10/12/2014

ENT 374 Electrical Power System

Circuit networks and

Electromagnetism

Wan Khairunizam

Advanced Intelligent Computing and Sustainability

1
Research Group

Circuit Equations
• Kirchhoff’s Law
• Thevenin’s Theorem
• Node and Loop Equation

AC and DC analysis

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Kirchhoff’s Law

Kirchhoff's
Current Law
(KCL)
Kirchhoff's Law
Kirchhoff's
Voltage Law
(KVL)

Advanced Intelligent Computing and Sustainability

3
Research Group

Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL)

• State that the algebraic sum of current entering a node (or closed
boundary) is zero

=0

N = The no. of branches connected to the node

= The nth current (entering or leaving) the node

• Current entering the node may be regarded as positive while

current leaving the node may be regarded as negative
• The sum of the currents entering a node is equal to the sum of
current leaving the node

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Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL)

• State that the algebraic sum of all voltages around a closed
path (or loop) is zero

=0

M = No. of voltages in the loop

= the mth voltages

• Sum of voltages drop = Sum of voltages rises

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Research Group

Thevenin’s Theorem

• Thevenin’s theorem represents a linear network by an equivalent

circuit.

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Research Group

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Loop Analysis

• Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) states that the sum of the

voltages around any closed loop is equal to zero
• The voltage between any two nodes is the same no
matter which path is taken

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Electromagnetism

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Magnetic field
Magnetic flux Φ is due to the presence of a magnetic
flux intensity
Field intensity, H

H = U/L
H = magnetic field intensity [A/m]
U = magnetomotive force acting on the
component[A]
L = length of the component [m]

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Magnetic flux density, B

B = Φ /A

B = flux density [T]

Φ = flux in the component [Wb]
A = cross section of the component [m2]

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B-H curve of vacuum

In vacuum, B is directly proportional to H

B = µ0H

B = flux density [T]

H = magnetic field intensity [A/m]
µ0 = magnetic constant [= 4 x π x 10-7]

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B-H curve of magnetic material

B = µ0µTH

B = flux density [T]

H = magnetic field intensity [A/m]
µ0 = magnetic constant [= 4 x π x 10-7]
µT = relative permeability of material

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Faraday’s law
Faraday’s law of electromagnetism induction (1831)

 If the flux linking a loop (or turn) varies as a function of

time, a voltage induced between its terminal.
 The value of the induced voltage is proportional to the
rate of change of flux.

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The flux varies inside the coil N turn, the voltage induced E,
∆∅
E = N∆

E = induced voltage [V]

N = number of turn in the coil
∆∅ = change of flux inside the coil [Wb]
∆ = time interval during the flux changes [s]

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Voltage induced in a conductor

When the conductor cuts a magnetic field, a voltage E induced
across its terminals
E = BL

E = induced voltage [V]

B = flux density [T]
= active length of the conductor in the
magnetic field [m]
= relative speed of the conductor [m/s]

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Research Group

Lorentz force on a conductor

When a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it is
subjected to a force called Lorentz force or electromagnetic force.

The maximum force acting on a straight conductor,

F = BL
F = force acting on the conductor [N]
B = flux density [T]
= active length of the conductor in the
magnetic field [m]
= current in the conductor [A]

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Current in an Inductor

Voltage and current relation,

∆
e = L∆

e = instantaneous voltage induced in the circuit [V]

L = inductance of the circuit [H]
∆
= rate of change of current [A/s]
∆

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