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For Class X students Circulatory system

Name the following
1. The membrane covering the heart.
2. The fluid present between the membranes covering of heart.
3. The valve present between the right auricle and right ventricle.
4. The blood vessels that brings blood from the body parts towards heart.
5. The valve present between the left auricle and left ventricle.
6. A vein which carries oxygenated blood.
7. An artery which carries deoxygenated blood.
8. A fluid connective tissue.
9. The element needed for blood clotting.
10. The minute blood vessels that join arteries and veins.
11. Organ that destroys dead red blood cells.
12. A blood vessel that supplies oxygen to the heart.
13. The blood vessel which has valves in its inner lining.
14. Blood cells who deficiency causes anemia.
15. The smallest blood vessels.
16. The category of blood vessels which starts from capillaries and end in capillaries.
17. The vitamin necessary for blood clotting.
18. An anti coagulant
19. A genetic disorder in which blood does not clot.
20. The nearest organ to which the heart supplies oxygenated blood.
21. The process by which WBC engulf bacteria.
22. The opening found between the auricle and ventricle.
23. The instrument used to measure heart beat.
24. The liquid part of the blood.
25. The enzyme necessary for blood clotting.
26. The site of production of red blood cells in the adult humans.
27. The element required for the clotting of blood.
28. An inflammatory agent
29. An unstable bright red compound formed by hemoglobin and oxygen.
30. The type of blood cells showing amoeboid movement.
31. The process by which leucocytes squeeze out through walls of capillaries.
32. The non nucleated mature blood cells in mammals.
33. The respiratory pigment contained in human blood.
34. The smallest vein
35. The blood vessel carries oxygenated blood to the liver.
36. The phase of contraction of the heart chambers
37. The fluid that transport fatty acid and glycerol.
38. The smallest artery.
39. The structure responsible for transporting oxygen to the body cells.
40. The blood vessels that begins and ends in capillaries.
41. The pulse beat per minute of a normal human adult.
42. The iron containing pigment in erythrocytes.
43. The soluble protein present in blood plasma responsible for clotting.
44. The artery that supplies oxygenated blood to the gut.
45. The blood vessel supplying oxygen to the kidney
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46. The liquid squeezed out of blood during clotting.

47. The site of production of RBC in human embryo.
48. A disease in which the number of WBC increase at the cost of RBC
49. The vein that takes the blood away from liver..
50. The largest artery.
51. Largest vein.
52. The vein that takes deoxygenated blood from the kidney to the vena cava.
53. The blood vessel that carries highest concentration of glucose after a meal .
54. The blood vessel that has highest concentration of urea soon after a protein rich meal.
55. The blood vessel that has lowest concentration of urea.
56. The blood vessel that has highest concentration of oxygen.
57. The blood vessel that has highest concentration of carbon dioxide.
58. The blood vessel that brings deoxygenated blood from the walls of heart to the heart.
59. The blood vessel that has highest concentration of amino acid.
60. The blood vessel that has lowest concentration of RBC.
61. The instrument used to measure blood pressure.
62. The device that records the electrical activities of the heart muscle.
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Answers
1. Pericardium 35. Hepatic artery
2. Pericardial fluid 36. Systole
3. Tricuspid Valve 37. Lymph
4. Vein 38. Arteriole
5. Bicuspid / mitral valve 39. RBC / erythrocytes
6. Pulmonary vein 40. Portal vein
7. Pulmonary artery 41. 72 times/ minute
8. Blood / lymph 42. Haemoglobin
9. Calcium 43. Fibrinogen / prothrombin
10. Capillaries 44. Mesenteric artery
11. Liver/ spleen 45. Renal artery
12. Coronary artery 46. Serum
13. Vein 47. Spleen, liver
14. RBC 48. Leukemia
15. Capillaries 49. Hepatic vein
16. Portal vein 50. Aorta
17. Vitamin K 51. Vena cava
18. heparin 52. Renal vein
19. Haemophilia 53. Hepatic portal vein
20. Heart itself 54. Hepatic vein
21. Phagocytosis 55. Renal vein.
22. Auriculo - ventricular aperture 56. Pulmonary vein.
23. Stethoscope 57. Pulmonary artery.
24. Plasma 58. Coronary vein/ coronary sinus.
25. Thrombokinase 59. Hepatic portal vein.
26. Red Bone marrow 60. Hepatic vein.
27. Calcium 61. Sphygmomanometer.
28. histamine 62. Electro Cardio Graph ( ECG)
29. Oxyhaemoglobin
30. WBC
31. Diapedesis
32. RBC
33. Haemoglobin
34. venule

Differentiate between
1.
RBC
1. It is biconcave, disc like and de
nucleated
2. It has haemoglobin
3. It transport oxygen
3
Blood
1. It is red in colour
2. It contain corpuscles like RBC, WBC
and platelets along with plasma
3. It contains fibrinogen
4.
Auricle
1. The walls are thin
2. These are upper chambers
3. These are blood receiving chambers
5.
Plasma
1. It is the liquid part of the blood
2. It does not contain corpuscles
7.
Bicuspid valve
1. This guard the left Auriculo-
ventricular aperture
2. This has two leaf like flaps
8.
Pulmonary circulation
1. The blood circulates from the right
ventricle of the heart to lung and
back to left auricle heart
2. It helps in the oxygenation of blood
from the lungs.
10.
Pulmonary Artery
1. It arises from right ventricle and
leads to the lungs.
2. It carries deoxygenated blood
11.
Defibrinated blood
1. It is the blood from which fibrinogen
is removed
4
WBC
1.It is irregular and nucleated
2.No haemoglobin
3.It protects the body
Lymph
1.It is colourless
2.It contains only lymphocytes
But erythrocytes are absent
3.It does not contain fibrinogen
Ventricle
1.walls are thick
2.These are lower chambers
3.these are blood distributing chambers
Serum
1.it is the blood plasma without fibrinogen
2.It does not contain corpuscles and
fibrinogen
Tricuspid valve
1.These guards the right Auriculo-
ventricular aperture.
2.it has three leaf like flaps.
Systemic circulation
1.The blood circulates from the left ventricle
of the heart to various body parts and back
to the right auricle of the heart
2.It helps in supplying oxygen to various
body parts.
Pulmonary Vein
1.It arises from lungs to the left auricle
2.It carries oxygenated blood.
Plasma
1.It is the liquid part of the blood and has
fibrinogen.
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2. It possesses plasma and blood cells 2.It is without blood cells

13.
RBC Haemoglobin
1. These are the biconcave and disc 1.It is a red pigment found on the RBC
like cells found in the blood
2. It consists of spongy cytoplasm and 2.It is made of an iron containing pigment
haemoglobin haemin and a protein part globulin
14.
Granulocytes A granulocytes
1. These are the WBC with granules and 1.These are WBC without granules and
the nucleus is usually constricted Nucleus is large and without lobes
into lobes.
2. They are eosinophil, basophil and 2.They are monocytes and lymphocytes
neutrophil

15.
Eosinophil or acidophil Basophil
1. Nucleus has two lobes. 1. Nucleus is indistinctly lobed.

2. The cytoplasm stains dark red with 2. Cytoplasm stains with basic dyes like
acidic dye like eosin methylene blue.

3. They destroy antigen and neutralize 3. They produce histamine which dilate
some toxins . i.e. They are anti allergic. the blood capillaries for diapedisis.

4. They comprise 1-3% of the total 4. They comprise 0.5-1% of total WBC.
number of leucocytes

16.
Eosinophil or acidophil Neutrophil
1.Nucleus has two lobes. 1. The nucleus has 3-4 lobes.

2.The cytoplasm stains dark red with acidic 2. The cytoplasm stains with neutral dyes.
dye like eosin
3.They destroy antigen and neutralize some 3.They are concerned with phagocytosis.
toxins . i.e. They are anti allergic
4.They comprise 1-3% of the total number of 4.They comprise 70 % of the total WBC
leucocytes
17.
Neutrophil Basophil
1. The nucleus has 3-4 lobes. 5. Nucleus is large and indistinctly
lobed.

2. The cytoplasm stains with neutral dyes. 6. Cytoplasm stains with basic dyes like
methylene blue.
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3.They are concerned with phagocytosis. 7. They produce histamine which dilate
the blood vessels for diapedisis.

4.They comprise 70 % of the total WBC 8. They comprise 0.5-1% of total WBC.

18.
Lymphocytes
1. The nucleus has slight dent like
depression on one side.
2. They produce antibodies
( function)
3. They are the smallest of WBC
4. They comprise 25 % of WBC
Monocyte
1. Nucleus is horse shoe shaped.
2. They engulf bacteria ( phagocytosis)
3. They are the largest of WBC
4. They comprise 3-8% of total WBC

19.
Antibody
1. These are the proteins produced by
the lymphocytes on exposure to an
antigen
2. These are produced by plasma cells
derived from lymphocytes
Antigen
1.These are the chemical substance which
stimulate the production of antibodies
2.These are found usually on the surface of a
cell or germ

20.
Artery
1. Carry blood away from the heart
2. Carry blood in to an organ
3. Progressivly branched, decreasing in
size.
4. Smallest artery breaks into arterioles
5. Have thick and more muscular walls
6. Walls are elastic
7. Have narrow lumen
8. Have no valves in their inner lining
9. Do not collapse when empty
10. Blood flows with jerks and great
pressure.
11. Usually deeper placed but superficial
at the joints.
21.
Pulmonary semi lunar valve
1. It is located at the opening of
pulmonary artery in the right
ventricle
2. It prevent the back flow of blood from
the pulmonary artery to right
Vein
1. It brings blood towards the
heart.(Except hepatic portal vein)
2.Carry blood away from an organ
3.Progressively unite and increasing in
size.
4.Smallest vein arises from venule
5.Have thin and less muscular walls.
6.Walls are non elastic
7.Have wider lumen
8.Have valves in their inner lining.
9.Collapse when empty.
10.blood flows continuously and under
very little pressure
11.Usually more superficial (nearer the
skin)
Aortic Semi lunar valve
1.It is located at the origin of aorta from the
left ventricle.
2.It prevents the back flow of the blood from
the aorta to the left ventricle during
ventricular diastole or auricular systole.
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ventricle during ventricular diastole

or auricular systole

22.
Hepatic Portal Vein Hepatic Vein
1. It originates from the intestine and 1.It originates from the liver and joins with
ends in liver inferior vena cava
2. It begins and ends with capillaries 2.It begins with capillaries but joins with
vena cava ( another Vein)
3. It is loaded with sugar and amino acid 3.It has only normal quantities of sugar and
amino acid.
23.
Heart beat Heart sound
1.It is the systolic and diastolic phase of the 1.It is the Lubb and dup sound produced by
heart the closure of the cuspid and semi lunar
valves
2.It is brought about by the cardiac muscle 2.It is brought about by the valves present in
the heart.
24.
Pulse Heart beat
1. It is the rhythmic expansion and 1..It is the contraction and relaxation of the
contraction of the artery muscular walls of the heart
2. It is felt at the joint where arteries 2.It is felt on the left side of the chest by the
are superficial and is caused by the contraction and relaxation of the muscles of
systolic and diastolic movement of the heart.
the heart.
25.
Arteriole Venule
1. It is the smallest artery that branches 1.It is the smallest vein which is formed by
to form capillaries the reunion of the capillaries.
2. It distribute oxygen and nutrients to 2.It takes away the carbon dioxide and
cells and tissues nitrogenous waste from the cells and tissues
.
26.
Pulmonary Circulation Systemic Circulation
1. It includes the circulation of the 1.It includes the circulation of the blood
blood from the right ventricle to the from the left ventricle to different systems
lungs for oxygenation through the of the body through aorta and back to the
pulmonary artery and back to the left right auricle through vena cava.
auricle from the lung through the
pulmonary vein.
2. It helps in the oxygenation of the 2.It helps supplying oxygen and nutrients to
blood different tissues and organs of the body.
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Give Reason
1. Veins have valves in their inner lining while arteries do not have valves.
Veins have valves to prevent the back flow of blood as their lumen is wider and the blood that
flows through it do not get much pressure to move forward and also it flows against the gravity
but arteries do not have valves as it has narrow lumen and blood flows through it get jerks by
the ventricular systole.
2. The wall of ventricle is thicker than auricle.
The auricles have to just receive the blood and transfer it to the ventricles which requires less
powerful muscular contractions but the ventricles have to pump the blood to the distant parts
of the body which needs more powerful muscular contractions. That is why ventricles have
thicker walls than auricles.
3. The number of RBC ‘s are more in infants than adult.
The rate of metabolic activities and rate of cell division is more in infants than adult and the
heat loss in infants is more as the surface exposed is more than the small size of the body.
Therefore the increased heart rate distributes body heat faster.
4. Persons living at higher altitude has higher RBC count.
The air in the higher altitude is thinner and has less oxygen percentage. Therefore in order to
fulfill the oxygen requirement of the body for its normal metabolic activities people living at
higher altitude has higher RBC count.
5. RBC count is high during pregnancy, physical activities and emotional stress.
The metabolic activities of the body increases during pregnancy, physical activities and
emotional stress which need more oxygen. Therefore in order to supply the required oxygen the
RBC count is more .
6. Spleen is called the grave yard of RBC.
In a normal adult man about 2 – 2.5 millions of dead RBCs are destroyed in every minute or 1
% of the total RBCs are destroyed in everyday in the spleen. Hence it is called the grave yard of
RBC.
7. WBC count is higher in infants and children and also during pathological condition.
In infants and children and also during pathological conditions the immunity power of the body
is less. Therefore in order to with stand with the invading infections the body has higher count
of WBC.
8. Leucocytes are called soldiers of the body or scavengers.
Because they migrate to the site of injury or infections and fight with the invading microbes.
They also defend the body against the microbes and their toxins by forming antibodies and
destroy them.

9. Blood does not clot in circulation.

Blood contain an anticoagulant heparin produced by the liver. The heparin interferes with
coagulation by preventing formation of thrombin from prothrombin and also the inner lining of
the blood vessel is smooth. Thus coagulating factor remain inactive till blood is exposed to air or
rough surface.
10. Male has more RBC count than female.
The rate of metabolic activities in male is more than female. So they need more oxygen for the
release of required energy . Therefore they have more RBC than female
11. RBC count is lowered by 5 % during sleep.
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The rate of metabolic activities in the body is very less during sleep and the body needs very less
energy to maintain the functioning of the internal organs. Therefore oxygen requirement of the
body is less during sleep and thus the RBC count is less.
12. RBC has no mitochondria
Loss of mitochondria increases the efficiency of the erythrocytes by making it anaerobic in
respiration. Therefore no oxygen is used by the erythrocytes for their on respiration rather the
whole of it is transported to body cell.
13. RBC has no nucleus.
The loss of nucleus makes the erythrocytes bi concave that increases the surface area for the
absorption of oxygen and make them more efficient.
14. Blood is the river of life.
All the necessities of life are distributed to various body parts and harmful substances are
removed from them by the way of blood that keeps on flowing like a river in the body.
15. Counting the pulse is counting the rate of heart beat.
Pulse is caused by the ventricular systole of the heart. When the ventricles contract blood is
pumped with pressure to the arteries. This causes the arterial wall to expand which causes
pulse. Therefore the heart beat is directly proportional to pulse rate.
16. Capillaries are thin walled.
The exchange of nutrients , respiratory gases to the tissues and organs takes place through the
walls of the capillaries. And also the metabolic wastes from the tissues and organs to the blood
circulation through the walls of the capillaries. Therefore they are made up of only a layer of
epithelium which is permeable to all these substances. They have no muscular wall and
connective tissue layer.
17. Circulatory system is called double circulation.
The blood flows through the heart twice before it complete a circulation all over the body. One
is pulmonary circulation ( From the right ventricle to the lung through the pulmonary artery and
back from the lung to the left auricle through the pulmonary artery ) and systemic circulation (
from the left ventricle to the whole body parts through aorta and back to the right auricle
through the vena cava ).Therefore it is called double circulation.
18. RBC has no endoplasmic reticulum.
In order to increase the flexibility of the RBC to pass through the narrow capillaries and as it
does not possess nucleus, it has no endoplasmic reticulum.
19. People have a common belief that the heart is located on the left side of the heart.
The heart is located between the lungs in the thoracic cavity but it is slightly tilted towards the
left and the maximum powerful muscular contraction is at its apex which is at the left as it has
thick muscular wall at the apex. Therefore we feel the heart is located at the left.
20. The left ventricle has thicker wall than the right ventricle.
The right ventricle has just to pump the blood to the lungs for oxygenation which needs less
powerful muscular contraction but the left ventricle has to pump the blood to distant parts of
the body which needs more powerful muscular contraction. That is why the left ventricle has
thicker wall.
21. The walls of the ventricles are thicker than the walls of the auricles.
The auricles have just to receive the blood from vena cava and pulmonary artery and transfer it
into corresponding ventricles which needs less powerful muscular contraction but the
ventricles have to pump the blood to distant parts of the body which needs more powerful
muscular contraction. That is why ventricles have thicker walls than auricles.
22. The blood flowing away from the stomach and intestine is put into circulation via the liver and
not directly.
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The blood flowing away from stomach and intestine has higher concentration of amino acid and
glucose. Therefore in order to regulate the glucose and amino acid in the blood , it is taken to
liver for deamination and blood sugar regulation.
23. The blood group of the both donor and recipient must be known before transfusing blood. Why ?
If a unit of incompatible blood is transfused between a donor and recipient, a severe acute
reaction takes place with the destruction of RBC , renal failure which results in the death.
Antibodies can be highly active and can attack RBCs and bind components of the complement
system to cause massive RBC destruction of the transfused blood and can cause clotting.
23. The arteries are deep seated. Why?
Blood flows through the artery with a spurt and pressure due to the ventricular systole. Any
injury to the artery will cause profuse bleeding. Therefore arteries are deep seated.
24. The heart beat of vertebrate is myogenic. Why?
Myogenic heart has a pace maker system. There is a pacemaker of specialized cardiac muscle
situated in the high wall of right auricle. It is also called SA node. It sends impulse which goes ot
the AV node and then to the bundle of HIs and Purkinje fibres to complete a cardiac cycle.
Therefore vertebrate ‘s heart beat is myogenic.
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Define the following.

1. Portal Vein :- The vein that starts from capillaries and ends in capillaries is called a portal vein.
2. Diapedisis ;- It is the process of squeezing out WBC through the walls of capillaries to the site of
infection for Phagocytosis.
3. Phagocytosis :- It is the process of engulfing the germs or germ substance by the WBC to make it
harmless.
4. Double Circulation :- Blood circulate through the heart twice before it completes a single circulation
in the body ; by pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation which is called double circulation.
5. Pulmonary circulation :- It is the circulation of the blood from the right ventricle to the lungs for
oxygenation through pulmonary artery and back to the left auricle of the heart through pulmonary
vein.
6. Systemic Circulation :- It is the circulation of the oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to different
parts (systems) of the body through aorta and back to the right auricle of the heart through vena
cava.
7. Systole :- It is the rhythmic contraction of the chambers of the heart which results in the pumping
out of the blood from the heart to arteries.
8. Diastole :- It is the rhythmic relaxation of the walls or expansion of the chambers of the heart at
heart beat during which its chambers fill with blood.
9. Lymph :- It is a fluid containing white blood cells, chiefly lymphocytes, that is drained from tissue
spaces by the vessels of the lymphatic system.
10. Coronary thrombosis :- It is the blocking of the coronary artery by a blood clot, which obstructs the
blood supply to the heart muscle, resulting in death of the heart muscle and , often, a heart attack.
11. RBC :- These are the red, circular and bi concave cells that contain haemoglobin found in the blood
which carry oxygen.

12. Blood :- It is the red fluid that is pumped from the heart and circulate around the bodies of human
and other vertebrates supplying necessary materials and removing metabolic waste.
13. Plasma :- It is the clear yellowish component of the blood or lymph excluding the suspended
corpuscles.
14. Polycythemia :- It is the abnormal increase in RBC in the body.
15. Erythropenia :-It is the abnormal decrease in RBC.
16. Leucopoiesis :- The formation of WBC is called leucopoiesis.
17. Erythropoesis :- The formation of RBC is called erythropoesis.
18. Antibody :- It is a protein produced by B cells in the body in response to the presence of an antigen.
19. Antigen :- It is an immunity building substance, usually a protein , on the surface of a cell or bacterium that
stimulates the production of an antibody.
20. Pus :- It is the yellowish fluid that forms at sites of infection, consisting of dead white blood cells, dead tissue,
bacteria, and blood serum.
21. Clot :- It is a sticky lump that is formed at the place of injury by the coagulation of the blood.
22. Serum :- It is the fluid that separates from clotted blood, similar to plasma but without clotting agents.
23. De fibrinated blood :- It is the blood from which fibrinogen is removed.
24. Pericardium :- It is fibrous membrane that surrounds the heart.
25. Cardiac Cycle :- It is the sequence of auricular and ventricular events which occur once during each complete
heart beat and it includes the atrial systole, the ventricular systole and the joint diastole which lasts for 0.86
second.
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26. Heart beat :- It is the rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the chambers of the heart for pumping
and receiving the blood which result in lubb and dup sound.
27. Heart Sound :- It is the Lubb and Dup sound produced by the closure of cuspid valves and semilunar
valves during systolic and diastolic phase of the heart.
28. Blood pressure :- It is the pressure or force with which blood is pushed into the arteries. The systolic
blood pressure is maximum and diastolic pressure is minimum. The blood pressure of a normal
adult is 120/80 mm of Hg. It is measured by sphygmo manometer
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Location and function

Plasma It is the liquid part found Helps in the transportation
in blood and lymph of nutrients, hormone,
respiratory gases and
metabolic waste to and
from the cells and tissues.
Lymph It is a clear liquid found in It helps in the distribution
the lymphatic system and of nutrients , oxygen ,
spleen. absorption of fatty acid and
glycerol and removal of
metabolic wastes where
blood can not reach.
RBC It is biconcave and disc It helps in the
like cells found in the transportation of oxygen
blood
WBC These are the amoeboid Helps to provide immunity
cells found in the blood and protects the body
and lymph against harmful bacteria
and chemical substances
by neutralizing them.
Platelets These are the smallest Helps in the clotting of
cells found in the blood blood when there is an
injury.
Haemoglobin It is a red pigment found Helps in the transportation
on the surface of RBC of oxygen.
Pericardium It is a two layered fibrous It hold the pericardial fluid
membrane that surrounds and also protects the heart.
the heart.
Inter ventricular septum It is the muscular partition It separates and prevent
that is found between the the mixing of blood found
right and left ventricle in right and left ventricle
Auriculo ventricular It is the opening that is It forms a passage for the
aperture found between the blood from auricle to
auricles and ventricles of ventricle during auricular
the heart. systole.
Bicuspid Valve or mitral These are two flaps those It guard the left Auriculo
are found at left Auriculo ventricular aperture by
ventricular aperture in the preventing the back flow of
left ventricle blood to the auricle during
ventricular systole.
Tricuspid Valve These are three flaps It guard the right Auriculo
those are at right ventricular aperture by
Auriculo ventricular preventing the back flow of
aperture in the right blood to the auricle during
ventricle ventricular systole.
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Pulmonary Semi lunar It is located at the opening It prevent the back flow of
Valve of the pulmonary artery in blood from the pulmonary
the right ventricle artery to the right ventricle
during ventricular diastole.
Aortic semi lunar valve It is located at the opening It prevent the back flow of
of aorta in the left blood from the aorta to the
ventricle left ventricle during the
ventricular diastole.
Chordae Tendineae These are several chords It prevent the bicuspid and
found in the ventricle tricuspid valves from being
connecting the bicuspid forced into the auricle
and tricuspid valves to when ventricles contract.
papillary muscles
Papillary muscle These are the muscle It contracts to tighten the
projections located at the chordae tendineae during
inner lower regions of ventricular systole which
ventricle in turn prevent the
inversion of bicuspid and
tricuspid valve to auricle.
spleen It is a large lymphatic 1. It acts as a blood
organ located in reservoir
abdominal region above 2. It produces
left kidney behind lymphocytes
stomach. 3. It produces RBC in
the embryo.

Prepared by

Joseph V J