Chapter (4) Fluid Dynamics

PROBLEMS
1. A garden hose pipe of inner radius 1 cm carries water at 2 m/s. the nozzle at the end
has radius 0.2 cm. how fast dose the water moves through the nozzle?
Solution
∵ 𝐴1 𝜐1 = 𝐴2 𝜐2
𝐴1 𝜐1 𝜋(1 𝑐𝑚2 )(2 𝑚/𝑠)
∴ 𝜐2 = = = 50 𝑚/𝑠
𝐴2 𝜋(4 × 10−2 𝑐𝑚2 )
2. A horizontal segment of pipe tapers from a cross-section area 50 cm2 to 0.5 cm2. The
pressure at the larger end of the pipe is 1.2×105 Pa and the speed is 0.04 m/s. what is
the pressure at the narrow end of the segment?
Solution:
∵ 𝐴1 𝜐1 = 𝐴2 𝜐2
𝐴1 𝜐1 (50 𝑐𝑚2 )(0.04 𝑚/𝑠)
𝜐2 = = = 4 𝑚/𝑠
𝐴2 (0.5𝑐𝑚2 )
∴ 𝑃1 − 𝑃2 = ½ 𝜌 (𝜐22 − 𝜐12 ) + 𝜌 𝑔 (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )
(𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) = 0
∴ 𝑃1 − 𝑃2 = ½ 𝜌 (𝜐22 − 𝜐12 )
𝑃2 = 𝑃1 + ½ 𝜌 (𝜐12 − 𝜐22 )
1
𝑃2 = [1.2 × 105 𝑃𝑎] + [ (1000)((0.04)2 − (4.0)2 )] 𝑃𝑎
2
𝑃2 = 1.2 × 105 𝑃𝑎 − 7999.2 = 112000.8 𝑃𝑎 = 1.12 × 105 𝑃𝑎
3. Water enters a house through a pipe 2 cm in inside diameter, at an absolute
pressure of 4×105 Pa. The pipe leading to the second-floor bathroom 5 m above is
1 cm in diameter. When the flow velocity at the inlet pipe is 4 m/s, find the flow
velocity and pressure in the bathroom.
Solution
∵ 𝐴1 𝜐1 = 𝐴2 𝜐2
𝐴1 𝜐1 𝜋( 22 )(4 𝑚/𝑠)
∴ 𝜐2 = = = 16 𝑚/𝑠
𝐴2 𝜋(12 )

∴ 𝑃1 − 𝑃2 = ½ 𝜌 (𝜐22 − 𝜐12 ) + 𝜌 𝑔 (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )

Chapter (4) Fluid Dynamics

(𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) = 5
∴ 𝑃2 = 𝑃1 − ½ 𝜌 (𝜐22 − 𝜐12 ) − 𝜌 𝑔 (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )
1
𝑃2 = [4 × 105 𝑃𝑎] − [ (1000)((16)2 − (4)2 )] 𝑃𝑎 − 1000 × 9.8 × 5 𝑃𝑎
2
𝑃2 = 4 × 105 𝑃𝑎 − 1.2 × 105 𝑃𝑎 − 0.49 × 105 𝑃𝑎
𝑃2 = 2.31 × 105 𝑃𝑎

4. A sniper fires rifle bullet into a gasoline tank, making a hole 50 m below the surface
of the gasoline. The tank was sealed and is under 3 atm absolute pressures. The
stored gasoline has a density of 660 kg/m3. At what speed does the gasoline begin
to shoot out of the hole?
Solution

2(𝑝𝑎 − 𝑝𝑎 )
∴𝑣=√ + 2𝑔ℎ
𝜌

(3𝑝𝑎 − 𝑝𝑎 ) 2𝑝𝑎 2 × 1.013 × 105

∴𝑣=√ + 2𝑔ℎ = √ + 2𝑔ℎ = √ + 2 × 9.8 × 50
𝜌 𝜌 660

𝜐 = 35.87 𝑚/𝑠

5. A nozzle is connected to a horizontal hose. The nozzle shoots out water moving at
25 m/s. what is the gauge pressure of the water in the hose? Assuming the diameter
of the nozzle is much smaller than the inner diameter of the hose.
Solution
𝐴2 𝜐2
∴ (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) = 0 ∵ 𝐴1 𝜐1 = 𝐴2 𝜐2 ∴ 𝜐1 =
𝐴1
∵ 𝑃1 − 𝑃2 = ½ 𝜌 (𝜐22 − 𝜐12 ) + 𝜌 𝑔 (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )
𝐴2 𝜐2 2
∴ 𝑃1 − 𝑃2 = ½ 𝜌 (𝜐22 − 𝜐12 ) +0 ∴ ∆𝑃 = ½ 𝜌 (𝜐22 − ( ) )
𝐴1
𝐴2 2 𝐴2 2
∴ ∆𝑃 = ½ 𝜌 𝜐22 (1 − ( ) ) ∴ ( ) ≈ 0 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝐴1 ≫≫ 𝐴2
𝐴1 𝐴1
1 1
∴ ∆𝑃 = 𝜌 𝜐22 = × 1000 × 252 = 3.13 × 105 𝑃𝑎
2 2
Chapter (4) Fluid Dynamics

8. A sphere of radius 1 cm is dropped into a glass cylinder filled with a viscous liquid. The
mass of the sphere is 12 g and the density of the liquid is 1200 kg/m3. The sphere reaches a
terminal speed of 0.15 m/s. what is the viscosity of the liquid?

𝑚 𝑚 12
𝜌= = = = 2.870 𝑔⁄𝑐𝑚3 = 2870 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3
𝑉 4 𝜋𝑟 3 4 × 3.14 (1)3
3 3
2 (𝜌𝑠 − 𝜌𝑙 )𝑔𝑟 2
𝜂=
9 𝑣

2 (1 × 10−2 𝑚)2 (9.81 𝑚/𝑠 2 ) (2870 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 − 1200 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 )

𝜂= = 2.43 𝑁. 𝑠/𝑚2
9 (0.15 𝑚/𝑠)

9. (a) With what terminal velocity will an air bubble 1 mm in diameter rise in a liquid of
viscosity 150 cp and density 0.9 g/cm3. (b) What is the terminal velocity of the same bubble
in water? Density of air = 1.255 kg/m3

Solution
(a)

2 (𝜌𝑠 − 𝜌𝑙 )𝑔𝑟 2
𝑉𝑇 =
9 𝜂

2 × (0.5 × 10−3 𝑚)2 (9.81 𝑚/𝑠 2 ) (1.255 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 − 900 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 )

𝜐𝑇 = = −3.2 × 10−3 𝑚/𝑠
9 × (150 × 10−3 𝑃. 𝑠)

(b)

2 × (0.5 × 10−3 𝑚)2 (9.81 𝑚/𝑠 2 ) (1.255 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 − 1000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 )

𝜐𝑇 = = −3.63 × 10−3 𝑚/𝑠
9 × (150 × 10−3 𝑃. 𝑠)

The negative sign of the velocity refers to the bubble rise up against gravity and buoyant force
is more than its weight.