PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
Prepared by Ma’am Roe BASIC TERMINOLOGIES
RESEARCH – is an area that is commonly misunderstood,
but an indispensible component of academic and industry
practices.
QUALITIES OF A GOOD QUANTITATIVE INQUIRER
Technical Competency – ability to use available
technologies
Utility Competency – ability to troubleshoot
during unexpected scenario
Patience – intra (within) extra (outside) group
Service – willingness of the researcher to serve
others, to do good
Effort – time and skill
Guts and Risk – considering options. Open for new
concepts, ideas and possible results.
Care – distinct characteristics of a researcher
THE RESEARCH PROCESS
CONCEPTUALIZATION *Topic Proposal/selection
(Objective Formulation) *Identifying the CENTRAL
QUESTION
*Problem Identification
*Review of Literature
DESIGN PHASE *Planning Stage
(Research Plan Formulation) *decide on the detailed
procedures in gathering
and analysing data.
*researcher must arrive on
a consensus regarding the
how, where and when the
study will be conducted
and analysed.
EMPIRICAL PHASE *Gathering and collecting
(Data Gathering/Collection) *gathering data from the
prospective data sources
*the researchers are
equipped with the
necessary attitude,
behaviour and tools in
gathering data from the
prospective data sources.
ANALYTICAL PHASE *most challenging phase
(Data Analysis/Interpretation) of the research process
*preparing and assessing
the data through the use
of several tools and even
the researchers own
understanding
*The results of the studies
are interpreted in this
phase before the actual
write-up or research
manuscript.
DISSEMINATION PHASE *most valuable but often
(Communicating/Utilizing) neglected by the
researchers
*Final Research
Manuscript
Method Historical
Descriptive
Experimental
TECHNIQUE Survey
Interview
Doodling
APPROACH Quantitative
Qualitative
Mixed-Method
QUALITATIVE VS QUANTITATIVE
QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE
MEANING Approach for Approach for testing
exploring and objective theories by
understanding the examining the
meaning relationship among
individuals or variables
groups ascribe to
a social or human
problem
AIM AIM is a complete AIM is to classify
detailed features, count them,
description and construct statistical
models in an attempt
to explain what is
observed
RESEARCHER Researcher may Researcher already
only know roughly knows what he/she is
in advance what searching for
he/she is looking
for
DESIGN Design emerges as All aspects of the study
the study unfolds are carefully designed
before data is collected
INSTRUMENT Researcher is the Researcher uses tools,
data-gathering or such as questionnaires
main instrument or laboratory
equipment to collect
numerical data.
DATA Data is in form of Data is in form of
words, pictures or number and statistics
object
PERSPECTIVE Subjective – Objective – seeks
individual’s precise measurement
interpretation of and analysis of target
event is important concepts
Researcher tends Researcher tends to
to become remain objectively
subjectively separated from the
immersed in the subject matter.
subject matter
In GENERAL Qualitative data is Quantitative data is
more rich, time more efficient, able to
consuming and test hypotheses, but
less able to be may miss contextual
generalized detail
OTHERS Explore the To examine the
meaning of people relationship between
(experience, variables
culture, particular
issue and case)
 Answers “Why Answers “What,
and How” Where, When, How CORNERSTONE OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
often, How long”
Open-ended Fixed alternate Narrative – design of inquiry in which the researcher
questions studies the lives of individuals and asks one or more
Can’t be Can be quantified individuals you provide stories about their lives.
quantified Phenomenological – design of inquiry in which the
Can cover in- Can’t uncover in-depth researcher describes the lived experiences of individuals
depth about a phenomenon.
Data in the form Data as numbers Ethnography – design of inquiry in which the researcher
of words studies the shared pattern of behaviour, language and
Creating THEMES Statistics actions of an intact cultural group in a natural setting over a
prolonged period of time.
Case Studies – design of inquiry in which the researcher
MIXED APPROACH – inquiry involving collecting both develops an in-depth analysis of a case, often a program,
quantitative and qualitative data, and integrating the two event, activity, process of one or more individuals.
forms of data. Grounded Theory – design of inquiry in which the
researcher derives a general, abstract theory of a process,
TYPES OF MIXED APPROACH RESEARCHES action or interaction grounded in the views of the
Convergent Parallel – researcher merges quantitative and participants.
qualitative data: typically collects both forms of data
simultaneously TYPES OF QUALITATIVE STUDY
Explanatory Sequential – researcher first conducts
quantitative research and builds on the results to explain Historical Research – systematic study of past event.
them in more detail. Ethnographic Research – observing and exploring the ways
Exploratory Sequential –researcher begins with a and cultural beliefes of a group of people (indigenous or
qualitative research and builds on the findings to develop a minority group)
quantitative phase. Phenomenological –systematic study of the lived
experiences of individuals.
RESEARCH MANUSCRIPT Case Study – in-depth analysis of a single entity or a small
are the final written output of a research study. It group.
is the product of the research process in written and /or Narrative Analysis – study focuses on a specific story as the
soft copy file form. subject matter of inquiry.
The content and format of the research Grounded Theory – systematic collection of data through
manuscript should follow specific research content observation and interview to generate a comprehensive
guidelines and format. Traditionally, research manuscripts explanation of a phenomenon grounded in reality.
are written in by-chapter, while others adopt the
internationally accepted Introduction-Method-Results- RESEARCH TITLE
Discussion (IMRAD) format and content based on the
American Psychological Association (APA, 6 th Edition)

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
The primordial aim of qualitative research is to
describe and clarify experience as it is lived and constituted
in awareness.
Qualitative Research is a reflection of the desire of
the researcher to have the inquiry that is based on realities
and different view points of individuals. This type of
research is designed to understand the variety of behaviour
and perception of the target audience. Results of a
qualitative research are descriptive rather than predictive.
A Good title of a research paper should:
COMPONENT DESCRIPTION 1. Contain a few words as possible : limit title to
Context Human Phenomena 12 words
(naturally occurring) 2. Be easy to understand
Input Philosophies, experience 3. Describe the contents of the paper accurately
(own, others) and specifically
Process Words, Tableaux of Human 4. Avoid abbreviations, formulas, and jargon
Experience, Cool and Warm
5. Do NOT include any verb
Analysis
6. Do NOT contain low-impact words
Product Better Understanding
7. Do NOT be flashy as in newspapers
8. Report the subject of the research rather than
the results
RESEARCH TOPIC SOURCES
1. Own Experience and Interest
2. Own professional practice
3. Colleagues
4. Critical Friends – experts in the field, best
source.

3T’S IN SELECTING THE RESEARCH TOPIC:

Timely – napapanahon
Trending – nauuso
Trailblazing – nangingibabaw

TYPES OF LITERATIRE SOURCES

(2nd Priority) Conceptual - books
(1st Priority) Research - journals
(not priority) Gray – other sources

RRL – Review of Related Literature

or literature review is a summary of the state
of existing knowledge on a research problem or topic.

TYPES OF LITERATURE
1. Research Literature (Empirical Reference) –
based on research findings
2. Non-research References – not based on
research findings. This may broaden the
understanding regarding a topic.
SOURCES OF RESEARCH LITERATURE
1. Primary Source – refer to description of
studies written by the researchers
themselves.
2. Secondary Source – description of studies
written by someone else, other than the
researchers who conducted them.

OTHER RELATED TERMS:

= Print Indexes – are books that are used to locate
articles in journals, periodicals, books, dissertation
and government documents.

= Citation – both a signpost and an acknowledgement.

An acknowledgement, it reveals that you are indebted
to that source. It also provides evidence that scholarly
writing is done and your position is well-researched.

= Plagiarism – is the wrongful use of idea or language

of another author and representing them as if they
are your original work.

= Research Capsule – The “blueprint” of a research

project

= Abstract – is a brief summary of the study placed at

the beginning of the journal article. It usually
composed of 150-250 word.

= Research Question or Problem – is the principle

that guides in the analysis of the research study. The
problem usually arises from the review of literature.