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ENT 374 Electrical Power System

Chapter 1

Wan Khairunizam

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Per-unit System

• Comparing the size of something to the size

of similar quantities.
• The concept is called Per-unit system.

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Example 1

Suppose the average weight of adults in New

York is 130 Ib weight. A person weighing
160 Ib would have a per-unit system;

160 Ib / 130 Ib = 1.23 per-unit

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Example 2

Suppose 3 motors have power rating 25 hp,

40 hp and 150 hp. Let the base power PB =
50 hp. The correspondence per-unit rating;

25 hp / 50 hp = 0.5 per-unit
40 hp / 50 hp = 0.8 per-unit
150 hp / 50 hp = 3 per-unit

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Per-unit in Electrical Power Systems

• An interconnected power system typically a

system containing several transformers and
rotating machines.
• The per-unit system simplifies the analysis
of complex power systems by choosing a
common set of base parameters in terms of
which, all systems quantities are defined.

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• The primary advantages of the per-unit

system are:
• The per-unit values for transformer impedance,
voltage and current are identical when referred
to the primary and secondary.
• The per-unit values clearly represent the
relative values of the circuit quantities.

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• The definition of any quantity (voltage, current,

power, impedance) in the per-unit system is:

Quantity (per-unit) = Quantity (normal units)

Base value of quantity (normal units)

• Given the four base values, the per-unit quantities

are defined as

V I S Z
V pu  I pu  S pu  Z pu 
Vbase I base Sbase Z base

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Example 3

The circuit above composed of several resistors,

capacitors and inductors. The base impedance is
1500 Ω, calculate per-unit impedance R1(pu), R2(pu),
XL(Pu) and XC(pu). Draw per-unit equivalent circuit.

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• Once any two of the four base values (Vbase,

Ibase, Sbase, and Zbase) are defined, the
remaining two base values can be
determined according their fundamental
circuit relationships.
• Usually the base values of power and
voltage are selected and the base values of
current and impedance are determined
according to
S base Vbase 2
Vbase
I base  Z base  
Vbase I base Sbase

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Example 4 (QUIZ 1)
A 400 Ω resistor carries a current of 60 A. Given the
base values for voltage, current, power and
impedance are EB = 4 kV, IB = 125 A, PB = 500 kW
and ZB = 32 Ω, respectively. Determine;
a. The per-unit resistance
b. The per-unit current
c. The per-unit voltage across the resistor
d. The per-unit power dissipated in the resistor
e. The actual E and P of the resistor

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