EPE 4164 Poly-Phase Network Analysis Including Symmetrical Component Analysis Unit1 - Lect2

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EPE 4164 Modelling and analysis of power system
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EPE_4164 Modelling and analysis of power system
Unit I. Overview of power systems

Poly-phase network analysis including
symmetrical component analysis
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 Poly-phase network analysis including

symmetrical component analysis
 Introduction
• Poly-phase systems refer to electrical power systems that utilize multiple
phases or alternating current waveforms to generate, transmit and
distribute electrical energy.
• These systems are commonly used in industrial, commercial, and
residential settings due to their advantages over single-phase systems.
• In a poly-phase system, the electrical energy is transmitted/distributed
among two or more phases, typically three phases (referred to as three-
phase systems), although systems with more phases also exist.
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 Advantages of Poly-phase Networks

• Higher Power Transfer Capacity: Poly-phase networks, especially three-
phase systems, offer a higher power transfer capacity compared to single-
phase systems. The use of multiple phases creates a rotating magnetic
field, enabling the operation of three-phase motors and generators. This
higher power capacity is essential for industrial and commercial applications
that require large power loads.
• Balanced Loading: Poly-phase systems allow for balanced loading, where
the loads are evenly distributed among the phases. This balance ensures
that each phase carries an equal amount of current, resulting in efficient
power transfer and reduced power losses. Balanced loading also
minimizes voltage drop and enables the use of smaller conductors, leading
to cost savings in installation and maintenance.

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 Advantages of Poly-phase Networks cont…

• Smoother Power Output: The use of multiple phases in poly-phase networks
provides a continuous and balanced power output. The overlapping nature of
the waveforms reduces power fluctuations, ensuring a stable and reliable
power supply. This helps in maintaining a stable voltage and frequency, reducing
voltage fluctuations, and providing a reliable power supply.
• Flexibility and Scalability: Poly-phase networks offer flexibility and scalability to
accommodate various power requirements. They can be easily expanded or
modified by adding more phases or increasing the capacity of existing phases,
making them suitable for a wide range of applications.
• Efficient Use of Conductors: Poly-phase systems utilize multiple phases to
carry electrical energy. This arrangement allows for more efficient use of
conductors, as the currents in the phases are combined and cancel out the
neutral current. As a result, smaller conductors can be used compared to
single-phase systems, reducing costs in terms of material and installation. and
minimizing voltage drop along the transmission and distribution lines.
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 Basic Concepts in Poly-phase Networks

 Phases:
 Poly-phase networks use multiple phases.
 Phases are represented by letters (e.g., R, Y, B).
 Three-phase systems are the most common.
 Phase Sequence:
 Phase sequence refers to the order in which the
phases reach their maximum values in a poly-
phase system with respect to time, typically a
three-phase system, are arranged or rotated

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 Basic Concepts in Poly-phase Networks cont…

 The phase sequence is crucial because it determines the direction of
rotation of motors, generators, and other rotating machinery connected to
the system and determines the direction of magnetic fields in transformers.
Electrical equipment is designed to operate with a specific phase
sequence, and reversing the phase sequence can result in incorrect
rotation or even damage to the equipment. It ensures proper
synchronization and operation of electrical equipment.
Phase Sequence and Motor Rotation:
 In a properly connected motor:
 For ABC or 1-2-3 sequence, the motor rotates in the clockwise direction.
 For ACB or 1-3-2 sequence, the motor rotates in the counter-clockwise
direction.

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Basic Concepts in Poly-phase Networks cont….

 Different phase sequences will result in different
motor rotation directions.
 The most commonly used phase sequence is
RYB or 1-2-3.
 Phase R reaches its maximum value first,
followed by phases Y and B in sequence.
 Other sequences like YBR or BRY exist but are
less common.
 The proper phase sequence is essential for The generated voltages are
system operation 120°apart from each other

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 Line and Phase Voltages/Currents:
 Line voltages/ currents: Voltages/ currents between conductors (lines).
 Phase voltages/ currents : Voltages/ currents between each phase and
neutral (if present) or line-to-line.
 The relationship varies in unbalanced or different poly-phase
configurations.
 Phasor Diagrams:
 Graphical representations for analyzing poly-phase systems.
 Phasors represent magnitudes and relative angles of voltage or current
waveforms.
 It helps in understanding phase relationships, power calculations, and
system behavior.

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 Relationship between Line and Phase Quantities:

For Y connection balanced three-phase system:
 Line voltages = √3 times phase voltages.
 Line currents = phase currents.
For Delta connection balanced three-phase system:

 Line voltages = phase voltages.
 Line currents = √3 times phase currents.

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 Balanced and Unbalanced:
 Balanced system: magnitude of phases a, b and is all the same
 The angle between phases is displaced by 120 degrees.
 The system has a sequence of a,b,c
 Unbalanced loading: Unequal currents or impedances in different
phases.
 Unbalanced conditions can result from faulty equipment, asymmetrical
loads, or system faults.

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 For a balanced wye-connected load :
where ZY is the load impedance per phase
 For a balanced delta-connected load :

where ZΔ is the load impedance per phase
 We recall that:
 Since both the three-phase source and the three-phase load can be either
wye- or delta-connected, we have four possible connections
• Y-Y connection (i.e., Y-connected
source with a Y-connected load)
• Y- Δ connection.
• Δ -Δ connection.
• Δ -Y connection.
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 Power in Poly-phase for a Balanced System

The complex power per phase is
Where Vp and Ip are the phase voltage and phase current with magnitudes Vp and Ip
respectively. The total average power is the sum of the average powers in the phases:
For a Y-connected load, IL=Ip but VL=sqrt(3)Vp whereas for a Δ-connected load,
IL=sqrt(3)Ip but VL=Vp.
the total reactive power is
the total complex power is

Where Zp =Zp∠θ is the load impedance per phase. (Zp could be ZY or ZΔ)
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 Poly-phase for Unbalanced three-phase systems
An unbalanced system is due to unbalanced voltage sources or an

unbalanced load.
For balanced source voltages, but an unbalanced load.
When the load is unbalanced, ZA, ZB and ZC are not equal.
The line currents are determined by Ohm’s law as
Applying KCL at node N gives the neutral line current

as
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 Symmetrical Components
Introduction
• The electrical power system operates in a balanced three-phase sinusoidal
operation.
• Three phase voltage or current is in a balance condition if it has the following
characteristic:
 Magnitude of phase a,b, and c is all the same
 The system has sequence of a,b,c
 The angle between phase is displace by 120 degree
• If one of the above is character is not satisfied,

unbalanced fault conditions occur which cause
unbalanced currents and voltages to exist in each
of the phases as shown in this fig.
fig1.
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 Symmetrical Components cont….
• Examples may include a tree in contacts with a conductor or a line, a
lightning bolt strikes a conductor or two conductors swing into each other or
downed power line we call this a fault, or a fault on the line.
• When a short circuit fault occurs, the result can be a set of unbalanced
voltages and currents.
• When this occurs the system goes from a balanced condition to an
unbalanced condition.
• In order to properly set the protective relays, it is necessary to calculate
currents and voltages in the system under such unbalanced operating
conditions.
• Symmetrical components are a mathematical technique used in electrical
power systems to analyze and solve unbalanced conditions. It was developed
by Charles LeGeyt Fortescue in 1918 and is widely used in power system
engineering

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• He described how symmetrical components can transform an unbalanced
condition into symmetrical components, compute the system response by
straight forward circuit analysis on simple circuit models, and transform
the results back into original phase variables.
• The theory of symmetrical components resolves any set of unbalanced
voltages or currents into three sets of symmetrical balanced phasors.
These are known as positive, negative and zero sequence
components.
• The key idea of symmetrical component analysis is to decompose the
system into three sequence networks. The networks are then coupled only
at the point of the unbalance (i.e., the fault)
• The three sequence networks are known as the
– positive sequence (this is the one we’ve been using)
– negative sequence
– zero sequence
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• Positive Sequence components are those which have three vectors of equal
magnitude but displaced in phase from each other by an angle of 120° and have
the phase sequence as the original vectors. Phase sequence means the
direction of rotation of vectors.
• Negative Sequence components are having equal magnitude and are displaced
from each other by an angle of 120° but the direction of rotation of the vectors is
opposite to the direction of rotation of the original vectors.
• The zero sequence component represents a set of three phasors equal in
magnitude with zero phase displacement and has a neutral current is also used to
analyze the flow of zero-sequence currents, which typically occur in faults involving
the ground
• By decomposing the unbalanced system into these symmetrical components,
engineers can analyze each component separately and determine their individual
effects on the system. This analysis can help in understanding the behavior of
the system during unbalanced conditions, designing protective relays, and
optimizing the system's performance.
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• The technique allows engineers to predict the behavior of the system under
different fault conditions and design appropriate protection schemes to
ensure the safety and reliability of the power system
• In this part, we study symmetrical components and show that the response of
each system element depends, in general, on its connections and the
component of the current being considered.
• Equivalent circuits, called sequence circuits, will be developed to reflect the
separate responses of the elements to each current component.
• There are three equivalent circuits for each element of the three-phase system.
• By organizing the individual equivalent circuits into networks according to the
interconnections of the elements, we arrive at the concept of three sequence
networks.
• Solving the sequence networks for the fault conditions gives symmetrical
current and voltage components that can be combined together to reflect the
effects of the original unbalanced fault currents on the overall system.
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Symmetrical Components cont….
Fig.1 below shows balanced and unbalanced systems.
 If the phase voltages have the same
magnitude, and are separated from
one another by the same phase
angle, then the supply is said to be
balanced.
 If either of the conditions are not
met, the supply is said to be
Fig. 2 unbalanced.
Balanced phase voltages are equal in magnitude and are out of phase with
each other by 120°.
A balanced load is one in which the phase impedances are equal in
magnitude and in phase
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In the case of the waveforms in Figure 3(a), the phase sequence is RYB. This
is known as the positive phase sequence (PPS), and is the phase
sequence adopted by the U.K. supply authorities.
An alternative phase sequence, known as negative phase sequence,
corresponds to rotating in the sequence RBY
The phase sequence is

Figure3 (a) the time order in which the
voltages pass through
https://
link.springer.com/c their respective maximum
hapter/10.1007/97 values.
8-1-349-11232-6_1
2

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”Dr. Fortescue described how
arbitrary unbalanced 3-phase
voltages (or currents) could be
transformed into 3 sets of
balanced 3-phase components as
shown in Fig.4.
He called these components
Fig. 2
“symmetrical components.”
The unbalanced problems can be
solved by the resolution of the
currents and voltages into certain
symmetrical relations.
Fig 4
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• By the method of symmetrical coordinates, a set of unbalanced voltages (or
currents) may be resolved into systems of balanced voltages (or currents) equal
in number to the number of phases involved. The symmetrical component
method reduces the complexity in solving for electrical quantities during
power system disturbances. These sequence components are known as
positive, negative and zero sequence components, Fig.4
• The purpose of this chapter is to explain
symmetrical components and review
complex algebra in order to manipulate the
components. Knowledge of symmetrical
components is important in performing
mathematical calculations and
understanding system faults. It is also
valuable in analyzing faults and how they Fig.4
apply to relay operations.
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Symmetrical Components cont….
Fig. above shows the representation of (a) an unbalanced network, its

(b) positive sequence, (c) negative sequence and (d) zero sequence.
• Being balanced, the phasors have equal amplitudes and are displaced 120o
relative to each other.
• By the definition of symmetrical components, b1 always lags a1 by a fixed angle
of 120o and always has the same magnitude as a1 . Similarly 1 leads a1 by 120o.

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 Application of Symmetrical Components

• The positive sequence component is crucial for analyzing system
behavior under normal operating conditions and balanced loads. It aids in
evaluating power flow, stability, and harmonics, allowing engineers to
design and optimize the system for efficient and reliable performance.
Additionally, positive sequence analysis is essential for verifying the
compatibility of equipment and ensuring proper functioning of motors,
generators, and transformers in three-phase systems.
• The negative sequence component is primarily utilized for fault
detection and analysis, particularly in identifying unbalanced conditions
resulting from unsymmetrical faults or asymmetrical loads.
• It helps in locating the source of faults and triggering protective measures
to mitigate their impact, safeguarding the system and equipment.

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 Application of Symmetrical Components cont…
• The zero sequence component plays a vital role in ground fault

detection and protection. By monitoring and analyzing the zero
sequence currents, ground faults can be swiftly detected, enabling the
activation of protective devices to isolate the faulty section and ensure
the safety of personnel and equipment.
• Additionally, zero sequence analysis aids in designing effective
grounding systems and evaluating power quality issues related to
unbalanced currents or harmonic distortions caused by zero sequence
components.

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 Symmetrical Component Transformation
• The method of symmetrical components uses the commonly used

mathematical solutions applied in ordinary alternating current
problems.
• A working knowledge of the fundamentals of algebra of complex
numbers is essential
Referring to Fig. 5, let r represent the

length of the line connecting the point
p to the origin and θ the angle
measured from the x-axis to the line r.
It can be observed that
Fig. 5

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1. Phasors analysis
Goal of phasor analysis is to simplify the analysis of constant

frequency ac systems
v(t) = Vmax cos(wt + qv)

i(t) = Imax cos(wt + qI)
Root Mean Square (RMS) voltage of sinusoidal
T
1 2 Vmax
T0 v(t ) dt 
2

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2.Phasor Representation
Phasors are written in polar
Euler's Identity: e j  cos  j sin 
Phasor notation is developed by rewriting

using Euler's identity
v(t )  2 V cos( t  V )
v(t )  2 V Re e j ( t V ) 
(Note: V is the RMS voltage)

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 Advantages of Phasor Analysis

Device Time Analysis Phasor
Resistor v(t )  Ri (t ) V  RI
di (t )
Inductor v(t )  L V  j LI
dt
1t 1
Capacitor 
C0
i (t ) dt  v(0) V 
j C
I
Z = Impedance  R  jX  Z 
R = Resistance (Note: Z is a
complex number
X = Reactance
but not a phasor)
X
Z = 2
R X 2
 =arctan( )
R
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3. The j and a operator
• Recall the operator j.
• In polar form, j =1∠900.
• Multiplying by j has the effect of rotating a phasor 900 without affecting the
magnitude.
Table 1 - Properties of the vector j
Example

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Notice that multiplication by the j

operator rotated the Phasor R by 900 ,
but did not change the magnitude.
Refer to Fig. 6
Fig. 6. j effects
Before we discuss the symmetrical component transformation, let us first define the
an operator that causes a counterclockwise rotation of 120 degree, such that:
 The a operator is defined as unit vector at an angle of 120o , written as a
=1∠1200.
 The operator a2 , is also a unit vector at an angle of 240o , written a2 =1 ∠2400

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Example
Fig. 7. a effects
Also note that we have

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Table 2 - Properties of the vector a

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• Since each of the

original unbalanced
phasors is the sum
of its components,
the original phasors
expressed in terms
of their components
are:
Va = Va1 + Va2 + Va0

Vb = Vb1 + Vb2 + Vb0 Vc
= Vc1 + Vc2 + Vc0
Graphical addition of symmetrical components
to obtain unbalanced phasors
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To reduce the number of unknown

quantities, let the symmetrical components
of Vb and Vc can be expressed as the
product of some function of the operator a
and a component of Va. Thus,
Phase sequences refer to the order of voltages or

currents in a three-phase electrical system, while
phasor rotation determines the direction of rotation
in a phasor diagram. Although phase sequences We can write
can be either clockwise or counterclockwise, phasor
rotation conventionally follows a counterclockwise
direction.
• Since each of the original unbalanced
phasors is the sum of its components, the
original phasors expressed in terms of their
components are:
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In matrix form,
The inverse of A matrix is
With these definitions, the above relations can be written

as
The symmetrical
component transformation
matrix is then given by

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Defining the vectors Va012 and Vabc as
we can write
where C is the symmetrical component
transformation matrix and is given by
The original phasor components

can also be obtained from the
inverse symmetrical component
transformation, i.e.,
Finally, if we define a set of unbalanced current

phasors as Iabc and their symmetrical
components as Ia012, we can then define
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 In summary
(1) Positive Sequence components

• The positive sequence sets have three
phase currents/voltages with equal
magnitude, with phase displacement each
other by 120° i.e phase b lagging phase a by
120°, and phase c lagging phase b by 120°.
• Same phase sequence as the original
phasors(for example a-b-c)
Positive sequence
sets have zero
neutral current
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(2) Negative Sequence components

• The negative sequence component have three phase
currents/voltages with equal magnitude, with phase b
leading phase a by 120°, and phase c leading phase b
by 120° i.e displacement from each other by 120°
• Negative sequence sets are similar to positive
sequence, except the phase order is reversed (for
example a-c-b)
(3) Zero Sequence Sets
• Zero sequence component have three values
with equal magnitude and angle.
• Zero phase displacement from each other
• Zero sequence component have neutral
current

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By convention, the direction of rotation of the phasors is taken to be

counterclock‐wise.
(1)
(3)
(2)

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Any arbitrary set of three phasors, say Ia, Ib, Ic can be represented as a sum of
three sequence sets
(4)
Based on (1), (2) and (3), (4) can be rewrite all in terms of phase a components
(6)
(5)

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(7)
Equation (6) can be written as:
Where A is known as symmetrical components transformation matrix, which
transforms phasor currents into components currents
and
(8)
(9)
Solving (7) for the symmetrical components of currents:
The inverse of A is given by: (10)

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(11)
From (8) and (10), we conclude that
Substituting for A‐1 in (9), we have:
(12)
or in component form, the symmetrical components are:
(13)

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Similar expressions exists for voltage:
(13)
The symmetrical components in terms of unbalanced voltages are:
(14)

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Example
1. One conductor of a three‐phase line is open. The current flowing to delta‐
connected load through line a is 10A. With the current in line a as reference and
assuming that line c is open, find the symmetrical components of the line
currents.

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Solution

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2. Obtain the symmetrical components for the set of unbalanced voltages
3.The symmetrical components of a set of unbalanced three‐phase currents are
Obtain the original unbalanced phasors.

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4.The line‐to‐line voltages in an unbalanced three‐phase supply are

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Example 5
Va   0 
Let V  Vb     
   
Vc     
Then
1 1 1   0   0 
1 2
Vs  A V  1         
1
3    
1  2        6.12 
 

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Example 6
 I 0   100 
  
Let I s   I   10 
 
     
 I   
Then
1 1 1   100    
 
I  AI s  1  2
  10    
   
1   2       
 

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 POWER IN TERMS OF SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS

The power in a three-phase system can be expressed in terms of symmetrical
components of the associated voltages and currents. The power flowing into a
three-phase system through three lines a, b and c is
where Va , Vb and Vc are voltages to neutral at the terminals and Ia , Ib, and Ic are the
currents flowing into the system in the three lines.
In matrix form

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https://
adamdhalla.medium.com/matrix-transposes-and-symmet
ric-matrices-c6d0cbe4efd0
https://www.toppr.com/ask/content/story/amp/complex-conju
gate-of-a-matrix-72080
/
Thus the complex three-phase power is given by

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Thus the complex three-phase power is given by
Here, 3Va0Ia0, 3Va1Ia1 and 3Va2Ia2 correspond to the three-phase power delivered to the zero-
sequence system, positive-sequence system, and negative-sequence system, respectively.
Thus, the total three-phase power in the unbalanced system is equal to the sum of the power
delivered to the three sequence systems representing the three-phase system.
Example: Where phase-to-
A three-phase unbalanced
is applied to the
circuit in this Figure. neutral currents are:
source with the following
phase-to-neutral voltages
Determine:
a) The complex power delivered to the load in terms of symmetrical components
b) The complex power delivered to the load by summing up the power in each phase
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End of Unit1_Lect2
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COLLEGE OF SCIENCE

EPE 4164 Modelling and analysis of power system

03/19/2024 Prepared by MUSABYIMANA JOSEE 1

EPE_4164 Modelling and analysis of power system

Unit I. Overview of power systems

 Poly-phase network analysis including

12/4/2018 EPE 4164 Modelling and analysis of power system 3

 Advantages of Poly-phase Networks

12/4/2018 EPE 4164 Modelling and analysis of power system 4

 Advantages of Poly-phase Networks cont…

 Basic Concepts in Poly-phase Networks

12/4/2018 EPE 4164 Modelling and analysis of power system 6

 Basic Concepts in Poly-phase Networks cont…

12/4/2018 EPE 4164 Modelling and analysis of power system 7

Basic Concepts in Poly-phase Networks cont….

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Basic Concepts in Poly-phase Networks cont….

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Basic Concepts in Poly-phase Networks cont….

 Relationship between Line and Phase Quantities:

For Delta connection balanced three-phase system:

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Basic Concepts in Poly-phase Networks cont….

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Basic Concepts in Poly-phase Networks cont….

 For a balanced delta-connected load :

 Power in Poly-phase for a Balanced System

the total reactive power is

the total complex power is

 Poly-phase for Unbalanced three-phase systems

An unbalanced system is due to unbalanced voltage sources or an

Applying KCL at node N gives the neutral line current

• If one of the above is character is not satisfied,

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The phase sequence is

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Symmetrical Components cont….

Fig. above shows the representation of (a) an unbalanced network, its

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 Application of Symmetrical Components

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 Application of Symmetrical Components cont…

• The zero sequence component plays a vital role in ground fault

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 Symmetrical Component Transformation

• The method of symmetrical components uses the commonly used

Referring to Fig. 5, let r represent the

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Goal of phasor analysis is to simplify the analysis of constant

v(t) = Vmax cos(wt + qv)

Root Mean Square (RMS) voltage of sinusoidal

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Euler's Identity: e j  cos  j sin 

Phasor notation is developed by rewriting

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 Advantages of Phasor Analysis

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Notice that multiplication by the j

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Also note that we have

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Table 2 - Properties of the vector a

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