PHILIPPINES

Abstract - Signature Pies Texture 7th Keto

Objectives of the study 6th Pumpkin
Related studies Color 9th Pie
Benefits Keto Pumpkin Pie Flavor 5th Taro 15
Types Pineapple Crumb Pie 8th Cheesecake
Advantages Taro Cheesecake Pie 2nd Blueberry 15
Disadvantages Blueberry Swirl Pie 4th Kahlua
Kalua Coffee Brown 3rd Coffee 15
Cheesecake
Pie Brownie 1st. Brownie 15

Blueberry

Florentina BADIU, Raluca NECULA Vol. 13, Issue 4, 2013

http://managementjournal.usamv.ro/pdf/vol3_4/Art6.pdf

Scientific Papers Series : Management, Economic Engineering in Agriculture and

Rural Development. 

THE NECESSITY OF DEVELOPING BLUEBERRY PRODUCTION

This article presents the advantages of cultivating blueberries, both economically and from an
alimentary and therapeutic point of view. By calculating profit per hectare for the most productive
varieties of blueberry, it was shown that this culture is particularly profitable for young farmers. In fact,
blueberries have significant therapeutic value, being used in food and pharmaceutical industry.

Costs of Establishing Organic Northern Highbush Blueberry: Impacts of Planting Method,

Fertilization, and Mulch Type

Julian, J., Strik, B., Larco, H., Bryla, D., Sullivan, D. (2012) HortScience 866–873 Volume
47: Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.47.7.866

A systems trial was established to evaluate factorial management practices for organic
production of northern highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.). The practices included:
flat and raised planting beds; feather meal and fish emulsion fertilizer applied at 29 and 57
kg·ha−1 of nitrogen (N); sawdust mulch, compost topped with sawdust mulch (compost +
sawdust), or weed mat; and two cultivars, Duke and Liberty. The planting was established in
Oct. 2006 and was certified organic in 2008. Weeds were managed by hand-hoeing or pulling in
sawdust and weed mat-mulched plots and a combination of hand-pulling, propane-flaming, and
post-emergent, targeted applications of acetic acid or lemon grass oil to any weeds present in
the compost + sawdust plots depending on year. Data were recorded on input costs and returns
in Year 0 (establishment year) through Year 3. Plants were harvested beginning the second
year after planting. Planting costs were $741/ha higher on raised beds than on the flat, but the
higher costs were more than offset by an average of 63% greater yields that improved net
returns by as much as $2861/ha. Cumulative net returns after 3 years were negative and
ranged from –$32,967 to –$50,352/ha when grown on raised beds and from –$34,320 to –
$52,848/ha when grown on flat beds, depending on cultivar, mulch, and fertilizer rate and
source. The greatest yields were obtained in plants fertilized with the low rate of fish emulsion or
the high rate of feather meal, but fertilizing with fish emulsion by hand cost (materials and labor)
as much as $5066/ha more than feather meal. Higher costs of establishment and pruning for
‘Liberty’ compared with ‘Duke’ were offset by higher net returns in all treatment combinations,
except feather meal fertilizer with either weed mat or compost + sawdust mulch. Mulch type
affected establishment costs, weed presence, and weed management costs, which included
product and labor costs for application of herbicides (acetic acid and lemon grass oil) as well as
labor for hand-weeding as needed, depending on the treatment. The highest yielding treatment
combinations (growing on raised beds mulched with compost + sawdust and fertilized with fish
emulsion) improved cumulative net returns as much as $19,333/ha over 3 years.

From October 2014 issue, Vol. 16 No. 10 P. 42; written by Jasenka Piljac Zegarac, PhD. Reprinted with
permission.

Today's Dietitian/5 October 2014/ All MFN blog/

TYPES OF BLUEBERRIES
Blueberry varieties are classified as two main types: the cultivated highbush (Vaccinium corymbosum) form and the
wild lowbush (Vaccinium angustifolium) form. There also are hybrid blueberries that exhibit intermediate properties of
the two main forms. Highbush blueberry shrubs grow significantly taller than the lowbush shrubs (up to 8 ft), and their
berries are larger and more abundant. Lowbush shrubs typically reach only about 1 ft in height and bear smaller but
more flavorful fruit. Northern highbush varieties thrive in cool climates with long and cold winters. Southern highbush
varieties are frost-resistant and ideally suited for mild southern climates. In some blueberry-growing states, such as
Michigan and Maine, pick-your-own farms are local tourist attractions, offering visitors the opportunity to pick, taste,
and purchase a variety of blueberry products on the spot.

Europeans and North Americans have been consuming blueberries (Vaccinium sp) for centuries. Today, they’re
grown commercially throughout the world. Northern highbush varieties, such as Patriot, Duke, and Jersey, are the
most widely planted. North America is the world’s largest production region, accounting for approximately 60% of the
global highbush crop, according to the North American Blueberry Council’s 2012 World Blueberry Acreage and
Production Report. The blueberry season in North America typically starts in mid-May and ends in late summer.

— JPZ

October 2014 Issue

The Power of Blueberries

By Jasenka Piljac Zegarac, PhD
Today’s Dietitian
Vol. 16 No. 10 P. 42

Evidence shows this fruit is jam-packed with antioxidants and phytochemicals that may help prevent and slow the
progression of chronic diseases.
It’s rare to encounter a client or patient who doesn’t enjoy the taste of blueberries (Vaccinium spp). But beyond their
tangy sweetness and the fact you can pop them into your mouth one by one or incorporate them into many recipes,
blueberries offer a wealth of health benefits.

Blueberries are rich in antioxidants and phytochemicals that research has shown are associated with cardiovascular
and cognitive health and cancer and diabetes prevention. Their popularity is on the rise in North America. And the
production of fresh and processed blueberries has grown steadily by an average of 20% every two years since
2008.1 Between 2005 and 2012, North America’s blueberry fields increased 74% from 71,075 to 123,635 acres.
British Colombia has the most acres in cultivation, while Michigan has been a world leader in production volumes of
both fresh and processed blueberries for many decades.

Nutritional Properties and Antioxidant Composition

Dietitians have stressed the importance of incorporating low-fat, fiber-rich, and nutrient-dense foods into their clients’
and patients’ diets for decades. “Everyone should be aiming to reach their recommended amount of fruits and
vegetables for optimal health, and blueberries are an easy and delicious way to help you reach your goal. Just 1/2
cup is considered one serving of fruit, and they require no slicing or peeling—plus there’s no waste,” says Joanne
Tehrani, RD, communications manager for the US Highbush Blueberry Council. Blueberries are an excellent source
of fiber, vitamins A and C, potassium, and folate.2 One cupful contains 14% Daily Value of fiber. Moreover,
blueberries are one of the richest sources of antioxidant phytonutrients.3 Blueberries’ diverse range of phenolic
compounds, such as anthocyanins, quercetin, kaempferol, myricetin, and chlorogenic acid, contributes to their overall
antioxidant capacity.4,5 (Antioxidant capacity, measured by a chemical laboratory analysis technique called oxygen
radical absorbance capacity is one of several methods that doesn’t account for bioavailability, distribution, and
metabolism of a product’s ingredients.) “Blueberries also have a rich diversity of different anthocyanin species—like
26 different anthocyanins—whereas some other berries may feature only two or three different anthocyanin species,”
says Mary Ann Lila, PhD, MS, director of the Plants for Human Health Institute and a David H. Murdock distinguished
professor at North Carolina State University, who has spent 18 years studying various Vaccinium species.

Health Benefits
Because of the wide variety of bioactive compounds present in blueberries, studies conducted over the past decade
have associated their consumption with preventing and slowing disease progression. The protective effects of
cranberry and blueberry consumption have been recognized in certain cancers; cardiovascular diseases, such as
atherosclerosis and ischemic stroke; and neurodegenerative diseases.6 These protective effects have been
attributed to the phytochemicals in Vaccinium species, such as flavonoids (anthocyanins, flavonols, and
proanthocyanidins), cinnamic acid derivatives and stilbenes, and triterpenoids. Researchers suggest that the
bioactive constituents in blueberries exert their effects by counteracting oxidative stress, decreasing inflammatory
processes in the body, and modulating molecular interactions and expression of disease-related genes.6 Positive
effects of blueberry bioactives also have an impact on insulin sensitivity and type 2 diabetes, urinary tract disease,
and acute and chronic inflammation.7-9

Heart Health
According to the World Health Organization, cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death globally, and it’s
expected they’ll account for 23.3 million deaths by 2030.10 Cardiovascular diseases also are the leading cause of
disability worldwide.
Blueberries have been the focus of several human and animal studies looking for associations between intake and
improved heart health. One 10-week study looked at the effects of blueberry supplementation on blood pressure and
vascular reactivity in rats fed a high-fat/high-cholesterol diet and a control diet.11 Rats in the high-fat/high-cholesterol
diet supplemented with 2% blueberries experienced a 14% reduction in systolic blood pressure at week 8, relative to
rats fed the control diet. Rats fed the high-fat/high-cholesterol diet supplemented with 2% blueberries had the same
14% reduction in systolic blood pressure at week 10 compared with rats fed the high-fat diet alone. Vascular reactivity
also improved in rats on the high-fat diet supplemented with blueberries.

The anthocyanins in blueberries and strawberries also have been associated with a lower risk of myocardial infarction
in young and middle-aged women. A study published in 2013 followed 93,600 women aged 25 to 42 for 18 years.12
The women were healthy at baseline, but in the 18-year study period researchers observed 405 cases of myocardial
infarction. However, the women who consumed more than three servings of blueberries and strawberries per week
experienced significant protective effects against myocardial infarction.

Anticancer Properties
Evidence from preclinical and clinical studies suggests that the active substances in blueberries also may serve as
anticancer agents through a variety of biological mechanisms.13 The mechanisms involved include inhibition of
cancer cell proliferation and metastasis, increased apoptosis, reduction of oxidative stress products and damage to
macromolecules, and prevention of proinflammatory molecule production. Studies examining cancer cell lines have
shown positive effects of blueberries and individual blueberry compounds on breast and oral cancer cells.14-17
Pterostilbene, a natural stilbene isolated from blueberries and a resveratrol analogue, is especially considered an
anticancer agent based on its antineoplastic properties in several common malignancies.18 This compound has been
studied for its ability to suppress breast cancer stem cell generation; prevent prostate cancer growth, progression,
and metastasis; and inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis in human gastric carcinoma cells.14,19,20
Although the exact pharmacologic mechanism of pterostilbene still is unknown, its greater bioavailability is an
advantage over other stilbene compounds.18 The full anticancer potential of pterostilbene and other blueberry
bioactives may be determined in future studies.

Neurocognitive Effects
In addition to anticancer properties, several animal and human studies have shown that a blueberry-rich diet can
have positive neurocognitive effects. The first study on this subject, published in 1999 in the Journal of
Neuroscience, demonstrated that a diet rich in blueberry extract improved short-term memory loss and reversed
some loss of balance and coordination in aging rats.21 The research was expanded in 2003 with an experiment on
transgenic mice in an Alzheimer’s disease model, which indicated for the first time that a genetic predisposition to
Alzheimer’s disease possibly could be prevented through diet.22

In 2010, a preliminary study investigating the effects of daily wild blueberry juice consumption in nine older adults with
memory changes was published in the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry.23 After the 12-week
intervention, researchers noted improvements in paired associate learning and word list recall among participants.
The third study, published in 2011, presented evidence that consuming a blueberry-enriched diet for one and two
months can prevent and reverse age-related object memory decline in aged rats to a certain degree.24 The rats fed
the blueberry-rich diet for two months maintained improved performance through the following month while receiving
a standard laboratory diet. These studies have sparked interest in the neurocognitive benefits of blueberry
consumption and may serve as the basis for more thorough clinical trials in the future.

Antidiabetes Properties
In 2008, researchers conducted a study published in the Journal of Medicinal Food that focused on quantifying
phenolic compounds and their antioxidant properties in blueberry leaf infusions, which have been shown to contain
antidiabetes properties.25 This in-vitro study compared phenolic content with antioxidant action among several
highbush blueberries and the wild European blueberry, also known as the billberry (Vaccinium myrtillus).
Researchers found that the wild blueberry infusion exhibited the highest antioxidant capacity and free radical–
scavenging ability.

Wild blueberry leaf infusions were used in traditional medicine practices of Europe and North America, and the
antidiabetes properties of polyphenol-rich leaves of wild Vaccinium species were noted earlier.26,27 A study
conducted in vitro on ethanol extracts from the roots, stems, leaves, and fruits of wild blueberry, using a variety of
cell-based bioassays, found that different parts of the plant contain several active constituents with insulinlike
antidiabetes properties.27 The data on the effects in humans are limited, with beneficial effects observed mostly in
middle-aged and elderly patients and in mild cases of diabetes.28 In a preclinical study, daily dietary supplementation
with whole blueberries over six weeks resulted in improved insulin sensitivity in obese, insulin-resistant men and
women without diabetes.29

In a recent animal model, researchers evaluated the effect of an orally administered phenolic extract and an
anthocyanin-enriched fraction from Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton berries, with the added bio-enhancing agent
Labrasol, for lowering hyperglycemia in mice with diabetes.30 Treatment (500 mg/kg of body weight) with both the
phenolic-rich extract and the anthocyanin-enriched fraction reduced elevated blood glucose levels by 33% and 51%,
respectively. The effects of these formulations were comparable to the antidiabetes drug metformin (27% at 300
mg/kg).31 The effect of the anthocyanin-enriched fraction largely was attributed to malvidin-3-O-glucoside, the
primary anthocyanin contained in the extract. However, the authors noted that the effect wasn’t significant without
Labrasol, which most likely increased the bioavailability of the administered preparations. When asked whether future
research efforts should be focused on the antidiabetes potential of malvidin-3-O-glucoside, Lila says, “We do believe
there is particular potential there. However, in general, we really advocate eating the whole fruit, not an extract
isolated from any fruit. There are solid reasons that the interacting mélange of phytochemicals within a fruit have
been put together. Some of the phytochemicals are bioactive, others that co-occur in the same fruit may not have
bioactive potential themselves, but when codelivered with the phytoactive, they’ll help bioavailability and entry into the
bloodstream. In repeated research throughout the nation and the globe, it is the mélange of co-occurring
phytochemicals that prove to be more efficacious than single isolated compounds. That is how plants work—through
synergies and phytochemical teamwork.”

Get Your Blues

Wild or cultivated, blueberries have plenty of health benefits dietitians can tell clients and patients about. Their
phytochemical and antioxidant makeup can help promote heart and brain health, stabilize blood sugar and improve
insulin sensitivity, and prevent and slow disease progression. “All blueberries are in a class by themselves among
fruits,” Lila says. “They contain a plethora of phytoactive compounds—anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, cinnamic
and other phenolic acids, and other flavonoids—that because of their potentiating interactions, are particularly
powerful interacting with human therapeutic targets to ward off chronic diseases. There are synergies and additive
interactions between the phytoactive chemicals that are unusually powerful against diseases.”

https://www.todaysdietitian.com/news/081814_news.shtml

Today's Dietitian/15 August 2014/ All MFN blog/

Freezing Blueberries Improves Antioxidant Availability

Blueberries pack a powerful antioxidant punch, whether eaten fresh or from the freezer, according to South Dakota
State University graduate Marin Plumb.

Anthocyanins, a group of antioxidant compounds, are responsible for the color in blueberries, she explains. Since
most of the color is in the skin, freezing the blueberries actually improves the availability of the antioxidants.

The food science major from Rapid City, who received her bachelor’s degree in December, did her research as part
of an honors program independent study project.

“Blueberries go head to head with strawberries and pomegranates in antioxidant capacity,” says professor Basil
Dalaly, Plumb’s research adviser. In addition, blueberries are second only to strawberries, in terms of the fruits
Americans prefer.

Blueberries are beneficial for the nervous system and brain, cardiovascular system, eyes, and urinary tract, Dalaly
explains. “Some claim it’s the world’s healthiest food.”

The United States produces nearly 84% of the world’s cultivated blueberries, an estimated 564.4 million pounds of
blueberries in 2012, according to the Agricultural Marketing Resource Center.

Since blueberries are frozen soon after they are picked, “they are equal in quality to fresh,” Plumb explains. She
analyzed the anthocyanin content of blueberries frozen for one, three, and five months and found no decrease in
antioxidants over fresh berries.

The leaching that occurs from freezing actually increased the anthocyanin concentration, Plumb says. “The ice
crystals that form during freezing disrupt the structure of the plant tissue, making the anthocyanins more available.”

Antioxidants, such as anthocyanins, eliminate free radicals, which are produced through common biological reactions
within the body and outside factors such as the sun, pesticides, and other pollutants, Dalaly says. If left to roam free,
these free radicals can attack DNA, proteins, and lipids resulting in cellular changes that lead to development of
diseases such as cancer.

“They have a domino effect,” Dalaly says. “That is why we need to consume at least seven to nine servings of fruits
and vegetables a day.”

He teaches a course on phytochemicals—the naturally-occurring chemical compounds in fruits and vegetable, many
of which have the potential to boost the immune system and impact diseases, such as cancer and heart disease. His
advice is simple: “the greener, or redder, the better.”
 Plumb called her undergraduate research project “a very good experience,’ noting that she learned to both ask and
answer questions such as “Why is this happening this way?” One of the surprises was that she had to use
blueberries from Canada and Argentina because they were in season when she did her experimental work. Plumb
concludes: “Blueberries are a great food, very good for you.”

Source: South Dakota State University

Pienaar, L. (2019). Economic Contribution Of SA’s Blueberry Industry. AgriProbe, 16(4).

(Retrieved from https://journals.co.za/docserver/fulltext/agriprob_v16_n4_a17..pdf?
expires=1586251566&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=47FD8F80EED1FAFE3B9CA4F3816
7A806).

The high tariffs charged by growing international markets like China and South Korea, and the long
registration process for much-needed new crop protection remedies are of concern to the local
blueberry industry at present. These are some key findings of a recent report on the economic
contribution of South Africa’s blueberry industry. This report resulted from improving cooperation
between the Western Cape Department of Agriculture, the South African Berry Producers’ Association,
and other industry role players. Given its well-earned reputation for excellent quality, fresh South
African blueberries are highly sought-after overseas. If maintained, such a good reputation should
support further expansion of the country’s blueberry footprint in export markets, regardless of ever-
increasing worldwide production. Currently, almost 13% of homegrown blueberries go to the local fresh
market. A further 17% are processed Figure 4: South Africa’s blueberry exports to the world in volumes
and value. into frozen berries, juices, juice concentrates, and dairy and confectionary products. Industry
development of this kind is also very encouraging, as it helps to balance out the risks associated with
overexposure to export markets. The health benefits associated with blueberries and its myriad of uses
in processed food products are driving increased consumption both locally and abroad. Increasing
demand caused the local blueberry industry to grow its gross value of production from an estimated
R15,5 million in 2008 to R1,25 billion in 2018. Most of this growth occurred over the past five years
(Figure 4). AgriProbe Vol 16 | No 4 | 2019 43 AP Scan this QR code to read the full article:
saberries.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/ BlueberryIndustryReport_2019FINAL.pdf AP

 March 2020 , pp. 1-22

Effect of 4 weeks daily wild blueberry

supplementation on symptoms of depression in
adolescents
 Jeni Fisk (a1), Sundus Khalid (a1), Shirley A Reynolds (a1) and Claire M Williams (a1) 

o DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114520000926
o Published online by Cambridge University Press: 10 March 2020
Adolescence is an important period for cognitive maturation and emotional
regulation and this age group is particularly vulnerable to developing depression.
Diets rich in fruits and vegetables have been associated with decreased risk of
developing depressive disorders across the lifespan, an association that may be due
to the high flavonoid content of these foods. Previously we have shown increases in
transient positive affect in both children and young adults two hours after
administration of a wild blueberry intervention. Here, using a randomized double-
blind, placebo-controlled trial, we investigated the effects of four weeks, daily wild
blueberry supplementation (containing ~253mg anthocyanins) on transient and
chronic mood in adolescents. Healthy 12-17-year old (N = 64, 35 females) were
recruited and randomly assigned to receive either a wild blueberry or matched
placebo supplementation. Depression and anxiety symptoms were assessed before
and after the intervention period using the Mood and Feeling Questionnaire and
Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale. Transient affect was assessed before,
two weeks, and at four weeks using Positive and Negative Affects. Following the
intervention period there were significantly fewer self-reported depression symptoms
in participants who were supplemented with the wild blueberry intervention
compared to those who received the matched placebo (p=0.02, 95% CI -6.71 to
-5.35). There was no between group effect on anxiety symptoms or on transient
affect. Further investigation is required to identify specific mechanisms that link
flavonoids consumption and mood. If replicated, the observed effects of wild
blueberry supplementation may be a potential prevention strategy for adolescent
depression and may have benefits for public mental health.

Conflicting Effects of Coffee

Consumption on
Cardiovascular Diseases: Does
Coffee Consumption Aggravate
Pre-existing Risk Factors?
Processes. 2020;8(438):438 DOI 10.3390/pr8040438

Dongwoo Lim
Jiung Chang
Jungyun Ahn
Jaieun Kim

Coffee is one of the most popular beverages worldwide. Its effect on health is
generally regarded as beneficial in many studies. However, there are growing
concerns about the adverse effect of coffee consumption on cardiovascular
disease (CVD) due to the potential aggravating impact on the cardiovascular
system attributed to various compounds within coffee. This review is focused on
deteriorative effects of coffee consumption on CVDs with possible mechanisms.
Patients with risk factors of CVDs should prudently consider heavy consumption
of coffee as it may exacerbate hypertension, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerosis,
and increase the odds of cardiovascular events. J-shaped or U-shaped dose-
response graphs of coffee consumption and CVD parameters partially explain the
inconsistency of conclusions between coffee studies on CVD, highlighting a
moderate intake of coffee. Moreover, there are discrepancies in results from
clinical studies elucidating considerable influences of confounding factors
including gender and smoking status on outcomes of those conducted to reveal
the actual impact of coffee consumption on CVDs. Physical features of subjects
including genetic variations and body mass index (BMI) make it difficult to
determine moderate intake of coffee for individuals in terms of caffeine
metabolism. Further epidemiological studies with consideration about
characteristics of the study population are needed to determine the exact effect
of coffee consumption on CVD.