmwU `vBjvgx wdi`vDm MÖ‡‡’, myq~Zx Rvwg Kvexi MÖ‡‡’ I gyËvKx wn•`x ÒKvbhyj D¤§vjÓ MÖ‡‡’
187
msKjb K‡i‡Qb, Z‡e nv`xmwUi mb‡ì Ae¯’v m¤ú‡K© G mKj MÖ‡‡’ Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq wb| G‡Z G mKj MÖ‡‡’i
cvVK ¯^fveZB nv`xmwU‡K mnxn ev MÖnY‡hvM¨ e‡jB g‡b Ki‡eb|
Beby Av`x I LZxe evM`v`xi m~‡Î Bgvg Beby RvIhx nv`xmwU‡K Zvi Avj-gvDh~AvZ MÖ‡‡’ msKjb K‡i‡Qb Ges
mb` ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i G‡K Rvj e‡j wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb| Bgvg myq~Zx Zvi ÒAvj-jvAvjx Avj-gvmb~AvÓ MÖ‡‡’ nv`xmwU Rvj
nIqvi wel‡q Bebyj RvIhxi mv‡_ GKgZ †cvlY K‡i‡Qb| wK‡‘ wZwb wb‡RB nv`xmwU Zuvi ÒRvwg mvMxiÓ (Avj-Rvwg Avm-
mvMxi) MÖ‡‡’ msKjb K‡i‡Qb| ïay ZvB bq, Dci‡‘ wZwb nv`xmwU‡K G MÖ‡‡’ ÒnvmvbÓ e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb|268
Avj-vgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx Bgvg Bebyj RvIhxi wm×v‡‡„i wfwË‡Z nv`xmwU‡K Rvj e‡j MY¨ K‡iB ¶v‡„ nb wb;
Dci‡‘ wZwb G wel‡q Bgvg myq~Zxi ¯^we‡ivwaZvi cÖwZ `„wó AvKl©Y K‡i e‡jb: ÒBebyj RvIhx nv`xmwU‡K gvDh~ e‡j wPwýZ
K‡i‡Qb| myq~Zx Zvi mv‡_ GKgZ †cvlY K‡i‡Qb; A_P wZwb nv`xmwU Rvwg mMx‡i D×„Z K‡i‡Qb|Ó
183- `y» cvb weï× Cgvb| †h e¨w³ Ny‡gi g‡a¨ (¯^‡c‣) `ya cvb Ki‡e †m Bmjv‡gi Dci i‡q‡Q|
nv`xmwU `vBjvgx D×„Z K‡i‡Qb| `vBjvgxi m~‡ÎB myq~Zx Zvi Rvwg mMx‡i I gyËvKx Zvi ÒKvbhyj D¤§vjÓ MÖ‡‡’ G
nv`xmwU D×„Z K‡i‡Qb| `vBjvgx I gyËvKx nv`x‡mi mb‡ì wel‡q wKQzB e‡jb wb; eis Zv‡ì D×„wZ †_‡K cvVK ¯^fveZB
nv`xmwU‡K MÖnY‡hvM¨ e‡j MY¨ Ki‡eb| Z‡e Bgvg myq~Zx wb‡RB Zuvi ÒhvBjÓ MÖ‡‡’ D‡jL K‡i‡Qb †h, G nv`x‡mi ivexMY
K‡qKRb AÁvZ cwiPq Ges K‡qKRb mycwiwPZ RvwjqvZ| Zuvi G e³‡eï wfwË‡Z Avjvgv Beby Avi&ivK Zvbhxûk
kvixqvn MÖ‡‡’ welqwU e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Qb| wK‡‘ myq~Zx Rvwg mMxi-G welqwU we¯§„Z n‡q‡Qb Ges Zuvi wb‡Ri ch©v‡jvPbv Abymv‡i
G nv`xmwUi GKgvÎ mb‡` GKvwaK wg_¨vev`x I RvwjqvZ ivex we`¨gvb _vKv m‡Ë¡I wZwb nv`xmwU G MÖ‡‡’ msKjb
K‡i‡Qb|269
Avj-vgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx G nv`xmwU‡K Rvj e‡j wPwýZ Kivi cvkvcvwk G wel‡q Bgvg myq~Zxi ¯^we‡ivwaZvi cÖwZ
Bw½Z K‡i e‡jb: ÒG nv`xmwU myq~Zx D×„Z K‡i‡Qb; wK‡‘ Gi mb‡` BmgvCj (Beby Avex whqv`) bvgK GK gnv-wg_¨vev`x
i‡q‡Q Ges ûmvBb (Beby Kvwmg) I (Beivnxg) Avj-ZvBqvb bvgK `yRb Awfhy³ ivex i‡q‡Q| hvBj|
3- Avjvni Kv‡Q me‡P‡q N„wYZ ev•`v †m e¨w³ hvi cwi‡aq e¯¿Øq Zvi K‡g©i †P‡q DËg| Zvi †cvkvK bexM‡Yi †cvkvK
A_P Zvi Kg© cÖZvckvjx AZ¨vPvix‡ì Kg©|
G nv`xmwU g~jZ DKvBjx Zuvi Ò`yAvdvÓ ev `ye©j I RvwjqvZ ivexMY msµv‡„ MÖ‡‡’ msKjb K‡i‡Qb Ges nv`xmwU‡K
evwZj I gybKvi e‡j‡Qb| GQvov Bebyj RvIhx I Bgvg hvnvexI nv`xmwU‡K evwZj I Rvj e‡j wbwðZ K‡i‡Qb| Bgvg
kvIKvbx I cieZ©x Ab¨vb¨ gynvwÏmI nv`xmwU Rvj e‡j wbwðZ K‡i‡Qb|
`vBjvgx nv`xm wn‡m‡e GwU msKjb K‡i‡Qb| GKBfv‡e myq~Zx Zvi RvgDj RvIqvwg ev Rvwg Kvexi MÖ‡‡’ nv`xmwU
msKjb K‡i‡Qb| Avevi wZwb Zvi ÒAvj-jvAvjx Avj-gvmb~AvÓ MÖ‡‡’ G nv`xmwU‡K Rvj e‡j wbwðZ K‡i‡Qb| Zv m‡Ë¡I
wZwb nv`xmwU‡K Zvi ÒAvj-Rvwg Avm-mvMxiÓ MÖ‡‡’ msKjb K‡i‡Qb|270 Avj-vgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx Bgvg myq~Zxi ÔRvwg
mvMx‡iÕ nv`xmwUi D‡j‡L Kvi‡Y cÖfvweZ bv n‡q kvIKvbx I c~e©eZ©x gynvwÏmM‡Y wm×v‡‡„i Av‡jv‡K nv`xmwU Rvj wn‡m‡e
wbwðZ K‡i e‡jb: ÒG nv`xmwU Rvj| kvIKvbx|Ó
7- †Zvgiv Avwjg‡ì AbymiY Ki‡e; KviY Zviv `ywbqvi cÖ`xc I AvwLiv‡Zi evwZ|
G nv`xmwUI `vBjvgx msKjb K‡i‡Qb| `vBjvgxi m~‡ÎB Bgvg myq~Zx Rvwg Kvexi MÖ‡‡’ Ges Zvi Abymi‡Y gyËvKx
wn•`x ÔKvbhyj D¤§vjÕ MÖ‡‡’ nv`xmwU msKjb K‡i‡Qb| Bgvg myq~Zx wb‡R G nv`xmwU‡K Rvj e‡j wbwðZ K‡i‡Qb Zvi
ÒhvBjyj Avnv`xm Avj-gvDh~AvnÓ ev hvBjyj gvDh~AvZ bvgK MÖ‡‡’| wZwb e‡jb, G nv`x‡mi GKgvÎ eY©bvKvix, hvi m~‡Î
nv`xmwU `vBjvgx D×„Z K‡i‡Qb Zvi bvg Kvwmg Beby Beivnxg Avj-gvjZx, hvi wel‡q Bgvg `vivKzZbx, LZxe evM`v`x
cÖgyL gynvwÏm wbwðZ K‡i‡Qb †h, †jvKwU GKRb gnv-wg_¨vev`x wQj| wK‡‘ wZwb ÔAvj-Rvwg Avm-mvMxiÕ MÖ‡‡’ nv`xm
msKj‡bi mgq welqwU j¶¨ K‡ib wb| wZwb nv`xmwU G MÖ‡‡’ msKjb K‡i‡Qb, hwÌ wZwb f~wgKvq D‡jL K‡i‡Qb †h,
Giƒc wg_¨vev`x ev wg_¨vq Awfhy³‡ì ewY©Z nv`xm wZwb msKjb Ki‡eb bv|
Avj-vgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx Bgvg myq~Zxi Rvwg mvMx‡ii D‡j‡Li Dci wbf©i bv K‡i Zuvi hvBj MÖ‡‡’i mye¨vL¨vZ
188
g‡Zi Dci wbf©i K‡i nv`xmwU‡K Rvj e‡j MY¨ K‡i‡Qb| UxKvq wZwb e‡jb: Ònv`xmwU `vBjvgx msKjb
K‡i‡Qb; wK‡‘ Gi mb‡` Kvwmg Beby Beivnxg gvjZx i‡q‡Qb| `vivKzZbx e‡j‡Qb †h, Kvwmg Beby Bivnxg bvgK G e¨w³
Kvh&hve ev fq¼i wg_¨vev`x RvwjqvZ wQ‡jb| Avi LZxe evM`v`x e‡j‡Qb, G e¨w³ jyAvBb †_‡K Bgvg gvwj‡Ki m~‡Î D†¢U
D†¢U evwZj-Rvj nv`xm eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| hvBj|Ó
GLv‡b D‡jL¨ †h, Kvkdzj Lvdv MÖ‡‡’i †jLK Avjvgv BmgvCj Beby gynv¤§v` Avj-AvRvj~bx (1162 wn) nv`xmwU‡K
hqxd e‡jB ¶v‡„ n‡q‡Qb, mivmwi gvDh~ ev Rvj e‡jb wb| c¶v‡„‡i Avjvgv Avey Rvdi nv`xmwU‡K Rvj e‡j MY¨
K‡i‡Qb| AvaywbK hy‡Mi cÖwm× gynvwÏm kvBL gynv¤§v` bvwmi DÏxb AvjevbxI Avjvgv Ave~ Rvd‡ii b¨vq nv`xmwU‡K Rvj
e‡j MY¨ K‡i‡Qb|271
188- GK gymwj‡gi wei‚‡× Av‡iK gymwj‡gi mv¶¨ MÖnY‡hvM¨ n‡e; Z‡e GK Avwj‡gi wei‚‡× Av‡iK Avwj‡gi mv¶¨
MÖnY‡hvM¨ n‡e bv; KviY Zviv wnsmyK|
nv`xmwU g~jZ nvwKg bvBmvc~ix (405 wn) Zuvi ÒZvixL bvBmvc~iÓ MÖ‡‡’ msKjb K‡i‡Qb| nv`xmwU D×„Z K‡i wZwb
e‡j‡Qb: ÒGwU ivm~jyjvn -Gi K_v bq; Gi mb` wewfb‣ w`K †_‡K evwZj...|Ó cieZ©xKv‡j `vBjvgx GKB mb‡` nv`xmwU
Zuvi Òwdi`vDmÓ MÖ‡‡’ msKjb K‡i‡Qb|
Aciw`‡K Bgvg myq~Zx Zuvi Avj-jvAvjx Avj-gvmb~Av MÖ‡‡’ G nv`xmwUi mb` ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| wZwb G wel‡q
Bgvg nvwK‡gi e³e¨ D×„Z K‡i‡Qb Ges Av‡iv A‡bK Z‡_ï gva¨‡g cÖgvY K‡i‡Qb †h, nv`xmwU Rvj| wK‡‘ G welqwU
we¯§„Z n‡q wZwb nv`xmwU nvwK‡gi m~‡Î Rvwg mvMx‡i msKjb K‡i‡Qb; wK‡‘ nv`xmwU evwZj nIqvi wel‡q nvwK‡gi gZvgZ
wZwb D‡jL K‡ib wb| Dci‡‘ wZwb nv`xmwU‡K ÒnvmvbÓ e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| ¯^fveZB myq~Zxi Dci wbf©i K‡i gyËvKx wn•`x
nv`xmwU‡K nvwK‡gi m~‡Î Kvbhyj D¤§vj MÖ‡‡’ msKjb K‡i‡Qb|272
Avj-vgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx nv`xmwU‡K Rvj wn‡m‡e G MÖ‡‡’ msKjb K‡i‡Qb Ges msw¶ß e¨vL¨vq nvwKg I myq~Zxi
AwfgZ D‡jL K‡i e‡j‡Qb: ÒAvj-jvAvjx Avj-gvmb~Av MÖ‡‡’ D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, G K_v nv`xm bq| mKj w`K †_‡K
Gi mb` evwZj| Dci‡‘ nvwKg e‡j‡Qb †h, G K_v ivm~jyjvn -Gi K_v bq| Avi hw` a‡iI †bqv nq †h Gi †Kv‡bv Aw¯„
Z¡ Av‡Q Zvn‡j Gi A_© n‡e AvwLiv‡Zi c_ cwiZ¨vMKvix `ywbqv`vi AvwjgMY| ....Ó
210- GK gyn~Z© Bjg mÜvb mvivivZ mvjvZ Av`v‡qi †P‡q DËg Ges GKw`b Bjg mÜvb wZb gvm wmqvg cvjb †_‡K
DËg|
G nv`xmwUI `vBjvgx msKjb K‡i‡Qb| `vBjvgxi m~‡Î myq~Zx Zuvi ÒRvwg KvexiÓ I gyËvKx Zuvi ÒKvbhyj D¤§vjÓ
MÖ‡‡’ nv`xmwU msKjb K‡i‡Qb| myq~Zx Zuvi hvBj MÖ‡‡’ G nv`xmwU‡K Rvj e‡j wbwðZ K‡i e‡jb, G nv`x‡mi GKgvÎ
eY©bvKvix bvnkvj Beby mvC` AvZ-wZiwghx GKRb gnv-wg_¨vev`x| Beby Avi&ivK, Zvwni dvZvbx, kvIKvbx I cieZ©x hy‡Mi
Ab¨vb¨ gynvwÏm g~jZ Zuvi G ch©v‡jvPbvi wfwË‡ZB nv`xmwU Rvj e‡j MY¨ K‡i‡Qb| wK‡‘ myq~Zx wb‡R Zv we¯§„Z n‡q
nv`xmwU ÒRvwg mMxiÓ MÖ‡‡’ msKjb K‡i‡Qb|273
Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx myq~Zxi ch©v‡jvPbv wfwË‡ZB G nv`xmwU‡K Rvj wn‡m‡e Zuvi MÖ‡‡’ msKjb K‡i‡Qb Ges
e‡j‡Qb: ÒG nv`xmwU Aveyk kvBL msKjb K‡i‡Qb; wK‡‘ Gi mb‡` i‡q‡Q bvnkvj (Beby mvC`) bvgK GKRb gnv-
wg_¨vev`x ivex| hvBj|Ó
212- Bjg mÜvb Kiv Avj-vni wbKU mvjvZ, wmqvg, n¾ I Avj-vni iv¯„vq wRnv` †_‡K DËg|
G nv`xmwU `vBjvgx Ges Zuvi m~‡Î myq~Zx ÔRvwg KexiÕ I gyËvKx ÔKvbhyj D¤§vjÕ MÖ‡‡’ D×„Z K‡i‡Qb| Aciw`‡K
myq~Zx Zuvi ÒhvBjÓ MÖ‡‡’ nv`xmwU‡K Rvj wn‡m‡e D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| wZwb e‡jb, G nv`x‡mi GKgvÎ eY©bvKvix gynv¤§v` Beby
Zvgxg Avm-mvÕ`x gnv-RvwjqvZ| G e¨w³i wg_¨vPvi I RvwjqvwZi welq Bgvg nvwKg, hvnvex I Ab¨vb¨ gynvwÏm D‡jL
K‡i‡Qb| G nv`x‡mi mb‡` Av‡iv GKvwaK wg_¨vi Awf‡hv‡M Awfhy³ ivex we`¨gvb| wK‡‘ Bgvg myq~Zx G welqwU we¯§„Z
n‡q G nv`xmwU Zuvi ÒRvwg mvMxiÓ-G msKjb K‡i‡Qb|274
Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx G nv`xmwU‡K Rvj e‡j wPwýZ K‡i G MÖ‡‡’ msKjb K‡i‡Qb| Dci‡‘ wZwb Gi Ae¯’v
189
e¨vL¨v K‡i e‡jb: Ò`vqjvgx G nv`xmwU msKjb K‡i‡Qb; wK‡‘ Gi mb‡` gynv¤§v` Beby Zvgxg bvgK GK gnv
RvwjqvZ ivex i‡q‡Qb| hvBj|Ó
Bgvg myq~Zxi Rvwg mvMxi MÖ‡‡’ msKwjZ Av‡iv A‡bK nv`xm Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx Rvj e‡j wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb|
3. 4. 5. Avjvgv Avey Rvdi I Ab¨vb¨ `xbx MÖ‡š’i Rvj nv`xm
wdKn, Dm~j, Zvdmxi, BwZnvm, IqvR, ZvmvDd BZ¨vw` welqK MÖ‡‡’ we`¨gvb A‡bK nv`xm Avj-vgv Avey Rvdi
wmwÏKx Rvj e‡j wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb| GKRb eo Avwjg ev eyR‡y M©i †jLwb‡Z- BRwZnv`x fyj ev AmZK©Zvi Kvi‡Y- `y PviwU
Rvj nv`xm _vKv Am¤¢e bq| e¯‘Z mKj hy‡Mi mKj †`‡ki mKj wel‡qi cÖvq mKj Avwjg I eyR‡y M©i †jLvi g‡a¨ Giƒc
cvIqv hvq| hw` †KD AwaK mZK©Zv Aej¤^b K‡ib Ges Zuvi MÖ‡’‡K mZK©Zvi mv‡_ Rvj Ges hqxd nv`xm †_‡K gy³
ivL‡Z m¶g nb, Zvn‡j welqwU Zvi Rb¨ AwZwi³ gh©v`v I AwZwi³ mdjZv e‡j MY¨ nq| wK‡‘ hv‡ì wjLwbi g‡a¨
AMwYZ mnxn nv`x‡mi cvkvcvwk Zuv‡ì AÁvZmv‡i `y-PviwU Rvj I wfwËnxb nv`xm i‡q hvq Zv‡ì Giƒc Î‚wUi Rb¨
†Kv‡bv cÖvÁ AvwjgB Zv‡ì e¨w³MZ mgv‡jvPbv K‡ib bv| cvkvcvwk Zuv‡ì MÖ‡‡’ we`¨gvb Rvj nv`xm¸wj‡K Rvj e‡j
wPwýZ Kiv‡K Zuv‡ì Aegh©v`v e‡j KL‡bvB g‡b K‡ib bv| Abyiƒcfv‡e Zuv‡ì gh©v`vi ARynv‡Z Zuv‡ì MÖ‡‡’i g‡a¨
we`¨gvb Rvj nv`xm‡K mnxn e‡j MÖnY Kivi cÖeYZvI Zuviv cÖwZ‡iva K‡i‡Qb|
Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx †h mKj nv`xm‡K Rvj e‡j wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb †m¸wj A‡bK MÖ‡‡’i g‡a¨B we`¨gvb| Z‡e
†h MÖ‡’¸wj Avgv‡ì fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡ki Avwjg‡ì cwiwPZ, cvV¨ I wbf©i‡hvM¨ Ges †h¸wj Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKxi
cwiwPwZ, cvV¨ I wbf©i‡hvM¨ e‡j we‡ewPZ wQj, †miƒc wKQz MÖ‡‡’i bgybv Avgiv GLv‡b ch©v‡jvPbv Kie| gnvb Avjvni Kv‡Q
ZvIdxK cÖv_©bv KiwQ|
3. 4. 5. 1. Bgvg Mvhvjxi (505wn) GnBqvD Dj~wgÏxb
Avgiv B‡Zvc~‡e© D‡jL K‡iwQ †h, cÂg-lô wnRix kZ‡Ki Ab¨Zg †kªô Bmjvgx e¨w³Z¡, Avwjg, mvaK I ms¯‥viK
û¾vZzj Bmjvg Avj-vgv Avey nvwg` gynv¤§v` Beby gynv¤§v` Avj-Mvhvjx (505 wn)-Gi †jLv ÒGnBqvD Dj~wgÏxbÓ MÖ‡’wU
Bmjvgx Áv‡bi GKwU Òwek¦‡KvlÓ e‡j we‡ewPZ| Cgvb, AvKx`v, wdKn, ZvmvDd, AvLjvK, gyAvgvjvZ BZ¨vw` mKj
wel‡qi we¯„vwiZ Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb wZwb G MÖ‡‡’| Av‡jvPbvi g‡a¨ wZwb AMwYZ nv`xm D‡jL K‡i wb‡Ri Av‡jvP¨ wm×v‡„
I AwfgZ cÖgvY K‡i‡Qb|
wZwb `vk©wbK I dKxn wQ‡jb, gynvwÏm wQ‡jb bv| GRb¨ nv`x‡mi mb‡ì evQwePvi bv K‡iB hv ï‡b‡Qb ev c‡o‡Qb
meB D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| AwaKvsk †¶‡ÎB wZwb Zuvi nv`xm¸wji Z_¨m~Î cÖ`vb K‡ib wb| †Kvb& MÖ‡’ †_‡K wZwb nv`xmwU msMÖn
K‡i‡Qb ZvI wZwb wj‡Lb wb| G‡Z cvVK‡ì g‡b G mKj nv`x‡mi MÖnY‡hvM¨Zvi wel‡q cÖk‣ †`Lv †`q| cieZ©x
gynvwÏmMY G mKj nv`x‡mi Drm mÜv‡b e¨vcK cwikªg K‡ib| Zuviv G MÖ‡‡’ AMwYZ mnxn, nvmvb I hqxd nv`x‡mi
cvkvcvwk wKQz Rvj nv`xmI †`L‡Z cvb| G wel‡q Bgvg myq~Zx mybvb Avex `vD‡ì e¨vL¨vMÖ‡’ ÒwgiKvZzm myE`Ó MÖ‡‡’ e‡jb:
hw` Avcwb e‡jb †h, Ònv`x‡m ewY©Z n‡q‡Q †h, Ôivm~jjy vn  cÖwZw`b `yÕevi Zuvi `vwo AvuPov‡ZbÕ Zvn‡j Avwg eje †h, G
nv`xmwUi †Kv‡bviƒc †Kv‡bv mb` Avwg Lyu‡R cvB wb| G nv`xmwU GKgvÎ Mvhvjx Zuvi GnBqvD Dj~wgÏxb MÖ‡‡’ D‡jL
K‡i‡Qb| Avi †KD G nv`xmwU D‡jL K‡ib wb| Avi G K_v †Zv Kv‡iv ARvbv bq †h, G MÖ‡‡’i g‡a¨ A‡bK Ggb nv`xm
i‡q‡Q hvi †Kv‡bv Aw¯„Z¡ ev wfwË †bB|Ó275
û¾vZzj Bmjvg Bgvg Mvhvjxi Aeg~j¨vqb ev Zuvi cÖwZ KUv¶ G mKj gynvwÏ‡mi D‡Ïk¨ bq| Zv‡ì D‡Ïk¨
ivm~jyj-vn -Gi Avw½bv‡K Rvj nv`x‡mi RÄvjgy³ ivLv, Avjvni Inx‡K gvbexq ms‡hvRb †_‡K cweÎ ivLv Ges gymwjg
D¤§vn‡K mnxn mybv‣ ‡Zi AbymiY I Rvj nv`xm eR©‡bi c‡_ mnvqZv Kiv| GKRb gnvb I eo †jL‡Ki e„nr MÖ‡‡’ Zuvi fyj
Î‚wU n‡ZB cv‡i| GRb¨ Zuvi cÖwZ KUv¶ Kiv †hgb Aciva, Zvi †P‡qI eo Aciva Zuvi cÖgvwYZ fyj‡K †Kv‡bv `wjj Qvov
ïay Zuvi gh©v`vi Ahynv‡Z `x‡bi g‡a¨ XywK‡q †Ìqv| G g~jbxwZi wfwË‡ZB Zuviv G MÖ‡‡’i nv`xm¸wji m~Î mÜvb K‡i‡Qb|
Avj-vgv hvBbyÏxb Avãyi inxg Be‡b ûmvBb Avj-BivKx (806 wn) I Ab¨vb¨ mycÖwm× gynvwÏm Zuvi Dwj-wLZ
nv`xmmg~‡ni mb`-wfwËK wePvi we‡klY K‡i mnxn, hqxd I ev‡bvqvU nv`xm¸wj wba©viY K‡i‡Qb | Zuviv †`‡L‡Qb †h, Zuvi
D‡jwLZ AwaKvsk nv`xm mnxn I cÖwm× MÖ‡’ †_‡K msM„nxZ n‡jI wKQz nv`xm AZ¨‡„ `ye©j Ges wKQz nv`xm Rvj| 8g wnRix
kZ‡Ki cÖwm× kvwdqx dKxn I gynvwÏm Avjvgv Avãyj Iqvn&nve Beby Avjx Avm-myeKx (771 wn) ÔGnBqvD Dj~wgÏxbÕ MÖ‡‡’
D‡jwLZ K‡qK kZ Rvj I wfwËnxb nv`xm ÔAvj-Avnv`xm Avj-vZx jv Avm&jv jvnv dx wKZvwej GnBqvÕ, A_©vr ÔGnBqvD
Dj~wgÏxb MÖ‡‡’ DwjwLZ wfwËnxb nv`xmmg~nÕ wk‡ivbv‡g c„_Kfv‡e msKjb K‡ib|
G mKj gynvwÏ‡mi ch©v‡jvPbv †_‡K Avgiv GKwU we‡kl welq †`L‡Z cvB| c~e©eZ©x MÖ‡’¸wj‡Z †h mKj Rvj nv`xm
D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q †m¸wj mb`-mn †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv MÖ‡‡’ msKwjZ| mb` wePv‡ii gva¨‡g gynvwÏmMY G¸wji RvwjqvwZ
D‟NvUb K‡i‡Qb| GnBqvD Dj~wgÏxb MÖ‡‡’ G RvZxq A‡bK Rvj nv`xm i‡q‡Q| G¸wji cvkvcvwk wØZxq Av‡iK cÖKvi Rvj
|
190
nv`xm G MÖ‡‡’ i‡q‡Q, †h¸wji †Kv‡bviƒc mb` cvIqv hvq bv Ges †Kv‡bv MÖ‡‡’B Zv msKwjZ nq wb| G¸wj
c~e©eZ©x †Kv‡bv eyRMy © ev `vk©wb‡Ki K_v ev Bmªv‡qjxq eY©bv| hy‡Mi AveZ©‡b †jvKgy‡L Zv nv`xm bv‡g cÖPwjZ n‡q‡Q|
RbkÖ‚wZ I cÖPj‡bi Dci wbf©i K‡i G¸wj‡K nv`xm wn‡m‡e D‡jL K‡i‡Qb wZwb|
Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx Zuvi hy‡Mi Ab¨Zg †kªô Avwjg, dKxn, m~dx I kvBL-ZixKZ ev cxi wQ‡jb| ¯^fveZB
wZwb ZvmvDd, AvZ¥ïw× I Ab¨vb¨ wel‡q Bgvg Mvhvjxi Dci Ges we‡kl K‡i GnBqvD Dj~wgÏxb MÖ‡‡’i Dci wbf©i
Ki‡Zb| Zuvi Ab¨vb¨ MÖ‡’ I Zuvi mvwb‣a¨ †_‡K welqwU Rvbv hvq| wK‡‘ Bgvg Mvhvjx I Zuvi GBBqvD Dj~wgÏxb MÖ‡‡’i cÖwZ
kª×v I fvjevmvi Kvi‡Y wZwb †Kv‡bv fyj‡K mwVK ejvi cÖeYZv †`Lvb wb| eis gymwjg D¤§vni c_cÖ`k©K AvwjgM‡Yi
ixwZ‡Z wZwb eyRM©‡ì cÖwZ kª×vi cvkvcvwk mwVK Bj‡gi cÖKvk I mnxn nv`xm wbf©iZv‡K eo K‡i Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| GRb¨
wZwb †Kv‡bv Rvj nv`xm‡K ÒGnBqvD Dj~wgÏxbÓ MÖ‡‡’ D×„Z i‡q‡Q ARynv‡Z MÖnY‡hvM¨ ejvi †Kv‡bv †Póv K‡ib wb ev Giƒc
Rvj nv`xm D‡jL bv K‡i Gwo‡q hvIqviI †Póv K‡ib wb| eis GMÖ‡‡’ D‡jwLZ A‡bK¸wj Ònv`xmÓ wZwb Rvj wn‡m‡e
wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb| G¸wji g‡a¨ wKQz nv`xm Rvj mb‡` wewfb‣ MÖ‡‡’ msKwjZ Ges wKQz Ònv`xmÓ G‡Kev‡iB wfwËnxb RbkÖ‚wZ
gvÎ| Avgiv GLv‡b Aí K‡qKwU bgybv Av‡jvPbv Kie|
265- ivm~jyj-vn  cÖwZ iv‡Z myigv eënvi Ki‡Zb, cÖwZ gv‡m i³‡gv¶Y Kiv‡Zb Ges cÖwZ eQi Jla †meb Ki‡Zb|
G nv`xmwU g~jZ Bgvg Beby Av`x RyiRvbx (365 wn) `ye©j evixMY welqK ÒAvj-Kvwgj dx `yAvdvBi wiRvjÓ bvgK
MÖ‡‡’ D×„Z K‡i‡Qb| wZwb ÒmvBd Beby gynv¤§v` Beby DLZ mywdqvb mvIixÓ bvgK GK wg_¨vev`x RvwjqvZ ivexi ewY©Z
`ye©j, Rvj I AvcwËKi nv`x‡mi bgybv wn‡m‡e G nv`xmwU D³ e¨w³i mb‡` D×„Z K‡ib|
Bgvg Bebyj RvIhx (597 wn) G nv`xmwU‡K Rvj e‡j wPwýZ K‡i Zuvi ÒAvj-gvDh~AvZÓ MÖ‡‡’ msKjb K‡i‡Qb|
wZwb GwUi RvwjqvZ wn‡m‡e ÒmvBdÓ-‡K wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb| Bgvg myq~Zx Zvi ÒAvj-jvAvjx Avj-gvmb~AvÓ MÖ‡‡’ Bebyj
RvIhxi mv‡_ HKgZ¨ †cvlY K‡i G nv`xmwU‡K Aï× ev Rvj e‡j D‡jL K‡i e‡jb: Òmywdqvb mvIixi fv‡M‣ mvBd GKRb
gnv-RvwjqvZ|Ó wK‡‘ G welqwU we¯§„Z n‡q wZwb nv`xmwU Beby Av`xi m~‡ÎB Zuvi Rvwg mvMx‡i msKjb K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi
AbymiY K‡i gyËvKx nv`xmwU ÒKvbhyj D¤§vjÓ MÖ‡‡’ msKjb K‡i‡Qb|
Bgvg Mvhvjx GnBqvD Dj~wgÏx‡b G nv`xmwU D×„Z K‡i e‡jb: Òivm~jjy v n -Gi cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡ì †_‡K ewY©Z
n‡q‡Q †h, wZwb cÖwZ iv‡Z myigv eënvi Ki‡Zb, cÖwZ gv‡m i³‡gv¶Y Kiv‡Zb Ges cÖwZ eQi Jla †meb Ki‡Zb|Ó Bgvg
Mvhvjx ¯^fveZB Zuvi Z_¨ m~Î D‡jL K‡ib wb| Avjvgv BivKx (806 wn) G MÖ‡‡’i nv`xm¸wji mb` eY©bv cÖm‡½ e‡jb: ÔG
nv`xmwU D×„Z K‡i Beby Av`x e‡j‡Qb †h, nv`xmwU gybKvi ev AvcwËKi Ges Gi eY©bvKvix mvBd Beby gynv¤§v`‡K Bgvg
Avng` Beby nv¤^vj, BqvnBqv Beby gvCb I Ab¨vb¨ gynvwÏm gnv-wg_¨vev`x e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb|Õ Beby Avi&ivK, Zvwni
dvZvbx, kvIKvbx I Ab¨vb¨ gynvwÏm nv`xmwU‡K Rvj e‡j wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb|276
Avj-vgv Avey Rvdi Bgvg Mvhvjxi GnBqvD Dj~wgÏxb ev Bgvg myq~Zxi ÒAvj-Rvwg Avm-mMxiÓ MÖ‡‡’ nv`xmwUi
we`¨gvbZv‡K †Kv‡bviƒc ¸i‚Z¡ cÖ`vb K‡ib wb| gynvwÏmM‡Yi M‡elYvi Dci wbf©i K‡i wZwb nv`xmwU‡K Rvj wn‡m‡e MY¨
K‡i‡Qb| mb‡ì Ae¯’vi cÖwZ Bw½Z K‡i wZwb e‡jb: ÒG nv`xmwUi mb‡` GKvwaK RvwjqvZ we`¨gvb| ...Ó
257- GKRb Avwj‡gi gvRwj‡m Dcw¯’Z nIqv GK nvRvi Rvbvhvq kixK nIqv †_‡K, GK nvRvi ivKAvZ mvjvZ †_‡K,
GK nvRvi n¾ Ges GK nvRvi wRnv`-hy×vwfhvb †_‡K DËg|
G nv`xmwUI Bgvg Mvhvjx Zuvi GnBqvD Dj~wgÏxb MÖ‡‡’ D×„Z K‡i‡Qb| Bj‡gi dhxjZ e¨vL¨v cÖm‡½ wZwb e‡jb:
ÒAve~ hvi (iv) ewY©Z nv`x‡m i‡q‡Q: GKRb Avwj‡gi gvRwj‡m Dcw¯’Z nIqv....|Ó ¯^fveZB wZwb †Kvb& m~Î †_‡K nv`xmwU
MÖnY K‡i‡Qb Zv e‡jb wb| Bgvg BivKx (806 wn) I Ab¨vb¨ gynvwÏm m~Î mÜvb K‡i †`‡L‡Qb †h, gynv¤§v` Beby Avjx Beby
Dgvi bvgK GKRb IqvwqR G nv`xmwU Zuvi wbR¯^ mb‡` e‡j †eov‡Zb| ZuviB m~‡Î Beby RvIhx ÔgvDh~AvZÕ MÖ‡‡’ Rvj
wn‡m‡e nv`xmwU D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| †Kv‡bv nv`x‡mi MÖ‡‡’ G nv`xmwU msKwjZ nq wb| gynv¤§v` Beby Avjx bvgK G Iqvwqh
wb‡RI wg_¨vev`x I Rvj-nv`xm wbf©i Iqvwqh wQ‡jb| Avi wZwb †h mb` D‡jL K‡i‡Qb Zvi g‡a¨ K‡qKRb RvwjqvZ
we`¨gvb| G‡ì g‡a¨ GKRb n‡jb Z…Zxq wnRix kZ‡Ki cÖwm×Zg RvwjqvZ, ÒRvwjqvZKzj wk‡ivgwYÓ Avng` Beby
Avãyjv- n Avj-nvivex Avj-RyAvBevix|
GLv‡b D‡jL¨ †h, RyAvBevixi •Zwi G nv`xmwU mn‡RB †kªvZv‡ì AvKl©b K‡i, d‡j 4_© -5g kZvãxi A‡bK Rvj-
nv`xm wbf©i Iqvwqh I RvwjqvZ mb` I gZb Pzwi K‡i G A‡_© G K_v¸wji KvQvKvwQ k‡ã wewfb‣ nv`xm evwb‡q cÖPvi Ki‡Z
_v‡K| †hgb ÒGKRb Avwj‡gi gRwj‡m Dcw¯’Z nIqv GK nvRvi ivKAvZ mvjv‡Zi †P‡q DËgÓ, ÒIjx‡ì mvnPv‡h© GK
191
gyn~Z© _vKv GKkZ ermi wiqvnxb mvj‡Zi †P‡q DËgÓ ... BZ¨vw`| µgv‡^‡q G A‡_©i nv`xm¸wji A‡bK mb`
cÖPwjZ n‡q hvq| Bgvg Mvhvjx †jvKgy‡L cÖPjb I wewfb‣ Iqvwq‡hi eY©bvi Dci wbf©i K‡i G K_vwU‡K ivm~jyjvn -Gi
e³e¨ I nv`xm wn‡m‡e Zuvi MÖ‡‡’ D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e mKj mb‡ì g‡a¨B RvwjqvZ I wg_¨vev`x ivex we`¨gvb _vKvq cÖvÁ
gynvwÏmMY G¸wji Øviv cÖZvwiZ nb wb|
Bebyj RvIhx (597 wn) hvnvex (748 wn), Beby nvRvi AvmKvjvbx (852 wn), myq~Zx (911 wn), Beby Avi&ivK (963
wn), †gvjv Avjx Kvix (1014 wn), AvRj~bx (1162 wn), kvIKvbx (1250 wn) I Ab¨vb¨ mKj cÖwm× gynvwÏmB G nv`xmwU‡K
Rvj e‡j wbwðZ K‡i‡Qb|277 Avj-vgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKxI nv`xmwU‡K Rvj e‡j MY¨ K‡i‡Qb| wZwb e‡jb: ÒG nv`xmwU
(Avng` Beby Avãyjv- &n) RyAvBevix bvgK gnv-wg_¨vev`x `v¾v‡ji evbv‡bv Rvj nv`xm¸wji GKwU| ....Ó
157- Avgvi D¤§v‡Zi `y e¨w³ mvjv‡Z `Êvqgvb nq, Zv‡ì i‚Kz I mvR`v GKB; A_P Zv‡ì Df‡qi mvjv‡Zi g‡a¨
Avmgvb I hgx‡bi cv_©K¨|
Bgvg Mvhvjx nv`xmwU Zuvi MÖ‡‡’ D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| mvjv‡Zi Lyï ev webgªZv I g‡bv‡hv‡Mi ¸i‚Z¡ eySv‡Z wZwb e‡jb:
Òivm~jjy v- n  e‡j‡Qb: ÔAvgvi D¤§v‡Zi `y e¨w³ ....Õ GLv‡b ivm~jyj-vn  mvjv‡Zi Lyï ev webgªZvi w`‡K Bw½Z
K‡i‡Qb...|Ó
Avjvgv BivKx e‡jb: ÔG nv`xmwU Bebyj gyRvwe․i ÒAvKjÓ ev eyw× welqK cyw¯„Kvq Ave~ AvBDe Avbmvix (iv)-Gi
m~‡Î KvQvKvwQ k‡ã msKjb K‡i‡Qb| nv`xmwU Rvj| Bebyj gyRvwe․‡ii m~‡Î nvwim Beby Avex Dmvgv (186-282 wn)
nv`xmwU Zuvi gymbv` MÖ‡‡’ msKjb K‡i‡Qb|Õ †gvjv Avjx Kvix, Zvwni dvZvbx I Ab¨vb¨ gynvwÏm nv`xmwU‡K Rvj e‡j
wbwðZ K‡i‡Qb|278
Avj-vgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx G nv`xmwU‡K Rvj wn‡m‡e G MÖ‡‡’ msKjb K‡i‡Qb| wZwb mb` wel‡q we¯„vwiZ
Av‡jvPbvq bv †h‡q ms‡¶‡c e‡j‡Qb: ÒG nv`xmwU Rvj|Ó
GnBqvD Dj~wgÏxb MÖ‡‡’ we`¨gvb Giƒc Av‡iv A‡bK nv`xm Avjvgv Avey Rvdi Rvj e‡j wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb, †h¸wj
mb`-mn Ab¨ †Kv‡bv MÖ‡‡’ msKwjZ, Z‡e mb‡ì g‡a¨ we`¨gvb RvwjqvZ ivexM‡Yi eY©bvi wbix¶vi gva¨‡g gynvwÏmMY
G¸wji RvwjqvwZ wbwðZ K‡i‡Qb|
Avgiv e‡jwQ †h, GnBqvD Dj~wgÏxb MÖ‡‡’ Av‡iK ai‡bi Rvj nv`xm we`¨gvb, †h¸wj †Kv‡bv MÖ‡‡’ †Kv‡bviƒc mb‡`
ewY©Z ev msKwjZ nq wb| 5g-6ô kZ‡K †jvKgy‡L nv`xm bv‡g Kw_Z n‡Zv| Giƒc A‡bK nv`xm G MÖ‡‡’ we`¨gvb| Avjvgv
Avey Rvdi G RvZxq wKQz nv`xm Rvj I wfwËnxb e‡j wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb| GLv‡b K‡qKwU bgybv D‡jL KiwQ|
38- mg~‡`ªi g‡a¨ c„w_ex f~c„‡ôi g‡a¨ GKwU Av¯„ve‡ji gZ|

nv`xmwU Bgvg Mvhvjx ÒGnBqvD Dj~wgÏxbÓ MÖ‡‡’ D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| wZwb G MÖ‡‡’i `y ¯’v‡b e‡j‡Qb: Òivm~jjy v n 
e‡j‡Qb: Ômg~‡`ªi g‡a¨ c„w_ex..|Ó
G K_vwU †Kv‡bvfv‡e †Kv‡bv MÖ‡‡’ nv`xm wn‡m‡e msKwjZ nq wb Ges mnxn, hqxd ev Rvj †Kv‡bviƒc †Kv‡bv mb`B
Gi †bB| Avjvgv BivKx G wel‡q e‡jb: Ò( ): G nv`x‡mi †Kv‡bviƒc †Kv‡bv Aw¯„Z¡ ev m~Î Avwg Lu‡y R cvB
wb|Ó †gvjv Avjx Kvix, Zvwni dvZvbx I Ab¨vb¨ gynvwÏm G nv`xmwU Rvj I Aw¯„Z¡nxb e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb|279
Avj-vgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx G nv`xmwU‡K Rvj wn‡m‡e Zuvi MÖ‡‡’ msKjb K‡i‡Qb| wZwb GwUi wel‡q g‡„e¨ K‡i
e‡jb: ÒG nv`xmwU G‡Kev‡i wfwËnxb evwZj| Kexi, ZvhwKiv Avjx, Avj-gvmb~, jyjy|Ó
94- wcZvgvZvi †L`gZ mvjvZ, wmqvg, n¾, Dgiv I Avjvni iv¯„vq wRnv` A‡c¶v DËg|
nv`xmwU Bgvg Mvhvjx Zuvi MÖ‡‡’ D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| wcZvgvZvi †L`g‡Zi ¸i‚Z¡ cÖm‡½ wZwb e‡jb: Òivm~jjy v n 
e‡j‡Qb: wcZvgvZvi †L`gZ mvjvZ, ..... A‡c¶v DËg|
Aóg wnRix kZ‡Ki cÖwm× kvwdqx gynvwÏm, dKxn I m~dx Avjvgv ZvR DÏxb myeKx (727-771 wn) Zvi ÒZvevKZzk
kvwdwqq¨vn Avj-KzeivÓ ev kvwdqx gvhnv‡ei AvwjgM‡Yi e„nËg Rxebx-msKjbÓ bvgK cÖwm× MÖ‡‡’ Bgvg Mvhvjxi Rxebx,
192
Zuvi eûgywL cÖwZfv I gh©v`v we¯„vwiZ Av‡jvPbv K‡ib| G cÖm‡½ wZwb e‡jb: ÒAvwg GnBqvD Dj~wgÏxb MÖ‡‡’i
g‡a¨ A‡bK nv`xm †c‡qwQ †h¸wji †Kv‡bviƒc †Kv‡bv mb` Avwg †Kv‡bv Bj‡gi MÖ‡‡’ cvB wb| Avwg G nv`xm¸wj GLv‡b
GKwÎZ Kijvg| G K_v e‡j wZwb G MÖ‡‡’i mnmªvwaK nv`xm D‡jL K‡i‡Qb †h¸wji †Kv‡bviƒc †Kv‡bv mb` wZwb Luy‡R cvb
wb|280 G mKj nv`x‡mi g‡a¨ wZwb G nv`xmwU D‡jL K‡i‡Qb|281
cieZ©x‡Z Avjvgv BivKx (806 wn) GnBqvD Dj~wgÏxb MÖ‡‡’i nv`xm¸wji Drm mÜv‡b wZbwU mywekvj MÖ‡’ iPbv
K‡ib| G¸wj‡ZI wZwb D‡jL K‡i‡Qb †h, G k‡ã I ev‡K¨ G nv`xmwUi †Kv‡bviƒc †Kv‡bv Aw¯„Z¡, m~Î ev Drm wZwb
†Kv_vI Lu‡y R cvb wb, hwÌ wcZvgvZvi wL`gv‡Zi ¸i‚‡Z¡ Ges wRnv` ev n‡¾i md‡ii cwie‡Z© wcZvgvZvi wL`gZ Kivi
Drmvn cÖ`v‡b nv`xm ewY©Z n‡q‡Q|282
Avj-vgv Zvwni dvZvbx, kvIKvbx I Ab¨vb¨ gynvwÏm nv`xmwU Rvj I Aw¯„Z¡nxb e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| Avjvgv Avey
Rvdi wmwÏKx nv`xmwU‡K Rvj wn‡m‡e G MÖ‡‡’ msKjb K‡i‡Qb| msw¶ß g‡„‡e¨ wZwb e‡jb: ÒgyLvZvmvi MÖ‡‡’ D‡jL Kiv
n‡q‡Q †h, Giƒc nv`xm †Kv_vI cvIqv hvq bv| kvIKvbx|Ó
129- gmwR‡ì g‡a¨ K_vevZ©v †bKx ev mvIqve †L‡q †d‡j †hgb, RxeRv‡bvqvi Nvm †L‡q †d‡j|
Bgvg Mvhvjx ÒGnBqvD Dj~wgÏxbÓ MÖ‡‡’ gmwR‡ì ¸i‚Z¡ I gmwR‡` AcÖ‡qvRbxq K_vevZ©v †_‡K weiZ _vKvi ¸i‚Z¡
Av‡jvPbvKv‡j e‡jb: ÒAvmvi ev Le‡i- A_©vr nv`x‡m- ewY©Z n‡q‡Q, gmwR‡` K_vevZ©v †bKx ev mvIqve †L‡q †d‡j
.....|Ó283
Bgvg Mvhvjxi (450-505 wn) cÖvq mgmvgwqK gydvm&wmi Avjvgv Rvi‚jvn hvgvLkvix (467-538 wn) Zvdmxi
Kvk&kvd MÖ‡‡’ G nv`xmwU D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| m~iv ZvIevi 38 bs Avqv‡Zi e¨vL¨v cÖm‡½ wZwb e‡jb: Ònv`x‡m i‡q‡Q,
gmwR‡ì g‡a¨ K_vevZ©v....|Ó m~iv jyKgv‡bi 6 Avqv‡Zi e¨vL¨vq wZwb cybivq G nv`xmwU D‡jL K‡ib|284 hvgvLkvixi
D‡j‡Li Dci wbf©i K‡i dLi‚Ïxb gynv¤§v` Beby Dgvi ivhx (606 wn), Aveyj evivKvZ Avãyjv n Beby Avng` bvmvdx (710
wn), Ave~m mvE` gynv¤§v` Beby gynv¤§v` (982wn), BmgvCj nv°x (1127 wn), gvng~` Beby Avãyjv- n Avj~mx (1270 wn) I
Ab¨vb¨ gydvm&wmi nv`xmwU Zv‡ì Zvdmxi MÖ‡‡’ Dch©y³ AvqvZØ‡qi Zvdmxi cÖm‡½ I Ab¨vb¨ ¯’v‡b D‡jL K‡i‡Qb|285 Zuviv
†jvKK_v, cÖPjb I G‡K Ac‡ii D‡j‡Li Dci wbf©i K‡i‡Qb, †KDB nv`xmwUi m~Î ev Drm D‡jL K‡ib wb|
G nv`xmwUI mnxn, hqxd ev Rvj †Kv‡bviƒc †Kv‡bv mb‡` †Kv‡bv MÖ‡‡’ msKwjZ nq wb| Avjvgv myeKx GnBqvD Dj~wgÏxb
MÖ‡‡’i wfwËnxb nv`xm¸wji g‡a¨ G nv`xmwU D‡jL K‡i‡Qb|286 Avjvgv BivKx G nv`xm cÖm‡½ e‡jb: ÒGi †Kv‡bviƒc †Kv‡bv
Aw¯„Z¡ ev m~Î Avwg Lyu‡R cvB wb|Ó287
†gvjv Avjx Kvix, Zvwni dvZvbx, kvIKvbx I Ab¨vb¨ gynvwÏm mK‡jB D‡jL K‡i‡Qb †h, G nv`xmwU Ges G A‡_©
Ab¨ nv`xm ÒgmwR‡ì g‡a¨ K_vevZ©v †bKx ev mvIqve †L‡q †d‡j †hgb Av¸b Lwo †L‡q †d‡jÓ Dfq nv`xmB wfwËnxb-
Aw¯„Z¡nxb| mnxn, hqxd ev Rvj †Kv‡bvcÖKvi †Kv‡bv mb‡` †Kv‡bv MÖ‡‡’ Zv ewY©Z ev msKwjZ nq wb| Abyiƒc Av‡iKwU K_v
ÒgmwR‡` `ywbqvi K_v ej‡j Pwjk erm‡ii Avgj eiev` nqÓ- G K_vwUI Rvj I evwZj|288
Avj-vgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx gynvwÏmM‡Yi mye¨vL¨vZ gZvg‡Zi wecix‡Z Bgvg Mvhvjx, Avjvgv hvgvLkvix I Ab¨vb¨
gydvm&wm‡ii D×„wZi †Kv‡bv ¸i‚Z¡ cÖ`vb K‡ib wb| wZwb nv`xmwU‡K Rvj e‡j MY¨ K‡i G cy¯„‡K msKjb K‡i‡Qb Ges msw¶ß
g‡„‡e¨ e‡j‡Qb: ÒgyLZvmvi MÖ‡‡’ D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, G nv`xmwU †Kv_vI cvIqv hvq bv|Ó
403- Avwj‡gi wb`ªv Bev`Z|

4_© wnRix kZvãxi Ab¨Zg †kªô I mycÖwm× m~dx I eyRyM© kvBL Ave~ Zvwje gv°x (g„Zz¨ 368 wn) Zuvi iwPZ ÒK‚Zzj
Kzj~eÓ MÖ‡‡’ K‡qK ¯’v‡b G nv`xmwU D×„Z K‡i‡Qb| wZwb Ih~ Ae¯’vq Nyg I †bKKvi‡ì Nyg cÖm‡½ e‡jb: Avgiv GKwU
Le‡i (nv`x‡m) eY©bv K‡iwQ, Avwj‡gi Nyg Bev`Z...|Ó289 Bgvg MvhvjxI kvBL gv°xi Abymi‡Y Ih~ Ae¯’vq Nyg Ges
193
†bKKvi‡ì Nyg cÖm‡½ GnBqvD Dj~wgÏx‡b e‡jb: ÒGRb¨B ivm~jyjvn  e‡j‡Qb, Avwj‡gi Nyg Bev`Z
....|Ó290
¯^fveZB kvBL g°x I Bgvg Mvhvjx †Kvb& cy¯„‡K ev †Kvb& mb‡` nv`xmwU eY©bv K‡i‡Qb Zv e‡jb wb| cieZ©x
gynvwÏmMY e¨vcK AbymÜvb K‡i wbwðZ n‡q‡Qb †h, G nv`xmwU mnxn, hqxd ev Rvj †Kv‡bv mb‡` †Kv‡bv MÖ‡‡’ msKwjZ nq
wb| Zuviv wbwðZ K‡i‡Qb †h, G K_vwU †Kv‡bv nv`xm bq| Z‡e Zuviv GLv‡b `ywU welq D‡jL K‡i‡Qb:
cÖ_gZ: Bgvg evBnvKx I Ab¨ KwZcq gynvwÏm hqxd mb‡` GKwU nv`xm msKjb K‡i‡Qb, hv‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q (
): ÒwmqvgiZ e¨w³i Nyg Bev`ZÓ| evn¨Z †Kv‡bv Iqvwqh ev Avwjg ( ): mvwqg ev ÔwmqvgZi kãwU‡K
fy‡j ( ) Avwjg ev Ávbx e‡j ï‡b‡Qb Ges e‡j‡Qb| Gfv‡eB G wfwËnxb nv`xmwUi DrcwË nq|
wØZxqZ, Dc‡ii evK¨wU m¤ú~Y© wfwËnxb n‡jI Ave~ byAvBg Bmcvnvbx hqxd mb‡` GKwU nv`xm msKjb K‡i‡Qb
hv‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q ÒBjg-mn Nygv‡bv g~L©Zv-mn Bev`Z Kiv †_‡K DËg|Ó291
Avj-vgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx G nv`xmwU‡K Rvj e‡j wbwðZ K‡i‡Qb| wZwb e‡jb: ÒG nv`x‡mi †Kv‡bv Aw¯„Z¡ ev wfwË
†bB|Ó Gici wZwb †ivhv`v‡ii wb`ªv I Bjg-mn wb`ªv welqK Dc‡ii `ywU nv`x‡mi welq e¨vL¨v K‡ib|
301- Avgvi AvKvk I Avgvi hgxb Avgv‡K aviY Kivi cÖk¯„Zv cvq wb; wK‡‘ Avgvi gywgb ev•`vi A‡„i Avgv‡K avi‡Yi
cÖk¯„Zv †c‡q‡Q (Avmgvb-hgxb Avgv‡K aviY Ki‡Z cv‡iwb, wK‡‘ Avgv‡K aviY K‡i‡Q Avgvi gywgb ev•`vi ü`q|)
Bgvg Mvhvjx GnBqvD Dj~wgÏxb MÖ‡‡’ Áv‡bi ch©vq Abymv‡i Kvj‡ei (A‡„‡ii) Ae¯’v Av‡jvPbv cÖm‡½ e‡jb:

ÒGi cÖwZB Bw½Z Kiv n‡q‡Q Beby Dgvi (iv) ewY©Z nv`x‡m, wZwb e‡jb, Òivm~jjy v n -†K ejv n‡jv, †n Avjvni
ivm~j, Avjvn †Kv_vq? c„w_ex‡Z bv Avmgv‡b? wZwb e‡jb: Ôgywgb ev•`vM‡Yi A‡„‡ii g‡a¨Õ|Ó Ges Le‡i (nv`x‡m) i‡q‡Q,
Avjvn e‡jb: Avgvi AvKvk I Avgvi hgxb Avgv‡K aviY Kivi cÖk¯„Zv cvq wb; wK‡‘ Avgvi gywgb ev•`vi webgª weMwjZ A‡„
i Avgv‡K avi‡Yi cÖk¯„Zv †c‡q‡Q|Ó292
Aóg kZ‡Ki cÖwm× Avwjg Avjvgv ZvwKDÏxb Beby ZvBwgqv‡K (728 wn) G nv`xm m¤ú‡K© wRÁvmv Kiv n‡j wZwb
e‡jb: ÒG K_vwU Bn~`x‡ì g‡a¨ cÖPwjZ BmivCjx eY©bvi g‡a¨ cvIqv hvq; ivm~jyjvn  †_‡K Gi †Kv‡bviƒc †Kv‡bv mb`
cwiÁvZ bq|Ó Avjvgv BivKx (806 wn) GnBqvD Dj~wgÏxb MÖ‡‡’i nv`xm¸wji m~Î Av‡jvPbv welqK MÖ‡’¸wj‡Z G nv`x‡mi
wel‡q e‡jb: ( ) G nv`x‡mi †Kv‡bviƒc †Kv‡bv Aw¯„Z¡ Avwg †`L‡Z cvB wb| BivKx e‡jb, G K_vwU nv`xm bv
n‡jI, Zvevibx msKwjZ GKwU nv`x‡m ivm~jyjvn  e‡j‡Qb: Òc„w_exevmxi g‡a¨ Avjvni wKQz cvÎ i‡q‡Q; †bKKvi
ev•`v‡ì ü`q¸wj †Zvgv‡ì cÖwZcvj‡Ki cvÎ|Ó
Bgvg myq~Zx, Beby Avi&ivK, mvLvex, †gvjv Avjx Kvix, hvivKkx, Zvwni dvZvbx, kvIKvbx, ì‡ek n~Z, AvRvj~bx I
Ab¨vb¨ gynvwÏm wbwðZ K‡i‡Qb †h, Bgvg Mvhvjxi D×„Z G K_vwU nv`xm bq| nv`xm wn‡m‡e GwU wfwËnxb Rvj nv`xm| G
K_vwU g~jZ Bn~`x‡ì g‡a¨ cÖPwjZ GKwU K_v, hv Bn~`x‡ì Kvwnbx eY©bvKvix Zvweqx Iqvne Beby gybvwe․n †_‡K †Kv‡bv
†Kv‡bv gynvwÏm msKjb K‡i‡Qb|293
Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx GnBqvD Dj~wgÏx‡bi G nv`xmwU‡K Rvj e‡j wbwðZ K‡i‡Qb| G wel‡q wZwb Beby ZvBwgq¨vn,
BivKx, myq~Zx cÖgyL Avwj‡gi gZvgZ D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| we‡klZ G K_vwUi A‡_©i w`‡KI wZwb `„wó AvKl©Y K‡i‡Qb| GKwU we‡kl
A‡_© K_vwUi A_© Bmjvg m¤§Z| Ab¨ w`K †_‡K K_vwU Bmjvg we‡ivax Kzdix A_© cÖKvk K‡i|
GLv‡b D‡jL¨ †h, Bgvg Mvhvjx cÖ_g †h nv`xmwU D‡jL K‡i‡Qb †mwUI m¤ú~Y© wfwËnxb, Aw¯„Z¡nxb ev mb`wenxb
GKwU K_v hv nv`xm bv‡g cÖPwjZ n‡q‡Q| Avjvgv myeKx GnBqvD Dj~wgÏxb MÖ‡‡’i wfwËnxb nv`xm¸wji g‡a¨ G Ònv`xmwUÓ
A‡„f©y³ K‡i‡Qb| Avjvgv BivKx e‡jb: ÒBeby Dgv‡ii nv`xm: ÔAvjvn †Kv_vq? ........ gywgb ev•`vM‡Yi A‡„‡ii g‡a¨Õ G
k‡ã Gi †Kv‡bv Aw¯„Z¡ †Kv_vI cvB wb|Ó294
Avj-vgv Avey Rvdi Gfv‡e GnBqvD Dj~wgÏxb MÖ‡‡’i Av‡iv A‡bK nv`xm Rvj, wg_¨v, evwZj ev wfwËnxb e‡j D‡jL
K‡i‡Qb|
~
194
3. 4. 5. 2. Avj-vgv hvgvLkvixi (538 wn) Kvk&kvd
6ô wnRix kZ‡Ki Ab¨Zg †kªô Bmjvgx e¨w³Z¡, fvlvwe`, gydvm&wmi I dKxn Avjvgv Rvi‚jvn Aveyj Kvwmg gvng~`
Beby Dgvi hvgvLkvix (467-538 wn)| wZwb nvbvdx gvhnv‡ei GKRb cÖwm× dKxn wQ‡jb Ges GKRb cÖwm× gydvm&wmi
wQ‡jb| ag© wek¦v‡mi w`K w`‡q wZwb gyZvwhjx gZev‡ì Abymvix I cÖPviK wQ‡jb295| wZwb AvKx`v, wdKn, fvlv BZ¨vw`
wel‡q eû MÖ‡’ iPbv K‡ib| Zvi MÖ‡’¸wji g‡a¨ Zvdmxi MÖ‡’ ÒAvj-Kvk&kvdÓ Ab¨Zg| KziAv‡bi fvlvi Aj¼vi,
evK¨KvVv‡gvi A‡j․wKKZv I A‡_©i cÖk¯„Zv eY©bv Zvi Zvdmx‡ii Ab¨Zg •ewkó¨| Zuvi gyÕZvwhjx ag©g‡Zi cÖwZ msL¨vMwiô
gymwjg‡ì AvcwË _vK‡jI Zuvi Zvdmxi MÖ‡’ ÒAvj-Kvk&kvdÓ gymwjg we‡k¦ e¨vcK cwiwPwZ I cÖmvi jvf K‡i| we‡kl K‡i
fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k G MÖ‡’wU e¨vcKfv‡e mgv`„Z| KvIgx, Avwjqv, wek¦we`¨vjq mKj cÖKv‡ii Bmjvgx wk¶veë¯’vq G
MÖ‡’wU †g․wjK cvV¨MÖ‡’ wn‡m‡e MY¨|
wZwb `vk©wbK, dKxn, fvlvwe` I gydm&wmi wQ‡jb| nv`x‡mi wel‡q wZwb mb`ZvwË¡K M‡elYvi Mfx‡i hvb wb|
we‡klZ gyÕZvwhjx g‡Zi AbymvixMY nv`x‡mi wel‡q ¸i‚Z¡I Kg †`b| wZwb Zuvi Zvdmxi MÖ‡‡’ A‡bK nv`xm D‡jL
K‡i‡Qb| †m¸wji g‡a¨ A‡bK mnxn, nvmvb I hqxd nv`x‡mi cvkvcvwk A‡bK Rvj nv`xmI D‡jL K‡i‡Qb|
Avgiv G wel‡q BivKx, beex, myq~Zx cÖgyL cÖwm× Avwj‡gi e³e¨ D‡jL K‡iwQ| Avgiv †`‡LwQ †h, AwaKvsk †¶‡Î
wZwb mvÕjvex, Iqvwn`x I Ab¨vb¨ c~e©eZx© gydvm&wm‡ii AbymiY AbyKiY K‡i Zv‡ì D×„Z Rvj nv`xm¸wj D‡jL K‡i‡Qb|
cv_©K¨ n‡jv mvÕjvex, Iqvwn`x I c~e©eZ©x gydvm&wmiMY mb`mn G mKj nv`xm D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| Avgiv Av‡MB e‡jwQ †h,
c~e©eZ©x gynvwÏmM‡Yi mycwiwPZ g~jbxwZ wQj, mb`mn nv`xm D‡jL Ki‡j nv`xmwUi RvwjqvwZi wel‡q MÖ‡’Kv‡ii `vwqZ¡
_v‡K bv| KviY wZwb nv`xmwU‡K ivm~jyjvn -Gi K_v e‡j `vwe ev D‡jL K‡ib wb| wZwb e‡j‡Qb, AgyK Avgv‡K e‡j‡Qb
†h, G K_vwU wZwb Agy‡Ki gva¨‡g nv`xm bv‡g ï‡b‡Qb| †mwU cÖK…Z nv`xm wKbv Zv wePv‡i `vqfvi cvV‡Ki Dci eZ©vq|
Avi mb` †d‡j w`‡q ïay nv`xm ivm~jyjvn -Gi bv‡g D×„Z Kivi A_© K_vwU‡K nv`xm e‡j `vwe I cÖPvi Kiv| G‡¶‡Î
nv`xmwUi weï×Zvi wel‡q mZK© nIqv †jL‡Ki wb‡Ri `vwqZ¡| wK‡‘ Avjvgv hvgvLkvix, Avjvgv evBhvex I cieZ©x hy‡Mi
A‡bK gydvm&wmi G wel‡q LyeB AmZK©Zv Aej¤^b K‡i‡Qb| Zuviv c~e©eZ©x‡ì D‡jL Kiv Rvj nv`xm¸wj mb` †d‡j w`‡q
wbR MÖ‡‡’ Òivm~jjy v n  e‡j‡QbÓ e‡j mywbwðZfv‡e D×„Z K‡i‡Qb| Zvdmx‡i Kvk&kvd-G D×„Z G ai‡bi K‡qKwU Rvj
nv`xm Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx Zuvi MÖ‡‡’ msKjb K‡i‡Qb| †m¸wji GKwU wbg‣iƒc:
382- †h e¨w³ gynv¤§v` ()-Gi eskai-cwiR‡bi cÖwZ we‡Øl wb‡q g„ZzëiY Kij †m Kvwdi Ae¯’vq g„ZzëiY Kij|
G nv`xmwU 5g wnRix kZ‡Ki cÖwm× gydvm&wmi Avjvgv Avng` Be‡b gynv¤§v` Be‡b Beªvnxg Avm mvÕjvex wbkvc~ix
(427 wn.) Zuvi ÒZvdmxiÓ MÖ‡‡’ mb`-mn D×„Z K‡i‡Qb| gnvb Avjvn e‡jb:
Òej Avwg †Zvgv‡ì Kv‡Q Gi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv cÖwZ`vb PvB bv; AvZ¥xqZvi Av‡„wiKZv-fvjevmv Qvov|Ó296
G Avqv‡Zi Zvdmxi cÖm‡½ mvjvex GKwU e„nr nv`xm D‡jL K‡ib, hvi g‡a¨ G evK¨wU i‡q‡Q|297
Avjvgv hvgvLkvix G nv`xmwUi mb` †d‡j w`‡q Òivm~jjy v n  e‡j‡Qb ... e‡j G nv`xmwU D‡jL K‡i‡Qb|298
cieZ©xKv‡j dvLi‚Ïxb ivhx (606 wn), KziZzex (671 wn), BmgvCj n°x (1127wn) I Ab¨vb¨ gydvm&wmi G Ònv`xmwUÓ
D‡jL K‡i‡Qb|299
Avj-vgv Beby nvRvi AvmKvjvbx (852 wn) Zvdmxi Kvk&kvd-Gi nv`xm¸wji ZvLixR ev m~Î-mÜvb welqK ÒAvj-
Kvwd Avk-kvdÓ bvgK MÖ‡‡’ G nv`xmwU D‡jL K‡i mvÕjvexi mb` D‡jL K‡ib| Gici wZwb e‡j‡Qb †h, G nv`xmwU †h
Rvj Zv LyeB my¯úó| `xN© mb‡` mvjvexi D¯„v` I cieZ©x `yRb ivex m¤ú~Y© AÁvZ cwiPq; G‡ìB †KD G nv`xmwU Rvj
K‡i‡Qb|Ó300
Avjvgv hvnvex I Beby nvRvi AvmKvjvbx G nv`xmwUi Av‡iKwU mb` D‡jL K‡i‡Qb hv‡Z iZb wn•`x we`¨gvb|
GwUI wbtm‡•`‡n Rvj e‡j Zuviv D‡jL K‡i‡Qb|301 Beby Avi&ivK, Zvwni dvZvbx cÖgyL gynvwÏm nv`xmwU Rvj e‡j wbwðZ
K‡i‡Qb|302
195
Avgiv B‡Zvc~‡e© D‡jL K‡iwQ †h, kxqvMY Giƒc Rvj nv`x‡mi mvnv‡h¨ wb‡R‡ì gZev` cÖPvi Kivi †Póv
K‡ib| GLv‡b D‡jL¨ †h, kxqvMY Ave~ eKi, Dgvi I Dmgvb ()-mn cÖvq mKj mvnvex‡K gyiZv` e‡j wek¦vm K‡ib|
Zuviv †Kv‡bv mvnvexi m~‡Î ewY©Z †Kv‡bv nv`xm wek¦vm K‡ib bv Ges `vex K‡ib †h, mvnvexMYB ivm~jyjvn -Gi bv‡g nv`xm
RvwjqvwZ Ki‡Zb (bvDh~ wejvn!)| GgbwK Zuviv KziAvb Kvixg‡KI weK…Z e‡j wek¦vm K‡ib| Av‡jvPbv weZ‡K© Zuviv G
mKj K_v A¯^xKvi Ki‡Z Pvb| KviY Zuviv wek¦vm K‡ib †h, ZvwKq¨vn A_©vr Òwg_¨v ejvÓ ev wb‡Ri wek¦vm †Mvcb K‡i
wg_¨v Z_¨ cÖ`vb Kiv ïay •eaB bq, eis mvIqv‡ei KvR I `x‡bi ¸i‚Z¡c~Y© Bev`Z| Z‡e Zv‡ì †g․wjK MÖ‡’¸wj co‡j
cvVK G wel‡q Zuv‡ì evi Bgvg I Ab¨vb¨ eyRMy ©MY †_‡K AMwYZ Ònv`xmÓ †`L‡Z cvi‡eb| AvMÖnx cvVK‡ì‡K wb‡g‣i
eB¸wji cvV Ki‡Z Aby‡iva KiwQ:
(1) Avj-Kvdx dx BjwgÏxb ( ), †jLK gynv¤§v` Beby BqvK‚e Avj-KzjvBbx Avi ivhx (328 wn)
(2) gvb jv Bqvn`yi‚ûj dvKxn ( ), †jLK gynv¤§v` Beby Avjx Beby evevIqvBwn Avj-Kz¤§x (381 wn)
(3) Avj-BmwZemvi ( ), †jLK gynv¤§v` Bebyj nvmvb AvZ-Z‚mx (460 wn)
(4) Zvnhxeyj AvnKvg ( ), GwUi †jLKI Z~mx|
(5) Iqvmwqjyk kxqv Bjv Avnv`xwmk kvixqvn ( ), †jLK gynv¤§v` Bebyj nvmvb Avj-ûi&i Avj
Avwgjx (1104)
(6) wenvi‚j AvbIqvi dx Avnv`xwmb bvwewq¨ Iqvj Avwq¤§vwZj AvZnvi ( ),
†jLK gynv¤§v` evwKi Beby gynv¤§v` ZvKx Bmcvnvbx, gvRwjmx (1111 wn)
(7) dvmjyj wLZve dx BmevwZ Zvnixwd wKZvwe ivwe․j Avieve ( ), †jLK
wgihv ûmvBb Beby gynv¤§v` ZvKx b~ix Zvewimx (1296 wn)
(8) ZvbKxûj gvKvj dx AvnIqvwji wiRvj ( ) kvBL AvqvZzjv- n AvjgvgKvbx gynvv¤§v` nvmvb
(1323 wn)
Dch©y³ MÖ‡’¸wj †_‡K cvVK Zuv‡ì G mKj wek¦vm fvjfv‡e Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb| wK‡‘ cÖPvig~jK eB¸wj‡Z Zuviv Zuv‡ì
G mKj wek¦vm †P‡c gymwjg mgv‡R cÖPwjZ nv`xm MÖ‡‡’i `y PviwU nv`xm D‡jL K‡i wb‡R‡ì wek¦vm cÖPvi Ki‡Z †Póv
K‡ib| ÒAvj-gyivRvAvZÓ (cÎvjvc) MÖ‡’wUi Rvj nv`xm wbf©iZvi K_v B‡Zvc~‡e© D‡jL K‡iwQ| G MÖ‡‡’ †jLK Ab¨vb¨
nv`x‡m mv‡_ Dc‡ii nv`xmwU D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| hvgvLkvixi AvcwË wenxb D‡jL‡K wZwb G nv`xmwUi mZ¨Zvi cÖwZ Zuvi
mg_©b e‡j `vwe K‡i‡Qb|303 A_P Kvk&kv‡di nv`xm¸wji m~Î-mÜv‡b iwPZ Beby nvRv‡ii MÖ‡‡’i e³e¨ wZwb D‡jL K‡ib
wb, hwÌ MÖ‡w’ U mnRcÖvc¨ I mvaviYZ Kvk&kv‡di mv‡_B gyw`ªZ|
Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx G nv`xmwU‡K Rvj e‡j wPwýZ K‡i e‡jb: ÒG nv`xmwU iZb wn•`xi evbv‡bv wg_¨v
nv`xm¸wji GKwU| ...|Ó G RvZxq Av‡iv K‡qKwU Rvj nv`x‡mi wel‡q wZwb we‡kl K‡i `„wó AvKl©Y K‡i‡Qb †h, G¸wj
kxqv‡ì evbv‡bv Rvj nv`xm|
e¯‘Z Avgiv gymwjg D¤§vni HK¨, msnwZ I fvjevmv PvB| kxqv-myb‣x wbwe©‡k‡l mKj †`‡ki mKj gymwjg KziAvb I
myb‣vni QvqvZ‡j h_vmva¨ Ae¯’vb K‡i `ywbqv I AvwLiv‡Zi mdjZv I eiKZ jvf Ki‚b GwU Avgv‡ì Kvg¨| Avgiv Rvwb †ò
nvRvi eQ‡ii G gZ‡f` Avgiv †gUv‡Z cvie bv| Z‡e Avgiv †Póv Ki‡j kvw‡„c~Y© mn-Ae¯’vb Ki‡Z cvwi| cvkvcvwk hviv
wewfb‣ †K․k‡j mijcÖvY myb‣x gymwjg‡ì‡K weåv‡„Ki‡Z †Póv Ki‡Qb Zv‡ì Ac‡K․kj m¤ú‡K© m‡PZbZv m„wó Avgv‡ì
`vwqZ¡| G nv`xm cÖm‡½ Avgiv GZUzKz ej‡Z cvwi †h, wkqvMY AwaKvsk †¶‡Î KziAv‡bi AvqvZ Ges mnxn ev Rvj nv`xm‡K
¯^vfvweK A_© †_‡K mwi‡q D†¢U A‡_© eënvi K‡ib| G nv`xm Rvj n‡jI, KziAvb-myb‣vni wb‡`©‡ki Av‡jv‡K ivm~jyjvn -Gi
eskai‡K fvjevmvi wel‡q gymwjg D¤§vni Kv‡iv †Kv‡bv wØgZ †bB| wK‡‘ eskai‡ì fvjevmv wK mnPi‡ì fvjevmvi mv‡_
mvsNwl©K? G Rvj nv`xmwU †_‡K ÒAvj-gynv¤§v` ()Ó-Gi fvjevmvi ¸i‚Z¡ eySv hvq| wK‡‘ Zv wK cÖgvY K‡i †h, ÒAvmnve-
gynv¤§v`Ó- †K N„Yv Ki‡Z n‡e? Zv wK cÖgvY K‡i †h, Ave~ eKi, Dgvi, Dmgvb ()-mn Ab¨vb¨ mvnvex Kvwdi-gyiZvÏ
wQ‡jb? (bvDh~ wejvn!)
kxqvMY Òbex-cwiev‡iiÓ fvjevmvi K_v e‡j µgv‡^‡q AMwYZ Rvj I wg_¨v Kvwnbx w`‡q Òbex-mvnvexM‡YiÓ cÖwZ
wnsmv, we‡Øl I N„Yv w`‡q ü`q‡K c~Y© Ki‡Z wk¶v †`b| e¯‘Z Zuviv ïay mvnvex‡ìB Aegvbbv K‡ib bv| Dci‡‘ Zuviv
ivm~jyj-vn -‡KI †nq K‡ib (bvEh~ wejvn)| Zuv‡ì gZev` cÖgvY K‡i †h, wZwb Zuvi 23 erm‡ii AK¬v‡„ `vIqvZ w`‡q
10/15 Rb gvbyl Qvov KvD‡K †n`vqvZ Ki‡Z cv‡ib wb Ges Avjvni `xb‡KI cÖwZwôZ K‡i †h‡Z cv‡ib wb (bvEhy
wej-vn!!)
G Qvov mvnvexM‡Yi wek¦¯„Zv I avwg©KZv A¯^xKvi Kivi A_© KziAvb‡K A¯^xKvi Kiv; KviY KziAv‡b wbtkZ©fv‡e
196
mvnvexMY‡K, we‡klZ cÖ_g AMÖMvgx mvnvexMY‡K Rvb‣vZx I Zuv‡ì AbymiY‡K Rvb‣v‡Zi c_ e‡j D‡jL Kiv
n‡q‡Q| m‡e©vcwi mvnvexM‡Yi gva¨‡gB KziAvb I `x‡bi mKj wk¶v cÖPvwiZ n‡q‡Q| Kv‡RB Zuv‡ì wePz¨wZi `vwe Ki‡j
Bmjv‡gi Avi wKQzB Aewkó _v‡K bv|304
Avjvni Kv‡Q `yAv Kwi, wZwb Avgv‡ì ü`q¸wj‡K ivm~jjy v n , Zuvi cwiRb, Zuvi mvnvexMY, Zuvi †cÖwgK †bKKvi
ev•`vMY I Zuvi D¤§v‡Zi Rb¨ fvjevmvq c~Y© K‡i w`b| Avgxb!
Kwe e‡jb:
ÒmKj ü`qB †cÖwg‡Ki cÖwZ AvK…ó nq, Avi Avgvi Kv‡Q Gi mv¶x I cÖgvY Av‡Q| cÖgvY n‡jv hLb gynv¤§v‡ì ( )
D‡jL Kiv nq, ZLb Avwid‡ì AkÖ‚ A‡Sv‡i Si‡Z _v‡K|Ó
gnvb Avjvn Avgv‡ì‡K gynv¤§v` ()-Gi ¯§i‡Y AkÖ‚ Siv‡bvi Ges Zuvi mv‡_ Zuvi cwievi, mnPiMY, †cÖwgKMY I
D¤§vZ‡K fvj‡e‡m Zuv‡ì Rb¨ AkÖ‚ Siv‡bvi ZvIdxK `vb Ki‚b| Avgxb|
3. 4. 5. 3. kvBL Rxjvbxi (561 wn) ¸wbqvZzZ Zvwjexb
gymwjg D¤§vni Ab¨Zg †kªô Avwjg, dKxn, eyRMy © I ms¯‥viK kvBL Avãyj Kvwì Rxjvbx (ivn)| wZwb 471
wnRix‡Z Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib Ges 561 wnRix mv‡j B‡‡„Kvj K‡ib| wZwb wQ‡jb wnRix 6ô kZ‡Ki (Øv`k L„÷xq kZ‡Ki)
cÖwm×Zg e¨w³Z¡| wZwb nv¤^vjx gvhnv‡ei eo dKxn Ges cÖwm×Zg mvaK I m~dx wQ‡jb| µz‡mWvi‡ì Avµg‡b wech©¯„
gymwjg †`k¸wji ms¯‥v‡i I Cgvbx cybR©vMi‡Y Zuvi Ae`vb wQj Amvgvb¨| wech©¯„ gymwjg D¤§vni Cgvb, Avgj, wRnv` I
mvgwMÖK cybR©vMi‡Y Zuvi IqvR I wjLwb we‡kl cÖfve we¯„vi K‡i| Zuvi iwPZ MÖ‡’¸wji Dci cieZ©x hy‡Mi gymwjgMY
we‡klfv‡e wbf©i K‡ib|
Bmjv‡gi BwZnv‡m g~jZ ivR‣bwZK cwieZ©b I ivR‣bwZK †bZ…e„‡•ì Kg©KvÊ †jLv n‡q‡Q, cÖPvi wegyL AvwLivZgywL
Avj-vn-‡cÖwgK Avwjg, m~dx I ms¯‥viM‡Yi Ae`vb Zz‡j aiv nq wb| 5g wnRix kZ‡Ki †kl w`‡K gymwjg wek¦ ivR‣bwZK,
A_©‣bwZK I ag©xqfv‡e AZ¨‡„ wech©¯„ I wew‛Qb‣ wQj| G mg‡q 488 wn/1095L„÷v‡ã 10/15 j¶ µz‡mWvi c½cv‡ji gZ
gymwjg †`k¸wj‡Z Svwc‡q c‡o Ges K‡qK erm‡ii g‡a¨ Zuviv wmwiqv, BivK, wdwjw¯„b I wgm‡ii AwaKvsk GjvKv `Lj
K‡i †bq| G mg‡q gymwjg †`k¸wj‡Z †K•`ªxq wbq‡¿Y I †hvM¨ †Kv‡bv †bZ…Z¡ wQj bv| wK‡‘ gvÎ kZ erm‡iiI Kg mg‡qi
g‡a¨ mvjvûÏxb AvBDexi gZ avwg©K †bZvi Avwef©ve nq| gymwjg D¤§vn AwaK…Z AwaKvsk †`k cybi‚×vi K‡ib Ges 583
wn/1187 L„-G †Ri‚Rv‡ji cybi‚×vi K‡ib| BwZnv‡m we¯„vwiZ Z_¨ bv _vK‡jI Avgiv Abyaveb Ki‡Z cvwi †h, kvBL
Avãyj Kvwì Rxjvbxi (471-561 wn) `vIqvZ I ms¯‥vi gymwjg D¤§vni G cybR©vMi‡Yi Ab¨Zg wfwË wQj| KviY G mg‡q
gymwjg mgv‡Ri •bwZK, ag©xq, mvgvwRK I Ava¨vwZ¥K RvMi‡Y Zuvi gZ ev KvQvKvwQ Avi KvD‡K Avgiv †`wL bv|
Zuvi MÖ‡’¸wji ¸i‚Z¡ I gh©v`v Abyave‡bi cvkvcvwk gynvwÏmMY Zuvi MÖ‡‡’i g‡a¨ wKQz Rvj nv`xm we`¨gvb e‡j j¶¨
K‡ib| G wel‡q B‡Zvc~‡e© Avgiv dzidzivi cxi Ave~ eKi wmwÏKxi Ab¨Zg gyLcvÎ, mnPi I Ljxdv Avjvgv i‚ûj Avwg‡bi
e³e¨ †`‡LwQ| wZwb nv`xm, Zvdmxi, wdKn, ZvmvDd BZ¨vw` wel‡qi MÖ‡‡’ Rvj nv`xm we`¨gvb _vKvi Kvi‡Y g~j MÖ‡’ eR©b
bv K‡i Rvj nv`xm¸wj wPwýZ K‡i †m¸wji wel‡q cvVK‡ì‡K mZK© Kivi wel‡q wj‡L‡Qb: ÒGBiƒc ZvQvIqv‡di †KZv‡e
A‡bK Rvj nvw`Q Av‡Q| cxivb cxi Qv‡ne ¸bBqv‡ZvËv‡jweb †KZv‡ei 145-146 c„ôvq bBg ‡e‡b nv¤§‡ì Qb‡` wb‡g‣v³
Rvj nvw`QwU D‡jL Kwiqv‡Qb: ÔnRiZ ewjqv‡Qb Avgvi D¤§Z 73 †diKv nB‡e, Z¤§‡a¨ Avgvi D¤§‡Zi g‡a¨ cÖavb
weåvUKvix Dnviv nB‡e- hvnviv Avcb Avcb iv‡q Kvh©¨mgy‡n †KqvQ Kwi‡e Ges nvjvj‡K nvivg Kwi‡e I nvivg‡K nvjvj
Kwi‡e| wgbv‡Rvj-G‡Z‡`vj 3|238c„ôv: ... †gvnv¤§` †e‡b Avwj e‡jb, Avwg D³ nvw`Q m¤^‡Ü (Ggvg) GnBqv †e‡b
gB‡bi wbKU wRÁvmv KwiqvwQjvg Bnv‡Z wZwb ewjqvwQ‡jb, D³ nvw`‡Qi †Kvb g~j bvB (A_©vr Dnv evZxj nvw`Q)|
GBiƒc cxivb cx‡ii Ô†Q‡i©vj AvQiviÕ †KZv‡ei 2/9 c„ôvq Av‡Q: ÒAvwg †L`v‡K `vwonxb hye‡Ki AvK…wZ‡Z
†`wLqvwQ|Ó Bnv‡K nvw`Q ewjqv D‡jL Kiv nBqv‡Q| wK‡‘ wgRv‡bvj G‡Z`vj †KZv‡e Bnv‡K Rvj K_v ewjqv cÖgvY Kiv
nBqv‡Q| GBiƒc ZvQvIqv‡di A‡bK †KZv‡e `yB PviwU Rvj nvw`Q †`wL‡Z cvIqv hvq ....|Ó305
cÖvÁ gynvwÏmMY Gi `ywU KviY D‡jL K‡i‡Qb:
cÖ_gZ, Zuv‡ì bv‡gi cÖwmw×i Kvi‡Y m¤¢eZ cieZ©x hy‡Mi RvwjqvZMY G mKj nv`xm ev e³e¨ Zv‡ì MÖ‡‡’i g‡a¨
XywK‡q‡Q|
nv‡Z †jLv ¯^ímsL¨vK cvÊywjwci hy‡M Zv m¤¢e wQj| Avwg Avgvi †jLv Ònv`x‡mi bv‡g RvwjqvwZÓ MÖ‡‡’ we¯„vwiZ
Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ †h, kvBL Avãyj Kvwì Rxjvbx (561wn)-Gi bv‡g cÖPwjZ Òwmi&i‚j AvmiviÓ MÖ‡‡’i g‡a¨ dix` DÏxb
197
AvËvi (626 wn), kvgm Zvewihx (644 wn), RvjvjyÏxb i‚gx (676 wn) cÖgy‡Li e³‡eï D×„wZ †Ìqv n‡q‡Q
Zuvi B‡‡„Kv‡ji c‡i hv‡ì Rb¥| G¸wj cÖgvY K‡i †h, c‡ii hy‡Mi gvby‡liv G mKj cy¯„‡Ki g‡a¨ A‡bK K_v
XywK‡q‡Q|306
Avjvgv Avãyj nvB jvLbex G m¤¢vebvwU we‡klfv‡e D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| Avjvgv jvLbex e‡jb, kvBL Avãyj Kvwì
Rxjvbx Zvi Ò¸wbqvZzZ ZvwjexbÓ MÖ‡‡’ weåv‡„ I Rvnvb‣vgx gyiwRqv wdiKvi g‡a¨ ÒnvbvwdqvÓ wdiKvi K_v D‡jL K‡i
e‡j‡Qb:
ÒgyiwRqviv 12wU wdiKv: Rvnwgq¨vn, mvwjwnq¨vn, kv¤§vwiq¨vn, BDbywmq¨vn, mvIevwbq¨vn, bv¾vwiq¨vn, MvBjvwbq¨vn,
kvexweq¨vn, nvbvwdq¨vn, gyAvwhq¨vn, gvixwmq¨vn I Kvi&ivwgq¨vn|
Gici nvbwdq¨vn wdiKvi eY©bvq e‡jb:
Ònvbvdx wdiKvi gvby‡liv Ave~ nvbxdv bygvb Beby mvwe‡Zi Abymvix| Zviv g‡b K‡i †h, Cgvb n‡jv Avjvn, Zuvi
ivm~j I Zuvi wbKU †_‡K hv wKQz G‡m‡Q Zv mvgwMÖKfv‡e Rvbv (ü`‡qi Ávb) I gy‡L ¯^xKvi Kiv (A_©vr evwn¨K Kg© ev
Avgj‡K Cgv‡bi Ask e‡j g‡b K‡i bv)| evin~Zx Zv D‡jL K‡i‡Qb|Ó307
kvBL Rxjvbxi G K_v‡K `yfv‡e Aceënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| GKw`‡K G K_v‡K cyuwR K‡i A‡bK wkqv Bgvg Avhg I
Zuvi Abymvix nvbvdxMY‡K weåv‡„ I Rvnvb‣vgx e‡j `vwe K‡i‡Q| ïay kxqvivB bq; mybv‣ Z Iqvj RvgvAv‡Zi A‡„f©y³ nvbvdx-
we‡ivax †KD †KD kvBL-Gi G e³e¨‡K Bgvg Ave~ nvbxdv I Zuvi Abymvix‡ì wei‚‡× AccÖPv‡ii Rb¨ eënvi K‡i‡Qb|
Aciw`‡K †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv Ae©vPxb nvbvdx G K_vi Kvi‡Y kvBL Avãyj Kvwì Rxjvbxi cÖwZ KUv¶ K‡i‡Q|
Avjvgv jvLbex D‡jL K‡i‡Qb †h, nvbvdx gvhnv‡ei Abymvix ev G gvhnv‡ei cÖwZ kª×vkxj Ges kvBL Rxjvbxi cÖwZ
kª×vkxj cÖvÁ AvwjgMY GLv‡b `ywU m¤¢vebvi gva¨‡g Zuvi G e³‡eï e¨vL¨v w`‡q‡Qb:
cÖ_g m¤¢vebv: cieZ©x hy‡M †Kv‡bv e¨w³ G K_v¸wj Zuvi MÖ‡‡’i g‡a¨ mwb‣‡ewkZ K‡i‡Q| wZwb e‡jb, kvBL Rxjvbxi
G g‡„‡eï Kvi‡Y hviv Zuvi cÖwZ KUv¶ K‡i‡Qb Zv‡ì wei‚‡× kvBL Avãyj Mbx bvejymx (1144 wn) ÒAvi-ivÏyj gyexb
Avjv gybZvwK`xj Avwiwd gywnDÏxbÓ (Avwid gywnDÏx‡bi mgv‡jvPK‡ì my¯úó RvIqve) bv‡g GKwU cy¯„K iPbv K‡ib| G
cy¯„‡K wZwb wj‡L‡Qb †h, Bgvg Ave~ nvbxdv (ivn) I Zuvi Abymvix‡ì wei‚‡× †jLv G e³e¨wU kvBL Avãyj Kvwì Rxjvbxi
bq; eis cieZ©x Kv‡j †KD Zv Gi cvÊywjwci g‡a¨ ms‡hvRb K‡i‡Q|
wØZxq m¤¢vebv: Ab¨vb¨ eyR‡y M©i b¨vq wZwbI mKj gymwjg‡K mijfv‡e wek¦vm K‡i‡Qb| GKvi‡Y wZwb evivn~Zx bvgK
G AÁvZ cwiPq GK †jL‡Ki e³e¨‡K mij g‡b wek¦vm K‡i Zv D×„Z K‡i‡Qb|
kvBL Rxjvbxi MÖ‡‡’ we`¨gvb Rvj nv`x‡mi wel‡qI Zuviv G `ywU m¤¢vebv D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| nq cieZ©x †KD Zuvi
cvÊywjwci g‡a¨ Zv XywK‡q‡Q| A_ev wZwb †Kv‡bv gynvwÏm †_‡K ï‡b ev †Kv‡bv MÖ‡‡’ †`‡L mij wek¦v‡m Zv wjwce×
K‡i‡Qb| ivm~jyjvn -Gi bv‡g †KD wg_¨v ej‡Z cv‡i Zv Zuvi gZ cweÎ ü`‡qi AvjvnIqvjv gvby‡liv wek¦vm †Zv `~‡ii
K_v KíbvI Ki‡Zb bv| Zuviv Avkv Ki‡Zb †h, G¸wji nqZ †Kv‡bv mb` _vK‡e, hv wePvi Kivi `vqfvi gynvwÏm‡ì|308
kvBL Rxjvbxi MÖ‡‡’ we`¨gvb ÒmvjvZzj Dme~Ó ev mßv‡ni cÖ‡Z¨K wèm I ivwÎi Rb¨ we‡kl mvjvZ, Avk~ivi wèm I
ivwÎi we‡kl mvjvZ BZ¨vw` welqK nv`xm¸wj Rvj e‡j Avjvgv jvLbex D‡jL Ki‡j Zuvi GK eÜz Zvi mv‡_ weZK© Ki‡b| G
wel‡q Avjvgv jvLbex e‡jb:
198

ÒAvgvi GK m¤§vwbZ fvB Avgvi K_vi cÖwZev` K‡i ej‡jb, ÔAvk~ivi w`‡bi I iv‡Zi mvjvZ I erm‡ii Ab¨vb¨
wèm I iv‡Zi mvjv‡Zi K_v A‡bK m~dx gvkvBL Zv‡ì gnvg~jëvb cy¯„K¸wj‡Z D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| Zuviv G wel‡q ewY©Z
A‡bK nv`xmI D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| Zvn‡j wKfv‡e Avcwb ej‡Qb †h, G mKj wèm I iv‡Zi wel‡q ewY©Z nv`xm¸wji Dci
Avgj Kiv hv‡e bv; eis G¸wj‡K Rvj e‡j MY¨ Ki‡Z n‡e?Õ Avwg ejjvg: ÔG mKj gnvm¤§vwbZ m~dx gvkvBL‡ì D‡j‡Li
Dci wbf©i Kiv hv‡e bv; KviY Zuviv gynvwÏm wQ‡jb bv; Avi Zuviv G mKj nv`x‡mi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv nv`xm-msKj‡Ki MÖ‡‡’i
eivZI †`b wb|Õ wZwb Avgv‡K ej‡jb: ÔAvcwb Kx ej‡Qb? Kx wel‡q Avcwb c`PviYv Ki‡Qb Zv †f‡e †`Lyb!! hw` G
mKj gnvb e¨w³‡Z¡i D×„wZi Dci wbf©i Kiv bv hvq Z‡e Kvi K_vi Dci wbf©i Ki‡Z n‡e?
Avwg ejjvg: ÔAevK nIqvi wKQzB †bB| KviY gnvb Avjvn cÖ‡Z¨K ¯’v‡bi Rb¨ c„_K e³e¨ †i‡L‡Qb Ges cÖ‡Z¨K
wel‡qi Rb¨ c„_K we‡klÁ •Zwi K‡i‡Qb|Õ .... wZwb Zuvi e³‡e¨ GwM‡q †M‡jb: ÔeoB AevK K_v! LyeB we¯§‡qi welq!!
Bgvg Mvhvjx (505wn)..., gvIjvbv Avãyj Kvwì Rxjvbx (561 wn).., Ave~ Zvwje g°x (368wn)... Ges Zuv‡ì gZ Ab¨vb¨
c~e©eZ©x I cieZ©x gnvb gh©v`vgq gvkvBL, hviv wQ‡jb eo eo m~dx, Avjvni IjxM‡Yi A‡„f©y³, †Mvcb Áv‡bi evnK, Zuviv
ivm~jyj-vn -Gi bv‡g Rvj nv`xm evbv‡eb!!! A_P G K_v †Zv me©Rb wew`Z †h, G ai‡bi gnvb gymwjg †Zv `~‡ii K_v
GKRb mvaviY gymwj‡gi RbÏ ivm~jyj-vn -Gi bv‡g Rvj nv`xm evbv‡bv •ea bq|Õ
Avwg ejjvg: ÔKL‡bvB bq! KL‡bvB bq!! G mKj gnvb e¨w³Z¡ KL‡bvB †Kv‡bv nv`xm Rvj K‡ib wb|....Õ ZLb
wZwb ej‡jb, Ôhw` G mKj nv`x‡mi RvwjqvwZi `vqfvi Zuv‡ì bv nq Zvn‡j Gi Rb¨ `vqx Kviv?Õ Avwg ejjvg: ÔGK
†kªYxi Rvwnj `xb`vi msmviZ¨vMx, A_ev KwZcq whb`xK I gyjwn`- ag©‡`ªvnx; KviY †h mKj ivexi nv`x‡mi g‡a¨ Rvj
nv`xm cvIqv hvq Bebyj RvIhx, myq~Zx, .... cÖgyL gynvwÏm Zv‡ì †kªYxfvM K‡i we¯„vwiZ Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb... G mKj
ivexB G mKj nv`xm Rvj Kivi Rb¨ `vqx| ....Õ
wZwb ej‡jb: ÔA‡bK eo eo m~dx gvkvBL, hviv Bj‡g nvKxKZ I Bj‡g ZixKZ Dfq w`‡KB cvi`k©x wQ‡jb Zuviv
wKfv‡e G mKj RvwjqvZ ivexi ewY©Z Rvj nv`xm¸wj MÖnY Ki‡jb Ges ZixKv-ZvmvDd welqK Zv‡ì MÖ‡’¸wj‡Z †m¸wj
D‡jL Ki‡jb?Õ Avwg ejjvg: ÔKviY Zviv mKj gymwj‡gi wel‡qB fvj aviYv †cvlY Ki‡Zb Ges aviYv Ki‡Zb †h, †Kv‡bv
gymwjg KL‡bvB ivm~jyjvn -Gi bv‡g wg_¨v K_v ej‡Z cv‡i bv|Õ.....Ó309
Avjvgv jvLbexi e³e¨ GLv‡B †kl| D‡jL¨ †h, kvBL Avãyj Kvwì Rxjvbx (ivn) Zuvi ¸wbqvZzËvwjexb MÖ‡‡’
AwaKvsk nv`xm cwic~Y© mb`-mn D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| Avgiv †`‡LwQ, Zuvi hy‡Mi c~e© †_‡KB A‡bK Avwjg mb‡ì wel‡q
Ae‡njv Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| Zuviv nv`x‡mi mb` †d‡j w`‡q ïay e³e¨‡K ivm~jyjvn -Gi bv‡g mivmwi D×„Z Ki‡Z _v‡Kb|
Avgvi Bgvg Mvhvjx (505 wn) I hvgvLkix (538 wn)-Gi K‡g© Zv †`L‡Z †c‡qwQ| wK‡‘ kvBL Rxjvbx G wel‡q AwaKvsk
mgq my`„pZvi mv‡_ gynvwÏmM‡Yi c×wZ AbymiY K‡ib I nv`xm eY©bvq mZK©Zv wnmv‡e mb` D‡jL K‡ib| g~j Aviex
MÖ‡‡’ mb` we`¨gvb; hwÌ evsjv Abyev‡` mb`¸wj †d‡j †Ìqv n‡q‡Q| Avgiv B‡Zvc~‡e© †`‡LwQ †h, mb`-mn nv`xm D‡jL
Ki‡j MÖ‡K ’ vi Zuvi g~j `vqfvi †_‡K gy³ nb|
Zuvi D‡jwLZ nv`xm¸wji g‡a¨ hv Î‚wU Zv mb‡ì ivex‡ì Kvi‡Y| GKwU mb` †`Lyb| wZwb AwaKvsk nv`xm eY©bv
K‡i‡Qb evM`v‡ì mycÖwm× gynvwÏm Aveyj evivKvZ wnevZzjvn Bebyj gyevivK Avj-evM`v`x Avm-wmKZx (448-509 wn)
†_‡K| wnevZzjvn Zuvi hy‡Mi mycÖwm× nv`xm eY©bvKvix wQ‡jb| ZrKvjxb gymwjg we‡k¦i me©Î ågb K‡i wZwb nv`xm msMÖn
K‡ib| wK‡‘ wZwb nv`xm MÖnY I eY©bvq mZK© I wek¦¯„ wQ‡jb bv| mgKvjxb I cieZ©x gynvwÏmMY my¯úó cÖgvY-mn Zvi
Awek¦m¯„Zvi K_v D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi mgKvjxb Avwjg I Zuvi QvÎ mvgAvbx e‡jb: Avwg Zuvi wbKU Zuvi msKwjZ nv`xm
co‡Z †Mjvg| wZwb GK ¯’v‡b wj‡L‡Qb: Avgv‡K Ave~ gynv¤§v` nvmvb Beby Avjx RvInvix (454 wn) nv`xm e‡j‡Qb, Zuvi
gvRwj‡m nv`xm cov nw‛Qj Ges Avwg ïbwQjvg|Ó
welqwU Am¤¢e| RvInvixi g„Zzï mgq wnevZzjvni eqm wQj 6/7 ermi| wKfv‡e 6/7 erm‡ii GKRb wkï nv`xm
wjL‡e? GRb¨ mvgAvbx, Beby bvwmi I Ab¨vb¨ gynvwÏm Zv‡K wg_¨vev`x e‡j AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb| Bgvg hvnvex e‡jb, wZwb
fvjg•` mKj gvby‡li †_‡K nv`xm msMÖn K‡ib Ges MÖn‡Y-eY©bvq `ye©j I Awbf©i‡hvM¨ wQ‡jb|310
199
G ai‡bi ivex‡ì Kvi‡YB Zuvi MÖ‡‡’ wKQz Rvj nv`xm cÖ‡ek K‡i‡Q e‡j gynvwÏmMY g‡b K‡ib| Z‡e
wZwb AwaKvsk †¶‡Î mb` D‡j‡Li gva¨‡g Zuvi g~j `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i‡Qb| m‡e©vcwi Zuvi †jLv MÖ‡‡’i g‡a¨ cieZ©xKv‡j
RvwjqvZ‡ì ms‡hvR‡bi welqwUI Am¤¢e bq|
Avj-vgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx Kvwìxqv ZvwiKvi GKRb m~dx, mvaK I kvBL ZixKZ ev cxi wQ‡jb| kvBL Rxjvbxi
¸wbqvZzËvwjexb MÖ‡’ I Ab¨vb¨ MÖ‡‡’i Dci Zuvi wbf©iZv I cÖMvp fw³ mywew`Z| Z‡e wZwb G fw³ I wbf©iZv‡K `x‡bi
g~jbxwZi wecix‡Z eënvi K‡ib wb| eis wZwb Bjg nv`xm, Bjg wdKn I Bjg ZvmvD‡di m‡e©v‛P mg‡^q I mwVK eënvi
wk¶v w`‡q‡Qb| Avjvgv Avãyj nvB jvLbexi gZB wZwb kvBL Rxjvbxi cÖwZ cwic~Y© fw³, kª×v I fvjevmvmn
¸wbqvZzËvwjexb MÖ‡‡’i g‡a¨ we`¨gvb A‡bK nv`xm‡K Rvj e‡j wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb| GLv‡b mvgvb¨ K‡qKwU bgybv D‡jL KiwQ|
cÖ_‡gB mvßv‡ni I wewfb‣ wè‡mi I iv‡Zi mvjv‡Zi welqwU j¶Yxq| bdj mvjvZ Bmjv‡gi Ab¨Zg †kªô Bev`Z
I Avjvni •bKU¨ jv‡fi Ab¨Zg gva¨g| G wel‡q A‡bK mnxn nv`xm msKwjZ n‡q‡Q|311 wK‡‘ G mKj mnR I ¯^vfvweK
mnxn nv`xm¸wj eR©b K‡i AvR¸we I D†¢U mvIqv‡ei Kvwnbx w`‡q A‡bK Rvj nv`xm •Zwi Kiv nq| mßv‡ni cÖwZ wè‡m I
cÖwZ iv‡Z we‡kl m~iv w`‡q we‡kl mvjv‡Zi dhxjZ welqK wKQz nv`xm 4_©-5g kZK †_‡K †jvKgy‡L cÖPvwiZ n‡Z _v‡K|
KL‡bv Ae¶wqZ gymwjg mgv‡Ri gvbyl‡ì‡K †bK Avg‡ji w`‡K wdwi‡q Avbvi Ò‡bK wbq¨v‡ZÓ (!) A‡bK Ò‡bKKviÓ (!)
gvbyl Ges KL‡bv †kªvZv‡ì AvKl©Y K‡i wb‡Ri evRvi Rgv‡Z A‡bK †ckv`vi Iqvwqh G¸wj RvwjqvwZ K‡i cÖPvi
Ki‡Zb|
mvaviY avwgK© gymwjgMY Ges we‡klZ Avjvni c‡_i cw_K m~dx-ì‡ekMY Avgj Ki‡Z fvjev‡mb| G RvZxq
nv`xm¸wj Zuviv Lye Av‡„wiKZvi mv‡_ mij g‡b MÖnY Ki‡Zb| d‡j G¸wj e¨vcKfv‡e Qov‡Z _v‡K| e¨vcK cÖPj‡bi
Kvi‡Y A‡bK gnvb m~dx eyRMy ©I Zuv‡ì MÖ‡‡’ G¸wj D‡jL K‡ib| G‡ì g‡a¨ i‡q‡Qb mycÖwm× m~dx kvBL Ave~ Zvwje gv°x
(g„Zz¨ 368 wn)| wZwb ÒK‚Zzj Kzj~eÓ MÖ‡‡’ e‡jb:

ÒRygyAvi iv‡Zi mvjv‡Zi dhxjZ: Avey Rvdi gynv¤§v` Beby Avjx Rvwei (iv) †_‡K ivm~jyjvn () †_‡K, wZwb
e‡jb: †h e¨w³ RygyAvi iv‡Z gvMwie I Bkvi gaëZ©x mg‡q evi ivKAvZ mvjvZ Av`vq Ki‡e, cÖ‡Z¨K ivKAv‡Z m~iv
dvwZnv GKevi I m~iv BLjvm 11 evi cvV Ki‡e †m †hb evi ermi mvivw`b wmqvg cvjb I mvivivZ wKqvg ev Zvnv¾y`
cvjb Kij|Ó312
Bgvg Mvhvjx (505 wn)-I GnBqvD Dj~wgÏxb MÖ‡‡’ e‡jb: ÒRygyAvi ivZ: Rvwei e‡jb, ivm~jyjvn () e‡jb: †h e¨w³
RygyAvi iv‡Z gvMwie I Bkvi gaëZ©x mg‡q evi ivKAvZ mvjvZ Av`vq Ki‡e, cÖ‡Z¨K ivKAv‡Z m~iv dvwZnv GKevi I m~iv
BLjvm 11 evi cvV Ki‡e ...|313
kvBL Rxjvbx (561 wn)-I nv`xmwU D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| wZwb e‡jb:
 
ÒRygyAvi iv‡Zi mvjvZ welqK cwi‡‛Q`| Rvwei Beby Avãyjv n (iv) †_‡K ivm~jyjvn () †_‡K ewY©Z †h, wZwb
e‡j‡Qb: †h e¨w³ RygyAvi iv‡Z gvMwie I Bkvi gaëZ©x mg‡q evi ivKAvZ mvjvZ Av`vq Ki‡e, cÖ‡Z¨K ivKAv‡Z
.......|314
G RvZxq nv`xm¸wji cÖPj‡bi ci †_‡KB gynvwÏmMY wbwðZ K‡i‡Qb †h, G¸wj meB Rvj| Bgvg BivKx (806 wn)
e‡jb:
Rvwe‡ii (iv) nv`xm: †h e¨w³ RygyAvi iv‡Z gvMwie I Bkvi gaëZ©x mg‡q evi ivKAvZ mvjvZ Av`vq Ki‡e ...;
nv`xmwU evwZj, Gi †Kv‡bv Aw¯„Z¡ ev wfwË †bB|315
cieZ©x gynvwÏmMY GKB K_v e‡j‡Qb| G wel‡q †gvjv Avjx Kvix (1014 wn) Zuvi gvDh~AvZ Kexi ev Avj-Avmivi
200
MÖ‡‡’ e‡jb:
Òmßv‡ni mvjv‡Zi wel‡q wKQzB mnxn bq| ïµevi iv‡Z 12 ivKAvZ `kevi K‡i m~iv BLjvm w`‡q... evwZj, Gi
†Kv‡bv Aw¯„Z¡ †bB| Abyiƒcfv‡e 15 evi- Ab¨ eY©bvq 50 evi- m~iv whjhvj w`‡q `yÕ ivKAvZ... meB gybKvi I evwZj|
ïµev‡i `y ivKAvZ, Pvi ivKAvZ, evi ivKAvZ... †Kv‡bv Aw¯„Z¡ †bB| RygyAvi Av‡M Pvi ivKAvZ 50 evi BLjvm w`‡q...
†Kv‡bv Aw¯„Z¡ †bB| Abyiƒcfv‡e AvwjgMY BRgv ev HKgZ¨ †cvlY K‡i‡Qb †h, Avk~ivi mvjvZ I mvjvZzi ivMvBe, iRe
gv‡mi evwK ivZ¸wji mvjvZ, 27-‡k iRe ivwÎi mvjvZ, ga¨ kvev‡bi ivwÎi (k‡e eiv‡Zi) mvjvZ 100 ivKAvZ cÖwZ
ivKAv‡Z 10 evi m~iv BLjvm... meB Rvj| K‚Zzj Kzjye I GnBqvD Dj~wgÏxb MÖ‡‡’ G¸wji D‡jL †`‡L †auvKv Lv‡eb bv|
Abyiƒcfv‡e mvÕjvex Zuvi ÒZvdmxiÓ MÖ‡‡’ G¸wj D×„Z K‡i‡Qb †`‡L, Ges (Avjx Beby Avng` Avj-‡Nvix) wjwLZ
(†mvnivIqviw`qv ZixKvi Avgj-Ihxdvi eB) kviûj AvIiv` MÖ‡‡’ G¸wji D×„wZ †`‡L †auvKvMÖ¯„ n‡eb bv|Ó316
†gvjv Avjx Kvix ÒAvj-gvmb~Ó MÖ‡‡’I Abyiƒc K_v e‡j‡Qb|317 Avgiv †`‡LwQ †h, Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKxI GKB
K_v e‡j‡Qb|
A‡bK mvaviY Avwjg I m‡PZb cvVKI kvBL Ave~ Zvwje g°x, Bgvg Mvhvjx I kvBL Avãyj Kvwì Rxjvbx
(ivwngvûgyj-vn)-Gi MÖ‡‡’ G mKj nv`x‡mi we`¨gvbZv‡K G¸wji weï×Zvi gvcKvwV wn‡m‡e MY¨ Ki‡Zb| Giƒc GKR‡bi
mv‡_ Avjvgv Avãyj nvB jvLbexi Av‡jvPbv Avgiv ZuviB eY©bvq †`‡LwQ| Gici wZwb G mKj nv`xm cÖm‡½ e‡jb:
nv`xm: †h e¨w³ RygyAvi iv‡Z gvMwie I Bkvi gaëZ©x mg‡q evi ivKAvZ mvjvZ Av`vq Ki‡e, ..... †m †hb ......
evwZj, Gi †Kv‡bv Aw¯„Z¡ ev wfwË †bB|Ó318
Zvwni dvZvbx, AvRvj~bx, kvIKvbx I Ab¨vb¨ gynvwÏmI GKB K_v e‡j‡Qb|319 Avj-vgv Avey Rvdi G mKj nv`xm
cÖm‡½ e‡jb:
Ó
195- mvßv‡ni cÖwZ w`b I iv‡Zi mvjvZ welqK nv`xm... RygyAvi iv‡Z 12 ivKAvZ mvjvZ 10 evi K‡i m~iv BLjvm ....|
G cÖKv‡ii nv`xm evwZj|...Ó
196- `kevi- Ab¨ eY©bvq 50 evi- K‡i m~jv whjhvj w`‡q `y ivKAvZ ... G nv`xm gybKvi I evwZj| ...Ó
Avgiv Av‡iv †`‡LwQ †h, wew¶ß Rvj nv`xm I Kvwnbx welqK cwi‡‛Q‡` wZwb ÒmvjvZzi ivMvBeÓ320 welqK mKj
nv`xm Rvj e‡j D‡jL K‡i e‡j‡Qb: ÒmvjvZzi ivMvBe| KwZcq gnv-wg_¨vev`x PZz_© wnRix kZ‡K mvjvZzi ivMvB‡ei
dhxj‡Z Rvj nv`xm iUbv K‡i| d‡j †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv eyRMy © I Avwjg Gi dhxj‡Zi K_v e‡j‡Qb, Zuv‡ì g‡a¨ i‡q‡Qb Ave~
Zvwje g°x| Avi Mvhvjx Zuvi AbymiY K‡i‡Qb| Zuviv G Rvj nv`x‡mi Dci wbf©i K‡i‡Qb ....|Ó
Gfv‡e wZwb G RvZxq mKj nv`xm‡K evwZj e‡j †NvlYv w`‡q‡Qb Ges †gvjv Avjx Kvix, Avãyj nvB jvLbex I
Ab¨vb¨‡ì b¨vq my¯úófv‡eB D‡jL K‡i‡Qb †h, mvßv‡ni wèm I iv‡Z wbw`©ó ivKAvZ mvjv‡Zi wbw`©ó m~iv I dhxjZ
welqK mKj nv`xmB Rvj I evwZj| GiciI wZwb G welqK K‡qKwU nv`xm cybivq D‡jL K‡i †m¸wj‡K Rvj e‡j wbwðZ
K‡i‡Qb, †h mKj nv`xm K‚Zzj Kzj~e, GnBqvD Dj~wgÏxb, ¸wbqvZzËvwjexb BZ¨vw` MÖ‡‡’ we`¨gvb|
†hgb iweivi wè‡mi Pvi ivKAvZ, iweevi iv‡Zi Pvi ivKAvZ, †mvgevi iv‡Zi Pvi ivKAvZ, ïµevi wè‡mi `y
ivKAvZ, gvMwi‡ei c‡i `y ivKAvZ, gvMwie I Bkvi gaëZ©x mg‡qi 20 ivKAvZ, Bkvi c‡i `y ivKAvZ, ga¨ kvevb ev
201
k‡e eiv‡Z 100 ivKAvZ, mvjvZzi ivMvBe ev iRe gv‡mi cÖ_g RygyAvi ivwÎ‡Z gvMwie I Bkvi mvjv‡Zi
gaëZ©x mg‡q `y ivKAvZ K‡i 12 ivKAvZ mvjvZ we‡kl we‡kl m~iv w`‡q Av`vq BZ¨vw`| G welqK Rvj nv`xm¸wj G
mKj MÖ‡‡’ we`¨gvb|
Avj-vgv Avey Rvdi G¸wj‡K Rvj e‡j wbwðZ K‡i‡Qb Ges KL‡bv ev G mKj nv`x‡mi RvwjqvZ‡ì‡K wZwb
Awfkvc w`‡q‡Qb| †hgb GK¯’v‡b e‡j‡Qb: G nv`xmwUI Rvj| RvwjqvZ‡K Avjvn jvwÃZ Ki‚b, Avjvn I Zuvi ivm~‡ji
() wei‚‡× G‡ì `ytmvnm KZ †ewk!...| KL‡bv G mKj Rvj nv`xm hvPvB‡q Avwjg‡ì Ae‡njvi K_v e‡j Av‡¶c
K‡i‡Qb| †hgb e‡jb: ... eo AevK welq n‡jv, †h e¨w³ mybv‣ ‡Zi Bj‡gi myMÜ †c‡q‡Q †m wKfv‡e G mKj cvM‡ji cÖjvc
Øviv cÖZvwiZ nq Ges G ev‡bvqvU mvjvZ Av`vq K‡i| ...|Ó321
mvaviY gvbyl‡ì PgrK…Z I AvK…ó Ki‡Z mvjv‡Zi cvkvcvwk wmqvg welqK A‡bK Rvj nv`xm cÖPvi K‡i‡Q| bdj
wmqvg Bmjv‡gi Ab¨Zg †kªô Bev`Z Ges AvZ¥ïw× I †ejvqvZ AR©‡bi Ab¨Zg c_| G wel‡q A‡bK mnxn nv`xm
msKwjZ n‡q‡Q| wK‡‘ RvwjqvZMY †bK wbq¨v‡Z (!!) A_ev e` wbq¨v‡Z (!!) AvR¸we mvIqv‡ei Kvwnbx w`‡q A‡bK Rvj
nv`xm evwb‡q cÖPvi K‡i‡Q| G RvZxq GKwU nv`xm:
373- †h e¨w³ iRe gv‡m GKw`b wmqvg cvjb Ki‡e Avjvn Zvi Rb¨ GK nvRvi erm‡ii wmqvg wjwce× Ki‡eb|
G nv`xmwU ¸wbqvZzËvwjex‡b wbg‣iƒ‡c D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q:
ÒAvgv‡ì‡K kvBL Bgvg wnevZzjvn ... wmKZx e‡jb, wZwb nvmvb Beby Avng` Beby Avãjvn †_‡K wZwb Zuvi mb‡`...
nviƒb Beby AvbZviv †_‡K, wZwb Zuvi wcZv †_‡K, wZwb Avjx (iv) †_‡K, wZwb e‡jb, ivm~jjy v n  e‡jb, iRe gvm gnvb
gvm, †h e¨w³ G gv‡m GK w`b wmqvg cvjb Ki‡e, Avjvn Zvi Rb¨ GK nvRvi erm‡ii wmqvg wjwce× Ki‡eb|Ó322
G nv`xmwUi GKgvÎ eY©bvKvix Avjx Beby Bqvwh` Avm-my`vC, wZwb nv`xmwU Avãyj gvwjK Beby nviƒb Beby AvbZviv
†_‡K, wZwb Zuvi wcZv †_‡K eY©bv K‡ib| Avjx Beby Bqvwh` Ges Avãyj gvwjK `yRbB wg_¨v nv`xm eY©bvi Awf‡hv‡M
Awfhy³| nviƒ‡bi wel‡q BqvnBqv Beby gvqxb, nvwKg, mvwjn Beby gynv¤§v` I Ab¨vb¨ gynvwÏm e‡j‡Qb, †m wg_¨vev`x wQj,
†m Zvi wcZvi bv‡g wg_¨v nv`xm eY©bv KiZ| Avi Avjx Beby Bqvwh`-Gi wel‡q Ave~ nvwZg, Beby Av`x I Ab¨vb¨ gynvwÏm
e‡j‡Qb †h, †m wbf©i‡hvM¨ ivex‡ì bv‡g AvcwËKi nv`xm eY©bv KiZ| Bebyj RvIhx, hvnvex, Beby nvRvi AvmKvjvbx,
myq~Zx, Beby Avi&ivK cÖgyL gynvwÏm nv`xmwU‡K Rvj e‡j wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb|323
Avj-vgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx gynvwÏmM‡Yi, we‡klZ Bgvg hvnvexi mye¨vL¨vZ Awfg‡Zi wfwË‡Z nv`xmwU‡K Rvj e‡j
MY¨ K‡i‡Qb| e¨vL¨vq wZwb e‡j‡Qb: G nv`x‡mi mb‡` Avjx Beby Bqvwh` Avm-my`vC bvgK GK RvwjqvZ ivex we`¨gvb †h
G nv`xmwU eY©bv K‡i‡Q| gxhvbyj BÕwZ`vj MÖ‡‡’i †jLK e‡jb, G nv`xmwU G e¨w³i mb‡` Beby mv¤§vK msKjb K‡i‡Qb|
Avwg Rvwb bv G nv`xmwUi RvwjqvZ †K? Avjx Beby Bqwh` bvgK G e¨w³ bv mb‡ì Ab¨ †KD| ...|Ó
RvwjqvZ‡ì Mí-Kvwnbxi GKwU we‡kl †¶Î Avk~ivi wèm|324 G RvZxq Rvj nv`xm¸wji g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q G wè‡m
wek¦m„wói Kvwnbx| Avk~ivi w`‡b Avjvn Avmgvb, hgxb, Avik, Kzimx, jvIn, Kjg, Rvb‣vZ, Rvnvb‣vg BZ¨vw` m„wó K‡i‡Qb,
Avi‡k Av‡ivnb K‡i‡Qb, Av`g‡K Rvb‣v‡Z †i‡L‡Qb, †ei K‡i‡Qb, G w`‡bB ivm~jyjvn  Rb¥ MÖnY K‡i‡Qb, G w`‡bB
wKqvgZ n‡e BZ¨vw` A‡bK K_v RvwjqvZiv e‡j Avmi gvwZ‡q‡Q| A‡bK †bKKvi eyRMy © mij g‡b G¸wj MÖnY K‡i‡Qb|
KviY Avjvn ev Zuvi ivm~‡ji () bv‡g †KD wg_¨v K_v ej‡Z cv‡i Zv Zuviv KíbvI Ki‡Zb bv| nv`xm bv‡g hv wKQz ejv
n‡Zv Zv Zviv mijfv‡eB MÖnY Ki‡Zb| Gfv‡eB G RvZxq wKQz K_v ¸wbqvZËvwjex‡b ¯’vb †c‡q‡Q| G¸wj nqZev kvBL
Rxjvbx (ivn) mijfv‡e MÖnY K‡i‡Qb| A_ev cieZ©xKv‡j †KD Zuvi bv‡g ZuviB wjLbfw½‡Z Zuvi eB‡qi g‡a¨ ms‡hvRb
K‡i‡Q| G RvZxq GKwU nv`xm ¸wbqvZzËvwjex‡b wbg‣iƒ‡c D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q:
202
ÒgvBg~b Beby wgnivb †_‡K Beby Ave․vm †_‡K ivm~jyjvn  †_‡K ewY©Z †h e¨w³ Avk~ivi w`b wmqvg cvjb Ki‡e
Avjvn Zvi Rb¨ 70 erm‡ii wmqvg I wKqv‡gi mvIqve w`‡eb... Zuviv e‡jb: Avjvn Avk~ivi wè‡m Avgv‡ì‡K gh©v`vgq
K‡i‡Qb? wZwb e‡jb, nu¨v| Avk~ivi wè‡m Avjvn Avmgvb I hwgb m„wó K‡i‡Qb, ... Kjg m„wó K‡i‡Qb Avk~ivi
w`‡b...Av`g‡K Rvb‣v‡Z iv‡Lb Avk~ivi w`‡b ... ivm~jyjvn  Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib Avk~ivi w`‡b, Avjvn Avi‡ki Dci mgvmxb nb
Avk~ivi w`‡b Ges wKqvgZ n‡e Avk~ivi w`‡b|Ó325
G nv`xmwU g~jZ 4_© wnRix kZvãxi cÖwm× gynvwÏm Beby wne․vb (354 wn) Zuvi ÒAvj-gvRiƒnxbÓ bvgK MÖ‡‡’ msKjb
K‡i‡Qb| nvexe Beby Avex nvexe hyivBK (218 wn) bvgK GKRb Rvwjqv‡Zi evbv‡bv I ewY©Z Rvj nv`x‡mi bgybv wn‡m‡e
G nv`xmwU D‡jL K‡i wZwb e‡jb:


Ònvexe Beby Avex nvexe bvgK GK e¨w³ `vwe K‡i‡Qb, Zv‡K Beivnxg mv‡qM e‡j‡Qb, Zv‡K gvBg~b Beby wgnivb,
wZwb Beby Ave․vvm †_‡K, wZwb e‡jb, ivm~jjy v n  e‡jb: †h e¨w³ Avk~ivi w`b wmqvg cvjb Ki‡e ... Avk~ivi wè‡m
Avj-vn Avmgvb I hwgb m„wó K‡i‡Qb ... ivm~jyjvn  Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib Avk~ivi w`‡b, Avjvn Avi‡ki Dci mgvmxb nb
Avk~ivi w`‡b Ges wKqvgZ n‡e Avk~ivi w`‡b|Ó326
Beby wne․v‡bi c‡i 5g wnRix kZ‡Ki cÖwm× gynvwÏm Bgvg evBnvKx (458 wn) Zuvi ÒdvhvBjyj AvIKvZÓ bvgK
MÖ‡‡’ nvex‡ei mb‡` gvBg~b Beby wgnivb †_‡K Beby Ave․vm †_‡K D×„Z K‡i e‡jb:
ÒG nv`xmwU gybKvi- AvcwËKi, Gi mb` LyeB `ye©j| Avwg G nv`x‡mi `vqfvi †_‡K Avjvni Kv‡Q wegyw³ I
wbivcËv MÖnY KiwQ|Ó327
cieZ©x kZvãxi cÖwm× gynvwÏm Bebyj RvIhx (597 wn) G nv`xmwU mb`-mn D‡jL K‡i e‡jb:
ÒG nv`xmwU wbtm‡•`‡n Rvj| Bgvg Avng` e‡jb: nvexe Beby Avex nvexe wg_¨v ejZ| Beby Av`x e‡jb, †m nv`xm
Rvj KiZ| Ave~ nvwZg e‡jb, G nv`xmwU evwZj, Gi †Kv‡bv Aw¯„Z¡ ev wfwË †bB|Ó328
hvnvex, Beby nvRvi, myq~Zx, Beby Avi&ivK, jvLbex I Ab¨vb¨ gynvwÏm mK‡jB nv`xmwU‡K Rvj e‡j wbwðZ
K‡i‡Qb|329
Bgvg hvnvex nv`xmwU D‡jL K‡i e‡jb: ÒKZ eo RNY¨ wg_¨vPvi I RvwjqvwZ Zv †f‡e †`Lyb!|Ó330
Avãyj nvB jvLbex G nv`xmwU D‡jL K‡i e‡jb:
ÒAvk~iv welqK G mKj j¤^v nv`xm, hv‡Z AZxZ I fwel¨‡Zi A‡bK eo eo NUbv G w`‡b N‡U‡Q ev NU‡e ejv
n‡q‡Q, G¸wji †Kv‡bv Aw¯„Z¡ ev wfwË †bB, hwÌ myj~K ev ZixKv-ZvmvDd I BwZnvm welqK eo eo MÖ‡K ’ viMY Zv‡ì
MÖ‡’¸wj‡Z G RvZxq nv`xm D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| †hgb (PZz_© kZ‡Ki Ab¨Zg †kªô e¨w³Z¡) dKxn (bvmi Deby gynv¤§v`
mgiK•`x) AveyjvBm (g„Zz¨ 373 wn) Zuvi ÒZvgexûj MvwdjxbÓ-G GKwU `xN© nv`xm D‡jL K‡i‡Qb, Abyiƒcfv‡e wZwb Zvi
ÒeymZvbyj AvwidxbÓ MÖ‡‡’I D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| G¸wj †`‡L †auvKv Lv‡eb bv| G wel‡q GKgvÎ wbf©iZv n‡e mb`-wePvi I
203
ivex‡ì mgv‡jvPbvi Dc‡i; ïay eo eo e¨w³‡Z¡i D‡j‡Li †Kv‡bv MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv †bB|331
Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx G nv`xmwU‡K Rvj e‡j wbwðZ K‡i‡Qb| wZwb nv`xmwU‡K `y¯’v‡b D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| wZwb
e‡jb:
Ó
63- Avjvn Avk~ivi w`‡b Avmgb-hgxb m„wó K‡i‡Qb| G nv`xmwU Rvj|Ó
Ó

81- Avjvn Avik m„wó K‡ib Avïivi w`‡b, Kzimx m„wó K‡ib Avïivi w`‡b, Kjg m„wó K‡ib Avïivi w`‡b, Rvb‣vZ m„wó
K‡ib Avïivi w`‡b, Av`g‡K Rvb‣v‡Z Ae¯’vb Kivb Avïivi w`‡b ........ j¤^v wdwiw¯„i †k‡l e‡jb... ivm~jyjvn 
Rb¥jvf K‡ib Avïivi w`‡b, Avjvn Avi‡ki Dci AwawôZ nb Avïivi w`‡b Ges wKqvgZ wèm n‡e Avïivi w`‡b|
†`Lyb †Kgb wg_¨v nv`xm! G nv`x‡mi mb‡` nvexe Beby Avex nvexe Avj-LviZvZx Avj-gviIqvhx bvgK GK e¨w³
i‡q‡Q, †h Beivnxg mvBM †_‡K nv`xm eY©bv KiZ| nvexe bvgK G e¨w³ GKRb RvwjqvZ wQj †h Rvj nv`xm iPbv KiZ|
Giƒc nv`xm Rvj| Beby wne․vb e‡jb, G e¨w³ Gfv‡e Rvj nv`xm •Zwi KiZ| ...|Ó
3. 4. 5. 4. Bgvg gviMxbvbxi (593 wn) †n`vqv
6ô wnRix kZ‡Ki cÖwm×Zg nvbvdx dKxn Avj-vgv eyinvbyÏxb Aveyj nvmvb Avjx Beby Avey evK&i Avj-gviMxbvbx
(593 wn.)| Zuvi †jLv ÒAvj-wn`vqv kviû we`vqvwZj gyeZv`xÓ ev ms‡¶‡c Òwn`vqvÓ MÖ‡’wU nvbvdx wdK‡ni Ab¨Zg †kªô I
cÖwm×Zg MÖ‡|’ G MÖ‡‡’i GKwU AmvaviY •ewkó¨ †h, wZwb me©`v mKj gvmAvjv ev wdKnx gZ‡K nv`x‡mi mv‡_ mshy³ I
m¤ú„³ K‡i‡Qb| G Rb¨ wZwb G MÖ‡‡’ A‡bK nv`xm D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| wZwb †Kv‡bv nv`x‡mi mnxn ev hqxd wel‡q †Kv‡bv g‡„
eÏ Ki‡Z hvbwb| wZwb †Kv‡bv nv`x‡mi mb` eY©bv K‡ib wb ev †Kvb& MÖ‡’ †_‡K nv`xmwU MÖnY K‡i‡Qb ZvI D‡jL K‡ib
wb| GRb¨ cieZ©x hy‡Mi dKxn I gynvwÏmMY G MÖ‡‡’i nv`xm¸wji ÒZvLixRÓ ev Z_¨m~Î eY©bv I mb` ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i
GKvwaK MÖ‡’ iPbv K‡i‡Qb|
G¸wji g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg Avj-vgv RvgvjyÏxb Avey gynv¤§v` Avãyjv- n Beby BDm~d hvBjvqx nvbvdx (762 wn.) iwPZ
Òbvmeyi ivqvnÓ I Avj-vgv Avng` Beby Avjx Beby nvRvi AvmKvjvbx (852 wn.) iwPZ ÒAv`-wìvqvnÓ MÖ‡’| G mKj MÖ‡‡’
Zuviv wn`vqvi g‡a¨ we`¨gvb nv`xm¸wj wb‡q mb`wfwËK M‡elYv K‡i Gi ga¨ †_‡K mnxn, hqxd I ev‡bvqvU nv`xm wba©viY
K‡i‡Qb| G mKj M‡elYv †_‡K †`Lv wM‡q‡Q †h, Avjvgv gviMxbvbxi D‡jL Kiv AwaKvsk nv`xmB mnxn I mycÖwm× nv`xm
MÖ‡’ †_‡K M„nxZ| Z‡e G¸wji cvkvcvwk wKQz `ye©j, Rvj, ev‡bvqvU I wfwËnxb K_vI wZwb nv`xm wn‡m‡e D‡jL K‡i‡Qb|
Áv‡bi RM‡Z wePiYKvix AvwjgMY Rv‡bb †h GwU LyeB ¯^vfvweK| GKRb eo dKxn KL‡bv KL‡bv nv`x‡mi †¶‡Î
mvaviY MÖ‡’vw` ev cÖPj‡bi Dci wbf©i K‡i fyj K‡ib, Avevi GKRb eo gynvwÏm wdKnx gvmvBj I gvhnv‡ei D×„wZ cÖ`v‡bi
†¶‡Î KL‡bv KL‡bv mvaviY MÖ‡’vw` ev cÖPj‡bi Dci wbf©i K‡i fyj K‡ib| Giƒc fyj nIqv ¯^vfvweK| G fy‡ji Rb¨ †Kv‡bv
Avwj‡gi cÖwZ KUv¶ Kiv g~L©Zv I Bmjvg wbwl× AvPiY| †Zgwb †Kv‡bv eo Avwj‡gi fyj‡K fyj Rvbvi c‡iI `j, gZ,
gvhnve, ZixKv ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv m¤úK© ev Av‡e‡Mi Kvi‡Y †m fyj‡K A¯^xKvi Kiv, fy‡ji c‡¶ QvcvB MvIqv ev fyj‡KB
kixq‡Zi wfwË evbv‡bv Av‡iv A‡bK eo gyL©Zv I Bmjvg wbwl× Kg©|
G wel‡q Avjvgv Avãyj nvB jvLbex e‡jb:
"
204
ÒGRb¨B D¤§v‡Zi Avwjg I gynvwÏmMY my¯úófv‡e D‡jL K‡i‡Qb †h, eo eo MÖ‡‡’ †h mKj nv`xm D‡jL Kiv
n‡q‡Q †m¸wji mb` my¯úó bv nIqv ch©‡„ A_ev gynvwÏmM‡Yi wbKU G¸wji wbf©‡hvM¨Zv cÖgvwYZ bv nIqv ch©‡„ †m¸wji
†Kv‡bv MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv †bB| †h mg¯„ †jLK AZ¨‡„ eo, gnvb, gh©v`vm¤úb‣ I mycÖwm× Avwjg Ges wdKnx gZvgZ I nvjvj-
nviv‡gi wel‡q hv‡ì D×„wZ wbwe©Pv‡i MÖnY Kiv nq Zv‡ì MÖ‡‡’i nv`xm¸wji †¶‡ÎI GKB K_v| Avcwb wK Rv‡bb bv †h,
wn`vqvi †jLK †kªôZg nvbvdx dKxn‡ì GKRb Ges (Bgvg Mvhvjxi) ÒAvj-IqvRxhÓ MÖ‡‡’i e¨vL¨vKvi (Avãyj Kvixg Beby
gynv¤§v` Avj-Kvhexbx) Avi-ivwdqx (623 wn)332 kvwdqx gvhnv‡ei Ab¨Zg †kªô dKxn, dKxn‡ì K_v ejv n‡j Zv‡ì
K_vB cÖ_g ejv nq Ges Zuv‡ì eY©bv I D×„wZi Dci †kªôgZ dKxnMY-mn mK‡jB wbf©i K‡ib| A_P Zuviv Zuv‡ì
MÖ‡’mg~‡n Ggb A‡bK K_v nv`xm wn‡m‡e D‡jL K‡i‡Qb †h¸wji †Kv‡bv Aw¯„Z¡ ev wfwË cvIqv hvq bv e‡j nv`xm
we‡klÁiv Rvwb‡q‡Qb| (cÖwm× nvbvdx dKxn I gynvwÏm Avjvgv) hvBjvqxi (762) cÖYxZ †n`vqvi nv`xm¸wji ZvLixR ev
m~Î-mÜvb MÖ‡’ (bvmeyi ivBqvn) Ges (cÖwm× kvwdqx dKxn I gynvwÏm Avjvgv) Beby nvRvi AvmKvjvbx (852 wn) cÖwYZ
ivwdqxi MÖ‡‡’i nv`xm¸wji ZvLixR ev m~Î-mÜvb MÖ‡’ (ZvjLxmyj nvexi) whwb cvV K‡i‡Qb Zvi Kv‡Q welqwU LyeB my¯úó|
G hw` nq Giƒc †kªôZg I g‡nvËg‡ì Ae¯’v Zvn‡j Ab¨vb¨ dKxn- hviv nv`xm D×„wZ Kivi †¶‡Î mZK©Zv Aej¤^b K‡ib
bv Ges mb‡ì wel‡q Mfx‡i hvb bv- Zv‡ì Ae¯’v Kx n‡Z cv‡i?
GRb¨B (cÖwm× nvbvdx dKxn I gynvwÏm) †gvjv Avjx Kvix Zuvi Rvj-nv`xm welqK MÖ‡‡’ wb‡g‣i Rvj nv`xmwU D‡jL
K‡i‡Qb: Òhw` †Kv‡bv e¨w³ ivgv`vb gv‡mi †kl RygyÔAvi w`‡b GK Iqv³ Kvhv mvjvZ Av`vq K‡i Z‡e 70 ermi ch©‡„
Zvi mKj Kvhv mvjv‡Zi ¶wZc~iY n‡q hv‡e|Ó Gici wZwb e‡j‡Qb: ÔG K_vwU wbtm‡•`‡n evwZj| (†n`vqvÕ-i e¨vL¨vMÖ‡’)
ÔAvb-wbnvqvÕ-i iPwqZv (Avj-vgv ûmvgyÏxb ûmvBb Beby Avjx mvMbvKx, g„Zz¨ 710 wn) Ges †n`vqvi Ab¨vb¨ e¨vL¨vKv‡ii
D×„wZi †Kv‡bv g~j¨ †bB (G nv`xmwU Zuviv Zuv‡ì MÖ‡‡’ nv`xm wn‡m‡e D‡jL K‡i‡Qb e‡j G nv`x‡mi MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv `vwe
Kivi †Kv‡bv Dcvq †bB)| KviY Zuviv gynvwÏm wQ‡jb bv Ges Zviv †Kv‡bv nv`xm MÖ‡‡’i D×„wZ w`‡qI G nv`xmwU D‡jL
K‡ib wb|Õ
Avcwb hw` e‡jb, Zuviv GZ eo I gnvb Avwjg nIqv m‡Ë¡I wKfv‡e Zuv‡ì MÖ‡’¸wj‡Z Giƒc Rvj nv`xm D‡jL
Ki‡jb? Zuv‡ì Áv‡bi cÖk¯„Zv m‡Ë¡I Zviv G mKj nv`x‡mi mb` ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡jb bv †Kb? Gi DË‡i Avwg eje, Zuviv
hv D‡jL K‡i‡Qb Zv Rvj †R‡b D‡jL K‡ib wb| eis Zuviv G¸wj mb`-mn ewY©Z n‡q‡Q e‡jB g‡b K‡i‡Qb| mb`
ch©v‡jvPbv I mb`-wePvi Kivi `vwqZ¡ Zuviv gynvwÏm‡ì Dci Ac©Y K‡i‡Qb| KviY gynvwÏmivB G wel‡q K‡Vvi I Mfxi
M‡elYv K‡i dKxn‡ì Kó jvNe K‡i †`b| nv`x‡mi mb` wePvi dKxnM‡Yi `vwqZ¡ bq; eis Zv gynvwÏmM‡Yi Kg©| Avi
cÖ‡Z¨K ¯’v‡bi Rb¨ c„_K K_v Ges cÖ‡Z¨K wel‡qi Rb¨ c„_K we‡klÁ i‡q‡Qb|Ó333
Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx nvbvdx wdK‡ni we‡klÁ Avwjg wQ‡jb Ges ÒgydwZ‡q AvhgÓ ev †kªôZg gydZx Dcvwa‡Z
f~wlZ wQ‡jb| ¯^fveZB wZwb wn`vqv MÖ‡‡’i Dci e¨vcKfv‡e wbf©i Ki‡Zb| Z‡e wn`vqv MÖ‡‡’i cÖwZ fw³ I wbf©iZvi
Kvi‡Y wZwb ivm~jyjvn -Gi nv`x‡mi weï×Zv i¶vi `vwq‡Z¡ Ae‡njv K‡ib wb| wn`vqv MÖ‡‡’i g‡a¨ we`¨gvb K‡qKwU nv`xm
wZwb G MÖ‡‡’ Rvj I wfwËnxb e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| GLv‡b Aí K‡qKwU bgybv D‡jL KiwQ|
49- µxZ`v‡mi wbivcËv wbivcËv|

G nv`xmwU Avj-vgv gviMxbvbx (593 wn) †n`vqvi wKZveym wmqvi ev hy× hvÎv Aa¨v‡q, hy‡×i c×wZ cwi‡‛Q‡` hy×iZ
Kvwdi •mb¨ I bvMwiK‡ì gymwjg‡ì c¶ †_‡K wbivcËv cÖ`v‡bi Av‡jvPbv cÖm‡½ D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| wZwb e‡jb: Òivm~jyj-vn
 e‡j‡Qb: µxZ`v‡mi wbivcËv wbivcËv, nv`xmwU Ave~ g~mv AvkAvix eY©bv K‡i‡Qb|Ó334
gviMxbvbxi c~‡e© Avjvgv Ave~ evK&i mvivLmx (483 wn) Zuvi ÒAvj-gvem~ZÓ MÖ‡‡’ G nv`xmwU D‡jL K‡i‡Qb|335
205
evn¨Z mvivLmxi D×„wZi Dci wbf©i K‡iB Avjvgv gviMxbvbx nv`xmwU D×„Z K‡i‡Qb|
gynvwÏmMY mb` AmymÜvb K‡i wbwðZ n‡q‡Qb †h, G k‡ã Gfv‡e †Kv‡bv nv`xm †Kv‡bviƒc †Kv‡bv mb‡` ewY©Z nq wb| G wel‡q
cÖwm× nvbvdx dKxn I gynvwÏm Avjvgv hvBjvqx (762 wn) e‡jb: ( ): Ònv`xmwU Mixe ev AcwiwPZ|Ó336 GwU hvBjvqxi
we‡kl cwifvlv| mvaviYfv‡e gynvwÏmM‡Yi cwifvlv n‡jv, †h nv`xm gvÎ GKRb ivexB eY©bv K‡i‡Qb Zv‡K Mixe ejv| wK‡‘
bvmeyi ivBqvn MÖ‡‡’ Avjvgv hvBjvqx G cwifvlvwU we‡kl A‡_© eënvi K‡i‡Qb| †h nv`xm †Kv‡bv mb‡` †Kv‡bv MÖ‡‡’ msKwjZ
nq wb Giƒc nv`xm‡K wZwb G MÖ‡‡’ me©`v ÒMixeÓ ev ÒMixe wRÏvbÓ e‡j AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb| Giƒc nv`xm‡K Ab¨vb¨ gynvwÏm
ÒwfwËnxbÓ ev ÒAÁvZÓ e‡j AvL¨vwqZ K‡ib|
Avi ZvB K‡i‡Qb Avjvgv Beby nvRvi AvmKvjvbx (852 wn), cÖwm× nvbvdx dKxn I gynvwÏm Avjvgv Bebyj ûgvg gynv¤§v`
Beby Avãyj Iqvwn` (861 wn), I cÖwm× nvbvdx dKxn I gynvwÏm †gvjv Avjx Kvix (1014 wn)| Beby nvRvi AvmKvjvbx nv`xmwU
D‡jL K‡i e‡jb: Ò( ) nv`xmwU Avwg †Kv_vI cvB wb|Ó337 Avi Bebyj ûgvg e‡jb: Ò( ) GwU GKwU AÁvZ-
338
ARvbv nv`xm|Ó Avi †gvjv Avjx Kvix e‡jb:
Òwn`vqvi cÖ‡YZv Ave~ g~mv AvkAvix (iv) †_‡K ivm~jjy v n -Gi K_v wn‡m‡e †h nv`xmwU D‡jL K‡i‡Qb- µxZ`v‡mi
wbivcËv wbivcËv- G nv`xmwU ARvbv ev AÁvZ cwiPq|Ó339
GLv‡b D‡jL¨ †h, µxZ`v‡mi †Ìqv wbivcËv M„nxZ nIqvi wel‡q mvaviY wKQz nv`xm I mvnvex-ZvweqxM‡Yi gZvgZ
i‡q‡Q| †h¸wji Av‡jv‡K BgvgMY BRwZnv` K‡i‡Qb| Kv‡RB G K_vwU Rvj nIqvi A_© G bq †h, G welqK gZvgZ¸wj
fyj| G nv`x‡mi wel‡q cvÙxKvq D‡jwLZ MÖ‡’¸wj cvV Ki‡jB cvVK Zv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx wn`vqvi G nv`xmwU‡K Rvj e‡j D‡jL K‡i e‡jb: ÒBebyj ûgvg (†n`vqv MÖ‡‡’i e¨vL¨vq)
e‡jb, G nv`x‡mi †Kv‡bv wfwË Rvbv hvq bv|Ó
194- wè‡mi mvjvZ †evev (KviY G‡Z KziAvb cvV †kvbv hvq bv)|
wn`vqvi cÖ‡YZv Avjvgv gviMxbvbx mvjv‡Zi wKivAvZ cvV welqK cwi‡‛Q‡` e‡jb: Ò†hvni I Avm‡i Bgvg wKivAvZ
Pz‡c Pz‡c cvV Ki‡e, hw` †m Avivdv‡Zi gv‡V BgvgwZ K‡i ZeyI; KviY ivm~jjy v n  e‡j‡Qb, wè‡mi mvjvZ †evev...|Ó340
Avjvgv gviMxbvbxi c~‡e© Ab¨vb¨ gvhnv‡ei GKvwaK cÖwm× dKxn G K_vwU‡K nv`xm wn‡m‡e D‡jL K‡ib| cÖwm×
kvwdqx dKxn Aveyj nvmvb gvIqvi`x (450 wn) Zuvi ÒAvj-nvex Avj-KvexiÓ MÖ‡‡’ e‡jb: ÒBgvg RygyAvi wè‡m mk‡ã
wKivAvZ cvV Ki‡e; KviY ivm~jyjvn  †_‡K ewY©Z n‡q‡Q: Ôwè‡mi mvjvZ †evev; RygyAv I `yÕ C` ev‡`|Õ G nv`xm
mvnvexM‡Yi e³e¨ wn‡m‡eI ewY©Z|Ó341
G kZ‡KiB Ab¨ cÖwm× kvwdqx dKxn Beivnxg Beby BDmyd kxivhx (476 wn) G K_vwU D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi cÖwYZ
kvwdqx wdK‡ni cÖwm× MÖ‡’ ÒAvj-gynvh&hveÓ-G wZwb e‡jb: Ònv`x‡m ewY©Z n‡q‡Q .... Ges wZwb e‡jb: wè‡mi mvjvZ
†evev|Ó342
gviMxbvbxi cÖvq mgKvjxb cÖwm× nv¤^jx dKxn gyIqvd&dvKzÏxb Avãyjv n Beby Kz`vgv gvKw`mx (620 wn) e‡jb: Òhw`
iv‡Zi mvjvZ Kvhv n‡q hvq Zvn‡j wè‡m Zv Kvhv Ki‡e Ges wKivAvZ mk‡ã co‡e bv; KviY ivm~jyjvn  e‡j‡Qb:
Ôwè‡mi mvjvZ †evevÕ...|Ó343
cieZ©x hyM¸wji mKj gvhnv‡ei A‡bK dKxn G‡K Ac‡ii D‡j‡Li Dci wbf©i K‡i G K_vwU‡K nv`xm wn‡m‡e
D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| ïay dKxnMYB bb; †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv gynvwÏmI fyj K‡i‡Qb| Avjvgv gviMxbvbxi mgmvgwqK cÖwm× gynvwÏm
Bebyj RvIhx (597 wn) wb‡RB G fyjwU K‡i‡Qb| wZwb wb‡R Rvj nv`xm wel‡q MÖ‡’ wj‡L‡Qb| wK‡‘ wb‡RB ÒmvB`yj
LvwZiÓ bvgK Ab¨ GKwU cy¯„‡K Òwè‡mi mvjvZ †evevÓ K_vwU‡K ivm~jyjvn -Gi K_v wn‡m‡e D‡jL K‡i‡Qb|344
cvkvcvwk mKj gvhnv‡ei I g‡Zi mKj gynvwÏm I dKxn hviv welqwU wb‡q M‡elYv K‡i‡Qb Zuviv mK‡jB LyeB
¯úófv‡e D‡jL K‡i‡Qb †h, G K_vwU nv`x‡m ivm~j ev ivm~jyjvn -Gi K_v bq; eis †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv Zvweqxi e³e¨|
206
Awbf©i‡hvM¨ ev wfwËnxb K_v‡K ivm~jyjvn -Gi bv‡g ¯^xK…wZ †Ìqvi cÖeYZv †KDB †`Lvb wb|
mßg wnRix kZvãxi cÖwm× kvwdqx dKxn I gynvwÏm Bgvg Ave~ hvKvwiqv BqvnBqv Beby kvivd beex (676 wn)
kxivhxi Ògynvh&hveÓ MÖ‡‡’i e¨vL¨vq ÒAvj-gvRg~Ó bv‡g GKwU MÖ‡’ iPbv K‡ib| MÖ‡’wU kvwdqx gvhnv‡ei Ab¨Zg cÖavb wdKnx
wek¦‡Kvl wn‡m‡e MY¨| G MÖ‡‡’ wZwb kxivhxi e³‡eï g‡a¨ Òwè‡mi mvjvZ †evevÓ K_vwU cÖm‡½ e‡jb:
’ vi D‡jL K‡i‡Qb Zv evwZj, Mixe-AcwiwPZ, Zvi †Kv‡bv Aw¯„Z¡ ev wfwË †bB|Ó345

ÒG nv`xmwU hv MÖ‡K
c‡ii kZ‡Ki cÖwm× nvbvdx dKxn I gynvwÏm Avjvgv hvBjvqx (762 wn) wn`vqvq D‡jwLZ G nv`xmwU m¤ú‡K©
e‡jb:
ÒG nv`xmwU Mixe- AcwiwPZ AcwiÁvZ| Avãyi ivh&hvK Zuvi gymvb‣vd MÖ‡‡’ G K_vwU‡K (Zvweqx) gyRvwn` Beby Rvei
(104 wn) I (Zvweqx) Ave~ DevB`v Beby Avãyj-vn Beby gvmE` (180 wn)-Gi wb‡Ri e³e¨ wn‡m‡e msKjb K‡i‡Qb|Ó346
Beby nvRvi AvmKvjvbx (852 wn) e‡jb: ( ) G nv`xm †Kv_vI cvB wb... GwU †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv Zvweqxi K_v
347
wn‡m‡e ewY©Z|Ó
Beby nvRv‡ii mgmvgwqK cÖwm× nvbvdx dKxn I gynvwÏm Avjvgv eì‚Ïxb AvBbx (855 wn) e‡jb:
Ònvmvb emix (110 wn) I Ave~ DevB`v †_‡K ewY©Z: wè‡mi mvjvZ †evev| †KD †KD e‡j‡Qb: GwU nv`xm, G K_vwU
mwVK bq|Ó348
mvLvex, Avjx Kvix, Zvwni dvZvbx, kvIKvbx I Ab¨vb¨ gynvwÏm G K_vwU‡K nv`xm wn‡m‡e Rvj I wfwËnxb e‡j MY¨
K‡i‡Qb|349
Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx gynvh&hve, wn`vqv I Ab¨vb¨ cÖvq mKj wdK‡ni MÖ‡‡’ D×„Z G nv`xmwU‡K Rvj e‡j MY¨
K‡i‡Qb| msw¶ß e¨vL¨vq wZwb e‡jb: Òbeex kviûj gynvh&hv‡e e‡j‡Qb †h, G nv`xm evwZj; Gi †Kv‡bv Aw¯„Z¡ ev wfwË
†bB| `vivKzZbx e‡jb, ivm~jyjv- n - †_‡K G K_v ewY©Z nq wb| GwU †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv dKxn-Gi K_v|Ó
GLv‡b D‡jL¨ †h, K_vwU nv`xm wn‡m‡e Rvj n‡jI G welqK wdKnx gZvgZ fyj bq| ivm~jyjvn  I mvnvexM‡Yi
Kg©, ZvweqxM‡Yi AwfgZ BZ¨vwì Av‡jv‡K Pvi Bgvg I Ab¨vb¨ dKxn wm×v‡„ MÖnY K‡i‡Qb| Kv‡iv gZ cÖgvY ev LÊb
Ki‡Z G K_vwU‡K nv`xm e‡j `vwe Kivi †Kv‡bv cÖ‡qvRb †bB|
309- wZb evi K‡i Kzwj Kiv I bv‡Ki g‡a¨ cvwb †Ìqv bvcvK e¨w³i Rb¨ (dih †Mvm‡ji †¶‡Î) dih|
Bgvg Ave~ nvbxdv (ivn)-Gi g‡Z IRyi g‡a¨ Kzwj Kiv I bv‡K cvwb †Ìqv mybv‣ Z Ges dih †Mvm‡ji †¶‡Î Zv
dih| Ab¨vb¨ dKxn †KD Dfq †¶‡Î G‡K mybv‣ Z Ges †KD Dfq †¶‡Î G‡K dih e‡j‡Qb| Avjvgv gviMxbvbx (593 wn)
wn`vqv MÖ‡‡’ ZvnvivZ Aa¨v‡qi †Mvmj cwi‡‛Q‡` Bgvg Ave~ nvbxdvi g‡Zi `jxj eY©bv cÖm‡½ e‡jb:

ÒAvgv‡ì `jxj Avj-vni evYx: Òhw` †Zvgiv bvcvK nI Z‡e Lye †ewk K‡i cweÎ nI (me©v½ †a․Z Ki)|350 GLv‡b
Avjvn cwic~Y© †`n †a․Z I cweÎ Ki‡Z wb‡`©k w`‡q‡Qb, Z‡e †hLv‡b cvwb †cu․Qv‡bv m¤¢e bq Zv wb‡`©‡ki evB‡i _vK‡e|
Ih~i welqwU †Zgb bq; †mLv‡b Ri‚ix n‡jv gyLgÊj †a․Z Kiv, Avi gy‡Li Af¨‡„ifvM I bv‡Ki wfZ‡ii Ask gyLgÊj e‡j
MY¨ bq| .... Gi cÖgvY ivm~jjy v- n  e‡j‡Qb, Kzwj Kiv I bv‡K cvwb †Ìqv bvcvwKi †¶‡Î dih Ges Ihyi g‡a¨
mybv‣ Z|Ó351
Dc‡ii k‡ãi ev A‡_©i nv`xm Beby wne․vb (354 wn) `vivKzZbx (385 wn), evBnvKx (458 wn), Bebyj RvIhx (597
wn) hvnvex (748 wn) Beby nvRvi (852 wn) cÖgyL gynvwÏm msKjb K‡i‡Qb| Zuviv mK‡jB G nv`xmwU‡K evwZj, Rvj I
207
wfwËnxb e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb; KviY G nv`x‡mi eY©bvKvixMY wg_¨vPvi I RvwjqvwZi Rb¨ mycwiwPZ wQ‡jb|
myq~Zx, Beby Avi&ivK, †gvjv Avjx Kvix, Zvwni dvZvbx, kvIKvbx cÖgyL gynvwÏm G nv`xm‡K Rvj e‡j MY¨ K‡i‡Qb|352
GLv‡b j¶Yxq †h, Avjvgv hvBjvqx, †gvjv Avjx Kvix, Zvwni dvZvbx cÖgyL nvbvdx Avwjg G nv`xm‡K MÖnY‡hvM¨
evbv‡bvi †Kv‡bv †Póv K‡ib wb| gvhnvex wePv‡i Rvj ev `ye©j nv`xm‡K MÖnY‡hvM¨ e‡j cÖgvwYZ Kivi †Póv LyeB AvcwËKi
I BgvgM‡Yi wb‡`©kbvi mv‡_ mvsNwl©K| nv`x‡mi wePvi n‡e gynvwÏmM‡Yi c×wZ‡Z| gynvwÏmM‡Yi wm×v‡‡„i wecix‡Z
Nywi‡q wdwi‡q `ye©j ev Rvj nv`xm‡K MÖnY‡hvM¨ evbv‡bvi cÖ‡Póv AMÖnY‡hvM¨| Kzwj I bv‡K cvwb †Ìqvi wel‡q †h gZ
Bgvg Ave~ nvbxdv (ivn) cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb Zv g~jZ KziAv‡bi AvqvZ ØvivB cÖgvwYZ| GQvov A‡bK Zvweqx dKxn GgZ †cvlY
Ki‡Zb| Kv‡RB Zuvi gZ cÖgvY Ki‡Z †Kv‡bv Rvj nv`x‡mi cÖ‡qvRb †bB| hvBjvqx, †gvjv Avjx Kvix cÖgyL gynvwÏm G
c_B AbymiY K‡i‡Qb|
Avey Rvdi wmwÏKxI G c_ AbymiY K‡i‡Qb| wZwb G nv`xmwU Rvj e‡j MY¨ K‡i e‡jb: ÒG nv`x‡mi e³e¨ Rvj,
Z‡e Gi A_© mwVK| A_©vr A‡„Z GKevi bv‡Ki g‡a¨ cvwb †Ìqv I Kzwj Kiv dih †Mvm‡ji †¶‡Î dih| Kzwj I bvK
cwi®‥vi wZb evi K‡i Kiv myb‣vZ|Ó
A_©vr KziAv‡b bvcwKi †¶‡Î ÒLye †ewk K‡i cweÎ nIqviÓ ev Òme©v½ †a․Z KiviÓ †h wb‡`©k †Ìqv n‡q‡Q Zv †_‡K
A‡„Z GKevi Mv‡ji g‡a¨ I bv‡Ki g‡a¨ cvwb †Ìqv dih nIqvi A_© cÖgvwYZ nq| Z‡e ivm~jyjvn -Gi bv‡g wKQz ej‡Z
n‡j Zv Aek¨B mb` Øviv cÖgvwYZ n‡Z n‡e| A_© mwVK nIqvi `vwe‡Z †Kv‡bv K_v nv`xm e‡j Pvjv‡bv †hgb fq¼iZg
cvc I Rvnvb‣v‡gi evwm•`v nIqvi c_, †Zgwb nv`xmwU Rvj e‡j cÖvmw½K gZvgZI evwZj e‡j `vwe KivI gyLZ © v| Ab¨
†Kv‡bv cÖgv‡Y A_© ev gZvgZ cÖgvwYZ wKbv Zv Rvb‡Z n‡e|
424- GKRb gymwj‡gi Dci LvivR I Dki GKwÎZ nq bv|

ÒLvivRÓ I ÒDkiÓ m¤ú‡K© we¯„vwiZ Rvb‡Z Avwg cvVK‡K Avgvi †jLv Òevsjv‡`‡k Dki ev dm‡ji hvKvZ: ¸i“Z¡
I cÖ‡qvMÓ eBwU cvV Ki‡Z mweb‡q Aby‡iva KiwQ| G eB †_‡K evsjv‡`‡ki Rwgi hvKvZ ev Dki †Ìqvi we¯„vwiZ weavb
Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb| GLv‡b ms‡¶‡c ejv hvq †h, ÒDkiÓ A_© Rwgi Drcvw`Z dj-dm‡ji hvKvZ, Drcv`‡bi 10% ev 5%
wn‡m‡e G hvKvZ Av`vq Ki‡Z nq| Avi ÒLvivRÓ n‡‛Q gymwjg iv‡óª emevmiZ Agymwjg bvMwi‡Ki Dci Av‡ivwcZ
ÒfywgKiÓ hv Rwgi Rb¨ ev Rwgi dmj †_‡K MÖnY Kiv nq| Bmjvgx wdK‡n Lviv‡Ri nvi mvaviYZ Drcv`‡bi GK-
cÂgvsk (20%) †_‡K A‡a©K (50%) ch©‡„|
†Kv‡bv gymwjg hw` Agymwj‡gi Rwg µq K‡ib Zvn‡j Zv‡KI †m Rwgi LvivR w`‡Z n‡e; Z‡e Lviv‡Ri cvkvcvwk
Dki ev hvKvZI w`‡Z n‡e wKbv †m wel‡q dKxnMY gZ‡f` K‡i‡Qb| cÖwm× wZb Bgvg e‡j‡Qb Zv‡K Dki I LvivR
DfqB w`‡Z n‡e| Avi Bgvg Ave~ nvbxdv e‡j‡Qb, Zv‡K Dki w`‡Z n‡e bv, ïay LvivR w`‡Z n‡e| Dfq g‡Zi cÖgvYvw`
Òevsjv‡`‡k DkiÓ eBwU‡Z D‡jL K‡iwQ| GLv‡b cÖvmw½K ïay Bgvg Avey nvbxdvi g‡Zi c‡¶ D‡jL Kiv Dc‡ii nv`xmwU|
cÖwm× nvbvdx dKxn Avj-vgv Ave~ evK&i gynv¤§v` Beby Avng` Avm-mvivLmx (483 wn) G K_vwU‡K nv`xm wn‡m‡e
†ck K‡i e‡jb:

ÒAvgv‡ì K_vi cÖgvY Avãyjv n Beby gvmE` †_‡K Zuvi wb‡Ri K_v wn‡m‡e Ges ivm~jyjvn -Gi e³e¨ wn‡m‡e
ewY©Z n‡q‡Q: gymwjg e¨w³i Rwg‡b Dki I LvivR GKwÎZ nq bv|353
Ôev`vBDm mvbvBqÕ MÖ‡‡’i †jLK Bgvg AvjvDÏxb Kvmvbx (587 wn), Ôwn`vqvÕ MÖ‡‡’i †jLK Avjvgv gviMxbvbx (593
wn) I cieZ©x cÖvq mKj nvbvdx dKxn G K_v‡K nv`x‡m beex wn‡m‡e D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| cÖwm× nvbvdx dKxn Avjvgv Beby
byRvBg (970 wn) e‡jb:
ÒKviY ivm~jyj-vn  e‡j‡Qb, gymwj‡gi Rwg‡Z Dki I LvivR GKwÎZ nq bv|Ó Ave~ nvbxdv Zuvi gymbv‡` G nv`xmwU
eY©bv K‡i‡Qb|Ó354
Gi wecix‡Z 4_© wnRix kZK †_‡K gynvwÏmMY G nv`xmwU‡K Rvj e‡j †NvlYv K‡i‡Qb| Beby wne․vb (354 wn),
Beby Av`x (365 wn); evBnvKx (458 wn), hvnvex (748), Beby nvRvi (852 wn) Ges nvbvdx gvhnv‡ei cÖwm× dKxn I
gynvwÏm hvBjvqx (743 wn), Kvgvj Bebyj ûgvg (861 wn) cÖgyL gynvwÏm I dKxn e‡j‡Qb †h, ivm~jyj-vn  ev Avãyjv- n
208
Beby gvmÔE‡ì (iv) evYx wn‡m‡e G evK¨wU Rvj ev ev‡bvqvU| cÖK…Zc‡¶ G evK¨wU cÖwm× Zvweqx Beivnxg
bvLqxi (96 wn) K_v I Zuvi gZ| Bgvg Avhg Ave~ nvbxdv G K_vwU Beivnxg bvLqx †_‡K Zuvi wb‡Ri gZ wnmv‡e eY©bv
K‡i‡Qb| 2q wnRix kZ‡Ki dKxnMY mK‡jB wewfb‣ wel‡q mvnvex I ZvweqxM‡Yi Awfg‡Zi Dci wbf©i Ki‡Zb| wdK‡ni
†¶‡Î welqwU LyeB ¯^vfvweK| Bgvg Ave~ nvbxdv G †¶‡Î Beivnxg bvLÔqx Ges Ab¨vb¨ Zvweqxi g‡Zi Dci wbf©i K‡i‡Qb,
hviv e‡j‡Qb †h, Dki I LvivR GKwÎZ n‡e bv|
Beivnxg bvLÔqxi gZwU eY©bv Ki‡Z wM‡q Bgvg Ave~ nvbxdv e‡jb: ÒAvgv‡K nv¤§v` Beby Avex myjvBgvb (120 wn)
e‡j‡Qb, Beivnxg bvLqx (96 wn) e‡j‡Qb: GKRb gymwj‡gi f~wg‡Z Dki Ges LvivR GKwÎZ n‡e bv|Ó G ch©‡„ K_vwU
mnxn| A_©vr K_vwU ÔgvKZzÔq nv`xmÕ ev GKRb Zvweqxi K_v wnmv‡e mnxn|
wK‡‘ cieZx© hy‡Mi GKRb eY©bvKvix BqvnBqv Beby Avbevmvn Bgvg Ave~ nvbxdvi bv‡g ev‡bvqvUfv‡e G K_vwU‡K
ivm~jyj-vn -Gi K_v wnmv‡e eY©bv K‡i| BqvnBqv Beby Avbevmvn e‡jb: ÒAve~ nvbxdv Avgv‡ì‡K e‡j‡Qb: nv¤§v` Beby
Avex myjvBgvb Beivnxg bvLqx n‡Z, wZwb ÔAvjKvgvn n‡Z, wZwb Avãyjvn Beby gvmE` n‡Z eY©bv K‡i‡‡Qb †h, ivm~jyjvn
 e‡j‡Qb: GKRb gymwj‡gi f~wg‡Z Dki Ges LvivR GKwÎZ n‡e bv|Ó Gfv‡e BqvnBqv Beby Avbevmvn GKRb Zvweqxi
K_v‡K ivm~jyjvn -Gi K_v e‡j eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| gynvwÏmMY Lye mn‡RB Zvi G RvwjqvwZ ev fyj a‡i †d‡j‡Qb|
nv`xmwU †h BqvnBqv Bgvg Ave~ nvbxdvi bv‡g ev‡bvqvUfv‡e eY©bv K‡i‡Qb Zvi ¯úó cÖgvY GB †h, Bgv‡gi AMwYZ
Qv‡Îi †KDB G nv`xmwU Zuvi wbKU †_‡K eY©bv K‡ib wb| Zuvi Ab¨Zg QvÎ Bgvg Ave~ BDm~d I gynv¤§v` Zuv‡ì wewfb‣ MÖ‡‡’
G wel‡q A‡bK Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb, wK‡‘ ‡Kv_vI D‡jL K‡ib wb †h, Bgvg Ave~ nvbxdv Zuv‡ì‡K G nv`xm ivm~jyj-vn 
†_‡K eY©bv K‡i‡Qb A_ev wZwb G wel‡q †Kv‡bv nv`x‡m beexi Dci wbf©i K‡i‡Qb| Bgvg Ave~ nvbxdv G nv`xmwU ï‡b
_vK‡j wZwb Aek¨B Zuv‡ì‡K Zv †kvbv‡Zb Ges Zuviv Aek¨B G wel‡qi Av‡jvPbvq G nv`xmwU D‡jL Ki‡Zb|
GLv‡bB gynvwÏmM‡Yi m‡•`‡ni ïi‚| hw` GKRb nv`xm eY©bvKvix †Kv‡bv cÖwm× gynvwÏm ev dKxn †_‡K Ggb GKwU
nv`xm eY©bv K‡ib hv Zuvi Ab¨ †Kv‡bv QvÎ, we‡klZ hviv AvRxeb Zuvi mv‡_ †_‡K‡Qb Zuviv †KD eY©bv bv K‡ib, Zvn‡j
Zuviv nv`xmwUi weï×Zvi wel‡q mw•`nvb nb| wØZxq c`‡¶c wnmv‡e Zuviv †`‡Lb, †h eY©bvKvix GKvB G nv`xmwU e‡j‡Qb
Zuvi ewY©Z Ab¨vb¨ nv`x‡mi I Zuvi e¨w³Pwi‡Îi Kx Ae¯’v| GLv‡b Zuviv †`‡Lb †h, BqvnBqv Beby Av¤^vmvn GKKfv‡e
hZ¸wj nv`xm eY©bv K‡i‡Qb meB fyj ev ev‡bvqvU| wZwb wewfb‣ cÖL¨vZ I wek¦¯„ Avwjg I gynvwÏ‡mi bv‡g A‡bK nv`xm
eY©bv K‡i‡Qb hv Ab¨ †KD K‡ibwb| Zuvi ewY©Z mKj nv`xm‡K Ab¨vb¨ gynvwÏ‡mi ewY©Z nv`x‡mi mv‡_ Zzjvbvg~jK wbix¶v
(Cross Examine) K‡i I Zuvi e¨w³ Rxeb ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i gynvwÏmMY wbwðZ n‡q‡Qb †h, G nv`xmwUI wZwb Bgvg
Ave~ nvbxdvi bv‡g evwb‡q‡Qb| GRb¨B 2q, 3q I 4_© wnRix kZ‡Ki †Kv‡bv nvbvdx Bgvg ev dKxn G nv`xmwU‡K `wjj
wnmv‡e †ck K‡ib wb|355
Bgvg Ave~ nvbxdvi gymbv‡ì nv`xmwU D‡j‡Li KviYI G e¨w³| Ògymbv` Bgvg Ave~ nvbxdvÓ Zuvi wb‡Ri †jLv ev
msKwjZ †Kv‡bv MÖ‡’ bq| Zuvi B‡‡„Kv‡ji 200 ermi ev ZviI c‡i K‡qKRb gynvwÏm Bgvg Ave~ nvbxdv ewY©Z nv`xm¸wj
msKjb K‡i Zv‡K Ògymbv` Avex nvbxdvÓ e‡j bvgKiY K‡ib| ¯^fveZB Bgvg I msKj‡Ki g‡a¨ GKvwaK ivex we`¨gvb|
PZz_© wnRix kZ‡Ki cÖwm× gynvwÏm Ave~ byAvBb Bmcvnvbx (336 wn) Zuvi msKwjZ Ògymbv` Avex nvbxdvÓ MÖ‡‡’ e‡jb:
ÒAvgv‡ì‡K gynv¤§v` Bebyj gyhvd&di e‡j‡Qb- wjwLZfv‡e-; Avgv‡ì‡K Aveyj Kvwmg AvBDe Beby BDmyd ...
e‡j‡Qb; Avgv‡ì‡K BDmyd Beby mvC` Beby gymwjg e‡j‡Qb; Avgv‡ì‡K BqvnBqv Beby Avgevmv e‡j‡Qb; Avgv‡ì‡K
Ave~ nvbxdv e‡j‡Qb, nv¤§v` †_‡K, Beivnxg †_‡K, AvjKvgv †_‡K, Avãyjv n Beby gvmE` †_‡K, ivm~jjy v- n  e‡j‡Qb,
GKRb gymwj‡gi Dci LvivR I Dki GKwÎZ nq bv|Ó356
Gfv‡e †`LwQ †h, BqvnBqv Beby Avgevmv bvgK G e¨w³i m~‡ÎB nv`xmwU cieZ©xKv‡j Ògymbv` Avex nvbxdvÓ MÖ‡‡’
¯’vb †c‡q‡Q|
Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx G nv`xmwU Rvj e‡j MY¨ K‡i‡Qb| G welqK g‡„‡e¨ wZwb e‡jb: ÒG nv`x‡mi mb‡`
BqvnBqv Beby Av¤^vmv Avj-Kzivkx bvgK GK e¨w³ i‡q‡Q, †h G nv`xmwUi GKgvÎ eY©bvKvix| Beby wne․vb e‡jb, G e¨w³
GKRb `v¾vj I gnv-RvwjqvZ wQj| Beby Av`x e‡jb, G gybvKi‚j nv`xm ev AvcwËKi nv`xm eY©bvKvix wQj Ges Zvi
RvwjqvwZi welqwU cÖKvwkZ wQj| Bgvg `vivKzZbx e‡jb, G GKRb `v¾vj Ges nv`xm RvjKvix, Ges Gi RvwjqvwZi
209
welqwU me©Rb wew`Z| wjmvb 6/272|Ó
Gfv‡e Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx †n`vqvi Av‡iv K‡qKwU nv`xm Rvj e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| GQvov BqvnBqv Beby
Avgevmvi Kvi‡Y wZwb Av‡iv GKwU nv`xm (421 bs) Rvj e‡j wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb|
3. 4. 5. 5. Bgvg ivhxi (606 wn) Zvdmxi Kvexi
wnRix lô-mßg kZ‡Ki Ab¨Zg cÖwm× Avwjg Bgvg dvLi‚Ïxb gynv¤§v` Beby whqvDÏxb Dgvi Avi-ivhx (543-606
wn)| wZwb eûgyLx cÖwZfvi AwaKvix wQ‡jb Ges eû wel‡q MÖ‡’ iPbv K‡ib| we‡klZ hyw³we`¨v, `k©b, Bjgyj Kvjvg,
Zvdmxi, Dm~jyj wdKn BZ¨vw` wel‡q wZwb cvi`wk©Zv AR©b K‡ib Ges G mKj wel‡q A‡bK MÖ‡’ iPbv K‡ib| Zuvi
RxeÏkv‡ZB wZwb gymwjg we‡k¦ cÖwmw× jvf K‡ib Ges Zuvi hy‡Mi Ab¨Zg †kªô Avwjg e‡j we‡ewPZ nb|
Zuvi iwPZ Zvdmxi MÖ‡’ ÒgvdvZxûj MvBeÓ (MvB‡ei Pvwemg~n) ÒZvdmxi KexiÓ I ÒZvdmxi ivhxÓ bv‡g mycÖwm×|
Beby LvwjKvb (681 wn), Beby Kvhx ïnevn (790 wn), Beby nvRvi AvmKvjvbx (852 wn), cÖgyL Avwjg D‡jL K‡i‡Qb †h,
wZwb Zuvi G MÖ‡’ mgvß K‡i hvb wb| wZwb m~iv Avw¤^qv ch©‡„ ev Zvi KvQvKvwQ ch©‡„ wj‡LwQ‡jb| Zuvi ci wknve DÏxb Beby
Lvjxj w`gvkKx (639 wn) I Avng` Beby gynv¤§v` LvIqvwihgx ( 727 wn) MÖ‡’wU wj‡L mgvß K‡ib| MÖ‡‡’i wewfb‣ ¯’v‡b
ÒBgvg dvLi‚Ïxi ivhx ivngvZzjv wn AvjvBwn e‡j‡QbÓ, ÒG MÖ‡‡’i cÖ‡YZv Bgvg dvLi‚Ïxb ivhx ivngvZzjv wn AvjvBwn
e‡j‡QbÓ, ÒcQ•` Ki‡ZbÓ, ÒZuvi AgyK MÖ‡‡’ D‡jL K‡i‡QbÓ BZ¨vw` e³e¨ cÖgvY K‡i †h, MÖ‡’wU cieZ©xKv‡j m¤úv`bv I
m¤úb‣ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
G MÖ‡’wU gymwjg D¤§vni we‡kl m¤ú`| GwU‡K ÒZvdmxi wek¦‡KvlÓ e‡jI AvL¨vwqZ Kiv nq| wZwb ZrKvjxb hy‡Mi
Ávb, weÁvb, `k©b, hyw³, †R¨vwZwe©`¨v, L‡MvjweÁvb BZ¨vw` wel‡q e¨vcK Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb Ges KziAvb Øviv G¸wj
cÖgv‡Yi †Póv K‡i‡Qb| GQvov c~e©eZ©x `vk©wbK‡ì e³e¨ wZwb e¨vcKfv‡e D×„Z K‡i‡Qb| G welq‡K A‡b‡K AcÖvmw½K
e‡j MY¨ K‡i‡Qb| GgbwK †KD †KD e‡j‡Qb: Òivhxi Zvdmx‡i Zvdmxi Qvov Avi me wKQzB Av‡Q|Ó357
G MÖ‡‡’ Bgvg ivhx- A_ev cieZ©x m¤úv`K‡ì †KD- cÖvmw½K A‡bK nv`xm D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| G mKj nv`xm cÖvq
meB cÖwm× MÖ‡m’ g~‡n msKwjZ mnxn, nvmvb ev hqxd nv`xm| cvkvcvwk mgv‡Ri cÖPjb ev c~e©eZ©x Kv‡iv D‡j‡Li Dci
wbf©i K‡i wKQz Rvj ev Aw¯„Z¡nxb K_v‡KI nv`xm wn‡m‡e D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q| G MÖ‡‡’i †ek wKQz nv`xm Avjvgv Avey Rvdi
wmwÏKx Rvj e‡j wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb| B‡Zvc~‡e© cÖm½Z `y GKwU bgybv Avgiv †`‡LwQ| GLv‡b K‡qKwU bgybv D‡jL KiwQ|
273- Avwg ¸ß fvÊvi wQjvg...|

G K_vwU‡K dvLi‚Ïxb ivhx nv`xm wn‡m‡e D‡jL K‡i e‡jb:

Òivm~jjy v- n  †_‡K ewY©Z n‡q‡Q, wZwb Zuvi ive․ †_‡K eY©bv K‡i‡Qb †h wZwb e‡j‡Qb: ÒAvwg ¸ß fvÊvi wQjvg;
Avwg B‛Qv Kijvg †h Avgv‡K Rvbv †nvK....|Ó358
9g kZ‡Ki gydvm&wmi nvmvb Beby gynv¤§v` Kz¤§x wbmvc~ix (850 wn) ÒZvdmxi wbmvc~ixÓ ev ÒMvivBeyj KziAvb I
ivMvBeyj dziKvbÓ MÖ‡‡’ nv`xm e‡j Kw_Z G evK¨wUi †cÖ¶vcU eY©bv K‡i e‡jb:

Òivm~jjy v- n  e‡j‡Qb, `vE` (Av) e‡jb, †n ive․, Avcwb †Kb m„wóRMZ m„wó Ki‡jb? ZLb wZwb e‡jb: Avwg ¸ß
fvÊvi wQjvg; Avwg B‛Qv Kijvg †h Avgv‡K Rvbv †nvK; AZGe Avwg m„wóRMZ m„wó Kijvg †hb Avgv‡K Rvbv nq|Ó359
Gfv‡e 6ô-7g wnRix kZvãx †_‡K A‡bK gydvm&wmi, gynvwÏm, Avwjg, Iqvwqh I eyRMy © G K_vwU‡K nv`xm wn‡m‡e
D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| Zuviv mK‡jB RbkÖ‚wZ I G‡K Ac‡ii D‡j‡Li Dci wbf©i K‡i‡Qb| cvkvcvwk G evK¨wU gymwjg mgv‡R
cÖPwjZ nIqvi ci †_‡K mKj gynvwÏm GKev‡K¨ e‡j‡Qb †h, G K_vwU nv`xm bq| †Kv‡bviƒc †Kv‡bv mnxn, hqxd ev Rvj
mb‡` G K_vwU nv`xm wn‡m‡e ewY©Z nq wb| G‡ì g‡a¨ i‡q‡Qb ZvKxDÏxb Beby ZvBwgq¨vn (728 wn), eì‚Ïxb hvivKkx
(794 wn) Beby nvRvi AvmKvjvbx (852 wn), Avãyi ingvb mvLvex (902 wn), RvjvjyÏxb myq~Zx (911 wn), Beby Avi&ivK
(963 wn), gynv¤§v` Zvwni dvZvbx (986 wn), †gvjv Avjx Kvix (1014 wn), AvRvj~bx (1162 wn), kvIKvbx (1250 wn)
cÖgyL|
Giv mK‡jB GKev‡K¨ nv`xmwU‡K wfwËnxb I Aw¯„Z¡wenxb Rvj K_v e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| cvkvcvwk Zuv‡ì †KD
†KD G K_vwUi A_© wePvi K‡i Gi kixqZ m¤§Z A_© e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Qb| A_©r K_vwU nv`xm wn‡m‡e ejv ev `vwe Kivi †Kv‡bv
210
wfwË †bB| we‡klZ Gi †Kv‡bv mb` †bB †R‡bI G‡K nv`xm wn‡m‡e ejvi A_© ivm~jjy v n -Gi bv‡g wg_¨v ejv
ev cÖPvi Kiv| Z‡e K_vwUi A_© mivmwi kixqZ we‡ivax bq|360
Avgiv †`‡LwQ †h, Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx G nv`xmwU Rvj wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡i e‡jb: ÒBeby ZvBwgqv e‡jb, GwU
ivm~jyj-vn -Gi K_v bq| G K_vi mnxn ev hqxd †Kv‡bviƒc †Kv‡bv mb` cvIqv hvq bv| hvivKkx I Beby nvRviI Beby
ZvBwgqvi AbymiY K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e GK_vi A_© mwVK Ges cÖKvk¨ Ges Zv mydxM‡Yi g‡a¨ cÖPwjZ|Ó
Avgiv GLv‡b `ywU welq †`L‡Z cvB| cÖ_gZ, wZwb nv`xm wePv‡i gynvwÏmM‡Yi c×wZi evB‡i †Kv‡bv c×wZ‡K
¯^xK…wZ †`b wb| ¯^fveZB wZwb Lye fvj K‡i Rvb‡Zb †h, G K_vwU weMZ K‡qK kZvãx hver m~dxqv‡q †Kiv‡gi g‡a¨
nv`xm wn‡m‡e AwZ cÖPwjZ| †KD †KD Kvk‡di gva¨‡g Gi weï×Zv `vwe K‡i e‡j‡Qb, mb`MZ fv‡e mnxn bv n‡jI
Kvk‡di gva¨‡g GwU mnxn|361
Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx hyM‡kªô m~dx nIqv m‡Ë¡I Giƒc evZzjZv‡K cÖk&ªq †`b wb| KviY gymwjg D¤§vni Avwjg I
gynvw°K m~dxMY GKgZ †h, Kvkd-Gi gva¨‡g †Kv‡bv nv`xm, gvmAvjv ev gZvg‡Zi mwVKZ¡ ev †ewVKZ¡ Rvbvi `vwe Kiv
Bmjvgx AvKx`vi cwic‡’x| Avj-vgv Dgi Beby gynv¤§v` bvmvdx (537 wn) Zuvi ÒAvj-AvKvB` Avb bvmvwdq¨vnÓ I Avj-vgv
mvÕ` DÏxb gvmE` Beby Dgi AvZ-ZvdZvhvbx (791 wn) Zuvi Òkviûj AvKvB` Avb bvmvwdq¨vnÓ Ñ†Z wj‡L‡Qb :
Òn°c‡’xM‡Yi wbKU Bjnvg ev BjKv †Kv‡bv wKQyi mwVKZ¡ Rvbvi †Kv‡bv gva¨g bq|Ó362
gyRvwÏ`-B Avjd-B mvbx I Ab¨vb¨ mKj n°c‡’x m~dx evisevi D‡jL K‡i‡Qb †h, Kvkd KL‡bv kixqZ, mybv‣ Z ev
nv`x‡mi mwVK‡Z¡i gvcKvwV bq; eis kixqZ, mybv‣ Z I nv`xmB n‡‛Q Kvkd, Bjnvg, ¯^c‣ I Abyf~wZi mwVK‡Z¡i
gvcKvwV|363
Avi G Rb¨B Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx G nv`xmwU‡K Rvj e‡j wbwðZ K‡i‡Qb Ges G wel‡q Beby ZvBwgq¨vn I
Ab¨vb¨‡ì g‡Zi Dci wbf©i K‡i‡Qb|
wØZxqZ: Avjvgv Avey Rvd‡ii Dc‡ii g‡„‡eï wØZxq w`K n‡jv, G K_vwUi A_© mwVK e‡j D‡jL Kiv| A_©vr nv`xm
wn‡m‡e GwU wfwËnxb I Rvj n‡jI mvaviY K_v wn‡m‡e Gi mwVK A_© i‡q‡Q|
GLv‡b j¶Yxq †h, mywdqv‡q wKivg I Ab¨vb¨ Avwjg G K_vwUi GKwU kixqZ m¤§Z A_© I e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb Ki‡jI
wewfb‣ weåv‡„ †Mvôx GwU‡K Zv‡ì weåvw‡„i AhynvZ wn‡m‡e ùvo Kwi‡q‡Q| BmgvCjx, evnvqx I mgKvjxb evwZbx †Mvôx G
ÒK_vÓ-wU‡K Zv‡ì AeZviev`-Gi Ò`jxjÓ wn‡m‡e †ck K‡i| gvng~` gynv¤§v` Z¡vnv bvgK GK m~`vbx fÊ bex Zvi
ÒAeZviev`Ó cÖgv‡Yi Rb¨ G nv`xmwU D‡jL K‡i e‡j, Avjvni g~j mË¡v AÁvZ; Z‡e m„wóKz‡ji wbKU cwiÁvZ nIqvi Rb¨
wZwb m„wói ch©v‡q †`‡ni mxgve×Zvq †b‡g Av‡mb|...(bvDh~ wejvn!)364
332- †h wb‡R‡K wPbj †m Zvi cÖwZcvjK‡K wPbj|

G K_vwU Bgvg ivhx Zuvi Zvdmx‡ii GKvwaK ¯’v‡b nv`xm e‡j D×„Z K‡i‡Qb| m~iv Avj-Bgiv‡bi 191 Avqv‡Zi Zvdmxi
cÖm‡½ wZwb e‡jb:
ÒAvi ivm~jjy v- n  e‡j‡Qb: Ò†h wb‡R‡K wPbj †m Zvi cÖwZcvjK‡K wPbj|Ó365

Bgvg ivhxi cÖvq mgmvgwqK, 7g wnRix kZ‡Ki cÖL¨vZ Kwe, m~dx I `vk©wbK gywnDÏxb Beby Avivex bv‡g L¨vZ
gynv¤§v` Beby gynv¤§v` Beby Avjx Beby Avivex Zvqx nvwZgx (618-656 wn) G evK¨wU‡K nv`xm wn‡m‡e D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| wZwb
e‡jb:
Òivm~jjy v- n  e‡j‡Qb: †h wb‡R‡K wPbj †m ....|Ó366

cieZ©x hy‡Mi A‡bK Avwjg I eyRMy © GmKj D×„wZi Dci wbf©i K‡i G evK¨wU‡K nv`xm wn‡m‡e D‡jL K‡i‡Qb|
cvkvcvwk G evK¨wU nv`xm wnmv‡e cwiwPwZ jv‡fi mv‡_ mv‡_ gynvwÏmMY Gi mb` AbymÜvb ïi‚ K‡ib| Zuviv †`‡Lb †h,
211
†Kv‡bviƒc †Kv‡bv mnxn, hqxd ev Rvj mb‡` G K_vwU ivm~jyjvn  †_‡K ewY©Z nq wb| Z‡e mvnvex-
Zvweqx hy‡Mi †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv eyRy‡M©i bv‡g K_vwU ewY©Z n‡q‡Q| cieZ©xKv‡j †Kv‡bv Avwjg AmveavbZv ekZ GwU‡K nv`xm
e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb Ges µgv‡^‡q Zv gymwjg‡ì g‡a¨ nv`xm e‡j cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i‡Q| Ave~j gyhvd&dvi Bebym mvgAvbx
(489 wn), mvMvbx (650 wn), beex (676 wn), Beby ZvBwgqv (728 wn), Bebyj KvBwqg (751 wn, hvivKkx (794 wn),
wd‡ivhAvev`x (817 wn), mvLvex (902 wn), myq~Zx (911 wn), Beby Avi&ivK (963 wn), Beby nvRvi nvBZvgx gv°x (974 wn),
Zvwni dvZvbx (986 wn), †gvjv Avjx Kvix (1014 wn), kvIKvbx (1250 wn), KvIKvRx (1305 wn) I Ab¨vb¨ gynvwÏm
wbwðZ K‡i‡Qb †h, G K_vwU nv`xm bq bq| Z‡e K_vwU †Kv‡bv cÖvPxb eyRy‡M©i wb‡Ri K_v|367
Avj-vgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx Bgvg ivhx, gwnDÏxb Beby Avivex I Ab¨vb¨‡ì D×„wZi Dci wbf©i K‡ib wb| KviY
Zuviv †KDB Gi †Kv‡bv mb` ev m~Î D‡jL K‡ib wb| wZwb gynvwÏmM‡Yi mb` mÜv‡bi Dci wbf©i K‡i nv`xmwU‡K Rvj
wn‡m‡e wbwðZ K‡i‡Qb| G cÖm‡½ wZwb e‡j‡Qb: ÒBeby ZvBwgqv e‡j‡Qb †h, G nv`xmwU Rvj| mvgAvbx e‡j‡Qb †h,
ivm~jyj-vn -Gi e³e¨ wn‡m‡e G nv`x‡mi †Kv‡bv Aw¯„Z¡ Rvbv hvq bv| beex e‡jb, ivm~jyjvn  †_‡K G K_v †Kv‡bvfv‡e
ewY©Z nq wb| Z‡e G K_vi GKwU MÖnY‡hvM¨ A_© n‡Z cv‡i| dvZvIqv nv`xwmq¨vn MÖ‡‡’ D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, G nv`xmwU
wfwËnxb-Aw¯„Z¡nxb| G K_vwU BqvnBqv Beby gyAvh Avi-ivhx (g„Zz¨ 258 wn/872 L„) †_‡K Zuvi wb‡Ri e³e¨ wn‡m‡e ewY©Z
n‡q‡Q| Bgvg mvLvex G‡K Avãyi ingvb Beby whqv`-Gi K_v e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb|Ó
301- Avjvn Avgvi A‡„‡i hv wb‡¶c K‡ib ZvB Avwg Ave~ evK‡ii A‡„‡i wb‡¶c Kwi|
m~iv gvwq`vi 54 Avqv‡Zi Zvdmxi cÖm‡½ Bgvg ivhx e‡jb:

ÒGes ivm~jyj-vn  e‡j‡Qb: ÔAvjvn (wKqvg‡Zi w`b) gvby‡li Rb¨ mvaviYfv‡e ZvRvjx-cÖKvk NUv‡eb Ges Ave~
evK&‡ii Rb¨ we‡kl ZvRvjx-cÖKvk NUv‡ebÕ Ges wZwb e‡j‡Qb: ÔAvjvn Avgvi A‡„‡i hv wb‡¶c K‡ib ZvB wZwb Ave~
eK‡ii A‡„‡i wb‡¶c K‡ibÕ|Ó368
wØZxq nv`xmwUi wel‡q Avgiv †`‡LwQ †h, Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx nv`xmwU‡K Rvj e‡j wbwðZ K‡i e‡j‡Qb: ÒG
nv`xmwU Rvj|Ó
e¯‘Z G K_vwU nv`xm bv‡g cÖPwjZ GKwU mb`wenxb wfwËnxb K_v| †Kv‡bv mnxn, hqxd ev Rvj mb‡` Zv ewY©Z nq
wb| Bgvg ivhxi c~‡e© I c‡i gynvwÏmMY Zv wbwðZ K‡i‡Qb| Zuv‡ì g‡a¨ i‡q‡Qb Beby RvIhx (597 wn), Bebyj KvBwqg
(751 wn), myq~Zx (911 wn), Beby nvRvi nvBZvgx gv°x (974 wn), Zvwni dvZvbx (986 wn), †gvjv Avjx Kvix (1014 wn),
kvIKvbx (1250 wn), ì‡ek n~Z (1276 wn), KvDKvRx (1305 wn) I Ab¨vb¨ gynvwÏm|369 wK‡‘ AmveavbZv ekZ cÖPj‡bi
Dci wbf©i K‡i Bgvg ivhx Zv nv`xm e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi c‡i Zvdmxi iƒûj evqv‡bi †jLK BmgvCj nv°x (1127
wn) I Ab¨ †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv Avwjg Zv nv`xm wn‡m‡e D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| BmgvCj nv°x nv`xmwU‡K wbg‣iƒ‡c D‡jL K‡i‡Qb:
ÒAvjvn Avgvi A‡„‡i hv wb‡¶c K‡ib ZvB Avwg Ave~ evK‡ii A‡„‡i wb‡¶c Kwi|Ó370
A_©vr Bgvg ivhxi D×„wZ‡Z ¯^qs AvjvnB Zuvi bexi () A‡„‡i I Ave~ evK‡ii A‡„‡i GKB welq wb‡¶c K‡ib|
Df‡qi ü`‡qi wb‡¶cK Avjvn wb‡RB| µgv‡^‡q RvwjqvZ‡ì fvlvq weeZ©b N‡U| d‡j cieZ©x hy‡Mi fvl¨ Abymv‡i
ivm~jyj-vn -Gi ü`‡qi wb‡¶cK Avjvn, Avi Ave~ evK‡ii ü`‡q wb‡¶cK ivm~jyjvn | wZwb wb‡Ri ü`‡qi welqwU wb‡q
wb‡RB Ave~ evK&‡ii ü`‡q Zv wb‡¶c K‡ib!! GwUI RvwjqvZ‡ì µgv‡^q AMÖMwZi GKwU wPÎ!!
GLv‡b D‡jL¨ †h, cÖ_g †h nv`xmwU Bgvg ivhx D‡jL K‡i‡Qb (Avjvn gvby‡li Rb¨ mvaviYfv‡e ZvRvjx-cÖKvk
NUv‡eb Ges Ges Ave~ eK‡ii Rb¨ we‡kl ZvRvjx-cÖKvk NUv‡ebÓ- GwUI Rvj nv`xm e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb gynvwÏmMY|
û¾vZzj Bmjvg Bgvg Mvhvjx (505 wn) G nv`xmwU Zuvi ÒGnBqvD Dj~wgÏxbÓ MÖ‡‡’ D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| nv`xmwUi m~Î eY©bv
cÖm‡½ Bgvg BivKx (806 wn) D‡jL K‡i‡Qb †h, G nv`xmwU Beby Av`x (365 wn) I `vivKzZbx (385 wn) mb`-mn D×„Z
K‡i‡Qb Ges Zuviv Df‡qB nv`xmwU‡K Rvj e‡j wbwðZ K‡i‡Qb; KviY Gi mb‡` mycwiwPZ RvwjqvZ ivex we`¨gvb|371
212
Beby RvIhx (597 wn), Bebyj KvBwqg (751 wn), myq~Zx (911 wn), Zvwni dvZvbx (986 wn), †gvjv Avjx
Kvix (1014 wn), ì‡ek n~Z (1276 wn), KvDKvRx (1305 wn) I Ab¨vb¨ gynvwÏm nv`xmwU‡K Rvj e‡j wbwðZ
K‡i‡Qb|372
Bgvg ivhxi Zvdmx‡i nv`xm wn‡m‡e D‡jwLZ Av‡iv A‡bK¸wj nv`xm‡K Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx Rvj e‡j wPwýZ
K‡i‡Qb|
3. 4. 5. 6. Avj-vgv evBhvexi (685 wn) Zvdmxi
Avjvgv Kvhx bvwmi‚Ïxb Aveyj LvBi Avãyjv n Beby Dgvi Beby gynv¤§v` evBhvex 7g wnRix kZ‡Ki cÖwm× gydvm&wmi I
kvwdqx dKxn wQ‡jb| wdKn, Dm~jyj wdKn, Bjgyj Kvjvg (`k©b-wfwËK ag©ZË¡: speculative/ scholastic theology),
gvbwZK ev hyw³we`¨v, fvlvZË¡ BZ¨vw` wel‡q wZwb A‡bK MÖ‡’ iPbv K‡ib| Zuvi MÖ‡¸’ wji g‡a¨ me‡P‡q cÖwmw× jvf K‡i
Dm~jyj wdKn wel‡q ÒAvj-wgbnvR Avj-IqvRxhÓ ( ) MÖ‡’wU Ges Zvdmxi wel‡q ÒAvbIqvi‚Z Zvbhxj Iqv
Avmivi‚Z Zvexj ( ) bvgK MÖ‡’wU, hv ÒZvdmxi evBhvexÓ bv‡g cwiwPZ| G MÖ‡w’ U weMZ K‡qK
kZvãx ch©‡„ fviZxq Bmjvgx wk¶veë¯’vq g~j cvV¨MÖ‡’ wn‡m‡e M„nxZ|
Ab¨vb¨ gydvm&wm‡ii b¨vq Bgvg evBhvexI wKQz nv`xm D‡jL K‡i‡Qb †h¸wj‡K gynvwÏmMY Rvj e‡j wbwðZ K‡i‡Qb|
Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKxI Zvdmxi evBhvexi g‡a¨ D×„Z wKQz nv`xm‡K Rvj e‡j wbwðZ K‡i‡Qb| G mKj Rvj nv`x‡mi
Ab¨Zg KziAv‡bi cÖ‡Z¨K m~iv cvV Ki‡j wba©vwiZ dhxjZ I mvIqve welqK nv`xm| B‡Zvc~‡e© Avgiv Bgvg beex (676
wn), BivKx (806wn) I myq~Zxi (911 wn) e³‡e¨ †`‡LwQ †h, mvÕjvex (427wn), Iqvwn`x (468wn), hvgvLkvix (538wn) I
evBhvex (685wn) G Rvj nv`xmwU Zv‡ì Zvdmx‡i D‡jL K‡i‡Qb, cÖ_g `yRb mb`-mn Ges c‡ii `yRb mb`-Qvov|
G nv`xmwU Bgvg evBhvex wewfb‣ m~ivi †k‡l D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| †hgb m~iv Avj-Bgiv‡bi Zvdmxi †k‡l Gi dhxjZ

Òivm~jjy v- n  †_‡K, wZwb e‡jb: †h e¨w³ m~iv Avj Bgivb cvV Ki‡e Zv‡K cÖ‡Z¨K Avqv‡Zi wewbg‡q Rvnvb‣v‡gi
†mZzi (cyjwmivZ) Dci wbivcËv cÖ`vb Kiv n‡e...|Ó373
Gfv‡e wewfb‣ m~ivi †k‡l wZwb G nv`x‡mi mswkó Ask D×„Z K‡i‡Qb|
Bgvg evBhvexi c~‡e© I c‡i Bgvg Avãyjvn Bebyj gyevivK (181 wn), DKvBjx (322 wn), Bebyj RvIhx (597 wn),
Bebyj KvBwqg (751 wn), myq~Zx (911 wn), †gvjv Avjx Kvix (1014 wn), Avãyi ivEd gvbvex (1031 wn) cÖgyL gynvwÏm G
nv`xm‡K Rvj e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb|374
Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx G nv`x‡mi wel‡q ms‡¶‡c e‡j‡Qb: Ògynv¤§v` Beby Cmv Beby Zve․v e‡jb, Avwg gvBmviv
Beby Avãy ivwe․nx‡K ejjvg, Avcwb GKwU nv`xm eY©bv K‡ib hv‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q,
288- †h e¨w³ AgyK m~iv cvV Ki‡e, †m AgyK mvIqve jvf Ki‡e.....
G nv`xmwU Avcwb †Kv_vq †c‡q‡Qb? wZwb e‡jb, gvbyl‡ì‡K KziAvb cv‡V DØy× Kivi Rb¨ Avwg wb‡R G mKj nv`xm
evwb‡qwQ|
Avj-vgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx cybivq ÒwKQz wew¶ß Rvj nv`xm I KvwnbxÓ bv‡g c„_K cwi‡‛Q‡` G wel‡q e‡jb:
ÒKziAv‡bi m~iv¸wji dhxj‡Z ewY©Z nv`xm Ges †h e¨w³ AgyK m~iv cvV Ki‡e Zvi Rb¨ AgyK-ZgyK mvIqve i‡q‡Q...
Gfv‡e KziAv‡bi cÖ_g m~iv †_‡K †kl m~iv ch©‡„ m~iv¸wji dhxj‡Z ewY©Z nv`xm Rvj| G Rvj nv`xm mvÕjvex I Iqvwn`x
cÖ‡Z¨K m~ivi ïi‚‡Z D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| Avi hvgvLkvix cÖ‡Z¨K m~ivi †k‡l D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| evBhvex Ges Aveym mvE` gydZx
Gfv‡eB hvgvLkvixi AbymiY K‡i‡Qb| Avãyjvn Bebyj gyevivK e‡j‡Qb: Avgvi aviYv wh•`xKMY G nv`xm¸wj‡K Rvj
K‡i‡Q| G nv`x‡mi RvwjqvZ wb‡RB Zvi RvwjqvwZi K_v ¯^xKvi K‡i‡Q Ges e‡j‡Q: Avwg gvbyl‡ì‡K Ab¨ welqvw` †_‡K
wdwi‡q KziAv‡bi g‡a¨ e¨¯„ ivLvi Rb¨ G¸wj Rvj K‡iwQ|Ó
G cÖm‡½ weMZ kZ‡Ki cÖwm× nvbvdx dKxn, gynvwÏm I m~dx Avj-vgv kvBL Aveyj gvnvwmb gynv¤§v` Avj-KvIKvRx
(1305 wn) e‡jb:
213

Ò†h e¨w³ AgyK m~iv cvV Ki‡e Zvi Rb¨ i‡q‡Q AgyK mvIqve ev dhxjZ... g‡g©i nv`xm mvjvex I Iqvwn`x Zv‡ì
Zvdmx‡i m~ivi ïi‚‡Z D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| Avi hvgvLkvix m~ivi †k‡l D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| evBhvex I gydZx Aveym mvD` hvgvLkvixi
AbymiY K‡i‡Qb| G¸wj meB Rvj| gynvwÏmMY G wel‡q mveavb K‡i‡Qb| ... hvgvLkvixi AbymiY K‡i evBhvex, Ges
evBhvexi AbymiY K‡i Beby Avw`j wb‡g‣i nv`xm D‡jL K‡i‡Qb: Ò†h e¨w³ m~iv Avj Bgivb cvV Ki‡e Zv‡K cÖ‡Z¨K Avqv‡Zi
wewbg‡q Rvnvb‣v‡gi †mZzi Dci wbivcËv cÖ`vb Kiv n‡e...Ó- GwUI DevB Beby KvÕe (iv)-Gi bv‡g KziAv‡bi m~iv¸wji dhxj‡Z
ewY©Z Rvj nv`xm¸wji A‡„f©y³|... G Rvj nv`xm¸wji Av‡iKwU: Ò†h m~iv gvwiqvg cvV Ki‡e Zv‡K hviv hvKvwiqvi cÖwZ Cgvb
G‡b‡Q, Zvi cÖwZ Awek¦vm K‡i‡Q, BqvBqvi cÖwZ.... Zv‡ì msL¨vi `k¸Y mvIqve †Ìqv n‡e...| G nv`x‡mi RvwjqvZ ¯^xKvi
K‡i‡Q †h, †m G nv`xmwU Rvj K‡i‡Q| †m e‡j, Avgvi D‡Ïk¨ gvbyl‡ì‡K Ab¨vb¨ welq †_‡K wdwi‡q G‡b KziAv‡bi mv‡_ e¨¯„
ivLv| Avi G‡Zv ivm~jyjvn -Gi wei‚‡× wg_¨v bq, eis Zuvi c‡¶ wg_¨v| G nZfvMv Rv‡b wb †h, gnvmZëv`x bex‡q gymZvdv
()-Gi nv`x‡mi wfwË‡Z Rvnvb‣vg Zvi cvIbv n‡q †Mj, KviY wZwb e‡j‡Qb: ÒAvwg hv ewjwb Zv †h ej‡eÓ, Avi GB n‡jv Zvi
wei‚‡× wg_¨vPvi| Avi Zuvi bv‡g †h wg_¨v ej‡e Zvi Avevm¯’j Aek¨B Rvnvb‣vg|Ó375
3. 4. 5. 7. Avj-vgv ZvdZvhvbxi (793 wn) kviûj AvKvB`
6ô wnRix kZ‡Ki cÖwm× nvbvdx dKxn Ave~ nvdm Dgvi Beby gynv¤§v` Avb-bvmvdx (461-537 wn)-Gi iwPZ ÒAvj-
AvKvB`Ó MÖ‡’wUi e¨vL¨v K‡ib cÖwm× dKxn, `vk©wbK, hyw³we`¨v we‡klÁ gvmE` Beby Dgvi mvÕ`yÏxb ZvdZvhvbx (712-793
wn)| Zuvi iwPZ G e¨vL¨vMÖ‡’ Òkviûj AvKvB` Avb-bvmvwdq¨vnÓ ev Òkviûj AvKvB`Ó bv‡g eûj cwiwPZ| fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡ki
KIgx-Avwjqv Dfq cÖKv‡ii `xbx wk¶veë¯’vq G cy¯„KwU Aek¨cvV¨| G MÖ‡‡’ wZwb K‡qKwU nv`xm D‡jL K‡i‡Qb, †h¸wji g‡a¨
K‡qKwU Rvj nv`xm we`¨gvb| GKwU bgybv D‡jL KiwQ|
Ó
57- Avwjg ev Zvwje Bjg hLb †Kv‡bv MÖvg-gnjv w`‡q Mgb K‡ib ZLb Avjvn †m MÖvg ev gnjvi †Mvi¯’v‡bi Avhve 40 w`‡bi
Rb¨ Zz‡j †bb|
Avjvgv bvmvdx Zuvi MÖ‡‡’i †kl w`‡K e‡jb: Òg„Z‡ì Rb¨ RxweZ‡ì `yAvi g‡a¨ Ges g„Z‡ì c¶ †_‡K RxweZ‡ì
`vb Kivi g‡a¨ g„Z‡ì DcKvi i‡q‡QÓ| G cÖm‡½ Avjvgv ZvdZvhvbx e‡jb:
ÒGes ivm~jyj-vn  Av‡iv e‡j‡Qb: Avwjg ev Zvwje Bjg hLb †Kv‡bv MÖvg-gnjv w`‡q Mgb K‡ib .... 40 w`‡bi
Rb¨ Zz‡j †bb|376
gynvwÏmMY wbwðZ K‡i‡Qb †h, G K_vwU m¤ú~Y© wfwËnxb GKwU Rvj nv`xm| †Kv‡bv MÖ‡‡’ †Kv‡bv mnxn, hqxd ev Rvj
mb‡` G K_vwU ewY©Z nq wb| G wel‡q Bgvg myq~Zx (911 wn) ÒZvLixR Avnv`xm kviwnj AvKvB`Ó ev kviûj AvKvB`
MÖ‡‡’i nv`xm¸wji m~Î mÜvb MÖ‡‡’ e‡jb: ( ) G nv`x‡mi †Kv‡bv Aw¯„Z¡ ev wfwË †bB|Ó377
`kg kZ‡Ki Ab¨ cÖwm× gynvwÏm I dKxn Beby nvRvi nvBZvgx gv°x (974 wn)-‡K cÖk‣ Kiv nq: ÒZvdZvhvbx
kviûj AvKvB‡` e‡j‡Qb †h, ivm~jyjvn  e‡j‡Qb: Avwjg ev Zvwje Bjg hLb †Kv‡bv MÖvg-gnjv ... G nv`xmwUi †Kv‡bv
Aw¯„Z¡ Av‡Q wK? †Kv‡bv nv`xm msKjK wK nv`xmwU msKjb K‡i‡Qb? G cÖ‡k‣i DË‡i wZwb e‡jb:
ÒG nv`x‡mi †Kv‡bv Aw¯„Z¡ Avwg nv`x‡mi we¯„…Z MÖ‡’ mg~‡n ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv MÖ‡‡’ cvB wb| Gici Avwg †`Ljvg Avj-
BmÔAv` MÖ‡‡’i †jLK Avj-Kvgvj Beb Avex kvixd (KvgvjyÏxb Aveyj gvAvjx gynv¤§v` Beby Avgxi bvwmi‚Ïxb gvKw`mx:
214
822-906 wn) e‡j‡Qb, G nv`xmwUi †Kv‡bv Aw¯„Z¡ †bB| Zuvi G K_v Avwg hv e‡jwQ ZvB cÖgvY K‡i|Ó378
Gfv‡e †gvjv Avjx Kvix (1014 wn), AvRvj~bx (1162 wn), kvIKvbx (1250 wn), KvIKvRx (1305 wn) I Ab¨vb¨
gynvwÏm mK‡jB nv`xmwU‡K Rvj I Aw¯„Z¡nxb e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb|379
Avgiv †`‡LwQ Avjvgv Avey Rvdi G nv`xmwU‡K Rvj wn‡m‡e Zuvi MÖ‡‡’ msKjb K‡i‡Qb| G cÖm‡½ wZwb e‡jb: Ònvwdh
RvjvjyÏxb myq~Zx e‡jb, G nv`xmwUi G‡Kev‡i wfwËnxb Aw¯„Z¡nxb|Ó
Gfv‡e Avgiv †`LwQ †h, m¤ú~Y© wfwËnxb I Aw¯„Z¡nxb GKwU K_v †jvKgy‡L nv`xm e‡j cÖPwjZ n‡q‡Q Ges Avjvgv
ZvdZvhvbx AmZK©Zv ekZ G K_vwU‡K nv`xm wn‡m‡e Zuvi MÖ‡‡’ D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| Avi fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡ki nvRvi nvRvi
Avwjg I Zvwj‡e Bjg G MÖ‡‡’i cÖwZ kª×v ekZ wbwe©Pv‡i G Rvj K_vwU‡K nv`xm e‡j cÖPvi Ki‡Qb| Avjvgv Avey Rvdi
wmwÏKx G Rvj nv`xmwU Zuvi G MÖ‡‡’ D‡jL K‡i G Rvj nv`xmwUi cÖwZ‡iv‡a I ivm~jyjvn -Gi Avw½bv‡K ev‡bvqvU K_vi
AcweÎZv †_‡K gy³ Ki‡Z AZ¨‡„ eo c`‡¶c MÖnY K‡i‡Qb|
3. 4. 5. 8. Avj-vgv nvjvexi (1044 wn) mxivn nvjvweq¨vn
Avjvgv nvjvex b~i‚Ïxb Avjx Beby eyinvb DÏxb Beivnxg Avj-nvjvex GKv`k wnRix kZ‡Ki cÖwm× mvwnwZ¨K I
HwZnvwmK| Zuvi iwPZ MÖ‡’¸wji g‡a¨ Ab¨gZ ÒBbmvbyj Dq~b dx mxivwZj Avgxb Avj-gvg~b (
), hv Òmxivn nvjvweq¨vnÓ bv‡g mycÖwm×| Dcgnv‡`‡ki Djvgv‡q `xb I mywdqv‡q wKiv‡gi wbKU MÖ‡’wU
mycwiwPZ I eûj cÖPwjZ mxivZ MÖ‡’| G MÖ‡‡’i †jLK mxivZzb‣ex () iPbvi †¶‡Î mnxn, hqxd, Rvj mKj cÖKv‡ii nv`xm
I eY©bv XvjvIfv‡e msKjb K‡i‡Qb| Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKxi G MÖ‡‡’ mxivn nvjvweq¨vq D‡jwLZ K‡qKwU nv`xm‡K
Rvj e‡j wPwýZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b K‡qKwU bgybv D‡jL KiwQ|
Ó
56- †ejvj Avhv‡bi g‡a¨ kxb A¶i‡K wmbiƒ‡c D‛PviY Ki‡Zb|
Ó
179- wejv‡ji mxb Avjvni Kv‡Q kxb|Ó
Avjvgv nvjvex e‡jb:

ÒewY©Z n‡q‡Q †h, wejvj (iv) ÔAvknv`yÕ k‡ãi kxb‡K mxb D‛PviY Ki‡Zb| ZLb ivm~jyjv n  e‡jb: Òwejv‡ji
ÒmxbÓ ( ) Avjvni Kv‡Q kxb ( )Ó| Beby Kvmxi e‡j‡Qb: wejv‡ji mxb Rvb‣v‡Z kxbÓ- K_vwUi †Kv‡bv wfwË ev Aw¯„Z¡
†bB| G eY©bvwUi Aw¯„Z¡ bv _vKv‡Z cÖ_g eY©bvwUiI Aw¯„Z¡ †bB e‡j cÖgvwYZ nq bv|Ó380
GLv‡b Avgiv K‡qKwU welq j¶¨ KiwQ:
cÖ_gZ, Rvj nv`xm wel‡q B‛QvK…Z Ae‡njv| Beby Kvmx‡ii †h e³e¨ wZwb D×„Z K‡i‡Qb Zv †_‡KB my¯úó †h,
wejvj kxb‡K mxb D‛PviY Ki‡Zb, A_ev wejv‡ji mxb ÒAvjvni Kv‡QÓ ev ÒRvb‣v‡ZÓ kxb- G RvZxq mKj K_vB wfwËnxb|
Kv‡RB G wel‡q wØZxq †Kv‡bv eY©bv mb`mn ewY©Z n‡q‡Q wKbv Zv wbwðZ bv n‡q ïay m¤¢vebvi Dci GKwU K_v‡K ivm~jyjvn
-Gi K_v e‡j `vex Kiv G wel‡q KziAvb I myb‣v‡Zi wb‡`©kbvi mv‡_ mvsNwl©K| c~e©eZ©x-cieZ©x A‡bK AvwjgB AmZK©Zv
ev AÁZvi Kvi‡Y Rvj nv`xm D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e †Kv‡bv nv`xm‡K Rvj e‡j wPwýZ Rvbvi c‡iI †Kv‡bviƒc ÒZvnKxKÓ
ev M‡elYv Qvov ïay Òm¤¢vebviÓ K_v e‡j †m A‡_©i nv`xm‡K ivm~jyjvn -Gi K_v e‡j `vwe Kivi cÖeYZv Zv‡ì g‡a¨ wQj
bv|
Bgvg gymwjg D‡jL K‡i‡Qb †h, nv`xm MÖnY I eY©bvq B‛QvK…Z AmZK©Zvi A_©B ivm~jyjvn -Gi bv‡g B‛QvK…Zfv‡e
wg_¨v ejv|381 Avgiv †`‡LwQ †h, ivm~jyjvn  e‡j‡Qb: Ò‡h e¨w³ Ggb †Kv‡bv nv`xm eY©bv Ki‡e hvi wel‡q Zvi m‡•`n n‡e ev
g‡b n‡e †h Zv wg_¨v †mI wg_¨vev`x‡ì GKRb|Ó Kv‡RB †Kv‡bv nv`xm wg_¨v e‡j wbwðZ nIqv bq, eis wg_¨v e‡j m‡•`n
n‡jB Zv ivm~jyjvn -Gi bv‡g ejv gywg‡bi Rb¨ wbwl×| A_P GLv‡b †h K_wU wg_¨v e‡j wbwðZ n‡q‡Q †h K_vwUi GKwU gvÎ
kã cwieZ©b K‡i †Kv‡bviƒc M‡elYv ev mb` D‡jL Qvov †KejgvÎ Òm¤¢vebviÓ ARynv‡Z wZwb Òivm~jyjvn  e‡j‡QbÓ e‡j
D‡jL Ki‡jb|
wØZxqZ, G wel‡q Beby Kvmx‡ii e³e¨ wbg‣iƒc:
215

Òwejvj (iv) weï× Aviex‡Z AZ¨‡„ cvi½g I weï×Zg Avie‡ì Ab¨Zg wQ‡jb| wKQz gvby‡li AvKx`v †h, Zvi mxb
wQj kxb| K_vwU mwVK bq| GgbwK †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv gvbyl G wel‡q ivm~jyjvn  †_‡K GKwU nv`xm eY©bv K‡i †h wZwb
e‡j‡Qb: wejv‡ji mxb kxb- Gi †Kv‡bv wfwË ev Aw¯„Z¡ †bB|Ó382
Bgvg Beby Kvmxi Ab¨Î e‡jb:
Òwejvj AZ¨‡„ gayi I my•ì KÉ¯î I weï× fvlvi AwaKvix wQ‡jb| †h K_v ejv nq †h, Ôwejv‡ji mxb Avjvni
Kv‡Q kxbÕ Zvi †Kv‡bv wfwË ev Aw¯„Z¡ †bB|383
Beby Kvmx‡ii e³e¨ my¯úó †h, G welqK mKj eY©bvB wfwËnxb|
Z…ZxqZ, Avjvgv nvjvexi A‡bK c~e© †_‡KB cÖwm× Bgvg, dKxn I gynvwÏmMY D‡jL K‡i‡Qb †h, G RvZxq mKj
eY©bvB Aw¯„Z¡nxb I wfwËnxb Rvj K_v| Aveyj nv¾vR wgh&hx (742 wn), eyinvb mvdvwKmx (742 wn), hvivKkx (794 wn),
mvLvex (902 wn), myq~Zx (911 wn), Zvwni dvZvbx (986 wn) †gvjv Avjx Kvix (1014 wn) I Ab¨vb¨ gynvwÏm my¯úóZ D‡jL
K‡i‡Qb †h, nvjvexi D×„Z D×„Z mKj eY©bvB wfwËnxb, †Kv‡bv MÖ‡‡’ †Kv‡bv mb‡` Zv ewY©Z nq wb|384
Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx my¯úófv‡e nvjvexi D‡jwLZ Ònv`xmÓ-‡K Rvj e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| G Rvj nv`x‡mi `ywU
iƒc wZwb `y ¯’v‡b D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| GK¯’v‡b g‡„‡e¨ wZwb e‡jb: Ò†ejvj Avhv‡bi g‡a¨ kxb A¶i‡K wmbiƒ‡c D‛PviY
Ki‡Zb- eyinvb mvdvwKmx wgh&hx †_‡K D×„Z K‡i‡Qb, wZwb e‡j‡Qb, GwU mvavi‡Yi g‡a¨ nv`xm bv‡g cªwmw× jvf K‡i‡Q,
wK‡‘ cÖK…Zc‡¶ GwU †Kv‡bv nv`xm bq; †Kv‡bv nv`x‡mi MÖ‡‡’ Zv msKwjZ nq wb|Ó Ab¨Î wZwb e‡jb: Òwejv‡ji mxb
Avjvni Kv‡Q kxb- G nv`xmwU wejKzj Aw¯„Z¡nxb-wfwËnxb|Ó
312- cvK¯’jx †ivMe¨wai Avevm¯’j Ges Lv`¨vf¨vm wbq‡¿Y †kªô Jlya|

Avjvgv nvjvex e‡jb:

Ò... ivm~jyj-vn  K‡qKwU msw¶ß k‡ã wPwKrmv kv¯¿‡K GKwÎZ K‡i‡Qb... wZwb e‡j‡Qb: ÒcvK¯’jx †ivMe¨wai
Avevm¯’j Ges Lv`¨vf¨vm wbq‡¿Y mKj Jly‡ai †miv...|Ó385
GwUI cÖwm× GKwU Rvj nv`xm| Bn~`x‡ì K_v, cÖPwjZ cÖev`, ePb ev Ávb-K_v‡K wKfv‡e AmZK© ivex, avwg©K ev
Avwjg nv`xm wn‡m‡e D‡jL K‡ib Zvi bgybv wn‡m‡e cÖvPxbKvj †_‡KB gynvwÏmMY G evK¨wUi D‡jL K‡i _v‡Kb|386
ZviciI A‡bK cÖwm× Avwjg RbkÖ‚wZ ev A‡bï D×„wZi Dci wbf©i K‡i G Rvj nv`xmwU‡K ivm~jyjvn -Gi K_v e‡j
D‡jL K‡i‡Qb, hv‡ì g‡a¨ Avjvgv nvjvex GKRb|
Avj-vgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx G Rvj nv`xmwUi cÖm‡½ e‡jb: hvivKkx e‡jb, GwU †Kv‡bv nv`xm bq, †Kv‡bv wPwKrm‡Ki
K_v| nv`xm wn‡m‡e Gi †Kv‡bv Aw¯„Z¡ †bB .....|
Avj-vgv nvjvexi Òmxivn nvjvweq¨vnÓ-i g‡a¨ we`¨gvb Av‡iv K‡qKwU nv`xm Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx Rvj e‡j
wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb|
3. 4. 5. 9. Avj-vgv nv°xi (1127 wn) Zvdmxi iƒûj evqvb
Avjvgv Aveyj wd`v BmgvCj nv°x Beby gymZvdv Bmjvge~jx Øv`k wnRix kZ‡Ki (L„÷xq Aóv`k kZK) GKRb cÖwm×
ZzK©x Avwjg I m~dx wQ‡jb| wZwb ZzK©x I Aviex fvlvq wewfb‣ MÖ‡’ iPbv K‡ib| Zuvi iwPZ Òiƒûj evqvb dx Zvdmxwij KziAvbÓ
MÖ‡’wU we‡kl cÖwmw× jvf K‡i‡Q|
Avjvgv BmgvCj nv°xi G wekvj Zvdmxi MÖ‡‡’ wZwb wewfb‣ cÖm‡½ A‡bK nv`xm D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| A‡bK mnxn, nvmvb
I hqxd nv`x‡mi cvkvcvwk wZwb A‡bK Rvj nv`xmI D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi G MÖ‡‡’i Rvj nv`xm¸wji wel‡q `ywU welq `„wó
AvKl©Y K‡i:
cÖ_gZ, Rvj nv`x‡mi wel‡q B‛QvK…Z AmZK©Zv I Ae‡njv, Dci‡‘ Rvj nv`x‡mi c‡¶ hyw³ DÌvcb| e¯‘Z
216
ZvweqxM‡Yi hyM †_‡KB Rvj nv`x‡mi c‡¶ RvwjqvZMY wewfb‣ hyw³ Dc¯’vcb KiZ| G mKj hyw³ Zviv KL‡bv
wjwLZfv‡e D‡jL KiZ bv, Z‡e gy‡L e‡j Zv‡ì Abymvix‡ì eySv‡Zv| Zv‡ì Ae¯’v wQj A‡bKUv Avgv‡ì mgv‡Ri m~dx
bvgavix ÒgvidZxÓ dKxi‡ì gZ, hviv whKi-Gi bv‡g bvix-cyi‚‡li Aeva †gjv‡gkv Ges e¨wfPvi-AbvPv‡i wjß nb| Zviv
Zv‡ì G K‡g©i c‡¶ A‡bK hyw³ †ck K‡ib; Z‡e †KDB wjwLZfv‡e Zv‡ì AcK‡g©i ¯^xK…wZ †`b bv Gi c‡¶i hyw³¸wj
wj‡Lb bv|
RvwjqvZ‡ì Ae¯’vI wQj GKBiƒc| we‡kl K‡i `xb m¤ú‡K© AÁ GK‡kªYxi ì‡ek Rvj nv`x‡mi cÖmv‡i wjß nb|
Zuviv gvbyl‡ì cvcvPvi I `xb-wegyLZvq KvZi n‡Zb| gvbyl‡ì‡K Ò‡n`vqvZÓ Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ Zviv Rvj nv`xm evwb‡q
ej‡Zb| Zviv G KvR‡K ÒmvIqv‡eiÓ e‡j g‡b Ki‡Zb| Zviv KL‡bvB nv`xm RvwjqvwZi ¯^c‡¶ wjwLZ hyw³ †ck K‡ib
wb, Z‡e †KD Zv‡ì RvwjqvwZ a‡i †dj‡j Zuviv ej‡Zb, Avgiv †Zv ivm~jjy v n -Gi ¯^c‡¶ nv`xm •Zwi KiwQ, Zuvi
wei‚‡× wKQz ejwQ bv, Kv‡RB Avgv‡ì cvc n‡e †Kb?
gymwjg D¤§vni mKj gynvwÏm, gydvm&wmi, dKxn, m~dx, ms¯‥viK my¯úófv‡e e‡j‡Qb †h, G mKj gvbyl weåvw‡„i
AÜKv‡i wbgw¾Z wQj| KviY c‡¶ ev wec‡¶ bq, ivm~jyjvn  hv e‡jb wb Zv Zuvi bv‡g ej‡Z wZwb my¯úófv‡e wb‡la
K‡i‡Qb| GQvov wZwb hv e‡jb wb Zv Zuvi bv‡g ejvi A_©B Zuvi wei‚‡× ejv| KviY G RvwjqvwZi gva¨‡g cÖgvY Kiv nq
†h, `x‡bi Rb¨ ejv cÖ‡qvRb wKQz K_v wZwb e‡j hvb wb, Kv‡RB GLb Avgv‡ì‡K †m K_v Zuvi bv‡g RvwjqvwZ K‡i ej‡Z
n‡‛Q| Zuvi wei‚‡× Gi †P‡q KwVb Acev` Avi wK n‡Z cv‡i?
Avjvgv BmgvCj nv°x Gi wecix‡Z RvwjqvZ‡ì Dch©y³ hyw³‡K †Rvi`vifv‡e †ck K‡i‡Qb| wZwb e‡jb:
Ò†R‡b ivL, Kvk&kv‡di †jLK m~iv¸wji †k‡l †h mKj nv`xm D‡jL K‡i‡Qb Ges cÖwm× gydvm&wmi‡ì g‡a¨ Kvhx evBhvex
I †g․jex Ave~m mvE` (ivn) Zuvi AbymiY K‡i‡Qb G¸wji wel‡q Avwjg‡ì A‡bK K_v i‡q‡Q| †KD G¸wj cÖgvY K‡i‡Qb Ges
†KD A¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb| Zuviv g‡b K‡i‡Qb †h, G¸wj Rvj, †hgb Bgvg mvMvbx Ges Ab¨vb¨ gynvwÏm| G dKxi ev•`vi- Avj-vn
Zv‡K ¶gv Ki‚b- wbKU GwUB cÖKvwkZ †h, G nv`xm¸wj nq mnxn kw³kvjx, A_ev Zv `ye©j-i‚M‣, A_ev Zv Rvj I wg_¨v| hw`
mnxn kw³kvjx nq Zvn‡j †Zv †Kv‡bv K_vB †bB| Avi hw` hqxd-i‚M‣ nq Zvn‡j AvwjgMY GKgZ †cvlY K‡i‡Qb †h, ïay
Drmvn cÖ`vb I fqcÖ`k©‡bi †¶‡Î `ye©j nv`x‡mi Dci Avgj Kiv •ea|....
Avi hw` Rvj nq, Z‡e nvwKg D‡jL K‡i‡Qb †h, GKRb ì‡ek KziAvb I Zvi m~iv¸wji dhxj‡Z Rvj nv`xm •Zwi‡Z
wjß nq| Zv‡K ejv nq, Avcwb †Kb G KvR Ki‡jb? wZwb e‡jb, Avwg †`Ljvg †h, gvby‡liv KziAvb †_‡K gyL wdwi‡q wb‡q‡Q,
Avwg Zv‡ì‡K KziAv‡bi wel‡q AvMÖnx Kivi Rb¨ G KvRwU‡K fvj g‡b Kijvg| Zv‡K ejv n‡jv, ivm~jyjvn  e‡j‡Qb: ÒAvgvi
Dci †h wg_¨v ej‡e Zv‡K Rvnvb‣v‡g _vK‡Z n‡e|Ó wZwb e‡jb, Avwg †Zv Zvi wei‚‡× wg_¨v ewj wb, eis Avwg Zuvi c‡¶ wg_¨v
e‡jwQ|Ó ... G ì‡e‡ki D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv, ivm~jyjvn -Gi wei‚‡× wg_¨v ej‡j Bmjv‡gi wfwË a․sm nq Ges kixqZ I `x‡bi
AvnKvg webó nq; Zuvi c‡¶ wg_¨v ej‡j †Zv Avi Zv nq bv; Giƒc wg_¨v †Zv Zuvi kixqZ cvj‡bi Drmvn †Ìqv I Zuvi myb‣vZ
Abymi‡Yi Rb¨ ejv nq|....
kvBL Bh&hyÏxb Beby Avãym mvjvg e‡jb: K_v D‡Ïk¨ mva‡bi gva¨g| †h mKj fvj D‡Ïk¨ mZ¨K_v ev wg_¨vK_v
Df‡qi gva¨‡gB mvab Kiv hvq †m D‡Ï‡kï Rb¨ wg_¨v nvivg| Avi hw` †m D‡Ïk¨ wg_¨v Qvov mZ¨ w`‡q mvab Kiv m¤¢e
217
bv nq Zvn‡j wg_¨v •ea, hw` D‡Ïk¨ mvab •ea nq| Avi hw` D‡Ïk¨ mvab Ri‚ix nq Zvn‡j Zvi Rb¨ wg_¨vI
Ri‚ix| ... †gvU K_v, G mKj nv`x‡mi wel‡q gymwj‡gi ¯^vaxbZv Av‡Q| B‛Qv Ki‡j G¸wji Dci Avgj Ki‡Z cv‡i,
eo‡ì Dci myaviYvi wfwË‡Z; KviY Zviv Zv‡ì MÖ‡‡’ G¸wj D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| ... evn¨Z Zviv A‡bK M‡elYv I hvPvB
evQvB K‡iB †m¸wj wj‡L‡Qb| Avevi B‛Qv Ki‡j G¸wji Dci Avgj cwiZ¨vM Ki‡Z cv‡i, Gfv‡e †m A‡bK gnvb Kj¨vY
†_‡K ewÂZ n‡e, Ges Zvi mv‡_ weZK© †bB|387
Avjvgv BmgvCj nv°xi Dc‡ii e³‡e¨ wb‡g‣i welq¸wj j¶Yxq:
(1) wZwb G mKj nv`x‡mi wel‡q D‡jL K‡i‡Qb †h, AvwjgMY G¸wji wel‡q gZ‡f` K‡i‡Qb| e¯‘Z G mKj
nv`x‡mi AwaKvs‡ki wel‡q AvwjgM‡Yi †Kv‡bv gZ‡f` †bB| mKj gynvwÏm GKgZ †h G¸wj Rvj| c¶v‡„‡i hviv G¸wj
mb`-mn ev mb`-Qvov D‡jL K‡i‡Qb Zv‡ì GKRbI e‡jb wb †h, G¸wj mnxn ev hqxd|
(2) wZwb D‡jL K‡i‡Qb †h, G nv`xm¸wj mnxn n‡Z cv‡i, hqxd n‡Z c‡i ev RvjI n‡Z cv‡i| †Kv‡bv nv`xm‡K
mKj gynvwÏm Rvj ejvi ci, nv`x‡mi mb‡` Rvwjqv‡Zi we`¨gvbZv wbwðZ nIqvi ci ev nv`xmwUi †Kv‡bv mb` bv _vKv
wbwðZ nIqvi ci †Kv‡bv nv`x‡mi †¶‡Î Giƒc m¤¢vebv KL‡bvB _v‡K bv| e¯‘Z nv`x‡mi mnxn, hqxd ev Rvj nIqvi
welqwU AZ¨‡„ my¯úó •eÁvwbK bxwZgvjv I gvb`‡Êi Dci wbf©ikxj| Avjvgv nv°xi G K_v g~jZ nv`x‡mi mb` wePv‡i
mvnvexM‡Yi hyM †_‡K gymwjg D¤§vni Kg©aviv I bxwZgvjvi wel‡q m‡•`n Qovq| Dci‡‘ Zv nv`xm MÖn‡Y mZK©Zvi wel‡q
KziAvb I nv`x‡mi wb‡`©k I mvnvex-ZvweqxM‡Yi mybv‣ ‡Zi mv‡_ mvsNwl©K|
(3) Avjvgv nv°x RvwjqvZ ì‡e‡ki †h NUbv D‡jL K‡i‡Qb †m NUbv ev Abyiƒc NUbv A‡bK Avwjg D‡jL
K‡i‡Qb| cv_©K¨ n‡jv, mK‡jB G mKj NUbv D‡jL Kivi ci G mKj Rvwjqv‡Zi AÁZv I weåvw‡„i welqwU D‡jL
K‡i‡Qb| c¶v‡„‡i Avjvgv nv°x Rvwjqv‡Zi Ôhyw³Õi †h․w³KZv e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Qb|
Bgvg beex (676 wn) RvwjqvZ‡ì G Ôhyw³Õ D‡jL K‡i e‡jb:

Ò‡KD †KD aviYv K‡i‡Q †h, Giƒc wg_¨v Zuvi c‡¶ wg_¨v, Zvi wei‚‡× bq| Zv‡ì G gZ I `wjj P~ov‡„ g~LZ © vI
mxgvnxb AÁZv Qvov wKQzB bq| Avi GwUB n‡jv me‡P‡q eo cÖgvY †h, Zviv kixq‡Zi g~jbxwZi †Kv‡bv wKQzB Rv‡b bv|
Zv‡ì G K_vq Zviv Ggb me g~LZ © v I weåvw‡„ Rgv‡qZ K‡i‡Q hv GKgvÎ Zv‡ì gZ g~pZv I bxPZvq fiv eyw× I webó
gb-gMRavix‡ì c‡¶B m¤¢e| Zviv Avjvn wb‡`©‡ki we‡ivwaZv K‡i‡Q....| Avi Zviv G mKj my¯úó Ø¨_©nxb gyZvIqvwZi
nv`x‡miI we‡ivwaZv K‡i‡Q| Dci‡‘ Zviv Ab¨vb¨ gvkn~i nv`x‡mi we‡ivwaZv K‡i‡Q †h mKj nv`x‡m wg_¨v mv¶¨ cÖ`v‡bi
fqven cwiYwZi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| GQvov Zviv gymwjg D¤§vni mKj Avwj‡gi BRgvi we‡ivwaZv K‡i‡Q| Gfv‡e Zviv
`x‡bi mKj KvZqx ev mywbwðZ I m‡•`nvZxZ `jx‡ji we‡ivwaZv K‡i‡Q, †h mKj `jx‡j mvaviY gvbyl‡ì bv‡g ev Zv‡ì
m¤ú‡K© wg_¨v ejv nvivg Kiv n‡q‡Q, Zvn‡j hvi K_vB kixqZ Ges huvi K_vB Inx Zvi bv‡g wg_¨v ejvi weavb Kx n‡Z
cv‡i? ... Zv‡ì K_vi me‡P‡q D†¢U welq n‡jv wg_¨v‡K c‡¶ I wec‡¶ e‡j `vwe Kiv| G n‡jv Aviex fvlv I kixq‡Zi
m¤¢vlY m¤ú‡K© Zv‡ì cÖMvp g~LZ
© v| Aviex‡Z †h †Kv‡bv wg_¨v‡KB ( ): ÒZvi bv‡g wg_¨v ev Zvi wei‚‡× wg_¨vÓ
e‡j AvL¨vwqZ Kiv nq|388
Gfv‡e D¤§v‡Zi mKj Avwjg RvwjqvZ‡ì e³e¨ D‡jL K‡i Zv‡ì weåvw‡„ e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Qb| Avgiv B‡Zvc~‡e© †gvjv
Avjx Kvix, KvIKvRx I Avj-vgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKxi G welqK e³e¨ †`‡LwQ| Zviv mK‡jB Giƒc RvwjqvZ‡ì e³e¨
D×„Z K‡i Zv‡ì weåvw‡„ cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb| wK‡‘ `ytLRbKfv‡e kvBL BmgvBj nv°x RvwjqvZ‡ì e³‡eï †h․w³KZv e¨vL¨vi
†Póv K‡i‡Qb| ivm~jyjvn -Gi bv‡g †h †Kv‡bv wg_¨v K_vB Inxi weï×Zv webó K‡i, gvby‡li evbv‡bv K_v‡K `x‡bi wfwË
evwb‡q †`q Ges Bmjvgx kixqZ a․sm K‡i| m‡e©vcwi `xb cvjb ev mybv‣ ‡Zi c‡_ Avn․vb Ki‡Z mnxn nv`xm I mZ¨ K_v
h‡_ô bq eis wg_¨vi cÖ‡qvRb Av‡Q G K_v wK Kíbv Kiv hvq?
(4) kvBL nv°x RvwjqvwZi ¯^c‡¶ kvBL Bh&hyÏxb Beby Avãym mvjv‡gi e³‡eï †h `jxj (!!) †ck K‡i‡Qb Zv
218
me‡P‡q fq¼i| Bh&hyÏxb m¤ú~Y© Ab¨ cÖm‡½ K_vwU e‡j‡Qb| G n‡jv Rxeb euvPv‡bv ev ¯^vgx ¯¿xi g‡a¨ m¤úK©
i¶vi Rb¨ eva¨ n‡q AmZ¨ ejv ev Nywi‡q K_v ejvi •eaZvi e¨vL¨v| wK‡‘ kvBL nv°x G K_vwU‡K Ggbfv‡e Dc¯’vcb
K‡i‡Qb hv †_‡K eySv hvq †h, Bmjv‡gi cÖ‡qvR‡b (!!) nv`xm RvwjqvwZ Kiv ev nv`x‡mi bv‡g wg_¨v ejv •ea ev Ri‚ix n‡Z
cv‡i!!!
mZ¨ Øviv, KziAvb Øviv I mnxn nv`xm Øviv Bmjv‡gi mKj D‡Ïk¨ c~iY m¤¢e bq Giƒc wP‡‘v wK †Kv‡bv gymwjg Ki‡Z
cv‡ib? Avjvni `xb ev ivm~jyjvn -Gi myb‣vZ cvjb I cÖPv‡ii Rb¨ wg_¨vi cÖ‡qvRb Av‡Q Giƒc wP‡„v wK Kiv m¤¢e? Avj-vn Zuvi
`x‡bi msi¶‡Yi eë¯’v K‡ib wb, Kv‡RB Avgv‡K wg_¨v e‡j Zv msi¶Y Ki‡Z n‡e- Giƒc wP‡„v wK †Kv‡bv gywgb Ki‡Z cv‡ib?
G wg_¨vwU †h Bmjv‡gi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb, GwU Qvov Bmjv‡gi gvKm~` c~iY n‡Z cv‡i bv- G wm×v‡„ †bIqvi AwaKvi Avgv‡K †K
w`‡q‡Q? Avjvn ev Zuvi ivm~‡ji c‡¶ wg_¨v ejvi cÖ‡qvRb Av‡Q Giƒc wP‡„vi †P‡q fqvbK weåvw‡„ Avi Kx n‡Z cv‡i?
wg_¨v e‡j `x‡bi †M․ie evov‡bvi g~j †PZbv Bn~`x‡ì| †k․j bvgK GKRb Bn~`x ÒCk¦‡iiÓ I ÒCmv gmx‡niÓ †M․ie
e„w×i †bK D‡Ï‡k¨ (!!) Cmv (Av)-Gi `xb‡K weK…Z K‡i wÎZ¡ev`x L„÷a‡g© iƒcv‡„wiZ K‡i| †m Avjvni `x‡bi cÖwZ mKj‡K
AvK…ó Ki‡Z Ges Avjvni †M․ie evov‡Z wg_¨v ejZ e‡j wb‡RiB m‡M․i‡e wj‡L‡Q| cÖPwjZ evB‡e‡ji bZzb wbqg ev Z_vKw_Z
ÔBwÄj kix‡diÕ A‡„f©y³ †ivgxq‡ì cÖwZ c‡Î wZwb wj‡L‡Qb: "For if the truth of God hath more abounded through
my lie unto his glory; why yet am I also judged as a sinner? wKb„y Avgvi wg_¨vq hw` Ck¦‡ii mZ¨ Zuvnvi †M․iev‡_©
DcwPqv c‡o, Z‡e AvwgI ev GLb cvcx ewjqv Avi wePvwiZ nB‡ZwQ †Kb?Ó389|
A_©vr wg_¨v e‡j hw` gvbyl‡ì †ewk K‡i ag©cvjb Kiv‡bv hvq ev Avjvn I Zuvi ivm~‡ji gh©v`v e„w× cvq Zvn‡j
wg_¨vq cvc n‡e †Kb? mvay †c․‡ji G hyw³ Avi Dch©y³ Rvwjqv‡Zi hyw³i g‡a¨ †Kv‡bviƒc cv_©K¨ †bB| GKevi G hyw³
w`‡q RvwjqvwZi ìRv †Lvjvi ci kqZvb bvbvb iKg wg_¨v‡K Avjvn ev Zuvi ivm~‡ji c‡¶ e‡j hyw³ w`‡q a‡g©i bv‡g cÖPvi
Kivq Ges Gfv‡eB Cmv (Av)-Gi `xb‡K bó Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avi GRb¨B Bmjv‡g G ìRv wPiZ‡i eÜ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
(5) Avjvgv nv°x wj‡L‡Qb †h, eo‡ì Dci †bK aviYvi wfwË‡Z G mKj nv`xm MÖnY Kiv hvq| Avgiv †`‡LwQ †h,
gymwjg D¤§vni †Kv‡bv cÖvÁ eyRyM©, Bgvg, gynvwÏm, dKxn ev m~dx Giƒc Ò‡bK aviYvÓ-‡K cÖkªq †`b wb| Avgiv Av‡MB e‡jwQ,
†h mKj gydvm&wmi G mKj nv`xm D‡jL K‡i‡Qb Zuviv KL‡bvB e‡jb wb †h, G¸wj mnxn ev hqxd| GgbwK Zviv KL‡bvB
e‡jb wb †h, Zuviv Zv‡ì MÖ‡‡’ hvPvB bv K‡i nv`xm wjL‡eb bv| Dci‡‘ Zv‡ì MÖ‡‡’i g‡a¨ Giƒc A‡bK Ònv`xmÓ Zviv D‡jL
K‡i‡Qb hvi †Kv‡bviƒc Aw¯„Z¡ ev mb` †bB| G¸wj cÖgvY K‡i †h, Zviv Gwel‡q †Kv‡bv hvPvB evQvB K‡ib wb| †h nv`x‡mi
wel‡q mKj gynvwÏm GKgZ †h Zv Rvj †m nv`x‡mi wel‡q ïay ÒAgyK Avwjg Zv Zuvi MÖ‡‡’ D‡jL K‡i‡Qb, m¤¢eZ wZwb hvPvB
bv K‡i Zv K‡ib wb, K‡RB Zv MÖnY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡iÕ Giƒc wP‡„v †Kv‡bv gymwjg Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv| Zvn‡j hvPvB K‡i nv`xm
MÖn‡Yi wel‡q, wg_¨vi m‡•`n n‡j †m nv`xm MÖnY bv Kivi wel‡q KziAvb I nv`x‡mi wb‡`©kbv †Kv_vq _vK‡e?
e¯‘Z weMZ `y-wZb kZvãx hveZ gymwjg D¤§vni Avwjg, Zvwje Bjg I mvaviY gymwjg‡ì g‡a¨ †h AmZK©Zv I
Ae‡njv cÖmvi jvf K‡i‡Q Zvi GKwU cÖKó… D`vniY Avjvgv nv°xi G e³e¨| Avjvn Avgv‡ì‡K I Zuv‡K ¶gv Ki‚b,
ingZ Ki‚b Ges Zuvi †bK Avg‡ji eiK‡Z Zuvi fyjÎ‚wU `~ixf~Z K‡i w`b|
wØZxqZ: Avjvgv nv°xi MÖ‡‡’i wØZxq †h welqwU j¶Yxq Zv n‡jv Rvj nv`x‡mi AvwaK¨| we‡kl K‡i Avjvgv Avey Rvdi
wmwÏKxi G MÖ‡’ I Avjvgv BmgvCj nv°xi Zvdmxi Zzjbv K‡i cvV Ki‡j g‡b nq †h, Zvdmx‡i iƒûj evqv‡bi g‡a¨ we`¨gvb Rvj
nv`xm¸wj wPwýZ Kivi wel‡q †hb Avjvgv Avey Rvdi we‡kl hZ‣ wb‡q‡Qb| KviY G MÖ‡‡’ D‡jwLZ Rvj nv`xm¸wj GZ †ewk
cwigv‡Y Avi †Kv‡bv MÖ‡‡’ †bB| B‡Zvc~‡e© wewfb‣ MÖ‡’ cÖm‡½ †h mKj Rvj nv`x‡mi D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q †m¸wj cÖvq meB Avjvgv
nv°x Zuvi G MÖ‡‡’ D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| Dci‡‘ Av‡iv A‡bK Rvj nv`xm wZwb G MÖ‡‡’ D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| GLv‡b mvgvb¨ K‡qKwU bgybv
D‡jL KiwQ|
228- Avgvi D¤§v‡Zi AvwjgMY ebx BmivC‡ji bexM‡Yi gZ|

Avjvgv nv°x Zuvi Òiƒûj evqvbÓ MÖ‡‡’i A‡bK ¯’v‡b G Ônv`xmwUÕ D×„Z K‡i‡Qb|390 Dci‡‘ wZwb Gi mv‡_ GKwU
MíI D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| m~iv evKvivi 143 bs Avqv‡Zi Zvdmxi cÖm‡½ wZwb e‡jb:

ÒG ingZ-cÖvß D¤§v‡Zi gh©v`vi Rb¨ ZvB h‡_ó hv ivm~jyjvn  G D¤§v‡Zi Djvgv‡ì wel‡q e‡j‡Qb, wZwb
e‡j‡Qb: ÒAvgvi D¤§v‡Zi AvwjgMY ebx BmivC‡ji bexM‡Yi gZ|Ó
Gici wZwb GKwU Mí D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| MíwUi mvi-ms‡¶c n‡jv, g~mv (Av) gynv¤§v`yi ivm~jyjvn -‡K wRÁvmv
219
K‡ib, Avcwb †Zv e‡j‡Qb, ÔAvgvi D¤§v‡Zi AvwjgMY ebx BmivC‡ji bexM‡Yi gZÕ, Zvn‡j Avgv‡ì‡K Ggb
GKRb Avwjg †`Lvb| ZLb ivm~jyjv- n  Bgvg Mvhvjxi cÖwZ Bkviv K‡ib| g~mv (Av) Zuv‡K GKwU cÖk‣ K‡ib| Mvhvjx Zuvi
cÖ‡k‣i `kwU DËi cÖ`vb K‡ib| ZLb g~mv (Av) AvcwË K‡i e‡jb, cÖ‡k‣i DËi msw¶ß I ûeû nIqv DwPZ| Mvhvjx e‡jb,
G AvcwË †Zv Avcbvi †¶‡ÎB cÖ‡hvR¨| Avjvn Avcbv‡K cÖk‣ K‡ib, Ô‡Zvgvi Wvb nv‡Z IUv Kx?Ó Gi msw¶ß I ûeû DËi
ÒAvgvi jvwVÓ| wK‡‘ Avcwb jvwVi A‡bK we‡klY I eënvi D‡jL K‡iwQ‡jb|....391
G Rvj nv`xmwU A‡bK cÖwm× Avwjg cÖPjb, RbkÖ‚wZ I Ab¨‡ì D×„wZi Dci wbf©i K‡i mb`-mÜvb I hvPvB bv
K‡iB Zuvi MÖ‡‡’ D×„Z K‡i‡Qb| Zuv‡ì g‡a¨ i‡q‡Qb Avjvgv nv°x| wZwb Ges Ab¨ †KD †KD G wel‡q `vex K‡i‡Qb †h,
AgyK-ZgyK mycÖwm× m~dx I eyRyM© Kvk‡di gva¨‡g ev ¯^‡c‣ ivm~jyjvn  †_‡K Gi mZ¨Zv †R‡b‡Qb| kxqvMY I A‡bK
weåv‡„ wdiKvi Abymvixiv G K_v‡K Zv‡ì `jxj (!) wn‡m‡e †ck K‡ib| D¤§v‡Zi AvwjgMYI Inx ev Kvkd-Bjnvg †c‡q
Avj-vn ev Zuvi ivm~j ()-Gi wbKU †_‡K mivmwi wewfb‣ Z_¨ D¤§vZ‡K w`‡Z cv‡i e‡j Zviv G Ònv`x‡miÓ wfwË‡Z `vex
K‡ib| Kv`xqvbxMYI Zv‡ì fÊ bexi ÒKvkd-BjnvgÓ I ÒInxiÓ `vexi mZ¨Zvi c‡¶ G Ònv`xmÓ-‡K Zv‡ì Ab¨Zg
`jxj (!!) wn‡m‡e †ck K‡i|
e¯‘Z nv`xm bv‡g G K_vwUi cÖPj‡bi ci †_‡KB gynvwÏmMY e¨vcK M‡elYv I AbymÜv‡bi wfwË‡Z wbwðZ K‡i‡Qb
†h, G K_vwU †Kv‡bv nv`xm bq| †Kv‡bviƒc †Kv‡bv mb‡` G K_vwU †Kv_vI ewY©Z ev msKwjZ nq wb| G K_vwU nv`xm bv‡g
cÖPwjZ wfwËnxb Rvj K_v gvÎ| Bgvg wZiwghx, w`gBqvix, AvmKvjvbx, mvLvex, myq~Zx, Beby nvRvi nvBZvgx gv°x, Zvwni
dvZvbx, hviKvbx, †gvjv Avjx Kvix, ì‡ek n~Z, kvIKvbx, KvIKvRx I Ab¨vb¨ gynvwÏm G welqwU wbwðZ K‡i‡Qb|392
Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx nv`xmwU‡K Rvj e‡j wbwðZ K‡i‡Qb| G cÖm‡½ wZwb e‡jb: ÒwZiwghx, w`gBqvix I Beby
nvRvi AvmKvjvbx e‡j‡Qb †h, G nv`xmwUi †Kv‡bv Aw¯„Z¡ †bB| myq~Zx bxie †_‡K‡Qb| Dci‡‘ hviKvbx gyLZvmvi‚j
gvKvwm` MÖ‡‡’ G nv`xmwU‡K wfwËnxb e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| gvIjvbv Avãyj nvB jvLbex Dg`vZzi wiqvBqvn MÖ‡‡’ G nv`xmwU
Rvj e‡j ¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb...|Ó
e¯‘Z Avjvgv Avey Rvdi gynvwÏmM‡Yi mywbwðZ gZvg‡Zi wecix‡Z eo eo Avwj‡gi D×„wZ, D‡jL ev eyRMy ©‡ì bv‡g
Kw_Z Kvkd ev ¯^‡c‣i †Kv‡bviƒc ¸i‚Z¡ †`b wb| KviY Giƒc ¸i‚Z¡ †Ìqv n°c‡’x m~dx I eyRyM‡© ì g~jbxwZi mv‡_
mvsNwl©K| nv`x‡mi weï×Zv wbwðZ Ki‡eb gynvwÏmMY, wdK‡ni gvmvB‡ji mwVKZ¡ wba©viY Ki‡eb dKxnMY, ZvmvDd I
myj~‡Ki wel‡q mwVK wb‡`©kbv cÖ`vb Ki‡eb m~dxMY| †h‡nZz gynvwÏmMY G K_vwU‡K Rvj e‡j wbwðZ K‡i‡Qb, †m‡nZz G
wel‡q Avi wØg‡Zi my‡hvM †bB| m‡e©vcwi wdK‡ni ev myj~‡Ki gvmAvjvq fyj n‡j Zv‡Z ivm~jyjvn -Gi bv‡g wg_¨vi gZ
fqven cvc nq bv| Avi †Kv‡bv m‡•`nhy³ K_v‡K nv`xm bv‡g ej‡j ev ivm~jyjvn  hv e‡jb wb Zv Zuvi bv‡g ej‡j
Rvnvb‣v‡gi Avev¯’‡ji fqven cwiYwZi K_v AMwYZ nv`x‡m ejv n‡q‡Q|
53- Avwg Avjvn †_‡K Ges gywgbMY Avgv †_‡K|

m~iv gvwq`v 15 Avqv‡Zi Zvdmxi cÖm‡½ Avjvgv nv°x e‡jb:

393
GRb¨B ivm~jjy -vn  ej‡Zb: Ô Avwg Avjvn †_‡K Ges gywgbMY Avgv-‡_‡KÕ|
Avjvgv nv°x G Rvj nv`xmwU Zuvi Zvdmx‡i wewfb‣ ¯’v‡b nv`xm wn‡m‡e D×„Z K‡i‡Qb Ges wewfb‣ g‡Zi `jxj
wn‡m‡e D‡jL K‡i‡Qb|
G K_vwU Ònv`xmÓ bv‡g cÖPwjZ nIqvi ci †_‡KB gynvwÏmMY wbwðZ K‡i‡Qb †h, GwU †Kv‡bv nv`xmB bq| †Kv‡bv
mnxn, hqxd ev Rvj mb‡` GwU †Kv_vI ewY©Z nq wb| `vBjvgx mb`wenxbfv‡e Giƒc GKwU evK¨ Ònv`xmÓ bv‡g D×„Z
K‡i‡Qb| cieZ©x gynvwÏmMY wbwðZ K‡i‡Qb †h, Zuvi D×„Z G evK¨wUI m¤ú~Y© wfwËnxb K_v|
gynvwÏmM‡Yi ch©v‡jvPbv †_‡K †`Lv hvq †h me©cÖ_g Beby ZvBwgqv (728 wn) G nv`x‡mi wfwËnxbZvi welqwU D‡jL
K‡ib| Zuv‡K G nv`x‡mi m~Î m¤ú‡K© cÖk‣ Kiv n‡j wZwb e‡jb: ( ) Òivm~jjy v- n 
†_‡K G evK¨ ewY©Z nq wb|Ó cieZ©x gynvwÏmMY G welqwU wbwðZ K‡i‡Qb| Zuv‡ì g‡a¨ i‡q‡Qb hvivKkx, mvLvex, Beby
Avi&ivK, †gvjv Avjx Kvix, KvDKvRx cÖgyL|394
Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx G nv`xmwU‡K Rvj e‡j wbwðZ K‡i G MÖ‡‡’ msKjb K‡i‡Qb| msw¶ß g‡„‡e¨ wZwb e‡jb:
ÒhviKvkx e‡jb, G nv`x‡mi mb` Avgvi Rvbv †bB| Beby ZvBwgqv e‡jb, nv`xmwU Rvj| Beby nvRvi AvmKvjvbx e‡jb, G
220
K_vwU ev‡bvqvU wg_¨v| myq~Zxi Av`-`yivi‚j gybZvwmiv bvgK MÖ‡‡’ i‡q‡Q †h, nv`xmwU AcwiÁvZ| Dci‡‘
mvLvex e‡j‡Qb Giƒc GKwU wfwËnxb nv`xm `vBjvgx Avãyjv n Beby Rvi&iv` (iv)-Gi bv‡g †Kv‡bv mb` Qvov D×„Z
K‡i‡Qb....|Ó
82- Avwg I Ave~ eKi cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi `ywU †Nvovi gZ|

m~iv wbmvi 83 bs Avqv‡Zi Zvdmxi cÖm‡½ Avjvgv nv°x e‡jb:

Òivm~jjy v- n  †_‡K ewY©Z: ÔAvwg I Ave~ eKi cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi `ywU †Nvovi gZ wQjvg, Avwg GwM‡q †Mjvg d‡j †m
Avgvi AbymiY Kij, hw` †m GwM‡q †hZ Zvn‡j Avwg Zvi AbymiY KiZvgÕ|Ó395
G nv`xmwUI †jvKgy‡L cÖPwjZ wfwËnxb Rvj K_v| G K_vwUi cÖPj‡bi ci †_‡KB gynvwÏmMY GKev‡K¨ e‡j‡Qb †h, GwU
†Kv‡bv nv`xm bq| †Kv‡bv mb‡`B Zv ewY©Z nq wb| Bebyj RvIhx, Bebyj KvBwqg, †gvjv Avjx Kvix, ì‡ek n~Z cÖgyL gynvwÏm
welqwU wbwðZ K‡i‡Qb|396
j¶Yxq †h, G nv`xmwUi RvwjqvwZi welqwU LyeB cwiwPZ nIqvi Kvi‡Y †Kv‡bv cÖwm× Avwj‡gi †jLwb‡Z Zv cvIqv hvq
bv| Avjvgv BmgvCj nv°x Qvov Ab¨ †Kv‡bv gydvm&wmi ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv cÖwm× Avwjg G K_vwU‡K nv`xm e‡j Zuvi MÖ‡‡’ D×„Z
K‡i‡Qb e‡j `„wó‡MvPi nq wb|
Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx G nv`xmwU‡K Rvj wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡i Zuvi G MÖ‡‡’ D×„Z K‡i e‡jb: ÒG nv`xmwU
Rvj|...Ó
Ó
133- †Zvgiv †Zvgv‡ì bdj Bev`Z my•ì Ki; †m¸wj Øviv †Zvgv‡ì dih Bev`Z c~Y©Zv jvf Ki‡e|
m~iv bvn‡ji 90 AvqvZ-Gi Zvdmxi cÖm‡½ Avjvgv nv°x e‡jb:
Ònv`x‡m i‡q‡Q: †Zvgiv †Zvgv‡ì bdj Bev`Z my•ì Ki; †m¸wj Øviv †Zvgv‡ì dih Bev`Z c~Y©Zv jvf
Ki‡e|Ó397
Avjvgv nv°x Zuvi Zvdmx‡ii Av‡iv A‡bK ¯’v‡b G Ònv`xmwUÓ D‡jL K‡i‡Qb|
G K_vwU nv`xm bv‡g cÖPwjZ mb`wenxb Rvj K_v| Avjvgv nv°x Qvov Ab¨ †Kv‡bv gydvm&wmi ev cÖwm× Avwjg G
K_vwU‡K Ònv`xmÓ e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb e‡j `„wó‡MvPi nq wb| evn¨Z G K_vwU nv`xm bv‡g †Zgb cÖwmw× jvf K‡iwb Ges
cÖPjbI n‡q‡Q †ek †`wi K‡i| Bgvg mvLvex (902wn) D‡jL K‡i‡Qb †h, 8g wnRix kZ‡Ki GKRb Aviex e¨vKiY-
we‡klÁ bvn&ex cwÊZ ZvRyÏxb dvwKnvbx Dgvi Beby Avjx (734 wn) G K_vwU‡K D‡jL K‡i‡Qb Ges Beby Avãyj evi&i
(463 wn) Zuvi †Kv‡bv GK MÖ‡‡’ Zv D‡jL K‡i‡Qb e‡j dvwKnvbx D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| cieZ©x gynvwÏmMY A‡bK AbymÜvb
K‡iI Beby Avãyj evi&i ev Ab¨ Kv‡iv †Kv‡bv MÖ‡‡’ G ÒK_vÓ-‡K nv`xm wn‡m‡e ewY©Z †`L‡Z cvb wb| mvLvexi c‡i †gvjv
Avjx Kvix, KvIKvRx, ì‡ek n~Z I Ab¨vb¨ gynvwÏm nv`xmwU wfwËnxb Rvj K_v e‡j wbwðZ K‡i‡Qb|398
Avjvgv Avey Rvdi G Rvj nv`xmwU‡K G MÖ‡‡’ msKjb K‡i e‡jb: ÒK_vwU wfwËnxb, †Kv‡bv nv`x‡m †bB; Z‡e Gi
A_© mwVK|Ó
Ó
180- †Zvgiv ¯¿x‡ì mv‡_ civgk© Ki Ges Zv‡ì we‡ivwaZv Ki|
m~iv ZvMve~‡bi 14 Avqv‡Zi Zvdmxi cÖm‡½ Avjvgv nv°x e‡jb:
Ònv`x‡m i‡q‡Q: †Zvgiv ¯¿x‡ì mv‡_ civgk© Ki Ges Zv‡ì we‡ivwaZv Ki|Ó399
GwUI GKwU cÖPwjZ evK¨ hv nv`xm bv‡g Kw_Z n‡q‡Q, wK‡‘ †Kv‡bviƒc †Kv‡bv mnxn, hqxd ev Rvj mb‡` ivm~jyjvn
 †_‡K ewY©Z nq wb| wK‡‘ †jvK-K_v, RbkÖ‚wZ, cÖPjb ev A‡bï D×„wZi Dci wbf©i K‡i †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv dKxn, gydvm&wmi
I Avwjg GwU‡K nv`xm e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| hZUzKz †`Lv hvq 5g wnRix kZK †_‡KB K_vwU‡K †KD †KD nv`xm e‡j
221
D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| 5g wnRix kZ‡Ki mycÖwm× Avwjg, dKxn, ivóªbxwZwe` I cÖavbg‡¿x wbhvgyj gyjK Z‚mx nvmvb
Beby Avjx (408-485 wn) Zuvi iwPZ ÒwmqvmZ bvgvÕ ev Ôwmqvi‚j gyj~KÕ MÖ‡‡’ G K_vwU‡K nv`xm wn‡m‡e D‡jL K‡i‡Qb|
wZwb e‡jb:
Òivm~jjy v- n  e‡jb, †Zvgiv ¯¿x‡ì mv‡_ civgk© Ki Ges Zv‡ì we‡ivwaZv Ki..|Ó400
wbhvgyj gyj‡Ki mgmvgwqK cÖwm× nvbvdx dKxn Avjvgv Ave~ evKi mvivLmx (490 wn) Zuvi mycÖwm× wdKn-MÖ‡’ Avj-
gvem~‡Z e‡jb:
Òivm~jjy v- n  Gi evYx Ò†Zvgiv ¯¿x‡ì mv‡_ civgk© Ki Ges Zv‡ì we‡ivwaZv KiÓ- G K_vwUi A_© GB|Ó401
Bgvg Mvhvjx (505 wn) G K_vwU‡K nv`xm wn‡m‡e D‡jL bv K‡i K_v wn‡m‡e D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| wZwb e‡jb:
Kw_Z n‡q‡Q: Ò†Zvgiv ¯¿x‡ì mv‡_ civgk© Ki Ges Zv‡ì we‡ivwaZv KiÓ|402
Gfv‡e KwZcq Avwjg G K_vwU‡K Ònv`xmÓ wn‡m‡e D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| gynvwÏmMY me©vZ¥K AbymÜvb I M‡elYvi
gva¨‡g wbwðZ K‡i‡Qb †h, G K_vwU †Kv‡bv mb‡` nv`xm wn‡m‡e ewY©Z nq wb| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv AZ¨‡„ hqxd mb‡ì nv`x‡m
¯¿xi AvbyMZ¨ Ki‡Z wbi‚rmvwnZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avevi †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv hqxd nv`x‡m ¯¿xi mv‡_ civgk© Ki‡Z Drmvn †Ìqv
n‡q‡Q| wK‡‘ Òcivgk© Ki Ges we‡ivwaZv KiÓ G k‡ã ev A‡_© †Kv‡bv nv`xm ewY©Z nq wb| GRb¨ Zviv G K_vwU‡K Rvj
nv`x‡mi ZvwjKvfy³ K‡i‡Qb| mnxn nv`x‡m ewY©Z n‡q‡Q †h, ivm~jyjvn  Zuvi ¯¿xi mv‡_ civgk© K‡i‡Qb Ges †m civgk©
MÖnY K‡i‡Qb| mvLvex, myq~Zx, Zvwni dvZvbx, †gvjv Avjx Kvix, kvIKvbx, ì‡ek n~Z, KvIKvRx I Ab¨vb¨ gynvwÏm G
mKj welq Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb|403
Avj-vgv Avey Rvdi G nv`xmwU‡K Rvj e‡j wbwðZ K‡i e‡jb: ÒG nv`xm evwZj I wfwËnxb...|Ó
247- `vwi`ª Avgvi †M․ie Ges Avwg ZviB AnsKvi Kwi|

Avjvgv nv°x m~iv Bqvmx‡bi 39 Avqv‡Zi Zvdmxi cÖm‡½ e‡jb:

ÒGwUB n‡‛Q cÖK…Z `vwi`ª ev nvKxK‡Zi dKxixi ¯’vb, hv wb‡q †M․ie cÖKvk K‡i ivm~jyjvn  e‡j‡Qb: Ò`vwi`ª
Avgvi An¼vi|Ó404
Avjvgv nv°x Zuvi Zvdmx‡ii Av‡iv A‡bK ¯’v‡b G Ònv`xmwUÓ ivm~jyjvn -Gi K_v wn‡m‡e mywbwðZfv‡e D‡jL
K‡i‡Qb| m~iv dvwZ‡ii 15 Avqv‡Zi Zvdmxi cÖm‡½ wZwb e‡jb:
ÒGRb¨B nv`x‡m G‡m‡Q: Ò`vwi`ª Avgvi An¼vi, Avwg G wb‡qB An¼vi Kwi|Ó GwU A‡_©i w`K †_‡K mnxn, hwÌ
Zvi k‡ãi wel‡q gZ‡f` Kiv n‡q‡Q|Ó405
nv`xm e‡j Kw_Z G evK¨wUI m¤ú~Y© wfwËnxb Rvj K_v| †Kv‡bviƒc †Kv‡bv mnxn, hqxd ev Rvj mb‡` G K_vwU
ivm~jyj-vn  †_‡K ewY©Z nq wb| gymwjg D¤§vni †Kv‡bv nv`x‡mi MÖ‡’ ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv MÖ‡‡’ Zv mb`-mn msKwjZ nq wb|
wK‡‘ m¤ú~Y© RbkÖ‚wZi Dci wbf©i K‡i †KD †KD K_vwU‡K nv`xm e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| Avjvgv nv°x evisevi G K_vwU‡K
ivm~jyj-vn -Gi K_v e‡j mywbwðZfv‡e D‡jL K‡iB ¶v‡„ nb wb, Dci‡‘ Gi wfwËnxbZvi wel‡q gynvwÏmM‡Yi BRgv ev
HKgZ¨‡K ÒgZ‡f`Ó e‡j nvjKv fv‡e Gwo‡q wM‡q‡Qb, hwÌ cÖK…Z mZ¨ n‡jv, gymwjg D¤§vni †Kv‡bv Avwjg, Bgvg,
dKxn, gynvwÏm †KD KL‡bv nv`xmwU‡K mnxn ev hqxd e‡j `vex K‡ib wb, GgbwK Gi †Kv‡bv mbÌ †KD KL‡bv D‡jL
K‡ib wb|
Dci‡‘ wZwb Gi A_© mnxn e‡j `vwe K‡i‡Qb| Avgiv Av‡MB †`‡LwQ †Kv‡bv K_vi A_© mwVK n‡jI Zv‡K Ònv`xmÓ e‡j
AvL¨vwqZ Kiv hvq bv, hZ¶Y bv Zv mnxn mb‡` Zuvi †_‡K ewY©Z e‡j cÖgvwYZ n‡e| Avi G nv`xmwUi †¶‡Î Gi A_© ÒmnxnÓ
222
e‡j `vwe Kivi my‡hvMI †bB|
wewfb‣ mnxn nv`x‡m `vwi‡`ªi wb•`v Kiv n‡q‡Q| hw` Gi wecix‡Z †Kv‡bv mnxn nv`x‡m `vwi‡`ï cÖksmvq wKQz ewY©Z
n‡Zv Zvn‡j Zvi e¨vL¨v Kiv †hZ †h, wZwb evwn¨K A‡_© bq, AgyK ev ZgyK A‡_© G K_v e‡j‡Qb| wewfb‣ mnxn nv`x‡mi
A‡_©i wecix‡Z GKwU Rvj nv`xm‡K Nywi‡q wdwi‡q A_© mnxn ejvi †Kv‡bv AeKvk †bB|
An¼viI Bmjv‡g wbw•`Z| ivm~jyjvn  KL‡bv †Kv‡bv wKQz wb‡q An¼vi K‡ib wb| An¼vi Ki‡Z wb‡la K‡i wZwb
e‡j‡Qb:
ÒAvgvi Kv‡Q Avjvn Inx †cÖiY K‡i‡Qb †h, †Zvgiv webqx nI, †hb †KD Kv‡iv Dci An¼vi bv K‡i|Ó406
Avjvn Zuv‡K †h gnvb gh©v`v w`‡q‡Qb Zv eY©bv K‡i wZwb e‡jb:
ÒAvwg Av`g-m‡„vb‡ì †bZv, Z‡e †Kv‡bv An¼vi †bB|Ó407

wZwb hw` An¼vix n‡Zb ev Rxe‡b †Kv‡bv wKQz wb‡q An¼vi Ki‡Zb Zvn‡j Zuvi G gnvb gh©v`v wb‡q An¼vi
Ki‡Zb|
m‡e©vcwi ivm~jyjvn  dKxix ev `vwi`ª‡K Kzdixi mv‡_ GKwÎZ I mshy³ K‡i‡Qb Ges Dfq †_‡K Avjvni wbKU
Avkªq †P‡q ej‡Zb:
Ò†n Avjvn, Avwg Avcbvi Avkªq MÖnY KiwQ Kzdix (Awek¦vm) I dKxix (`vwi`ª) †_‡K|Ó408
lô-mßg wnRix kZ‡K nv`xm bv‡g G evK¨wUi cÖPjb nIqvi ci †_‡KB gymwjgMY gynvwÏmMY‡K cÖk‣ ïi‚ K‡ib, G
nv`xmwU †Kvb& MÖ‡‡’ ev †Kv_vq msKwjZ Ges Gi mb‡ì Ae¯’v Kx? ZLb †_‡KB gynvwÏmMY my¯úófv‡e Rvwb‡q‡Qb †h, G
evK¨wU m¤ú~Y© wfwËnxb Rvj I ev‡bvqvU K_v, †Kv_vI †Kv‡bv MÖ‡‡’ †Kv‡bvfv‡e Zv msKwjZ nq wb| Ges Gi A_©I mwVK
bq| mvMvbx (650 wn), Beby ZvBwgqv (728 wn), Beby nvRvi (852 wn), mvLvex (902 wn), Zvwni dvZvbx (986 wn), †gvjv
Avjx Kvix (1014 wn), kvIKvbx (1250 wn), wknveyÏxb Avj~mx (1270 wn), ì‡ek n~Z (1276 wn), KvIKvRx (1305 wn)
I Ab¨vb¨ gynvwÏm, gydvm&wmi I dKxn Zv wbwðZ K‡i‡Qb|409
Avjvgv Avey Rvdi G nv`xmwU‡K Rvj e‡j wbwðZ K‡i G MÖ‡‡’ D×„Z K‡i‡Qb| G cÖm‡½ wZwb e‡jb: ÒG nv`xm‡K Beby
nvRvi AvmKvjvbx Rvj e‡j‡Qb Ges Beby ZvBwgqv e‡j‡Qb †h, GwU wg_¨v| G Qvov Bgvg mvMvbx GwU‡K Zuvi Rvj nv`xm
msKj‡bi A‡„f©y³ K‡i‡Qb..|Ó
259- gywg‡bi A‡„i (Kvje) Avjvni M„n|

G Rvj nv`xmwU wewfb‣ k‡ã ejv n‡q _v‡K| †hgb ejv nq ( ) (Avmgvb-hgxb Avgv‡K aviY Ki‡Z
cv‡iwb, wK‡‘ Avgv‡K aviY K‡i‡Q Avgvi gywgb ev•`vi ü`q), ( ): ÒA‡„i Avjvni M„nÓ, (
): Ògywg‡bi A‡„i Avj-vni AvikÓ| G mKj evK¨ me¸wji A_©B GK Ges me¸wjB m¤ú~Y© wfwËnxb-Aw¯„Z¡nxb
Rvj K_v hv nv`xm bv‡g cÖPwjZ n‡q‡Q| Avjvgv BmgvCj nv°x G evK¨¸wj‡K nv`xm wn‡m‡e evisevi D‡jL K‡i‡Qb|
m~iv AvÕiv‡di 1g Avqv‡Zi Zvdmxi cÖm‡½ Avjvgv nv°x e‡jb:
Ònv`x‡m ewY©Z n‡q‡Q: gywg‡bi Kvje Avjvni Avik|Ó410

Avj-vgv mvMvbx (650 wn), Beby ZvBwgqv (728 wn), hvivKkx (794 wn), mvLvex (902 wn), myq~Zx (911 wn), Beby
Avi&ivK (963 wn), Zvwni dvZvbx (986 wn), †gvjv Avjx Kvix (1014 wn), kvIKvbx (1250 wn), ì‡ek n~Z (1276 wn),
KvIKvRx (1305 wn) I Ab¨vb¨ gynvwÏm wbwðZ K‡i‡Qb †h, G K_vwU nv`xm bq, eis m¤ú~Y© wfwËnxb-Aw¯„Z¡nxb Rvj I
ev‡bvqvU K_v| †Kv‡bviƒc †Kv‡bv mb`B Gi †bB|411
Avj-vgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx G nv`xmwU‡K Rvj wn‡m‡e msKjb K‡i‡Qb| g‡„‡e¨ wZwb e‡jb: ivm~jyj-vn -Gi evYx
223
wn‡m‡e G nv`x‡mi †Kv‡bv Aw¯„Z¡ ev wfwË †bB| hvivKkx G‡K wfwËnxb e‡j‡Qb| Beby ZvBwgqv G‡K Rvj
e‡j‡Qb| hvBj MÖ‡‡’I GiƒcB ejv n‡q‡Q| †gvjv Avjx Kvix e‡jb, mvaviY K_v wn‡m‡e Gi A_© mwVK...|
287- Avgv‡K hLb wgÕiv‡R †bIqv n‡jv ZLb cÖ_g Avmgv‡b Avwg meyR SzwU I mv`v cvjK Iqvjv GKwU †gviM †`Ljvg|
†gviMwUi c`Øq w`M‡‡„ I gv_v Avi‡ki wbKU ..... |
G Rvj nv`xmwUi cÖm‡½ wZwb e‡jb: ÒBeby Avwe nvwZg ivhx e‡jb, G nv`xmwU gvBmviv Beby Avãy ivwe․nx Avj-dvwimx
Avj-evmix AvZ-Zvi&ivm Avj-Av°vj eY©bv K‡i‡Q| wgÕiv‡Ri wel‡q †m cÖvq wek c„ôvi GK j¤^v nv`xm eY©bv K‡i‡Q|
gynv¤§v` Beby Cmv Beby Zve․v e‡jb, Avwg gvBmviv Beby Avãy ivwe․nx‡K ejjvg, Avcwb GKwU nv`xm eY©bv K‡ib hv‡Z ejv
n‡q‡Q, †h KziAv‡bi AgyK m~iv cvV Ki‡e, †m GZ GZ mvIqve jvf Ki‡e... G nv`xmwU Avcwb †Kv_vq †c‡q‡Qb? wZwb
e‡jb, gvbyl‡ì‡K KziAvb cv‡V DØy× Kivi Rb¨ Avwg wb‡R G mKj nv`xm evwb‡qwQ| Bgvg Beby wne․vb e‡jb, G e¨w³
mycÖwm× wbf©i‡hvM¨ gynvwÏm I ivex‡ì bv‡g wg_¨v I Rvj nv`xm eY©bv KiZ Ges wb‡R nv`xm Rvj KiZ| KziAv‡bi m~iv¸wji
dhxj‡Z ewY©Z j¤^v nv`xmwUi D†¢veK †m-B| Bgvg Ave~ `vD` e‡jb, G e¨w³ wb‡RB ¯^xKvi KiZ †h, †m Rvj nv`xm •Zwi
K‡i| Bgvg `vivKzZbx e‡jb, G e¨w³ gvZiƒK ev cwiZ¨³| Bgvg Ave~ nvwZg e‡jb, G †jvKwU nv`xm RvwjqvwZi gva¨‡g
nv`xm webó K‡i‡Q| G e¨w³ Kvhexb kni I mxgv‡„ m¤ú‡K© A‡bK Rvj nv`xm evwb‡q cÖPvi K‡i‡Q| Ave~ hyiAv e‡jb, G
e¨w³ Kvhexb kn‡ii dhxj‡Z 40wU nv`xm evwb‡q‡Q|...Ó
wek c„ôvi G Rvj nv`xmwU Avjvgv nv°x Zvi Zvdmxi MÖ‡‡’ D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| m~iv Avj-Bgiv‡bi 17 Avqv‡Zi Zvdmxi

Òivm~jjy v- n  e‡j‡Qb, Avgv‡K hLb wgÕiv‡R Avmgvbmg~‡n †bIqv n‡jv ZLb Avwg Avjvni AvRe m„wómg~‡ni g‡a¨
A‡bK AvRe welq †`Ljvg| Zvi g‡a¨ GKwU n‡jv †h, cÖ_g Avmgv‡b Avwg meyR SzwU I mv`v cvjK Iqvjv GKwU †gviM
†`Ljvg| ... †gviMwUi c`Øq w`M‡‡„ I gv_v Avi‡ki wbKU ..... |412
j¶Yxq welq n‡jv, G nv`xmwUi RvwjqvwZ GZ my¯úó †h, Lye Kg msL¨K AvwjgB G nv`xm Øviv cÖZvwiZ n‡q‡Qb|
`y-GKRb gydvm&wmi I IqvwqR Qvov Avi †KD G MíwU‡K Ònv`xmÓ ev ivm~jyjvn -Gi K_v e‡j D×„Z K‡ib wb|
gynvwÏmMY G nv`x‡mi RvwjqvwZi wel‡q HKgZ¨ †cvlY K‡i‡Qb Ges Rvj-nv`xm I RvwjqvZ ivexMY welqK MÖ‡¸’ wj‡Z
RvwjqvZ‡ì AvR¸we Mí K_‡bi bgybv wn‡m‡e GwU D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| G nv`xmwUi g~j RvwjqvZ gvBmviv bvgK G e¨w³|
cieZ©xKv‡j Av‡iv A‡bK RvwjqvZ nv`xm Pzwi I mb` Pzwi K‡i Av‡iv `y-GKwU Rvj mb‡` Zv eY©bv K‡i‡Q|413
330- †h e¨w³ AvwjgM‡Yi mv‡_ mv¶vZ Kij †m †hb Avgvi mv‡_B mv¶vZ Kij| †h e¨w³ AvwjgM‡Yi mv‡_ nvZ †gjvj
†m †hb Avgvi mv‡_B nvZ †gjvj| †h e¨w³ AvwjgM‡Yi Kv‡Q emj †m †hb Avgvi Kv‡QB emj| Avi †h e¨w³
`ywbqv‡Z Avgvi Kv‡Q emj †m wKqvg‡Zi w`bI Avgvi Kv‡QB em‡e|
G Rvj nv`xmwUI kvBL BmgvCj nv°x Zuvi Zvdmxi MÖ‡‡’ D×„Z K‡i‡Qb| m~iv evKvivi 31 Avqv‡Zi Zvdmxi cÖm‡½
wZwb e‡jb:
Ònv`x‡mi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q: Avwj‡gi †Pnvivi w`‡K `„wócvZ Bev`Z| ... †h e¨w³ Avwj‡gi mv‡_ mv¶vZ Kij †m †hb
Avgvi mv‡_B mv¶vZ Kij| †h e¨w³ Avwj‡gi mv‡_ nvZ †gjvj †m †hb Avgvi mv‡_B nvZ †gjvj| †h e¨w³ Avwj‡gi
Kv‡Q emj †m †hb Avgvi Kv‡QB emj| Avi †h e¨w³ `ywbqv‡Z Avgvi Kv‡Q emj †m wKqvg‡Zi w`b Avjvn Zv‡K Avgvi
224
Kv‡QB emv‡eb|Ó414
nv`xmwU 5g wnRix kZ‡Ki `yRb cÖwm× gynvwÏm nvghv Beby BDm~d Avj-RyiRvbx Avm-mvngx (427 wn) Zuvi ÒZvixL
RyiRvbÓ MÖ‡‡’ I Ave~ byAvBg Avj-Bmcvnvbx (430 wn) Zuvi ÒZvixL BmcvnvbÓ ev ÒAvLevi BmcvnvbÓ MÖ‡‡’ GKB mb‡`
D×„Z K‡i‡Qb| Zuviv Df‡q Zuv‡ì mb‡` nvdm Beby Dgvi Avj-Av`bx †_‡K, wZwb nvKvg †_‡K wZwb BKwigv †_‡K wZwb
Beby Ave․vm (iv) †_‡K wZwb ivm~jyjvn  †_‡K G nv`xmwU D×„Z K‡i‡Qb|415
G nv`x‡mi GKgvÎ eY©bvKvix Ònvdm Beby DgviÓ bvgK G e¨w³‡K gynvwÏmMY wg_¨vev`x e‡j wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb| Beby
gvCb, bvmvC, Beby Av`x, Beby wne․vb, DKvBjx, BqvnBqv Beby BqvnBqv I Ab¨vb¨ gynvwÏm Zv‡K Awbf©i‡hvM¨, wg_¨vev`x I
evjv-gywmeZ e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| GRb¨ Bgvg myq~Zx, Beby Avi&ivK, Zvwni dvZvbx, †gvjv Avjx Kvix, KvIKvRx I Ab¨vb¨
gynvwÏm nv`xmwU‡K Rvj e‡j wbwðZ K‡i‡Qb|416
Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx G Rvj nv`xmwU G MÖ‡‡’ msKjb K‡i e‡jb: ÒG nv`x‡mi mb‡` nvdm bvgK GK e¨w³ i‡q‡Q,
†h GKRb gnv-wg_ëv`x wQj| hvBjyj jvAvjx MÖ‡‡’ welqwU Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|Ó
363- †h e¨w³ Avgv‡K mdi gvm AwZµv‡„ nIqvi mymsev` cÖ`vb Ki‡e Avwg Zv‡K Rvb‣v‡Zi mymsev` cÖ`vb Kie|
m~iv ZvIevi 37 Avqv‡Zi Zvdmxi cÖm‡½ Avjvgv nv°x e‡jb:

Òivm~jjy v- n  †_‡K, †h Avgv‡K mdi gvm AwZµv‡„ nIqvi mymsev` cÖ`vb Ki‡e Avwg Zv‡K Rvb‣v‡Zi mymsev` cÖ`vb
Kie|Ó417
nv`xm bv‡g Kw_Z G evK¨wU m¤ú~Y© wfwËnxb I mb`wenxb GKwU Rvj evK¨ hv †Kv‡bviƒc †Kv‡bv mb‡` ivm~jyjvn 
†_‡K ewY©Z nq wb| mgv‡R Gi cÖPjb n‡jI kvBL BmgvCj nv°x Qvov †Zgb †Kv‡bv cÖwm× †Kv‡bv Avwjg GwU‡K nv`xm
wn‡m‡e D‡jL K‡i‡Qb e‡j `„wó‡MvPi nq wb| Z‡e fvi‡Zi mycÖwm× eyRyM© kvBL wbhvg DÏxb AvDwjqv (725 wn)-Gi bv‡g
cÖPwjZ ÒivnvZzj gywne․xbÓ bvgK cy¯„‡K G Ònv`xmwUÓ D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q| G eB‡qi fvl¨ Abymv‡i cÖwm× MvqK Avgxi
Lmi‚ Zuvi D¯„v` wbRvg DÏx‡bi ¯§„wZ I wb‡`©kvewj wj‡L‡Qb G cy¯„‡K| G cy¯„K cvV Ki‡j cÖZxqgvb nq †h GwU
cieZ©xKv‡j iwPZ Rvj cy¯„K| A_ev g~j cy¯„‡Ki g‡a¨ cieZ©x hy‡Mi RvwjqvZMY B‛QvgZ A‡bK wKQz XywK‡q‡Q| G‡Z
KziAvb, nv`xm I A‡bK mnxn K_vi cvkvcvwk AMwYZ Rvj I wfwËnxb K_v we`¨gvb|418 G MÖ‡‡’i GKv`k gRwj‡mi
eY©bvq Avwgi Lmi‚ e‡jb: ÒGici (LvRv wbRvg DÏxb) ej‡jb, nhiZ ivm~‡j gKeyj  Gikv` K‡i‡Qb: (
), A_©vr †h e¨w³ Avgv‡K mdi gvm †kl nIqvi mymsev` w`‡e Avwg Zv‡K †e‡n‡¯„
419
cÖ‡e‡ki mymsev` wè|Ó
Giƒc `y-GKwU AcwiwPZ cy¯„K Qvov G Ònv`xmÓwU †Kv‡bv cÖwm× Avwj‡gi MÖ‡‡’ cvIqv hvq bv| g~jZ Rvj nv`xm
welqK MÖ‡’¸wj‡ZB G evK¨wU cvIqv hvq| mvMvbx, Zvwni dvZvbx, †gvjv Avjx Kvix, kvIKvbx, KvIKvRx I Ab¨vb¨ gynvwÏm
Zv‡ì Rvj nv`xm welqK MÖ‡‡’ GwU‡K wfwËnxb-mb`wenxb Rvj K_v wn‡m‡e D×„Z K‡i‡Qb|420
Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx G Rvj nv`xmwU G MÖ‡‡’ msKjb K‡i e‡j‡Qb: ÒBgvg mvMvbx I BivKx G nv`xmwU‡K Rvj
e‡j‡Qb|Ó
366- †Zvgiv g„Zz¨ eiY Ki †Zvgv‡ì g„Zzï Av‡MB|

m~iv evKvivi 19 Avqv‡Zi Zvdmxi cÖm‡½ Avjvgv nv°x e‡jb:
ÒG-B n‡jv ivm~jyjvn -Gi K_vi nvKxKZ, †h K_v wZwb e‡j‡Qb: †Zvgiv g„Zz¨ eiY Kiv †Zvgv‡ì g„Zzï
Av‡MB|Ó421
kvBL BmgvCj nv°x Zuvi Zvdmx‡ii Av‡iv A‡bK ¯’v‡b G evK¨wU‡K ivm~jyjvn -Gi K_v I nv`xm wn‡m‡e D×„Z
K‡i‡Qb I Zuvi wewfb‣ g‡Zi cÖgvY wn‡m‡e D‡jL K‡i‡Qb|
225
nv`xm bv‡g Kw_Z G evK¨wUI GKwU mb`wenxb Rvj K_v| mgv‡R e¨vcK cÖPjb n‡jI AwaKvsk †jLK
ev Avwjg GK_wU‡K ÒKw_Z n‡q‡QÓ e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb, ivm~jyjvn -Gi K_v e‡j D‡jL K‡ib wb| weMZ K‡qK
kZvãx‡Z `y-GKRb Av`xe, HwZnvwmK ev dKxn GwU‡K nv`xm e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb, cvkvcvwk gynvwÏmMY evisevi GwU‡K
m¤ú~Y© wfwËnxb mb`wenxb evK¨ I Rvj nv`xm e‡j wbwðZ K‡i‡Qb|422 Avjvgv nv°x †h †Kv‡bv cÖPwjZ K_v‡K ivm~jyjvn
-Gi K_v ev Ònv`xmÓ e‡j D‡jL Ki‡Z †Kv‡bviƒc †Kv‡bv wØav K‡ib wb| Zuvi Zvdmx‡ii me©ÎB welqwU cwijw¶Z| wZwb
G K_vwU‡K evisevi nv`xm Ges ivm~jjy v n -Gi K_v e‡j D×„Z K‡i‡Qb|
Avjvgv Avey Rvdi G nv`xmwU‡K Rvj e‡j wbwðZ K‡i e‡jb: Beby nvRvi AvmKvjvbx I mvLvex e‡jb, G nv`xmwUi
†Kv‡bv Aw¯„Z¡ †bB| †gvjv Avjx Kvix e‡jb, G n‡jv m~dx‡ì K_v....|Ó
290- Zzwg bv n‡j Avwg gnvKvkmg~n (wek¦) m„wó KiZvg bv|

m~iv evbx BmivCj (Bmiv)-Gi 85 bs Avqv‡Zi Zvdmxi cÖm‡½ Avjvgv nv°x e‡jb:

Òwbtm‡•`‡n m„wóRM‡Zi g~j wQ‡jb ivm~jyjvn ; Gi cÖgvY Zuvi K_v: ÒAvcwb bv n‡j m„wóRMZ m„wó KiZvg bv|Ó423
Avjvgv nv°x ÒAvcwb bv n‡j m„wóRMZ/b‡fvgÊj m„wó KiZvg bvÓ nv`xmwU Zuvi MÖ‡‡’i A‡bK ¯’v‡b D×„Z K‡i‡Qb|
mvMvbx, Beby ZvBwgqv, hvnvex, Zvwni dvZvbx, †gvjv Avjx Kvix, kvIKvbx, jvLbex, KvIKvRx cÖgyL gynvwÏm wbwðZ
K‡i‡Qb †h, G nv`xmwU G k‡ã †Kv‡bviƒc †Kv‡bv mb‡` ewY©Z nq wb| GwU m¤ú~Y© mb`wenxb wfwËnxb-Aw¯„Z¡wenxb GKwU
Rvj K_v, hv nv`xm bv‡g cÖPvwiZ n‡q‡Q| Z‡e Ab¨ k‡ã I ev‡K¨ Gi KvQvKvwQ A_© cÖKvkK wKQz nv`xm hqxd ev Rvj
mb‡` ewY©Z n‡q‡Q| gynvwÏmMY G A‡_©i KvQvKvwQ wb‡g‣i nv`xm¸wi D‡jL K‡i‡Qb424:
(1) Ave~ ïRv `vBjvgx (509 wn) Zuvi wdi`vDm MÖ‡‡’ Ges Ave~ gvbm~i `vBjvgx (558 wn) Zuvi gymbv`yj wdi`vDm
MÖ‡‡’ wb‡g‣i nv`xmwU D‡jL K‡i‡Qb: DevB`yjvn Beby g~mv Avj-Kzivkxi m~‡Î, wZwb e‡jb, Avgv‡ì‡K dz`vBj Beby RvÕdvi
Beby myjvBgvb e‡j‡Qb, wZwb Avãym mvgv` Beby Avjx Beby Avãyjv n Beby Ave․vm †_‡K, wZwb Zuvi wcZv †_‡K wZwb Beby
Ave․vm (iv) †_‡K, ivm~jjy v n  e‡jb:
ÒwReivCj Avgvi wbKU G‡m e‡jb, †n gynv¤§v`, Avcwb bv n‡j Rvb‣vZ m„wó KiZvg bv, Ges Avcwb bv n‡j Rvnvb‣vg
m„wó KiZvg bv|Ó
G nv`xmwUi AwaKvsk ivex AcwiwPZ| Gi g~j eY©bvKvix Avãyym mvgv` Beby Avjx Beby Avãyjvn Beby Ave․vm (185 wn)
Ave․vmx Ljxdv gvbm~‡ii PvPv wQ‡jb Ges g°vi MfY©i wQ‡jb| wZwb K‡qKwU nv`xm eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| Ave․vmx ivR‡Z¡ Ave․vmx
es‡ki cÖwZôvZv‡ì Ab¨Zg e¨w³‡K `ye©j ejv KóKi n‡jI gynvwÏmMY Av‡cvm K‡ib wb| Zuviv Zuvi ewY©Z nv`xm gybKvi,
AZ¨‡„ `ye©j I Amsiw¶Z e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb|425 Gfv‡e Avgiv †`LwQ †h, G nv`xmwU gybKvi ev AZ¨‡„ `ye©j|426
(2) nvwdh Beby AvmvwKi (571 wn) ZvwiL w`gvk‡K wb‡g‣i nv`xmwU D×„Z K‡i‡Qb: gynv¤§v` Beby Cmv Beby wne․vb
gv`vBbx e‡jb, Avgv‡ì‡K gynv¤§v` Beby mve&evn e‡j‡Qb, Avgv‡ì‡K Avjx Bebyj nvmvb e‡j‡Qb, wZwb Beivnxg Bebyj
Bqvmv †_‡K wZwb Ave&evm `vixi †_‡K wZwb Lvjxj Beby gyi&iv †_‡K wZwb BqnBqv evmix †_‡K wZwb hvRvb †_‡K wZwb
mvjgvb dvimx †_‡K, wZwb e‡jb GKRb †e`yCb Avgv‡ì Kv‡Q AvMgb K‡i.... GKwU `xN© nv`xm D‡jL K‡ib, †m nv`x‡mi
†k‡l i‡q‡Q:
Ò‡n gynv¤§v` Zzwg bv n‡j Avwg `ywbqv m„wó KiZvg bv|Ó

G mb‡ì ivexMY cÖvq mK‡jB AcwiwPZ Ges K‡qKRb AZ¨‡„ `ye©j| Avi BqvnBqv evmix bvgK e¨w³ GKRb
mycwiwPZ wg_¨vev`x ivex| G nv`xmwU G wg_¨vev`x ivexi ewY©Z Rvj nv`xm| Dci‡‘ cy‡iv nv`xmwUi fvlv AZ¨‡„ wbg‣gv‡bi I
ev‡R K_vq fiv, hv cvV Ki‡j †h †Kv‡bv mvaviY gynvwÏmI eyS‡Z cvi‡eb †h Zv Rvj| GRb¨ Bebyj RvIhx, Bgvg hvnvex,
myq~Zx I Ab¨vb¨ gynvwÏm nv`xmwU‡K Rvj e‡j wbwðZ K‡i‡Qb|427
226
G A‡_© Av‡iv `y-GKwU hqxd I Rvj nv`xm gynvwÏmMY D‡jL K‡‡iQb|428
Gfv‡e Avgiv †`LwQ †h, m¤ú~Y© wfwËnxb, Aw¯„Z¡nxb I mb`wenxb GKwU evK¨ weMZ K‡qK kZvãx hver Ònv`xmÓ
bv‡g cÖPwjZ n‡q wM‡q‡Q Ges RbkÖ‚wZi Dci wbf©i K‡i †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv Avwjg Zv nv`xm e‡j D×„Z K‡i‡Qb| Avjvgv
BmgvCj nv°xi e³‡e¨ Av‡iv j¶Yxq †h, wZwb G Rvj nv`xmwU‡K ÒwbwðZ ÁvbÓ I Òm‡•`ngy³ GKxbÓ-Gi wfwË
evwb‡q‡Qb| wZwb e‡j‡Qb: Òwbtm‡•`‡n m„wóRM‡Zi g~j wQ‡jb ivm~jyjvn ; Gi cÖgvY...|Ó Avgiv †`‡LwQ †h, G nv`xmwU
Rvj Ges G A‡_© Avi †h `ywZbwU eY©bv i‡q‡Q †m¸wjI Rvj A_ev AZ¨‡„ `ye©j|
gymwjg D¤§vni Avwjg, dKxn I AvKx`v we‡klÁMY D‡jL K‡i‡Qb †h, †Kv‡bv hqxd nv`xm †Zv `~‡ii K_v, Lve&i
Iqvwn`, A_©vr `y-PviRb mvnvex ev mb‡ì †Kv‡bv ch©v‡q `y-PviRb ivex ewY©Z mnxn nv`xm ØvivI ÒGKxbÓ ev m‡•`nvZxZ
`„pwek¦vm cÖgvY Kiv hvq bv| KziAv‡bi my¯úó I Ø¨_©nxb Dw³ I gyZvIqvwZi (A‡bK mvnvex †_‡K A‡bK mb‡` ewY©Z)
nv`xm Øviv ÒGKxbÓ ev m‡•`ngy³ `„pwek¦vm cÖgvwYZ nq| G wel‡q we¯„vwiZ Rvb‡Z Avgvi †jLv ÒKziAvb-mybvœ ni Av‡jv‡K
Bmjvgx AvKx`vÓ eBwU cvV Ki‡Z cvVK‡K Aby‡iva KiwQ|
Avgiv †`‡LwQ †h, Rvj nv`xm‡K ivm~jyjvn  Gi K_v e‡j wek¦vm Kiv ev ejvB wbwl× I fq¼i cvc| hqxd
nv`x‡mi †¶‡Î hviv K‡g©i wel‡q Giƒc nv`x‡mi Dci Avgj Rv‡qh ev •ea e‡j‡Qb Zuviv e‡j‡Qb †h, nvjvj, nvivg I
wek¦v‡mi wel‡q hqxd nv`xm eënvi Kiv wbwl×| A_P gymwjg D¤§vni cÖ_g wZb kZvãxi †mvbvjx w`b¸wji ci †_‡K Ges
we‡kl K‡i weMZ K‡qK kZvãx hver †Kv‡bv †Kv‡b Avwjg Rvj I hqxd nv`x¸wj‡KB nvjvj, nvivg, AvKx`v, wek¦vm I
`x‡bi g~jwfwË evwb‡q †d‡j‡Qb| Bb‣v wjjvwn Iqv Bb‣v BjvBwn ivwREb!!
Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx G nv`xmwU‡K Rvj e‡j wbwðZ K‡i G MÖ‡‡’ msKjb K‡i‡Qb| G wel‡q g‡„‡e¨ wZwb
e‡jb: ÒBgvg mvMvbx e‡jb, Lyjvmv MÖ‡‡’ G nv`xm‡K Rvj e‡j D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q| †gvÏvK_v n‡jv, G k‡ã Giƒc †Kv‡bv
nv`xm ewY©Z nq wb| Z‡e A‡_©i w`K †_‡K K_vwU mwVK| `vBjvgx Beby Ave․v‡mi (iv) m~‡Î ivm~jyjv n  †_‡K wb‡g‣i
nv`xmwU D×„Z K‡i‡Qb...|Ó Gici wZwb G A‡_© ewY©Z Dc‡ii `ywU hqxd ev Rvj nv`xm ms‡¶‡c D‡jL K‡i‡Qb|
Av‡iv A‡bK nv`xm Avjvgv BmgvCj nv°x D‡jL K‡i‡Qb †h¸wj‡K Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx Rvj e‡j wbwðZ
K‡i‡Qb| e¯‘Z Avjvgv nv°xi iƒûj evqv‡b hZ †ewk Rvj nv`xm i‡q‡Q GZ †ewk Rvj nv`xm kxqv‡ì Zvdmxi MÖ‡’¸wj
Qvov Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Zvdmxi MÖ‡‡’ cvIqv hvq bv| Avjvgv nv°x KZ…K© nv`xm wn‡m‡e D×„Z I Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx KZ©„K
Rvj e‡j wPwýZ nv`xm¸wji we¯„vwiZ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ZB GKwU eo MÖ‡’ cÖYq‡bi cÖ‡qvRb|
3. 4. 5. 10. Kvwm`v- B- byÕgvb
cvVK j¶¨ K‡i‡Qb †h, Dc‡ii MÖ‡’¸wj‡K Avgiv †jL‡Ki Idv‡Zi Zvwi‡Li wfwË‡Z mvwR‡qwQ| G‡Z HwZnvwmK
µg, weeZ©b, †K Av‡M I †K c‡i, Kvi Øviv †K cÖfvweZ BZ¨vw` welq eySv hvq| wK‡‘ G cy¯„KwU †jL‡Ki g„Zz¨ ZvwiL Qvov
D‡jL Ki‡Z n‡‛Q; KviY Gi †jL‡Ki cwiPqB Rvbv hvq bv| e¯‘Z ÒKwm`v- B- bygvbÓ ev ÒAvj-Kvmx`vn Avb-byÕgvwbq¨vnÓ
cyw¯„KvwU RvwjqvwZi GKwU cÖK…ó D`vniY|
ÔKvwm`v- B- byÕgvbÕ, ÒAvj-Kvmx`vn Avb-byÕgvwbq¨vnÓ ev ÔAvj-Kvmx`vn Avj-Kvwdq¨vnÕ GKwU Aviex Kvmx`v ev
Kve¨, hv Bgvg AvÕhg Ave~ nvbxdv byÕgvb Beby mvwe‡Zi (150 wn) iwPZ e‡j cÖPvwiZ| hZUzK eySv hvq 1200 wnRixi
(1780/85 L„÷‡ãi) w`‡K Zzi‡¯‥ G cy¯„KvwUi K_v cÖ_g †kvbv hvq| Gici Zzi‡¯‥ I fvi‡Z †KD †KD GwU gy`ªY K‡ib
Ges †KD †KD ZzwK©, D`©y BZ¨vw` fvlvq Gi Abyev` I e¨vL¨v K‡ib| Gi Av‡M cÖvq nvRvi eQi a‡i Bgvg Ave~ nvbxdv (iv)-
Gi RxebxKviMY †KD Zuvi G MÖ‡‡’i K_v D‡jL K‡ib wb| G Qvov Bgvg Ave~ nvbxdvi hy‡Mi ev ZvweqxM‡Yi hy‡Mi Kve¨,
mvwnZ¨, kãeënvi I fvlv‣kjxi mv‡_ hv‡ì mvgvb¨Zg cwiPq Av‡Q Zviv AwZ mn‡RB eyS‡Z cv‡ib †h, G Kvmx`v
KL‡bvB Bgvg Ave~ nvbxdvi iwPZ bq|
¯^fveZB †h ev hviv G Rvj KweZvwU iPbv K‡i‡Qb Zuviv Bgvg Avey nvbxdvi gh©v`v e„w×i D‡Ï‡k¨B Zv K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e
mKj Rvwjqv‡Zi b¨vq ZvivI fyj K‡i‡Qb| gh©v`v evov‡Z †h‡q Zuviv Zuvi gh©v`vnvwb K‡i‡Qb| me‡P‡q eo gh©v`vnvwb n‡jv
A‡bK¸wj Rvj nv`xm w`‡q Kvmx`vnwU c~Y© K‡i‡Qb, †h Rvj nv`xm¸wji †Kv‡bv Aw¯„Z¡B Bgvg Ave~ nvbxdvi hy‡M I cieZ©x
K‡qK kZ ermi hver wQj bv| Kvmx`vwU cÖvq cy‡ivwUB Rvj nv`x‡m cwic~Y©| G¸wji g‡a¨ K‡qKwU Rvj nv`xm Avjvgv Avey
Rvdi Zuvi cy¯„‡K D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| GLv‡b `ywU bgybv D‡jL KiwQ|
G Kvmx`vi GKwU PiY wbg‣iƒc:
ÒAvcwb bv n‡j †Kvb gvbyl‡KB m„wó Kiv nZ bv| KL‡bvB bv, Avcwb bv n‡j wKQz‡ZB wbwLj we‡k¦i m„wó nZ bv|Ó429
GLv‡b Kvmx`vi iPwqZv nv`xm e‡j Kw_Z I cÖPvwiZ ( ) K_vwU D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| Avgiv
227
B‡Zvc~‡e© †`‡LwQ †h, K_vwU Rvj K_v| we‡klZ Bgvg Ave~ nvbxdvi hy‡M †Zv bq-B; wnRix cÂg kZK ch©‡„
†Kv‡bv MÖ‡‡’I G nv`xmwU msKwjZ nq wb| †Kv‡bv dKxn, gynvwÏm ev †KD G nv`xmwU D‡jL K‡ib wb|
Kvmx`vwUi Av‡iKwU PiY:
ÒAvcwb cÖv_©bv K‡iwQ‡jb Avcbvi cÖwZcvj‡Ki Kv‡Q Rvwe‡ii cy‡Îi wel‡q †h g„ZzëiY K‡iwQj| wZwb Zv‡K RxweZ
K‡ib Ges Avcbv‡K m‡‘ó K‡ib|Ó430
GLv‡b Kvmx`vi iPwqZv GKwU Rvj Mí I wg_¨v NUbvi K_v D‡jL Ki‡Qb| G Rvj Kvwnbxi mvi ms‡¶c GB †h,
Rvwei Beby Avãyj-vn (iv) ivm~jyj-vn -†K `vIqvZ K‡ib| wZwb †gngvb`vwii Rb¨ `ywU QvMj RevB K‡ib| Zuvi cyÎØq
RevB‡qi mgq Dcw¯’Z wQj| wKQz c‡i cyÎØq Qzwi wb‡q N‡ii Qv‡` hvq| †mLv‡b eofvB †QvUfvB‡K RevB K‡i| Gici
cvjv‡Z †h‡q Qv` †_‡K c‡o ev R¡j‡„ Pzjvi g‡a¨ c‡o †mI gviv hvq| c‡i ivm~jyjvn ()-Gi `yAvq Df‡q RxweZ n‡q hvq|
weMZ K‡qK kZvãx‡Z †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv HwZnvwmK ev mxivZ-MÖ‡’Kvi G MíwU Zv‡ì MÖ‡‡’ D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| MíwU
G‡Kev‡iB wfwËnxb I ev‡bvqvU| MíwU cÖPwjZ nIqvi c‡i gynvwÏmMY Zv wbwðZ K‡i‡Qb| G wel‡q Î‡qv`k wnRix
kZ‡Ki cÖwm× wmixq Avwjg, gynvwÏm, dKxn I m~dx gynv¤§v` Bebym mvB‡q` ì‡ek n~Z (1209-1276 wn) e‡jb:
ÒmxivZ-MÖ‡’KviMY G MíwU D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| GwU Rvj| KviY Rvwei ivm~jyjvn -‡K `vIqvZ K‡ib L•`K hy‡×i
w`b PZz_© wnRix mv‡j| Avi Rvwei weevn K‡ib wVK G mg‡qB ev Gi mvgvb¨ c~‡e© ev mvgvb¨ c‡i| KviY Rvwei (3 wnRixi
kvIqvj gv‡m) Dn‡ì hy‡× Zuvi wcZv Avãyjv ni kvnv`‡Zi c‡i weevn K‡ib|Ó431
Gfv‡e Avgiv †`LwQ †h, mb`-wenxb wfwËnxb nIqv QvovI Avbylw½K cÖgv‡Y NUbvwU Rvj| eyLvix, gymwjg Ab¨vb¨
mKj MÖ‡‡’i mnxn nv`xmmg~n †_‡K my¯úó Rvbv hvq †h, Dn` hy‡×i mgq Rvwei Aí eq®‥ hyeK wQ‡jb| eqm Kg‡ewk
16/17 ermi| ZL‡bv wZwb weevn K‡ib wb| Dn` hy‡× Zuvi wcZv knx` nb| Gici wZwb weevn K‡ib| Zvn‡j wZwb 4/5
wnRix mv‡j weevn K‡ib| Avi L•`‡Ki hy×I n‡qwQj 5 wnRix‡Z| wewfb‣ eY©bv †_‡K Rvbv hvq †h, L•`‡Ki hy‡×i mg‡qB
Rvwei ivm~jjy v- n -‡K `vIqvZ K‡i LvIqvb|
GiciI hw` wZwb `vIqvZ K‡i _v‡Kb Zvn‡jI NUbvwU Am¤¢e| KviY, hw` weev‡ni GK eQi c‡i cÖ_g cyÎ I
Av‡iK eQi c‡i wØZxq cyÎ Rb¥MÖnY K‡i Zvn‡j ivm~jyjvn -Gi Idv‡Zi mgq G‡ì eqm wQj 4/5 ermi| 4/5 erm‡ii
`ywU wkï Qzwi wb‡q Qv‡` hv‡e GKRb Av‡iKRb‡K Qzwi w`‡q RevB Ki‡e... BZ¨vw` meB Aev‡„i K_v| me©ve¯’vq, †h‡nZz G
NUbvwUi †Kv‡bv mb`B †bB Kv‡RB Gi A_© wePvi wb®cÖ‡qvRbxq| GK K_vq NUbvwU wfwËnxb I Rvj|432
Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKx G KvwnbxwU‡K Rvj e‡j wbwðZ K‡i‡Qb| wZwb e‡j‡Qb: ÒnhiZ Rvwei (iv) Gi
`vIqv‡Zi w`‡b ivm~jjy v n  `y cyÎ‡K RxweZ K‡ib- hwÌ †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv HwZnvwmK G Kvwnbx wj‡L‡Qb, wK‡‘ (kvBL Avãyj
n° gynvwÏm †`njex (1052wn/1642L„) iwPZ) Ôgv`vwiRyj beyIqvZÕ MÖ‡‡’ D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, G nv`xm m¤ú~Y© AmZ¨ ev
wfwËnxb| †jLK|Ó
Dcmsnvi:
Avj-vgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKxi ÔAvj-gvDh~AvZÕ MÖ‡’wU‡K wN‡i Avgv‡ì `xN© c_hvÎvi †k‡l Avgiv Abyfe KiwQ †h,
Rvj nv`x‡mi AweÎZv †_‡K wegy³ weï× mybv‣ Z †Kw•`ªK Bmjvgx AvKx`v, kixqvn, ZvhwKqv I msnwZ cÖwZôvq gvkvBL
dzidzivi Ae`vb Acwimxg| Avi G MÖ‡w’ U G‡¶‡Î GKwU Ag~j¨ Kg©|
G MÖ‡’ cÖgvY K‡i †h, D¤§v‡Zi g~javivi mKj gynvwÏm, dKxn, gydvm&wmi, m~dx I cxi-gvkvBL Rvj nv`xm cÖwZ‡iv‡a
GKgZ| Bmjvgx Rxeb-eë¯’vi wØZxq wfwË nv`x‡mi weï×Zv i¶vq Zuviv mK‡jB m‡Pó wQ‡jb| gynvwÏmM‡Yi wbix¶vq Rvj e‡j
cÖgvwYZ †Kv‡bv nv`xm‡K Zuviv wbix¶v Qvov mnxn e‡j MÖnY Kivi cÖeYZv †`Lvb wb| Z‡e M‡elYv ev BRwZnv‡ì fyj ev †Kv‡bv
nv`x‡mi wel‡q gynvwÏmM‡Yi wbix¶v bv Rvbvi Kvi‡Y A‡bK AvwjgB Zv‡ì wjLwb I e³‡e¨ Rvj nv`xm D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| nv`xm,
Zvdmxi, wdKn, Dm~j, ZvmvDd, ZvixL BZ¨vw` mKj wel‡qi, mKj gvhnve I g‡Zi †jLK‡ì †¶‡ÎB Avgiv Zv †`L‡Z cvB|
G‡¶‡Î Avgiv wØgyLx weåvw‡„ †`L‡Z cvB:
(1) †Kv‡bv MÖ‡‡’ we`¨gvb Rvj nv`xm‡K MÖ‡’Kv‡ii gh©v`vi ARynv‡Z MÖnY Kiv ev Rvj nv`x‡mi c‡¶ mvdvB MvIqv|
228
(2) †Kv‡bv MÖ‡‡’ we`¨gvb Rvj nv`x‡mi Kvi‡Y D³ MÖ‡’Kvi, D³ welq, MÖ‡’Kv‡ii gvhnve ev gZ‡K
KUv¶ Kiv ev `vqx Kiv|
`ywU welqB Bmjvgx g~j¨‡eva I D¤§v‡Zi AvwjgM‡Yi Kg©avivi mv‡_ mvsNwl©K| D¤§v‡Zi mKj cÖvÁ Bgvg I Avwjg
GKgZ †h, Kv‡iv gh©v`vi ARynv‡Z Rvj e‡j cÖgvwYZ †Kv‡bv nv`xm‡K wbix¶vi gva¨‡g mnxn e‡j cÖgvY Kiv Qvov ev ïay
MÖ‡’Kv‡ii D×„wZi ARynv‡Z MÖnY Kivi A_© Rvj nv`xm cÖPv‡i mvnvh¨ Kiv Ges `y Rvwjqv‡Zi GKRb nIqv| c¶v‡„‡i
BRwZnv`x fy‡ji Rb¨ †Kv‡bv Avwjg‡K KUv¶ KivI A‣ea I KwVb cvc| Avwjg‡ì gh©v`v I Avè i¶v-mn mb` wePvi I
wbix¶vi gva¨‡g nv`xm MÖnYB KziAvb I nv`x‡mi wb‡`©k Ges mvnvex-ZvweqxMY-mn D¤§v‡Zi BgvgM‡Yi Kg©aviv|
G‡¶‡Î me‡P‡q †ewk weåvw‡„ I weZK© m„wó n‡q‡Q ZvmvDd I m~dxMY‡K wb‡q| gymwjg we‡k¦i mgKvjxb A‡bK M‡elK
Rvj nv`x‡mi Rb¨ XvjvIfv‡e m~dx‡ì‡K `vqx K‡i e‡jb I wj‡Lb: ( ) Òm~dxMY G¸wj Rvj K‡i‡Q|Ó433
wbtm‡•`‡n Zv‡ì Giƒc g‡„e¨ AMÖnY‡hvM¨ I weåvw‡„Ki| gynvwÏmMY, dKxnMY, gydvm&wmiMY ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó †Mvôx‡K
†Kv‡bv e¨w³i Kvi‡Y `vqx Kiv †hgb Aciva I AMÖnY‡hvM¨, †Zgwb m~dxMY‡K G mKj nv`x‡mi Rb¨ `vqx KivI Aciva I
AMÖnY‡hvM¨| wbtm‡•`‡n A‡bK m~dx mijZvi Kvi‡Y G mKj nv`xm wek¦vm K‡i‡Qb| m~dxM‡Yi bv‡g A‡bK cvcvPvix, ¯^v_©ci I
Bmjvg-we‡ivax e¨w³ I †Mvôx A‡bK weåvw‡„ Qwo‡q‡Q| Z‡e gymwjg D¤§vni cÖvÁ I n°c‡’x m~dxqv‡q wKivg KL‡bvB D¤§v‡Zi
g~javivi gynvwÏm, dKxn, gydvm&wmi I AvwjgM‡Yi gZ I c‡_i evB‡i †Kv‡bv gZ MÖnY K‡ib wb| Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKxi G
MÖ‡’ Zvi eo cÖgvY|
Avjvgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKxi G MÖ‡’wU Av‡iv cÖgvY K‡i †h, mgv‡R cÖPwjZ Kzms¯‥vi I Rvj nv`xm cÖwZ‡iva Lye KwVb
KvR| evsjv‡`‡ki AMwYZ Avwjg-Djvgv I cxi-eyRMy © dzidzivi cxi-gvkvBL‡K AZxe fw³ K‡ib| wK‡‘ Rvj nv`x‡mi
wei‚‡× Zuv‡ì gZ Zuviv MÖnY K‡ib wb| G MÖ‡w’ U dzidzivi f³-LjxdvMY c‡oI †`‡Lb bv| gvkvBL dzidziv cÖwZwôZ K‡qK
kZ gv`ªvmv fviZ I evsjv‡`‡k we`¨gvb, †m¸wj‡Z nv`xm wel‡q A‡bK D`©y MÖ‡’ cov‡bv n‡q‡Q ev n‡‛Q| wK‡‘ Avjvgv Avey
Rvdi wmwÏKxi G MÖ‡’wU †Kv_vI cov‡bv †Zv `~‡ii K_v Gi Av‡jvPbvI Kiv nq bv| dzidzivi cxi †h mKj K_v ev
nv`xm‡K Rvj e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb, Dci‡‘ G¸wji cÖPviKi‡ì‡K Awfkvc w`‡q‡Qb, dzidzivi AMwYZ Ljxdv I f³
wb‡R‡ì K_vevZ©vq ev †jLvq †m¸wj D‡jL Ki‡Qb Ges †m¸wj‡KB wb‡R‡ì AvKx`vi wfwË wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i‡Qb| Rvj
nv`xm wbf©i nIqvi Kvi‡Y †h mKj cy¯„K cvV Ki‡Z wZwb wb‡la K‡i‡Qb †m¸wj Zuviv g~j cvV¨ I `wjj wn‡m‡e MÖnY
Ki‡Qb!!
G MÖ‡’wU Av‡iv cÖgvY K‡i †h, weï× ZvInx` I myb‣v‡Zi †PZbv cÖwZôv Kiv I Rvj nv`xm eR©b Kiv gvkvBL dzidzivi
g~jbxwZ| we‡klZ †Kv‡bv eyRy‡M©i ARynv‡Z †Kv‡bv Rvj nv`xm MÖnY ev mnxn myb‣v‡Zi we‡ivwaZv Kivi cÖeYZv †iva Kiv wQj
Zuv‡ì Ab¨Zg •ewkó¨| dzidzivi cxi kvBLyj Bmjvg Aveyj Avbmvi wmwÏKx wQ‡jb dzidzivi G avivi Ab¨Zg wmcvnmvjvi|
wcZv, wcZ…e¨, wcZvgn I mvB‡q` Avng` †eªjexi avivq wZwb mKj cÖKvi wkiK I weÀv‡Zi wei‚‡× Av‡cvmnxbfv‡e †mv‛Pvi
†_‡K‡Qb, wkiK I weÀvZ eR©b‡K `x‡bi g~j wfwË wn‡m‡e MY¨ K‡i‡Qb, ZvInx` I myb‣v‡Zi Abymvix‡ì g‡a¨ Af¨‡„ixY
gZ‡f` m‡Ë¡I fvjevmv, HK¨ I msnwZ cÖwZôvi †Póv K‡i‡Qb| m‡e©vcwi wkiK I weÀv‡Zi g~j Drm Rvj nv`xm cÖwZ‡iv‡a MÖ‡’
iPbvq Avgv‡ì‡K DØy× K‡i‡Qb| G MÖ‡’ iPbvi wcQ‡bI ZuviB †cÖiYv| gnvb Avjvn Zuv‡K, dzidzivi mKj gvkvBL‡K, Zuv‡ì
D¯„v`, QvÎ, mnPi, Ljxdv I gywne․xb‡K Ges D¤§v‡Zi mKj Avwjg, Bgvg I eyRyM©‡K Adzi‡„ ingZ, gvMwdivZ I D¤§v‡Zi c¶
†_‡K m‡e©vËg cyi¯‥vi cÖ`vb Ki‚b|
gvkvBL dzidzivi Ae`vb I Avj-vgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKxi ÔAvj-gvDh~AvZÕ MÖ‡’ †Kw•`ªK G ch©v‡jvPbv GLv‡bB †kl
KiwQ| Gi g‡a¨ hw` †Kv‡bv Kj¨vYKi wKQz _v‡K Z‡e Zv Avgvi Ki‚Yvgq cÖwZcvjK Avjvn Rvjv Rvjvjyûi GKv‡„ `qv|
Avi Gi g‡a¨ fyjåvw‡„ hv Av‡Q Zv meB Avgvi wb‡Ri `ye©jZv I kqZv‡bi cÖeÂbvi Kvi‡Y| Avwg Avjvni Kv‡Q ¶gv
cÖv_©bv KiwQ| mvjvZ I mvjvg Zuvi wcÖqZg nvexe I Ljxj gynv¤§v`yi ivm~jyj-vn (), Zuvi cwiRb, mnPi I AbymvixM‡Yi
Dci| Avi cÖ_‡g I †k‡l, me©`v I me©Î mKj cÖksmv gnvb Avjvni wbwgË|
MÖš’cÄx
Avj-vgv Avey Rvdi wmwÏKxi ÔAvj-gvDh~AvZÕ MÖ‡’wUi ch©v‡jvPbv I cÖvmw½K Av‡jvPbvq †h mKj MÖ‡‡’i Dci wbf©i Kiv n‡q‡Q ev Z_¨ MÖnY
Kiv n‡q‡Q †m¸wji GKwU †gvUvgywU ZvwjKv wb‡g‣i cÖ`vb Kiv n‡jv| MÖ‡’KviM‡Yi g„Zz¨ Zvwi‡Li wfwË‡Z HwZnvwmK µgvbymv‡i MÖ‡’¸wj‡K mvRv‡bv
n‡q‡Q| mgKvjxb †jLKM‡Yi †¶‡Î cÖ_‡g Aviex MÖ‡’¸wj Ges Gici evsjv MÖ‡’¸wji bv‡gv‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q| G‡¶‡Î †Kv‡bv we‡kl µg AbymiY Kiv
nq wb|
1. gvwjK Beby Avbvm (179 wn), Avj-gyAvËv (KvB‡iv, `vi‚ GnBqvwqZ Zzivm Avj-Avivex, 1951)
229
2. Avãyj-vn Bebyj gyevivK (181 wn), Avh-hyn` (•ei‚Z, `vi‚j KzZzwej Bjwgq¨vn)
3. Avey `vD` Zvqvwjmx, myjvBgvb Beby `vD` (204 wn) Avj-gymbv` (•ei‚Z, `vi‚j gvwidvn)
4. kvwdqx, gynv¤§` web Bìxm (204wn), Avj-D¤§ (•ei‚Z, `vi‚j gvwidv, 2q, 1393 wn)
5. Avãyi iv¾vK mvbAvbx (211wn), Avj-gymvb‣vd (•ei‚Z, gvKZve Bmjvgx, 2q, 1403 wn)
6. mvC` Beby gvbm~i (227 wn), Avm-mybvb (wiqv`, `vi‚j DmvBgx, 1g cÖ. 1414 wn)
7. Beby Avex kvBev (235 wn.), Avj-gymvb‣vd (•ei‚Z, Bjwgq¨vn, 1g ms¯‥iY, 1995 L„.)
8. Avng` Beby nv¤^vj (241 wn), Avj-gymbv` (KvB‡iv, KziZzevn, I gvÔAvwid, 1958)
9. Ave` Beby ûgvB` (249wn), Avj-gymbv` (KvB‡iv, gvKZvevZzm myb‣vn, 1g cÖKvk, 1988)
10. `vwigx, Avãyj-vn Beby Avãyi ivngvb (255 wn), Avm-mybvb (‣ei‚Z, Avivex, 1g, 1407 wn)
11. eyLvix, gynv¤§v` Beby BmgvCj (256 wn), Avm-mnxn (‣ei‚Z, Kvmxi, 2q, 1987)
12. eyLvix, AvZ-ZvixLyj Kvexi (•ei‚Z, `vi‚j wdKi)
13. eyLvix, AvZ-ZvixLym mvMxi (nvjve, wmwiqv, `vi‚j IqvC, 1g cÖKvk, 1977)
14. gymwjg Bebyj nv¾vR (261 wn), Avm- mnxn, (KvB‡iv, `vi‚ GnBqvBZ Zzivm Avj- Avivex)
15. gymwjg Bebyj nv¾vR, wKZveyZ Zvgqxh (wiqv`, gvKZvevZzj KvDmvi, 3q gy`ªY, 1990)
16. Ave~ `vD`, myjvBgvb Beby AvkÔAvm (275wn), Avm-mybvb (•ei‚Z, `vi‚j wdKi)
17. Beby gvRvn, gynv¤§v` Beby Bqvwh` (275 wn.), Avm-mybvb (•ei‚Z, `vi‚j wdKi)
18. wZiwghx, Ave~ Bmv gynv¤§v` (279 wn.), Avm-mybvb (‣ei‚Z, Bjwgq¨vn, 1g, 1987 L„.)
19. evhhvi, Avng` Beby Avgi (292 wn), Avj-gymbv` (•ei‚Z, Djygj KziAvb, 1g, 1409)
20. gynv¤§v` Beby bvmi Avj-gviIqvhx (294 wn), gyLZvmvi‚ wKqvwgjvBj (dvBmvj Avev`, cvwK¯„vb, nv`xm GKv‡Wgx, 2q gy`ªY, 1994)
21. bvmvC, Avngv` Beby ïÔAvBe (303 wn.), Avm-mybvb (•ei‚Z, gvÕwidvn, 2q, 1992)
22. Avey Bqvjv gvDwmjx (307wn), Avj-gymbv` (†`gvkK, mvKvdvn Avivweq¨vn, 1g, 1992)
23. Zvevix, Rv‡gDj evqvb/Zvdmx‡i Zvevix (•ei‚Z, `vi‚j wdKi, 1988)
24. Beby LyhvBgv, gynv¤§v` Beby BmnvK (311 wn), Avm-mnxn (•ei‚Z, Bmjvgx, 1970)
25. Lvj-vj, Avng` Beby gynv¤§v` (311 wn) Avm-myb‣vn (wiqv`, `vi‚i ivqvn, 1410 wn)
26. `~jvex, gynv¤§v` Beby Avng` (320wn), Avj-Kzbv Iqvj Avmgv (Avj-gvKZvevZzk kvwgjv. 3.5. http://www.shamela.ws)
27. nvKxg wZiwghx (320wn), bvIqvwì‚j Dm~j (KvB‡iv, `vi‚i ivBqvb, 1g cÖ. 1988)
28. Ave~ RvÕdi Zvnvex (321), Avj-AvKx`v AvZ-Zvnvexq¨vn, Be‡b Avexj B¾ nvbvdxi kvin mn, (•ei‚Z, Avj-gvKZveyj Bmjvgx, 9g cÖKvk, 1988)
29. Zvnvex, Ave~ Rvdi, Avngv` Beby gynv¤§v` (321 wn.), kiû gvÔAvbxj Avmvi (•ei‚Z, `vi‚j KzZywej Bjwgq¨v, 2q ms¯‥iY, 1987)
30. DKvBjx, gynv¤§v` Beby Avgi (322wn), Av`-`yAvdv Avj-Kvexi (kvwgjv, 3.5)
31. Beby Avex nvwZg, Avãyi ivngvb Beby gynv¤§v` (327 wn), Avj-Rviû IqvZ ZvÕ`xj (•ei‚Z, `vi‚ GnBqvwqZ Zzivwmj Avivex, 1g cÖKvk, 1952)
32. Beby wne․vb, Ave~ nvwZg gynv¤§v` (354 wn.), Avj-gvRi‚nxb (g°v gyKvi&ivgv, `vi‚j evh)
33. Beby wne․vb, gynv¤§v` Beby wne․vb (354wn), Avm-mnxn (•ei‚Z, wimvjvn, 2q, 1993)
34. Zvevivbx, Ave~j Kv‡mg myjvBgvb Beby Avngv` (360 wn.), Avj-gyÕRvg Avj-Kvexi (BivK, IqvKd g‡¿Yvjq, wØZxq ms¯‥iY)
35. Zvevivbx, Avj-gyÕRvgyj AvDmvZ (KvB‡iv, `vi‚j nv`xm, 1g cÖKvk, 1996)
36. Zvevivbx, Avj-gyÔRvgym mvMxi (•ei‚Z, Avj-gvKZveyj Bmjvgx, 1g cÖKvk, 1985)
37. Beby Av`x (365 wn.), Avj-Kvwgj dx `yAvdvBi wiRvj (•ei‚Z, Bjwgq¨vn, 1g 1997 L„.)
38. Bebyj gyKwiÕ, Avey eKi gynv¤§v` web Beªvnxg (381wn.), Avi i‚LmvZz dx ZvKexwjj Bqv`, wiqv`, `vi‚j Avwmgv, 1g ms¯‥iY, 1408 wn.)
39. `vivKzZbx, Avjx Beby Dgvi (385 wn.) Avm-mybvb (g`xbv gybvIqviv, 1966 L„.)
40. Ave~ Zvwje g°x, gynv¤§v` Beby Avjx (386 wn) K‚Zzj Kzjye (•ei‚Z, Bjwgq¨vn, 2005)
41. nvwKg bvBmvc~ix, gynv¤§v` Beby Avãyj-vn, Avj-gymZvìvK (•ei‚Z, Bjwgq¨vn, 1g cÖ, 1990)
42. Ave~ mvC` bv°vk, gynv¤§v` Beby Avjx (414 wn) , dzb~byj AvRvBe (kvwgjv, 3.5)
43. mvÕjvex, Avng` Beby gynv¤§v` wbkvc~ix (427 wn) Zvdmxi mvÕjvex (kvwgjv, 3.5)
44. nvghv Beby BDm~d RyiRvbx (427wn), ZvixL RyiRvb (•ei‚Z, Avjvgyj KzZze, 3q, 1981)
45. K‚`~ix, Avng` Beby gynv¤§v` (428 wn.) Avj-gyLZvmvi (•ei‚Z, Bjwgq¨vn, 1g cÖKvk, 1997 L„.)
46. Ave~ byÔAvBg Bmcvnvbx, Avng` Beby Avãyjvn (430 wn), wnjBqvZzj AvDwjqv (•ei‚Z, `vi‚j wKZve Avj-Avivex, 4_© cÖKvk, 1405wn)
47. Avey byÔAvBg Bmcvnvbx, gymbv`yj Bgvg Avex nvbxdv (wiqv`, KvDmvi, 1g cÖKvk, 1415wn)
48. Ave~ byAvBb Bmcvnvbx, AvLevi Bmcvnvb (kvwgjv, 3.5)
49. Ave~ byAvBb Bmcvnvbx, ZvixL Bmcvnvb (kvwgjv, 3.5)
50. gvIqvi`x, Aveyj nvmvb Avjx (450) Avj-nvex Avj-Kvexi (‣ei‚Z, `vi‚j wdKi)
51. Beby nvh&g, Avjx Beby Avngv` (456wn) Avj-BnKvg (KvB‡iv, `vi‚j nv`xm, 1g, 1404wn)
52. evBnvKx, Avng` Bebyj ûmvBb (458 wn), Avm-mybvbyj Kzeiv (•ei‚Z, Bjwgq¨vn, 1g, 1994)
53. evBnvKx, dvhvBjyj AvIKvZ (gv°v gyKvi&ivgv, gvKZvevZzj gvbvivn, 1410 wn)
54. evBnvKx, gvÕwidvZzm mybvwb Iqvj Avmvi (kvwgjv, 3.5)
55. evBnvKx, ïAveyj Cgvb (•ei‚Z, `vi‚j KzZzwej Bjwgq¨vn, 1g cÖKvk, 1990)
56. LZxe evM`v`x, Avngv` Beby Avjx (463 wn), Avj-wKdvBqvn (g`xbv gybvIqviv, Bjwgq¨vn)
57. LZxe evM`v`x, ZvixL evM`v` (•ei‚Z, `vi‚j KzZzwej Bjwgq¨vn)
58. kxivhx, Beivnxg Beby Avjx (476 wn) Avj-gynvh&hve (•ei‚Z, kvwgjv)
59. wbhvgyj gyjK ûmvBb Z‚mx (485wn), wmqvmvZ bvgv (KvZvi, `vi‚m mvKvdv, 1407 wn)
60. mvivLmx, gynv¤§v` Beby Avngv` (490 wn.), Avj-gvem~Z (•ei‚Z, gvÕwidvn, 1989)
230
61. Avm-mvd‚ix, Avãyi ivngvb Beby Avãym mvjvg (894 wn), byhnvZzj gvRvwjm (kvwgjv, 3.5)|
62. Mvhvjx, gynv¤§v` Beby gynv¤§v` (505 wn) GnBqvD Dj~wgÏxb (‣ei‚Z, `vi‚j wdKi, 1994)
63. Bebyj KvBm~ivbx, Aveyj dv`j gynv¤§v` Beby Zvwni (507 wn), ïi‚Zzj AvB¤§vn Avm-wmËvn (‣ei‚Z, `vi‚j KzZzwej Bjwgq¨vn, 1g cÖKvk, 1984 wn)
64. `vBjvgx, kxiIqvBwn Beby kvnvi`vi (509wn) Avj-wdi`vDm (•ei‚Z, Bjwgq¨vn, 1g, 1986)
65. hvgvLkvix, gvngy` web Dgi (538 wn), Avj-Kvkkvd (•ei‚Z, `vi Avj-gv‡idv)
66. kvBL Avãyj Kv`xi Rxjvbx (561 wn), ¸wbqvZzËvwjexb (Aviex, jv‡nv‡i gyw`ªZ,ZvwiL wenxb)
67. Avãyj Kvwì Rxjvbx, ¸wbqvZzZ Zvwjexb, (e½vbyev`), XvKv, ZvR †Kv¤úvbx, 2q, 19996
68. Beby nvh&g, Avjx Beby Avngv` (567 wn), Avj-gynvjv (•ei‚Z, Bjwgq¨vn)
69. Beby AvmvwKi, Avjx Bebyj nvmvb (571wn), ZvixL w`gvkK (•ei‚Z, `vi‚j wdKi)
70. Kvmvbx, AvjvDÏxb (587 wn.), ev`vBDm mvbv‡qÕ (•ei‚Z, Bjwgq¨vn)
71. gviMxbvbx, Avjx Beby Avex evK&i (592 wn), †n`vqv (•ei‚Z, BnBqvwqZ Zzivm, 1g, 1995)
72. Bebyj RvDhx, Aveyj dvivR Avãyi ivngvb Beby Avjx (597 wn), Avj-gvD`~AvZ (•ei‚Z, `vi‚j KzZzwej Bjwgq¨vn, 1g cÖKvk, 1995wn)
73. Bebyj RvIhx, mvB`yj LvwZi (kvwgjv, 3.5)
74. dLi‚Ïxb ivhx, gynv¤§v` Beby Dgvi (606wn), gvdvZxûj MvBe (•ei‚Z, Bjwgq¨vn, 1g, 2000)
75. Beby Kz`vgv, Avãyj-vn Beby Avng` (620 wn), Avj-gyMbx (•ei‚Z, `vi‚j wdKi, 1g, 1405 wn)
76. Beby Kz`vgv, Avj-Kvdx dx wdKwnj Bgvg Avng` Beby nv¤^vj (kvwgjv, 3.5)
77. mvMvbx, nvmvb Beby gynv¤§v` (650 wn) Avj-gvD`~ÔAvZ (`v‡gkK, `vi‚j gvg~b, 2q, 1985)
78. gybwhix, Avãyj Avhxg Beby Avwãj KvIqx (656 wn), AvZ-ZviMxe IqvZ Zvinxe (Kvq‡iv, `vi‚j nv`xm, 1g cÖKvk 1994 L„)
79. KziZzex, gynv¤§v` Beby Avngv` (671 wn), Avj-Rvwg wj AvnvKvwgj KziAvb (•ei‚Z, `vi‚j wdKi)
80. beex, BqvnBqv Beby kvivd (676wn), kviû mvnxn gymwjg (•ei‚Z, `vi‚ GnBqvwqZ Zzivwmj Avivex, 2q cÖKvk, 1392wn)
81. beex, Avj-gvRg~ kviûj gynvh&hve (•ei‚Z, `vi‚j wdKi)
82. beex, ZvKixe, Zvìxeyi ivex-mn ((wiqv`, gvKZvevZzi wiqv` Avj-nv`xmvn)
83. beex, Zvnhxeyj Avmgv Iqvj jyMvZ (kvwgjv, 3.5)
84. Bebyj ûgvg, KvgvjyÏxb gynv¤§v` Beby Avwãj Iqvwn` (681 wn), kviû dvZûj Kv`xi (•ei‚Z, `vi‚j KzZzwej Bjwgq¨vn, 1g cÖKvk 1995 L„.)
85. evBhvex, Avãyj-vn Beby Dgvi (691 wn) AvZ-Zvdmxi (kvwgjv, 3.5)
86. bvmvdx, Aveyj evivKvZ Avãyj-vn (710 wn), Zvdmxi bvmvdx (kvwgjv, 3.5)
87. wbhvgywÏb AvDwjqv (725 wn), ivnvZzj gywne․xb (Abyev` Kwdj DÏxb Avng`, eviMv‡n wPkwZqv, XvKv, 1g cÖKvk, 1994)
88. Beby ZvBwgqv, Avnv`xmyj Kzmmvm (•eiƒZ, Avj-gvKZve Avj-Bmjvgx, 2q cÖ., 1985)
89. Beby ZvBwgqv, gvRg~ÔD dvZvIqv (wiqv`, `vi‚ Avjvwgj KzZze, 1991)
90. wbhvgyÏxb Kz¤§x wbmvc~ix (730 wn), MvivBeyj KziAvb (•ei‚Z, Bjwgq¨vn, 1g, 1996)
91. hvnvex, gynv¤§v` Beby Avng` (748 wn.) gxhvbyj BwZ`vj (•ei‚Z, `vi‚j wdKi)
92. hvnvex, gyMbx dx` `yAvdvÕ (•ei‚Zz, `vi‚j KzZzwej Bjwgq¨vn, 1g cÖKvk, 1997)
93. hvnvex, wmqvi‚ AvÔjvwgb byevjv (•ei‚Z, gyAvmmvmvZzi wimvjvn, 9g gy`ªY, 1413wn)
94. hvnvex, ZviZxey gvDh~AvZ Bewbj RvDhx (•ei‚Z, Bjwgq¨vn, 1g cÖKvk, 1994)
95. Bebyj K¡vBwqg, gynv¤§` web Avwe eKi, bvK¡`yj gvbKyj (‣ei‚Z, K¡v‡ìx, 1g, 1990)
96. Bebyj KvBwqg, Avj gvbvi Avj gybxd (nje, Avj gvZeyqvZ Avj Bmjvwgqv, 1g, 1970),
97. Bebyj KvBwqg, gv`vwiRym mvwjKxb (‣ei‚Z, Avj-wKZve Avj-Avivex, 2q, 1973)
98. Avey nvBq¨vb, gynv¤§` web BDmyd (754 wn), Avj-evni Avj-gynxZ (•ei‚Z, `vi Avj-wdKi, 2q ms¯‥iY, 1983)
99. hvBjvqx, Avãyjvn Beby BDm~d (762 wn.) bvmeyi ivBqvn (KvB‡iv, `vi‚j nv`xm)
100. dvBDgx, Avng` Beby gynv¤§v` (770 wn) Avj-wgmevûj gybxi (kvwgjv, 3.5)
101. myeKx, Avãyj Iqvn&nve Beby Avjx (771wn), ZvevKvZzk kvwdwqq¨vn Avj-Kzeiv (kvwgjv. 3.5)
102. myeKx, Avnv`xmyj BnBqv Avj-vwZ jv Avmjv jvnv (kvwgjv 3.5)
103. Beby Kvmxi, BmgvCj Beby Dgvi (774 wn.), Zvdmxi‚ (KvB‡iv, `vi‚j nv`xm, 2q, 1990)
104. mvÕ` DÏxb ZvdZvhvbx (791wn.), kviûj AvKvB` Avb bvmvwdq¨vn (fviZ, †`De•`)
105. hvivKkx, gynv¤§v` Beby Avãyj-vn (794 wn) Avj-jvAvjx Avj-gvbm~iv (•ei‚Z, Bjwgq¨vn)
106. hvivKkx, AvZ-ZvhwKiv wdj Avnv`xwmi gykZvwniv (•ei‚Z, Bjwgq¨vn, 1986)
107. BivKx, hvBbyÏxb Avãyi ivnxg Bebyj ûmvBb (806wn), AvZ-ZvKqx` Iqvj C`vn (•ei‚Z, Bjwgq¨vn, 5g cÖKvk, 1997)
108. BivKx, dvZûj gyMxm (KvB‡iv, wgki, gvKZvevZzm myb‣vn, 1990)
109. BivKx, ZvLixR GnBqvD Dj~wgÏxb, GnBqv-mn (‣ei‚Z, `vi‚j wdKi, 1994)
110. BivKx, kviûZ Zvewmiv IqvZ ZvhwKiv (kvwgjv, 3.5)
111. nvBmvgx, Avjx Beby Avex evKi (807 wn.) gvRgvDh hvIqvB` (•ei‚Z, Avivex, 3q, 1982)
112. eymxix, Avng` Beby Avex evKi (840 wn), hvIqvB` Bewb gvRvn (‣ei‚Z, Bjwgq¨vn, 1g, 1993)
113. Beby nvRvi AvmKvjvbx, Avng` Beby Avjx (852 wn), wjmvbyj gxhvb (•ei‚Z, gyAvm&mvmvZz Avj-AvÕjvgx, 3q cÖKvk, 1986)
114. Beby nvRvi, Av` wìvBqvn dx ZvLixwR Avnv`xwmj wn`vBqvn (•ei‚Z, `vi‚j gvÔwidvn)
115. Beby nvRvi, Avj-gvZvwjeyj Avwjqvn (wiqv`, `vi‚j IqvZvb, 1g cÖKvk, 1997)
116. Beby nvRvi, ZvjLxmyj nvexi (gv°vn gyKviivgvn, wbhvi, 1g cÖKvk, 1997 L„.)
117. Beby nvRvi, byLevZzj wdKvi (•ei‚Z, `vi‚ GnBqvwqZ Zzivwmj Avivex)
118. Beby nvRvi, dvZûj evix (•ei‚Z, `vi‚j gvÕwidvn, 1379 wn)
119. Beby nvRvi, ZvKixeyZ Zvnhxe (wmwiqv, nvjve, `vi‚i ivkx`, 1g cÖKvk, 1986)
231
120. Beby nvRvi, ZvnhxeyZ Zvnhxe (•ei‚Z, `vi‚j wdKi, 1g cÖ, 1984)
121. Beby nvRvi, Avj-Kvwd Avk-kvd, Kvk&kv‡di mv‡_ gyw`ªZ (•ei‚Z, `vi Avj-gv‡idv)
122. Beby nvRvi, Zveqxbyj AvRve dxgv Iqviv`v dx kvnwi ivRve (kvwgjv, 3.5)
123. AvBbx, eì‚Ïxb gvng~` Beby Avngv` (855 wn.), Avj-webvBqv kviûj wn`vqv (•ei‚Z, `vi‚j wdKi, 2q cÖKvk, 1990 L„.)
124. AvBbx, kviû mybvwb Avex `vD` (wiqv`, i‚k`, 1g 1999)
125. mvLvex, gynv¤§v` Beby Avãyi ivngvb (902 wn), dvZûj gyMxm (KvB‡iv, myb‣vn, 1g 1995)
126. mvLvex, Avj-gvKvwm`yj nvmvbvn (•ei‚Z, Bjwgq¨vn, 1g, 1987)
127. myq~Zx, RvjvjyÏxb, Avãyi ivngvb Beby Avex evKi (911 L„.), Avb-byKvZzj ev`xÔAvZ (KvB‡iv, `vi‚j Rvbvb, 1g cÖKvk, 1991)
128. myq~Zx, Avj-RvwgÔqym mvMxi (•ei‚Z, `vi‚j wdKi, 1g cÖKvk, 1981)
129. myq~Zx, hvBjyj jvAvjx (fviZ, Avj-gvZevDj Avjvex, 1303 wn)
130. myq~Zx, Avj-nvex wjj-dvZvIqv (•ei‚Z, `vi‚j wdKi, 1994)
131. myq~Zx, Zvìxeyi ivex (wiqv`, gvKZvevZzi wiqv` Avj-nv`xmvn)
132. myqyZx, Avj-jvAvjx Avj-gvmbyÔAv (•ei‚Z, `vi‚j gvwidvn)
133. myq~Zx, Av`-`yivi‚j gybZvwmiv (kvwgjv, 3.5)
134. myq~Zx, RvgDj RvIqvwg (kvwgjv, 3.5)
135. myq~Zx, RvwgDj Avnv`xm (kvwgjv, 3.5)
136. Aveym myÕD`, gynv¤§` web gynv¤§` (951 wn), Zvdmxi (•ei‚Z, BnBqv-Avivex, Zv.we.)
137. Beby Avi&ivK, Avjx Beby gynv¤§v` (963 wn.) Zvbhxûk kvixqvn (•ei‚Z, Bjwgq¨vn, 2q, 1981)
138. Beby byRvBg, hvBbyÏxb Beby Beivnxg (970 wn.), Avj-evni‚i iv‡qK kviû Kvbhy` `vKvBK (•ei‚Z, `vi‚j KzZzwej Bjwgq¨vn, 1g cÖKvk 1997 L„.)
139. Beby nvRvi nvBZvgx, Avng` Beby gynv¤§v` (974 wn) Avj-dvZvIqv Avj-wdKwnq¨v Avj-Kzeiv (•ei‚Z, `vi‚j wdKi/ kvwgjv 3.5)
140. Beby nvRvi nvBZvgx, Avj-dvZvIqv nv`xwmq¨vn (•ei‚Z, `vi‚j wdKi)
141. gyËvKx wnb`x, Avjx Beby Avãyj gvwjK (975 wn) Kvbhyj D¤§vj (kvwgjv, 3.5)
142. gynv¤§v` Zv‡ni dvZvbx (986 wn) ZvhwKivZzj gvDh~ÔAvZ (•ei‚Z, Avivex, 2q, 1399 wn)
143. †gvjv Avjx Kvix (1014 wn), Avj-Avmivi Avj-gvid‚ÔAvn (•ei‚Z, Bjwgq¨vn, 1g, 1985)
144. †gvjv Avjx Kvix, Avj gvmbyÕ (nvje, Avj-gvZeyÔAvZ Avj-Bmjvwgq¨vn, 1g, 1969)
145. †gvjv ÔAvjx K¡vix, wgiK¡vZzj gvdvZxn (•ei‚Z, `vi‚j wdKi, 1984)
146. gybvex, gynv¤§v` Avãyi ivEd (1031 wn), dvBhyj Kv`xi (wgki, wZRvwiqv Kzeiv, 1356 wn)
147. gybvex, Avj-dvZûm mvgvex weZvLwiRx Avnv`xwmj evBhvex (wiqv`, `vi‚j Avwmgv)
148. gyRvwÏ` Avjd mvbx (1043 wn), gvKZzevZ kixd, e½vbyev` kvn †gvnv¤§` gyZx Avng` AvdZvex (XvKv, AvdZvexqv LvbKvn kixd, 3q cÖKvk, 1420wn)
149. gyRvwÏ` B Avjd B mvbx, gvKZzevZ kixd, wRj‡` `yIg, e½vbyev` G.wU. Ljxj Avng`, (XvKv, 1g cÖKvk, 1990)
150. nvjvex, Avjx Beby eyinvb DÏxb (1044 wn), mxivn nvjvweq¨vn (•ei‚Z, gvwidvn, 1400 wn)
151. Avãyj n° †`njex (1052 wn), gyKvwÏgv dx Dm~wjj nv`xm (•ei‚Z, evkvBi, 2q, 1986)
152. gyjv Pjcx nvRx Lvjxdv, gymZvdv Beby Avãyjvn (1067 wn), Kvkdzh hyb~b (•ei‚Z, Bjwgq¨vn 1992)
153. BmgvCj nv°x Bmjvgeyjx (1127 wn), iƒûj evqvb (•ei‚`, Zzivm-Avivex-kvwgjv, 3.5)
154. hviKvbx gynv¤§v` Avãyj Avhxg (1122 wn), gvbvwnjyj Bidvb (wgmi, evex nvjvex, 3q)
155. hviKvbx, gyLZvmvi‚j gvKvwm` Avj-nvmvbvn (•ei‚Z, Bmjvgx, 3q, 1983)
156. AvRj~bx, BmgvCj Beby gynv¤§v` (1162 wn), Kvkdzj Lvdv (•ei‚Z, wimvjvn, 4_©, 1405 wn)
157. kvn IqvwjDjvn †`njex, Avng` Beby Avãyi ivnxg (1176wn.), û¾vZzjvwnj evwjMv (‣ei‚Z, `vi‚ Bnqvwqj Dj~g, 2q cÖKvk 1992)
158. kvn IqvwjDjvn †`njex, Avj-evjv¸j gyexb, e½vbyev` gyn¤§` Avãyj-vn (XvKv, Bmjvwgqv KziAvb gnj, 3q cÖKvk, 1999)
159. kvn Iqvwj Dj-vn, Avj-dvIhyj Kvexi (•ei‚Z, evkvBi Avj-Bmjvwgq¨vn, 2q, 1987)
160. kvn BmgvCj knx` (1246wn.), †miv‡Z gymZvKxg (†`De•`, Avik` eyK wW‡cv)
161. kvIKvbx, gynv¤§v` Beby Avjx (1250 wn.), Avj-dvIqvB`yj gvRgyÔAvn (g°vn gyKviivgvn, gvKZvevZz wbhvi gymZvdv Avj-evh)
162. kvIKvbx, bvBjyj AvDZvi, (•ei‚Z, `vi‚j Rxj, 1973)
163. Avjymx, mvB‡q¨` gvngy` (1270 wn), iƒûj gvÕAvbx (•ei‚Z, Bjwgq¨vn&, 1g, 1994)
164. ì‡ek n~Z, gynv¤§v` Bebym mvBwq` (1276 wn), Avmbvj gvZvwje (nvjve, Avj-Av`vweq¨vn)
165. gvIjvbv KvivgZ Avjx †R․bcyix (1289 wn), wKZv‡e GQ‡ZKvgvZ (XvKv, KvivgwZqv)
166. Avãyj nvB jvLbex (1304wn.), Avj-Avmvi‚j gvid‚qv (‣ei‚Z, Bjwgq¨vn, 1g, 1984)
167. Avãyj nvB jvLbex, Avb-bvwdDj Kvexi (fviZ, jvL‡b․, gvZevAvZzj BDm~dx, 1g cÖKvk)
168. Avãyj nvB jvLbex, Avj-AvRBevZzj dvwhjv (nvjve, Bmjvwgq¨vn, 2q, 9984)
169. Avãyj nvB jvLbex, Avi-ivdD IqvZ ZvKgxj (•ei‚Z, evkvBi Bmjvwgqv, 1987)
170. KvIKvRx, gynv¤§v` Beby Lvjxj (1305 wn), Avj-jyjy Avj-gvim~ (•ei‚Z, evkvBi, 1415wn)
171. KvËvbx, gynv¤§v` Beby RvÕdvi (1345 wn), Avi-wimvjvZzj gymZvZ&ivdv (•ei‚Z, `vi‚j evkvBi Avj-Bmjvwgq¨vn, 4_© cÖKvk 1986)
172. gyeviKcyix, gynv¤§v` Avãyi ivngvb (1353wn), ZzndvZzj AvnIqvhx (‣ei‚Z, Bjwgq¨vn)
173. kvgmyj nK Avhxgvev`x, AvDbyj gvÕey` (•ei‚Z, Bjwgq¨vn, 2q cÖKvk, 1415 wn)
174. Avjevbx, gynv¤§v` bvwmi‚Ïxb, mvnxn Rvwgwqm mvMxi (•ei‚Z, gvKZve-Bmjvgx, 3q, 1988)
175. Avjevbx, hqxdzj Rvwgwqm mvMxi (•ei‚Z, Avj-gvKZveyj Bmjvgx, 3q cÖKvk, 1990)
176. Avjevbx, BiIqvDj Mvjxj (•ei‚Z, Avj-gvKZve Avj-Bmjvgx, 1g cÖ, 1979)
177. Avjevbx, gvKvjvZzj Avjevbx (wiqv`, `vi‚ AvZjvm, 2q gy`ªY, 2001)
178. Avjevbx, mvnxn mybvwb Bewb gvRvn (wiqv`, gvKZvevZzj gvAvwid, 1g cÖ, 1997)
232
179. Avjevbx, hqxdz mybvwb Bewb gvRvn (wiqv`, gvKZvevZzj gvAvwid, 1g cÖ, 1997)
180. Avjevbx, mnxûZ ZviMxe IqvZ Zvinxe (weqv`, gvKZvevZzj gvAvwid, 3q cÖKvk 1988)
181. Avjevbx, wmjwmjvZzj Avnv`xwmm hvCdvn (wiqv`, gvAvwid, 1g cÖKvk, 1992-2001)
182. Avjevbx, wmjwmjvZzj Avnv`xwmm mvnxnvn (wiqv`, gvKZvevZzj gvAvwid, 1g cÖKvk)
183. Avjevbx, w`dv Avwbj nv`xm (kvwgjv, 3.5)
184. Avjevbx, Zvgvgyj wgb‣vn (•ei‚Z, Avj-gvKZvev Avj-Bmjvwgq¨vn, 3q, 1409wn)
185. Dgvi wihv Kvn&nvjvn, gyÕRvgyj gyAvwj-dxb (kvwgjv, 3.5)
186. W. dvj-vZv, Dgvi Beby nvmvb, Avj-Iqv`D wdj nv`xm (•ei‚Z, gvKZvevZzj Mvhvjx, 1981)
187. gynv¤§v` Ave~ kvnevn, Avj-BmivCwjq¨vZ (KvB‡iv, myb‣vn, 4_© cÖKvk, 1408 wn)
188. W. Lvj`~b Avj-Avn`ve, hvIqvB` ZvixL evM`v` (†`gvkK, `vi‚j Kjg, 1g, 1996)
189. mvB‡q` Avãyj ûmvBb kvivdzÏxb Avj-gymvfx, Avj-gyivRvAvZ, e½vbyev` (XvKv, Gm. Gg. bvwmg †iRv, 1g 2005)
190. W. Beivnxg Avbxm I m½xMY, Avj-gyRvg Avj IqvmxZ (•ei‚Z, `vi‚j wdKi)
191. W. Beivnxg RygAv, Avj-AvZjvm AvZ-ZvixLx (wiqv`, `vivZzj gvwjK Avãyj Avhxh)
192. W. hvnvex, gynv¤§v` ûmvBb, AvZ-Zvdmxi Iqvj gydvm&wmiƒb (kvwgjv, 3.5)
193. W. gvb‣v KvËvb, gvevwnmy dx Dj~wgi KziAvb (wiqv`, gvKZvevZzj gvAvwid, 3q, 2000)
194. Avãyj dvËvn Avey ¸Ïvn, AvievD ivmvBj dx Djywgj nv`xm (nvjve, wmwiqv, gvKZveyj gvZeyÔAvZ Avj-Bmjvwgq¨vn, 5g cÖKvk, 1990)
195. Avãyi ingvb Beby Avãyj LvwjK BDm~d, Avj-wdKi‚m m~dx (kvwgjv, 3.5)
196. kvBL AviKvbx, mvwjn Avng` gynv¤§` Bìxm, ZzndvZzj gvRvwjm (kvwgjv, 3.5)
197. Aveyj dvB` gv°x, gynv¤§v` Bqvmxb, Avj-DRvjv wdj Avnv`xwmj gymvjmvjv (kvwgjv, 3.5)
198. Avjx bv‡qd kvn~h, gvDm~AvZzj eyn~m Iqvj gvKvjvZ (kvwgjv, 3.5)
199. Avãyj nvB KvËvbx, wdnwimyj dvnvwim (•ei‚Z, `vi‚j Mvi&e, 2q cÖKvk, 1982, kvwgjv)
200. Avey BmnvK Avj ûqvBbx, Ryb‣vZzj gyiZve (•ei‚Z, Avivex, 1g cÖKvk, 1987)
201. †gvnv¤§` i‚ûj Avwgb (1364 wn), evPvgvivi evnvQ (ewkinvU, fviZ, cÖKvkK: kidzj Avwgb, 2q cÖKvk, 1403 evs)
202. †gvnv¤§` i‚ûj Avwgb, evMgvwii dwK‡ii †avKvfÄb (ewkinvU, kidzj Avwgb, 2q, 1406 evs)
203. †gvnv¤§` i‚ûj Avwgb, Kvjbv Rvevwicvovi evnvQ (ewkinvU, kidzj Avwgb, 2q, 1406 evs)
204. †gvnv¤§` i‚ûj Avwgb, gvBRfvÊv‡ii evnvQ (ewkinvU, kidzj Avwgb, 2q, 1406 evs)
205. †gvnv¤§` i‚ûj Avwgb, Kvivg‡Z Avngw`qv (ewkinvU, kidzj Avwgb, 2q, 1406 evs)
206. †gvnv¤§` i‚ûj Avwgb, GRnv‡ivj nK (ewkinvU, kidzj Avwgb, 2q, 1407 evs)
207. †gvnv¤§` i‚ûj Avwgb, wmivRM‡Äi evnvQ (ewkinvU, byi‚j Avwgb, 3q, 1396 evs)
208. †gvnv¤§` i‚ûj Avwgb, dzidziv kix‡di cxi gvIjvb AveyeKi wmwÏKx (in)-Gi we¯„vwiZ Rxebx (XvKv, BkvAv‡Z Bmjvg KzZzeLvbv, ZvwiL wenxb)
209. gydZx Avng` Bqvi Lvb, AvIjxqv‡q wKiv‡gi Imxjvq †Lv`vi ingZ: e½vbyev` (PÆMÖvg, gynv¤§`x KzZzeLvbv)
210. gydZx Avng` Bqvi Lvb, kv‡b nvexeyi ingvb: e½vbyev`, (PÆMÖvg, wQivZzj gymZvKxg cÖKvkbx, †gvnv¤§v`xqv KzZzeLvbv)
211. gydZx Avng` Bqvi Lvb, mvjZvbv‡Z gy¯„vdv: e½vbyev` (PÆMÖvg, †gvnv¤§`x KzZzeLvbv)
212. gydZx Avng` Bqvi Lvb, RvÕAvj nK: e½vbyev` (PÆMÖvg, †gvnv¤§v`x KzZzeLvbv)
213. gydZx Bqvi Lvb, wÌqv‡b mv‡jK (PÆMÖvg, gynv¤§v`x KzZyeLvbv)
214. Avãym QvËvi, Bgvgyj gymwjgxb nhiZ †gvnv¤§` AveyeKi wmwÏKx (in) cxi †Kejvi Rxeb-PwiZ, XvKv, Avãyjvn wcÖ•Uvm© GÛ cvewjkvm©, 3q cÖKvk, 2003 L„)
215. Avey dv‡Zgv †gvnv¤§` BmnvK, dzidziv kix‡di cxi nhiZ gIjvbv kvn m~dx AveyeKi wmwÏKx (XvKv, BmjvwgK dvD‡Ûkb evsjv‡`k, 2q ms¯‥iY, 1988)
216. Avjvgv mvBdzÏxb wmwÏKx, Zvwj‡g ZixKZ I ev‡Zbx wk¶v (dzidziv kixd, wn`vqvZzj gym‡jgxb jvB‡eªix, Zv. we)
217. Avjvgv mvBdzwÏb wmwÏKx, m¤úv`K, dzidzivi nRiZ: dzidzivi cxi nRiZ Avey eKi wmwÏKx (i), (dzidziv kixd, †n`vqvZzj gym‡jgxb jvB‡eªix, 3q ms¯‥iY,
1993);
218. •mq` †gv. evnvDwÏb Avjx I †mL †gv. gwnDwÏb, dzidzivi cxi nRiZ AveyeKi wmwÏKx (in), (dzidziv kixd, †n`vqvZzj gym‡jgxb jvB‡eªix, 1g cÖKvk, 1990);
219. •mq` †gv. evnvDwÏb I •mq` †gv. iIkbRwgi; nRiZ b ûRyi cxi †Kejv (i); dzidziv kixd, cxiRv`v RweDjvn wmwÏKx, 2q ms¯‥iY 1399
220. •mq` Avwgbyj nK dinv`vev`x, †ZvndvZzj AvLBqvi, 3q cÖKvk, dinv`vev` ìevi kixd, PÆMÖvg
221. ‣mq` †`jvIi †nvmvBb, MvDQzj AvRg gvBRfvÊvixi Rxebx I †KivgZ, beg cÖKvk, gvBRfvÊvi ìevi kixd, PÆMÖvg
222. ‣mq` Avkivd †nv‡mb; nRiZ bÕ ûRyi cxi †Kejvi (i) Rxeb-PwiZ, KjKvZv, •mq`v †bvRvqiv bv‡mi; 3q ms¯‥iY 1392 evsjv;
223. Aa¨¶ †gvnv¤§` knx`yjvn; dzidziv kix‡di cxi †Kejvi (†gRjv ûhyi) Rxeb-PwiZ (dzidziv kixd, †g․jvbv gynv¤§` mvBdzwÏb wmwÏKx, Z…Zxq gy`ªY, 1414 evsjv)
224. Avãyjvn gvgby Avwid Avj gvb‣vb; dzidzivi BwZnvm; BkvÔAv‡Z Bmjvg KzZzeLvbv, Zv. we.
225. gvIjvbv †gv. wmivRyj Bmjvg I gvIjvbv †gv. i‚ûj KzÏym, dzidzivi cxi nhiZ gvIjvbv Avãyj nvB wmwÏKx (in)-Gi Rxeb I evYx (KjKvZv, cxiRv`v gvIjvbv
†gv. Avey Beªvwng wmwÏKx mv‡ne, cÖ_g cÖKvk, 1983)
226. gyeviK Avjx ingvbx; dzidziv kix‡di BwZe„Ë; KwjKvZv, bvmvixqv cÖKvkbx Uªv÷, 1g ms¯‥iY, 1984
227. gynv¤§` ikx`yj Bmjvg; dzidziv kix‡di cxi wKejvi (†gRjv ûRyi) Rxeb-PwiZ; Pwe․k ciMbv, Aveyj dRi gynv¤§v` Avãyj nvB, cÖ_g ms¯‥iY, 1392 evsjv;
228. Kwm`v- B- byÕgvb (MvDmyj AvÕhg I AvÕjv nRiZ (iv) wimvP© GKv‡Wgx, XvKv, cÖ_g cÖKvk, 2000 L„), c„. 068 I 113-114|
229. KziAvb nv`xm wimvP© †m•Uvi, I‡cb wm‡µU (dzidziv kix‡di cxi Avãyj nvB wmwÏKxi Rxe‡bi wKQz Rvbv, wKKQz ARvbv NUbv I evYxi `yj©f msKjb); XvKv,
BkvAv‡Z Bmjvg KzZzeLvbv, 1g cÖKvk, 2001)
230. KziAvb nv`xQ wimvP© †m•Uvi, nvK¡xK¡v‡Z LwjdvZzjvn: dzidziv kix‡di cxi nhiZ Avãyj nvB wmwÏKx (in) (XvKv, BkvÕAv‡Z Bmjvg KzZze Lvbv, Zv. we.)
231. W. gynv¤§` Zv‡ni‚j Kv‡ìx, Avjvni wcÖq ev•`v‡ì Kv‡Q mvnvh¨ cÖv_©bvi kiqx weavb, gynv¤§`x KzZzeLvbv, PÆMÖvg|
232. wÌqvb gynv¤§` Beªvwng ZK©evwMk, nhiZ Ave`yj nvB wmwÏKxi Rxebx I e³…Zv (1977)|
233. W. gynv¤§` Avãyjvn, ivRbxwZ‡Z e½xq Djvgvi f~wgKv (XvKv, BmjvwgK dvD‡Ûkb evsjv‡`k, 2q ms¯‥iY, 2002)|
234. wmivRyj nK wbRvgcyix, gxjv`, †Kqvg, Rk‡b Rjym, 1g cÖKvk, XvKv|
233
235. BmjvwgK dvD‡Ûkb evsjv‡`k, Bmjvgx wek¦‡Kvl
236. †Mvjvg Avng` †gvZ©vRv, BwZnv‡mi BwZnvm (ea©gvb, fviZ, wek¦-e½xq cÖKvkb, 1978)
237. †Mvjvg Avng` †gvZ©vRv; †P‡c ivLv BwZnvm (ea©gvb, fviZ, wek¦-e½xq cÖKvkb, 8g, 2000)
238. †Lv•`Kvi Avãyjvn Rvnv½xi, KziAvb-myb‣vni Av‡jv‡K Bmjvgx AvKx`v (wSbvB`n, Avm-myb‣vn cvewj‡KkÝ, cwiewa©Z bZzb ms¯‥iY, 2007)
239. †Lv•`Kvi Avãyjvn Rvnv½xi, GnBqvDm mybvb (wSbvB`n, Avm-myb‣vn, 5g, 2007)
240. †Lv•`Kvi Avãyjvn Rvnv½xi, iv‡n †ejvqvZ (wSbvB`n, Avm-myb‣vn, 5g, 2009)
241. †Lv•`Kvi Avãyjvn Rvnv½xi, nv`x‡mi bv‡g RvwjqvwZ (wSbvB`n, Avm-myb‣vn, 3q, 2008)
242. †Lv•`Kvi Avãyjvn Rvnv½xi, eyn~myb dx Dj~wgj nv`xm (wSbvB`n, Avm-myb‣vn, 1g, 2007)
243. †Lv•`Kvi Avãyjvn Rvnv½xi, Bmjv‡gi bv‡g Rw½ev` (wSbvB`n, Avm-myb‣vn, 2q, 2009)
244. †Lv•`Kvi Avãyjvn Rvnv½xi, evsjv‡`‡k Dki ev dm‡ji hvKvZ: ¸i‚Z¡ I cÖ‡qvM (wSbvB`n, Avm-myb‣vn, 2q, 2009)
245. GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwU evsjv‡`k, evsjvwcwWqv, wmwW fvk©b 2.0.0
246. evsjv evB‡ej, evsjv‡`k evB‡ej †mvmvBwU
247. gvwmK †b`v‡q Bmjvg, 1g el© 3q msL¨v, AMÖnvqY 1350 evsjv, 15k el©, 6ô msL¨v, †c․l, 1368 evs 65 el© 10g msL¨v, •R¨ô 1413, †g 2006
248. BmjvwgK dvD‡Ûkb cwÎKv, RyjvB-†m‡Þ¤î 2007|

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e½‡`‡k iwPZ Rvj nv`xm welqK cÖvPxbZg MÖš’

dzidzivi cxi kvBLyj Bmjvg

dzidzivi cxi Avj-vgv

W. †Lv›`Kvi Avãyj­vn Rvnv½xi

cÖ_g cÖKvk : hyjnv¾ 1430 wn,

nvw`qv: 280 (`yB kZ Avwk) UvKv gvÎ|

cÖ_g Aa¨vq: cwiwPwZ

1. 2. 3. Rvj nv`xm cÖwZ‡iv‡a KziAvb-mybœvni wb‡`©kbv

ÓAvj­vn mxgvjsNbKvix wg_¨vev`x‡K mrc‡_ cwiPvwjZ K‡ib bv|Ñ129

2. 2. 2. 1. Rvwjqv‡Zi AevK NUbv

1. Avj­vni wKZv‡ei GKwU AvqvZ gynv¤§v` I Zvi cwievi-cwiRb †_‡K DËg|

2. Ave~ nvbxdv Avgvi D¤§v‡Zi cÖ`xc|

4. †ivMe¨wa-‣`wnK wech©q (MÖ¯„‡`i) †_‡K AvZ¥i¶v Ki|

5. Zzwg hvi DcKvi K‡iQ Zvi ¶wZ †_‡K AvZ¥i¶v Ki|

8. Acev‡`i ¯’vb¸wj †_‡K AvZ¥i¶v Ki|

14. hLb gne․Z mZ¨ nq ZLb Av`‡ei kZ©¸wj wejyß-AcmvwiZ nq|

27. wbq¨vZ weï× Ki Ges weRb gi‚f~wg‡Z evm Ki|

28. AvZ¥Zzwó mKj †iv‡Mi g~j|

30. †µZv‡K mvnvh¨ Ki|

32. †kªô Bev`Z ZvB hv‡Z Kó me‡P‡q †ewk|

34. me‡P‡q m¤§vwbZ gvRwjm-‣eVK hv‡Z wKejvgywL n‡q emv nq|

35. †Zvgv‡`i cweÎZvi DcKiY‡K (cvwb ev Abyiƒc `ªe¨) m¤§vb Ki|

37. gvwU LvIqv gybvwdwKi Rb¥ †`q|

38. mg~‡`ªi g‡a¨ c„w_ex f~c„‡ôi g‡a¨ GKwU Av¯„ve‡ji gZ|

39. cybive„wË †m․fvM¨|

40. m„wóKz‡ji wRn․v m‡Z¨i Kjg|

41. †n Avj­vn, Avcwb kvmK I kvwmZ‡K ms‡kvwaZ Ki‚b|

44. ZvK`x‡ii wek¦vm `ywð‡„v I nZvkv `~i K‡i|

46. Avj-Avgxb ev wek¦¯„ wZb Rb: wReivCj, Avwg Ges gyAvweqv|

49. µxZ`v‡mi wbivcËv wbivcËv|

51. †g․gvwQi ivRv (D¤§v‡Zi †kªô) Avjx|

52. ci¯úi bmxnZ Ki Ges Avcm-mwÜ Ki|

53. Avwg Avj­vn †_‡K Ges gywgbMY Avgv-‡_‡K|

55. †h (mZ¨) ¯^xKvi K‡i †m m‡Z¨i mv‡_ Bbmvdx K‡i|

56. †ejvj Avhv‡bi g‡a¨ kxb A¶i‡K wmbiƒ‡c D‛PviY Ki‡Zb|

58. Avj­vn abx‡ì Z…wß `wi`ª‡ì Lv‡`ï g‡a¨ †i‡L‡Qb|

59. ZvjvK cÖ`v‡b Af¨¯„ cyi‚l‡K Avj­vn AcQ•` K‡ib|

ÒAvj­vni wbKU me‡P‡q N„wYZ nvjvj Kg© n‡jv ZvjvKÓ152

60. gymvwdi I Zvi m¤ú` a․s‡mi gy‡LvgywL|

61. K_v hw` †i․‡c¨i nq Zvn‡j bxieZv ¯^‡Y©i|

62. g„Ze¨w³ 7 w`b ch©‡„ Zvi evwoi gvbyl‡`i‡K †`L‡Z cvq|

63. Avj­vn Avk~ivi w`‡b Avmgvb-hgxb m„wó K‡i‡Qb|

70. Rvb‣vZevmxMY Rvb‣v‡ZI AvwjgM‡Yi gyLv‡c¶x n‡eb|

82. Avwg I Ave~ eKi cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi `ywU †Nvovi gZ|

84. Avgvi D¤§‡Zi g‡a¨ me©cÖ_g weev` Ki‡e Avjx I gyAvweqv|

86. KziAv‡bi AwaKvixMY Avj­vni cwiRb-eskai|

88. †e¸b †h wbq¨v‡Z LvIqv n‡e ZvB n‡e|

89. †e¸b mKj †iv‡Mi wPwKrmv|

90. Avgvi D¤§v‡Zi g‡a¨ `wR©MY K…cY|

91. K…cY e¨w³ Avj­vni kÎ‚ hw`I †m `i‡ek nq|

96. kxZ `x‡bi (a‡g©i) kÎ‚|

97. nv‡m¨v¾¡j I AgvwqK e¨envi AvwZ‡_qZvi †P‡q DËg|

98. Lywb‡K Ly‡bi mymsev` `vI|

100. Avïivi w`‡b µ•`b wKqvgZ w`e‡m cwic~Y© b~i|

101. evBZzj gvKw`m (†hi‚hv‡jg) we‛Qz‡Z ficyi GKwU †mvbvi LvÂv|

103. wbqwgZ Ihxdv ev Avgj cwiZ¨vMKvix Awfkß|

104. evBZzj­vni Zvwnq¨v ev kª×vÁvcb n‡jv ZvIqvd Kiv|

107. (mgv‡Ri) cÖPjb cwiZ¨vM Kiv kÎ‚Zv (kÎ‚Zvi Rb¥ †`q)|

109. wReivC‡ji nv‡Z dvwZgvi (iv) weevn msNwUZ nIqv...|

110. GK gyn~Z© wP‡„v-fvebv ev a¨vb GK eQ‡i Bev`Z A‡c¶v DËg|

111. An¼vixi Dci An¼vi Kiv mv`Kv e‡j MY¨|

112. ZvKexi Rhg (ZvKex‡ii †k‡l Rhg w`‡q cov n‡e|)

113. jvwVi Dci fi †`Iqv bexM‡Yi mybv‣ Z|

W. †Lv›`Kvi Avãyjvn Rvnv½xi

ÓAvjvn mxgvjsNbKvix wg_¨vev`x‡K mrc‡_ cwiPvwjZ K‡ib bv|Ñ129

1. Avjvni wKZv‡ei GKwU AvqvZ gynv¤§v` I Zvi cwievi-cwiRb †_‡K DËg|

41. †n Avjvn, Avcwb kvmK I kvwmZ‡K ms‡kvwaZ Ki‚b|

53. Avwg Avjvn †_‡K Ges gywgbMY Avgv-‡_‡K|

58. Avjvn abx‡ì Z…wß `wi`ª‡ì Lv‡`ï g‡a¨ †i‡L‡Qb|

59. ZvjvK cÖ`v‡b Af¨¯„ cyi‚l‡K Avjvn AcQ•` K‡ib|

ÒAvjvni wbKU me‡P‡q N„wYZ nvjvj Kg© n‡jv ZvjvKÓ152

63. Avjvn Avk~ivi w`‡b Avmgvb-hgxb m„wó K‡i‡Qb|

86. KziAv‡bi AwaKvixMY Avjvni cwiRb-eskai|

91. K…cY e¨w³ Avjvni kÎ‚ hw`I †m `i‡ek nq|

104. evBZzjvni Zvwnq¨v ev kª×vÁvcb n‡jv ZvIqvd Kiv|

134. ÔAvj-nvg`y wjjvnÕ Ki‚Yvg‡qi Pv`i|

179. wejv‡ji mxb Avjvni Kv‡Q kxb|