SUSTUEDO, Ronalie H.

BSA - 2

DIFFERENT INDOOR GAMES

1. Basketball

Basketball is the most popular indoor sport and second most popular team sport after soccer.
Basketball is played by two teams of five players each. The objective is to throw the ball into
the basket at the opponent’s side of a rectangular field.

 History
Basketball is a relatively new sport, invented in 1891. It has now grown into one of the most
popular sports in the United States.
Basketball was invented in December 1891 by Canadian James W. Naismith. An instructor at
the YMCA Training School in Massachusetts, he sought a suitable indoor game to keep his
students fit and warm during the cold New England winters. He formulated 13 rules, most of
which still apply today. In 1893, the first women’s game was played at the Smith College, in
Northampton, Massachusetts, USA.
Originally, basketball was played with peach baskets and balls had to be retrieved manually
after each score. Subsequently, a hole was drilled into the bottom of the basket allowing the
balls to be poked out with a long rod. In 1906, the peach baskets were finally replaced by
metal hoops with backboards
Basketball was originally played with a soccer ball. The first balls made specifically for
basketball were brown, and it was only in the late 1950s that Tony Hinkle, searching for a ball
that would be more visible to players and spectators alike, introduced the orange ball that is
now in common use.
In the early 1900s, students from abroad who had studied in Springfield, started to spread the
game. In the 1920s, the first international games were played and by 1950 the first World
Championship for Men was held in Argentina. Three years later, in 1953, the first World
Championship for Women took place in Chile.
Basketball made its appearance at the Olympic Games in 1904 in St Louis as a demonstration
sport, as the competition was held between only American teams and counted as an event of
the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU of the USA) Championships.
At the Games in 1936 in Berlin, basketball joined the Olympic programme, where it has
remained to this day. Women’s basketball debuted at the 1976 Games in Montreal.
The USA dominates international basketball and won all the titles up to 1972, the year it was
defeated by the Soviet Union at the Munich Games. In the women’s event, the Soviets took
gold in 1976, 1980 and 1992, and were later dominated by the Americans between 1984 and
2008, except in 1992.
In 1992 at the Barcelona Games, famous players from the National Basketball Association
(NBA) were allowed for the first time to represent the USA. This team, known as the “Dream
 Team” in the international media, was undoubtedly the best basketball team ever formed. It
delighted the public and widely dominated the Olympic tournament in 1992.
 Equipments

1. The Ball

Official size of a basketball is 29.5 to 30 inches in circumference for men’s game and
28.5 inches in circumference for women’s game. It should weigh 18 to 22 ounces.
When bounced off 6 feet from the floor, a well inflated ball should bounce 49 to 54
inches in height.

2. Basketball Shooting Equipment

The hoop or basket is a horizontal metallic rim, circular in shape. This rim is attached to
a net and helps one score a point. The rim is mounted about 4 feet inside the baseline
and 10 feet above the court.

3. Basketball Court

The basketball court is the next important thing for shooting balls in this game. The
court is usually made of wooden floorboard. The court size is about 28m x 17m
according to the International standards. The National Basketball Association (NBA)
regulation states the floor dimension as 29m x 15m. The standard court is rectangular
in shape and has baskets placed on opposite ends.

4. Backboard

The backboard is the rectangular board that is placed behind the rim. It helps give
better rebound to the ball. The backboard is about 1800mm in size horizontally and
1050mm vertically. Many times, backboards are made of acrylic, aluminum, steel or
glass.

5. Shot Clock

The offense is allowed a maximum of 24 seconds to have a ball in hand before

shooting. These 24 seconds are counted on the shot clock. If the offense fails to shoot a
ball that hits the rim, they will lose the possession of the ball to the other team.

6. Whistle

The coach or referee uses a whistle to indicate the start or end of a game. S/he can
even use the whistle to stop the play in the middle of a game. Whistle also helps to
indicate fouls, timeout, or out of bound balls to the players. In order to get the
attention of the players, many times coaches use the whistle to gather the players.

2. Swimming
 Swimming is a great recreational activity in which we glide through water using our limbs.

 History

Swimming can be dated back to the Stone Age, but did not truly become an organised sport
until the early 19th century.

Prehistoric man learnt to swim in order to cross rivers and lakes – we know this because
cave paintings from the Stone Age depicting swimmers have been found in Egypt.
Swimming was also referred to in Greek mythology.

Swimming was not widely practised until the early 19th century, when the National
Swimming Society of Great Britain began to hold competitions. Most early swimmers used
the breaststroke, or a form of it.

Based on a stroke used by native South Americans, the first version of the crawl featured a
scissor kick. In the late 1880s, an Englishman named Frederick Cavill travelled to the South
Seas, where he saw the natives performing a crawl with a flutter kick. Cavill settled in
Australia, where he taught the stroke that was to become the famous Australian crawl.

Swimming has featured on the programme of all editions of the Games since 1896. The very
first Olympic events were freestyle (crawl) or breaststroke. Backstroke was added in 1904.

In the 1940s, breaststrokers discovered that they could go faster by bringing both arms
forward over their heads. This practice was immediately forbidden in breaststroke, but gave
birth to butterfly, whose first official appearance was at the 1956 Games in Melbourne. This
style is now one of the four strokes used in competition.

Women’s swimming became Olympic in 1912 at the Stockholm Games. Since then, it has
been part of every edition of the Games. The men’s and women’s programmes are almost
identical, as they contain the same number of events, with only one difference: the freestyle
distance is 800 metres for women and 1,500 metres for men.

 Equipment

1. Swimsuit

Like many other things, technology has entered the swimsuit arena as well. Fabrics
are designed for minimal resistance through the water, they tend to last a long time,
and they resist fading even when used repeatedly in chlorinated pools. Of course,
not all of us would be comfortable in the skimpy racing suits that you see Olympians
wear, but the good news is that you can find more modest suits at sporting goods
and department stores as well as through a number of online vendors. Comfort is
the most important quality in selecting a swimsuit. You're less likely to swim if you're
uncomfortable in your suit.
2. Goggles

Goggles protect your eyes from chlorine (and anything else that may be in the
water), and they help you keep your eyes open while you swim so that you can see
where you're going. You can even get prescription swim goggles if you wear glasses.

3. Bathing Caps

Bathing caps can serve several purposes. Some pool managers will require
individuals with long hair to wear caps to keep hair from getting into the pool, and
some people just like to protect their hair from the chlorine in the water. You may
also decide to wear a bathing cap to cut down on resistance in the water. This really
works, and so if you're looking to increase your time a bit, a bathing cap might help.
Many caps are made of latex, although you can find silicone, neoprene (keeps you
warm), and Lycra as well. Choose the one that fits your head and is most
comfortable.

4. Floatation devices and other equipment

There are a number of flotation devices and other equipment available to help you
learn how to swim, improve your swimming times if you start to get competitive,
and add resistance to your water workouts to build muscular strength and tone.
Flotation devices help keep you afloat so that you can slow down and work on your
swim stroke without sinking or causing too much fatigue, and they help with
confidence for individuals who don't know how to swim.

5. Kickboards

Kickboards are devices made of foam or other materials that float, and they come in
a variety of shapes and sizes. The main purpose is for you to hold on and stay afloat
while your legs do all the work. It's good exercise for coordinating your kicking, and it
gives your arms a rest.

6. Pull Buoys

Like kickboards, pull buoys are flotation devices that come in a variety of shapes and
sizes, but unlike a kickboard, which gives the upper body a rest, pull buoys are
placed between the legs to keep the legs afloat without kicking so that you can work
your upper body. Pull buoys are excellent training devices for building upper-body
strength, endurance, and cardiorespiratory fitness. They can also help you work on
your form because you can swim slowly and deliberately without sinking.

7. Fins
 Fins fit on your feet and add propulsion to your kicks (think of a duck's webfoot).
They are great training for your legs and will help you swim faster. They come in long
fins for beginners who want to work on their stroke and build up leg strength and
ankle flexibility and short fins to help you go faster without overworking your legs.
Fins should fit snugly but not so tight that they cut into your foot or cut off
circulation. Wear socks with your fins if that feels more comfortable.

8. Hand Paddles

Hand paddles attach to your hands and add propulsion to your arm stroke because
they move more water. They can be a lot of work for the arms and shoulders
because of the resistance in the water, and for this reason, they are used in water
aerobic classes to mimic the resistance exercises that you do on land with dumbbells
(for example, biceps curls). Hand paddles make a water workout difficult, and so you
should warm up in the water without them first, and then build up slowly like you
would with any resistance exercise workout so that you don't overwork your arms
and shoulder joints.

9. Gloves

Gloves, like hand paddles, also add resistance for your arms, although they are
smaller than paddles and so the resistance is lighter. These might be a better choice
than paddles if you're just starting out with resistance exercises in the water.

10. Water Dumbbells

Some manufacturers produce dumbbells made of foam for use in the water. They
add resistance like paddles or gloves, but you can release them quickly after a set
and then grab them again when you're ready. Water creates lots of resistance, and
so water dumbbells will make you stronger if you use them consistently.

11. Noodle

A noodle is a flexible, tube-shaped flotation device that you can wrap under your
arms or around your waist to keep you buoyant so that you can keep moving in the
water (kids love to play with them). The advantage of being able to keep moving is
that you can work on your stroke without fatigue and increase your strength and
endurance.

12. Aqua Jogger

Aqua jogger is a flotation device that you wear like a belt. Like a noodle, it permits
you to keep on moving without fatigue, so that you can work on your stroke as well
as your strength and aerobic fitness, but it's more heavy-duty than a noodle and will
accommodate heavier people and create more resistance. Aqua joggers also allow
 you to participate in water aerobic classes and water running without having to
know how to swim or break frequently.

13. Water Treadmill

There are two types. One is a device that you install in your pool that works with a
propeller to create a current of water that you swim in place against (okay, it's not
really a treadmill, but you do swim in place). This type is a great training aid and is
also used for rehabilitation, but it is very expensive, depending on the model and
whether you have it installed when your pool is being built or in an existing pool. The
other type is a treadmill that is designed for use in water. You walk on it just like any
land-based treadmill, only there is less strain on your joints because of the water.
This type of treadmill is frequently used in rehabilitation.

3. Boxing

Boxing is one of the most popular and celebrated sports as you know. It is the act of fighting
with fists by using boxing gloves in a boxing ring. This sport makes the body and mind strong.

 History
Boxing is a sport with an ancient history. It was introduced to the ancient Olympic Games
in the 7th century BC.
The earliest evidence of boxing dates back to Egypt around 3000 BC. The sport was
introduced to the ancient Olympic Games by the Greeks in the late 7th century BC, when
soft leather thongs were used to bind boxers’ hands and forearms for protection.
Later, in Rome, leather thongs were exchanged for the cestus – a glove studded with
metal. Unfortunately this did not help the gladiators involved, as boxing matches of the
era usually ended with the death of one or other contestant.
With the fall of the Roman Empire, boxing came to an abrupt end. It resurfaced in 17th
century England, and organised amateur boxing officially began in 1880. Originally only
five weight classes were contested: Bantam, not exceeding 54 kilos; Feather, not
exceeding 57 kilos; Light, not exceeding 63.5 kilos; Middle, not exceeding 73 kilos; and
Heavy, any weight.
When boxing made its Olympic debut at the 1904 Games in St Louis, it was the USA, the
only country entered, which took all the medals. Later, the Americans continued to
dominate boxing, winning 109 medals (including 48 gold) out of the 842 up for grabs,
closely followed by the Cubans and Russians.
Since its inclusion in the Olympic programme, boxing has been staged at each edition of
the Games, except in 1912 in Stockholm, owing to Swedish law, which forbade the
practice.
The rules have evolved since the 1980s: 1984 in Los Angeles: protective helmet
obligatory; 1992 in Barcelona: set-up of an electronic scoring system to strengthen the
objectivity of refereeing; 2007: standardised point scoring.
 Women’s boxing will make its debut at the 2012 London Games in London. The current
11 men’s events will be replaced by 10 men’s and 3 women’s events.
 Equipment

1. Boxing Gloves

Boxing gloves are different from normal gloves, as they are heavily padded. Worn
by boxers during a match or while training, these boxing gloves provide protection
for the boxer, as most hand injuries are caused by the force of punching.

2. Boxing Shoes

Boxers are required to wear shoes with soft soles in order to prevent injuries
when accidentally stepping on their opponents during a round. These shoes are
usually high cut, to provide more support for the ankles. However, low cut shoes
are sometimes favoured by boxers who need better mobility and speed during the
round.

3. Groin Protector

Today’s groin protectors provide more complete protection with advanced,

closed-cell foams and fuller cups. Contemporary designs cover the hips, groin and
upper abdomen to a greater degree than they did in the past.

4. Wrist Wrap

Usually just a simple strip of cloth that is wound around the hand and wrist of the
boxer, the wrist wrap is very important as it helps to secure the bones and keep
the joints in alignment. Wrapped around the wrist, palm and the base of the
thumb several times, the wrist or hand wrap also allows the boxer to hit harder
while feeling less pain from the impact of punching the opponent.

5. Mouth Guard

As boxing allows blows above the belt, some of the punches will inevitably be
aimed towards the head and face of the opponent. Hence, a mouth guard is very
important as it protects the mouth and teeth of a boxer from any serious injury
caused by a high impact blow. The mouth guard also supports the jaw and
decreases the possibility of a knockdown by the opponent.

4. Volleyball

 History
Originally known as "mintonette", volleyball was the brainchild of American Willian G.
Morgan, who came up with the idea for the sport in 1895.
 As a student at the Springfield College in Massachusets, he had befriended James Naismith
who, in 1891, had himself invented basketball. After graduating, Morgan went on to
become director of physical education at the Young Man’s Christian Association (YMCA) in
Holyoke, Massachusets and it was there that he devised his new sport, which was designed
to be a combination of basketball, baseball, tennis and handball.
Morgan was keen for his sport to offer a less physically intense and demanding alternative
to Naismith’s basketball, one that would appeal to a far broader range of ages and physical
abilities. Describing his early experimentations, he said: “In search of an appropriate game,
tennis occurred to me, but this required rackets, balls, a net and other equipment, so it was
eliminated, but the idea of a net seemed a good one. We raised it to a height of about 6
feet, 6 inches [1.98 metres] from the ground, just above the head of an average man. We
needed a ball and among those we tried was a basketball bladder, but this was too light
and too slow. We therefore tried the basketball itself, which was too big and too heavy.”
It was not until 1900 that a specially designed ball - lighter and smaller - was devised, which
opened up a whole new range of tactical and technical possibilities for the sport. The
offensive style of setting and spiking was first showcased in 1916, in the Philippines. Over
the years that followed the rules of the sport were further refined and standardised. In
1917, the scoring system per game was changed from 21 to 15 points, while in 1920 the
rule stipulating a maximum of three hits per team was instituted.
Until the early 1930s volleyball was for the most part a game of leisure and recreation, and
there were only a few international activities and competitions. There were different rules
of the game in the various parts of the world; however, national championships were
played in many countries (for instance, in Eastern Europe where the level of play had
reached a remarkable standard).
The sport took a huge step forward in 1947 with the creation of the Federation
Internationale De Volley-Ball (FIVB). Two years later the inaugural World Championships
took place in Prague, Czechoslovakia.
Volleyball made its Olympic debut at Tokyo 1964, with the USSR taking men’s gold and the
host nation winning the women’s competition.
Beach volleyball, which had its origins on the beaches of California back in 1930, had to
wait until 1996 for its inclusion on the Olympic programme, and it has helped take the
global reach and popularity of the sport to a new level.
Volleyball has witnessed a particularly impressive growth spurt over the last two decades,
fuelled by the expansion of international competitions such as the FIVB World
Championships, the FIVB World League, the FIVB World Grand Prix, the FIVB World Cup and
the FIVB Grand Champions Cup, not to mention of course, the Olympic Games, where both
the indoor and beach versions now enjoy huge popularity.
Today, over 120 years after it was first conceived, volleyball is played by more than 800
million people worldwide, a fact that would surely leave its creator, William Morgan, whose
goal was to create a sport open to all, a huge amount of satisfaction.
 Equipment
1. Court and Dimensions
 The Volleyball court is 60 feet by 30 feet in total. The net in placed in the center of
the court, making each side of the net 30 feet by 30 feet.
a. Center Line
A center line is marked at the center of the court dividing it equally into 30
feet squares, above which the net is placed.
b. Attack Line
An attack line is marked 10 feet of each side of the center line.
c. Service Line

A service line, the area from which the server may serve the volleyball, is
marked 10 feet inside the right sideline on each back line.

The net is placed directly above the center line, 7 feet 4 inches above the
ground for women and 8 feet above the ground for men.

d. Poles

Volleyball poles should be set at 36 feet apart, 3 feet further out from the
sidelines.

e. Ceiling Height

The minimum ceiling height should be 23 feet, though they should

preferably be higher.

2. Net

The net divides the volleyball court into two halves. The height of the net varies
based on the age of the players and the surface being played on. An indoor net is 7
feet 11 5/8 inches in height for men and 7 feet 4 1/8 inches for women. Beach
volleyball nets are hung at the same height. In addition to the nets, and the poles
from which they are hung, protective padding is required to surround these
structures to ensure player safety in case of collision.

3. Ball

Volley ball a spherical ball of 65-67 cm circumference. It is made of leather or any

synthetic material and weighs 260-280 g. Volleyballs are available in various colors,
however for international tournaments, FIVB approved balls should only be used.
4. Knee Pads
Indoor volleyball is tough on the knees. Most courts are on wooden gymnasium
floors, making knee protection a must. Knee pads come in two traditional styles.
Small, flatter knee pads are worn by beginning players and sometimes by the setter.
These players do not traditionally dig, or dive, for the ball repeatedly. Defensive
 players, who dive frequently, often prefer the "bubble" style of knee pad. These full-
coverage pads are often made of shock absorbing memory foam to prevent injury.

5. Chess

Chess is one of the most ancient games yet has a great glory even today. chess is a war of
thoughts between two players on a chess board having 16 pieces each with the objective of
check mating the opponent’s king.

 History
It is widely accepted by most historians that the game of chess originated in India in the fifth
or sixth century AD. The earliest known form of chess is two-handed chaturanga, Sanskrit for
“the four branches of the army.” Like real Indian armies at that time, the pieces were called
elephants, chariots, horses, and foot soldiers. Unlike modern chess, chaturanga was mainly a
game of chance; results depended on how well you rolled the dice.
From India, chaturanga spread quickly to Persia, where it was called chatrang. When Arabs
invaded Persia in the seventh century, they called it shatranj and popularized it throughout
the Arab world. Chess made its way to Europe in the tenth century as a result of Arab
expansion. It was first popular among the upper class, as they were the only ones with the
luxury of money and time. In the late Middle Ages, the merchant classes took up the game
and made it available to everyone.
In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries the evolution of chess took a quantum leap; the
queen became the most powerful piece on the chess board. The pawns were also permitted
to advance two squares on the first move, and the en passant (“in passing”) rule permitting
pawn captures under these circumstances was introduced to the game, along with the
revolutionary concept of castling (this is the version of chess that we play today). Italian
players began to dominate the game, taking the supremacy from the Spanish.
The Italians, in turn, were superseded by the French and English during the eighteenth and
nineteenth centuries, when chess (until then the game was mainly played by royalty and the
aristocracy) spread amongst the common folk. With the public now playing chess, the level of
play improved considerably; matches and tournaments were played with greater frequency,
and prominent players of the game developed schools and followers.
Until recently, men dominated the chess world—the majority of good chess players were (and
still are) men. But then the Polgar sisters of Hungary have smashed that perception. All of
them are high-ranked masters. Sofia Polgar won the women’s world championship in the
spring of 1996, and Judit Polgar, who plays exclusively in men’s events, is one of the top-
ranked players in the world.
With such widespread global presence, an international chess organization was needed to be
established. The Fédération Internationale des Échecs has had its troubles, but since 1924 it
has been a force for unification and world standards.
FIDE maintains a numerical rating system for chess master players, awards titles, organizes
the world championship, and runs a biennial chess championship that brings together teams
from many of countries.
 Equipment
1. Chess Sets
Chess set usually means a board plus pieces. Some players say set to mean just the
pieces. Sets can be bought as a board together with pieces or assembled by combining
a board with separate pieces.
The important thing about a chess set is that it be esthetically pleasing. The size and
color of the pieces should match the size and color of the squares on the board.
2. Chess Pieces
The most familiar and popular pieces follow the Staunton pattern, first registered in
1849 by Nathaniel Cook. Staunton pieces are required for most tournaments. They are
normally made from wood or plastic, although other materials can be used.
When purchasing a chess set, consider the colors of the opposing armies, the material
used, the weight, the base size, the height of the pieces, and whether the pieces are
felted or not. Pieces for beginners sometimes have the legal moves printed on each
piece. These are like training wheels for a bicycle and are soon replaced by a normal
set.
3. Chess Boards
Although most chess positions are diagrammed with white & dark gray squares, very
few boards use those colors or use white & black. Inexpensive boards often come with
red & black squares, but these are hard on the eyes. Boards are also sold built into the
table. The board should have adequate borders to place the clock and captured
pieces. Many boards have coordinates for algebraic notation printed on two sides of
the board. These are useful even for advanced players
4. Chess Clocks
The first clocks, used in the 19th century, were sandglasses, which kept track of each
player's time on a different device. These were soon superseded by two connected
analog clocks. One player's clock starts as soon as the other player has made a move
and punched the clock.
Analog clocks are equipped with a flag located between 11:00 and 12:00 on each clock
face. As the minute hand gets close to 12:00, its tip catches the flag, and as the clock
continues to run, the flag is pushed from a vertical to a horizontal position.
As soon as the hand reaches 12:00, the flag falls. If this happens at a time control and
if the player on move has not made the required number of moves, the game is scored
as a loss on time.
In recent times digital clocks have become increasingly popular. These permit more
sophisticated time controls like additional time whenever a move is made and the
clock is punched.
The most important quality of a chess clock is that it be sturdy. Clocks are often
punched hard and may even be accidentally knocked to the floor during a blitz game
or time trouble scramble. Some players are convinced that the strength of a move is in
direct proportion to the force with which the clock is punched.
 Another important quality is the loudness of the clock's tick, if any. This should be
audible, but not intrusive.
5. Other
Travel bags to carry the board, pieces, clock, and supplies are a necessity for the
tournament player. This is especially true in the USA, where chess sets & clocks are
normally not provided for tournament play. It is less important in Europe, where they
are provided.
Score sheets for recording the moves of a game are another necessity for tournament
play. These are usually issued at the start of each round in a tournament, but many
players prefer to record their games in scorebooks.

6. Badminton

Badminton is a game played with rackets in which a shuttlecock is volleyed across a narrow
net. This game is packed with loads of entertainment and benefits. It is a versatile sport.

 History
Badminton has its origins in ancient civilisations in Europe and Asia. The ancient game
known as battledore (bat or paddle) and shuttlecock probably originated more than 2000
years ago.
In the 1600s battledore and shuttlecock was an upper class pastime in England and many
European countries. Battledore and shuttlecock was simply two people hitting a shuttlecock
backwards and forwards with a simple bat as many times as they could without allowing it
to hit the ground.
Modern badminton can be traced to mid-19th century British India. It was created by
British military officers stationed there. A net was added to the traditional English game of
battledore and shuttlecock. As it was popular in the British garrison town of Poona, the
game came to be known as "Poona" or "Poonai" Initially, woollen balls were preferred by
the upper classes in windy or wet conditions, but ultimately shuttlecocks took over the role
of a "ball." This game was taken by retired officers who got back to England. It was
introduced as a game for the guests of the Duke of Beaufort at his stately home
'Badminton' in Gloucestershire, England where it became popular. Hence, the origin of the
name "Badminton."
In March 1898, the first Open Tournament was held at Guildford and the first 'All England'
Championships were held the following year.
The International Badminton Federation was formed in 1934 with nine founder members,
England, Wales, Ireland, Scotland, Denmark, Holland, Canada, New Zealand and France.
India joined as an affiliate in 1936.
The first major IBF tournament was the Thomas Cup (world men's team championships) in
1948. Since then, the number of world events has increased with the addition of the Uber
Cup (women's team), World Championships (individual events), Sudirman Cup (mixed
team), World Junior Championships and the World Grand Prix Finals.
 Badminton is a relatively new Olympic sport. It was a demonstration sport at the 1972
Munich Olympics. Badminton eventually became an Olympic sport in Barcelona in 1992.
Only the singles and doubles were introduced for the first time in the Olympic Games.
Mixed doubles was included in the 1996 Atlanta Olympic Games and badminton is the only
sport that has mixed doubles event in the Olympics.
Only five countries have won gold medals at the Olympics since badminton was introduced
in 1992 - China, Indonesia and Korea, England and Denmark.
Susi Susanti from Indonesia won the women's singles in Barcelona, becoming Indonesia's
first medallist after forty years participating in the Olympics. Ironically, Susi's future
husband, Alan Budi Kusama won Indonesia's second gold medal in the men's singles.
 Equipment

1. Racket

The badminton racket is one of the most important tools a player has in the game.
Badminton rackets are much lighter than most other sports rackets because they are
made from materials such as carbon fiber or lighter metals such as aluminum. Parts of
the racket include the head, throat, shaft and handle with a maximum length of 27.77
inches and a width of 9 inches. It Strings that are stretched across the opening of the
racket in a checkerboard pattern, which acts as the hitting surface. Badminton rackets
can vary widely in cost depending on whether they are purchased as part of a basic
backyard set or as more expensive professional models.

2. Shuttlecock

The badminton shuttlecock, also referred to as a shuttle or birdie, acts similarly to a

ball in other racket sports. However, the design of the birdie creates more drag as it is
propelled through the air due to its feathered shape. The shuttlecock is made up of a
cone shape with a hard cork at its tip. Shuttlecocks can be made from a variety of
materials -- more expensive models are actually made from feathers, and less
expensive models are made from plastic feathers. The shuttle has 16 feathers attached
to the base and the length of the feathers range between 2.44 and 2.75 inches.

3. Net

A mesh net divides the badminton court into two sides. A badminton net is placed
lower than a volleyball net at five feet and one inch high on the sides and five feet high
in the center. The length may vary depending on whether doubles or singles are
playing, with singles reaching 17 feet and doubles reaching 22 feet. The net is 30 inches
wide with a 3-inch white tape doubled over the top.

4. Facilities
 The badminton court should be 44 feet long by 22 feet wide if playing doubles, and 44
feet long by 17 feet wide for singles. If the facility is indoors, there needs to be enough
height for the shuttlecock to be able to float across the net without hitting the ceiling.
This height will vary depending on the strength of the players.

7. Table Tennis

Many people across the world play table tennis. It is an indoor variation of tennis, played on
table divided by net with small paddles and a light weight ball. Table tennis is a complex
physical sport.

 History
Like most other sports, table tennis had humble beginnings as a “parlor game,” open to
anyone with access to a table, paddle, and ball. The game began in the 1880s, when lawn
tennis players adapted their game to play indoors during the winter.
Ping-Pong is a trademark name for table tennis and associated equipment. The name “Ping-
Pong” was invented by the English firm J. Jaques and Son at the end of the 1800s and later
trademarked in the United States by Parker Brothers, the board game company.
The game quickly caught on, and as early as 1901, tournaments were being conducted with
over 300 participants. The Ping-Pong Association was formed but was renamed The Table
Tennis Association in 1922.
In 1902 a visiting Japanese university professor took the game back to Japan, where he
introduced it to university students. Shortly after, a British salesman, Edward Shires,
introduced it to the people of Vienna and Budapest, and the seeds were sown for a sport
that now enjoys popularity all over the world. In Britain, table tennis had also begun to
spread outside the distinctly middle-class confines of London, and leagues sprang up in
provincial towns as far apart as Sunderland and Plymouth. In 1922, an All England Club was
formed, which boasted such luminaries as Jack Hobbs the cricketer and other famous
names of the time from the world of sport. The Daily Mirror organized and sponsored a
nationwide tournament in which there were 40,000 competitors.
Table tennis was firmly on the map, and on April 24, 1927, the English Table Tennis
Association was born, under the chairmanship and direction of Ivor Montague, son of Lord
Ewatthling. He was not only to become the architect of modern-day table tennis, but he
also achieved critical acclaim as both a director and film producer. At the time, The ETTA
had a membership of 19 leagues but now has over 300, with around 75,000 registered
players.
The first world championships were held in 1927 and were won by a Hungarian, Dr. Jacobi.
Apart from the famous Fred Perry redressing the balance for England in 1929, this was to
be the start of an unprecedented run of success for the Hungarians, who completely
dominated the game throughout the thirties. Their team was led by the legendary Victor
Barna, whose inspiration and skill did so much to elevate the game to sports status.
 The 1950s saw the game turned upside down by the invention of the sponge or sandwich
rubber, this new material for bats, which, up until now, had been a relatively simple affair
with a universal thin covering of pimpled rubber.
Until this time, spin had played only a minor part in a game that had been dominated by
the defensive style of play. But these new bats or paddles, introduced by the Japanese, had
the capacity to move the ball around in an almost magical way. The ITTF, the game’s
governing body, was quick to legislate in a bid to control this new development, seen in
some quarters as equipping players with an unfair advantage. The thickness of the sponge
and rubber sandwich was controlled and remains so to this day. But the nature of the game
had been changed, establishing the fast attacking speed and spin style of the modern
game.
Today, the sport both in England and abroad is very well established and is growing each
year. The culmination of this has been its recognition as an Olympic Games sport, being
featured for the first time in the 1988 games in Seoul. Television coverage of the men’s
singles final attracted an incredible worldwide audience of 2 billion. In China, the game is
played by literally millions at work, in school, and in community parks. Chinese top players
are regarded as national heroes with pop star statuses.
 Equipment

1. Table

The table is 9 feet by 5 feet, with the surface 30 inches from the floor. It is usually a dark,
nonreflecting green, with a 3/4-inch white line running along the edge. There is also a 1/4-
inch line running down the middle that is only used in doubles. (It doesn't invalidate the
table for singles play.)

THE BALL

THE RACKET

2. Net

The net is 6 inches high and stretches across the middle of the table. It should extend 6
inches on each side of the table-this is to keep players from hitting the ball around the
net,something some top players can do. If the net isn't the correct height you won't get
a feel for proper ball trajectory. Ifyou play with a net that is too low, you'll get in the
habit of hitting the ball too low, and when you go to a regulation net, you'll hit into the
 net. Ifyou play on a net that is too high, you'll hit the ball too high when you go to a
regulation net. Nothing is more irritating than a net that keeps falling over or that sags
in the middle. Make sure the net being used is securely fastened and relatively taut.

3. Ball

Balls are usually white, butsome are orange. They vary in price from cheap 10-cent
balls that break on contact with a racket to three-star quality balls that cost nearly a
dollar each. A poorly made ball tends to be lopsided, with soft spots, so that it not only
breaks easily, it doesn't bounce the same way each time. You should probably go for
the expensive three-stars. They bounce better, and in the long run they're cheaper
because they last much longer. Balls are usually marked either one, two, or three-star.
Get the three-stars. If there are no stars, avoid them.

4. Racket

Choosing a racket consists of two parts. First you must choose the blade itself (a racket
without the covering). Then you must choose the covering for the hitting surface. You'll
want to pick the correct racket and covering for your particular style of play. A blade is
made of wood, although a small amount of carbonfiber or similar fibrous materialis
permitted.Most toumament players use plain wood but some use expensive (over
$100) carbon fiber blades that give a more even bounce on different parts of the
racket-a larger "sweet spot." Many players complain that carbon rackets have less
"touch," which is why they are still less popular than plain wood.

5. Racket Covering

The racket covering is even more important than the racketitself. There are five basic
types: inverted, pips-out, hard rubber, long pips, and antispin. (Sandpaper and plain
wood are also sometimes used, butthey are illegalsurfaces and should notbe used.
Theyweremade illegal because they damage the ball.)
Allracketcoveringsincludeasheetof"pimpled" rubber, a sheet of rubber covered with
conical "pips." These pips help grab the ball and put more spin on it.

6. Speed Glues

Many top players now use some sort of speed glue, which makes the racket surface
faster and"spinnier." The glue must be put on before each playing session because the
effect wears off after a few hours. The glue adds a slingshot effect when hitting the ball,
shooting the ball out. The effect only lasts until the glue hardens, which takes from 3 to
10 hours, depending on the type and the amount used. Speed glue is especially useful
for players who attack with topspin. The speed glue could more correctly be called
"spin glue" because it really adds more spin than speed. Players who try speed glue
 usually have trouble controlling it at first, but they quickly adjust. Although speed glue
does add more power to your game, it reduces your control.

8. Bowling

Bowling is one of the most popular sports in the world. In bowling, players attempt to score the most
points by rolling a ball along a flat surface in order to knock down objects called pins.

History

Bowling has a long and rich history, and today it is one of the most popular sports in the world. A British
anthropologist, Sir Flinders Petrie, discovered in the 1930's a collection of objects in a child's grave in
Egypt that appeared to him to be used for a crude form of bowling. If he was correct, then bowling
traces its ancestry to 3200 BC.

A German historian, William Pehle, asserted that bowling began in his country about 300 AD. There is
substantial evidence that a form of bowling was in vogue in England in 1366, when King Edward III
allegedly outlawed it to keep his troops focused on archery practice. And it is almost certain that
bowling was popular during the reign of King Henry VIII.

By this time, too, there were many variations of "pin" games, and also of games where a ball was thrown
at objects other than pins. This would seem to imply that the games had developed over time, from an
earlier period. One of the most eccentric games is still found in Edinburgh. The player swings a fingerless
ball between his legs and heaves it at the pins. In doing so, he "flops" onto the lane on his stomach.
There were and still are many variations of ninepins in Western Europe. Likely related are the Italian
bocce, the French petanque and British lawn bowling.

Undoubtedly, the English, Dutch and German settlers all imported their own variations of bowling to
America. The earliest mention of it in serious American literature is by Washington Irving, when Rip Van
Winkle awakens to the sound of "crashing ninepins.". The first permanent American bowling location
probably was for lawn bowling, in New York's Battery area. Now the heart of the financial district, New
Yorkers still call the small plot Bowling Green.

The game had its ups and downs in America. An 1841 Connecticut law made it illegal to maintain "any
ninepin lanes,", probably because bowling was the object of much gambling. But the problem, of course,
also evidenced its popularity. Also, many captains of industry chose to install a lane in their mansions.

While it is uncertain where the tenpin game evolved, by the late 1800s it was prevalent in many states
such as New York, Ohio and as far "west" as Illinois. However, details like ball weights and pin
dimensions varied by region. But that changed when restauratnteur Joe Thum finally pulled together
representatives of the various regional bowling clubs. On September 9, 1895, at Beethoven Hall in New
York City, the American Bowling Congress was born. Soon, standardization would be established, and
major national competitions could be held. While women had been bowling in the latter half of the
nineteenth century, the American Bowling Congress was for men. It was in 1917 that the Women's
International Bowling Congress was born in St. Louis. Encouraged by proprietor Dennis Sweeney,
women leaders from around the country participating in a tournament decided to form what was then
called the Women's National Bowling Association.

Bowling technology took a big step forward about the same time. Balls used to be primarily lignum vitae,
a very hard wood. But in 1905, the first rubber ball, the "Evertrue" was introduced;, and in 1914 the
Brunswick Corporation successfully promoted the Mineralite ball, touting its "mysterious rubber
compound.". Now organized, with agreed-upon standards, the game grew in popularity. In 1951,
another technological breakthrough set the stage for massive growth. American Machine and Foundry
Company (AMF, then a maker of machinery for the bakery, tobacco and apparel businesses) purchased
the patents to Gottfried Schmidt's automatic pinspotter, and by late 1952, production model pinspotters
were introduced. No longer did a proprietor have to rely on "pinboys.".

Television embraced bowling in the 1950's, and the game's popularity grew exponentially. NBC's
broadcast of "Championship Bowling" was the first network coverage

of bowling. Coverage proliferated with shows like "Make That Spare,", "Celebrity Bowling", and "Bowling
For Dollars." And in 1961, ABC became the first network to telecast competition of the Pro Bowlers
Association. Successful promoter, agent and entrepreneur Eddie Elias founded the PBA, and with his
leadership, the Pro Bowlers Tour became a hugely popular stalwart of ABC sports broadcasting. Joined
later by telecasts of the Ladies Pro Bowlers Tour (the forerunner now the Professional Women's Bowling
Association, PWBA) millions of Americans witnessed and became interested in the sport.

Today, the sport of bowling is enjoyed by 95 million people in more than 90 countries worldwide. Under
the auspices of the Federation Nationale des Quilleurs (FIQ), bowling's top athletes regularly compete in
Olympic Zone and worldwide competitions.

Equipment

1.Bowling balls - A round ball made from rubber, urethane, plastic, reactive resin, or a combination of
these materials. Ten-pin bowling balls have three drilled holes in them - one for the ring and middle
finger, and one for the thumb.

2.Bowling bags - Carries and protects one or more bowling balls.

3. Bowling accessories - Non-slip grip cream, grip sacks, bowling ball maintenance tools, hand and wrist
grip supports, towels, gloves, bowling ball cleaning equipment and supplies

4. Bowling shoes - Narrow shoes with a very smooth sole

5. Bowling clothes - Bowling games usually take place in air-conditioned bowling centers. Casual attire
can be worn.

Compared to bowling players, bowling center operators have different bowling equipment. Their most
important concern in a bowling center is the bowling alleys. A bowling alley has different parts and
equipment that require operation and maintenance.

These are the equipment required in bowling alleys:

1. Bowling lane - A long plane where a bowling ball rolls towards the pins. Long wooden boards are
joined together to form a 75-foot long and 3.5-foot wide lane. The wooden plane is very smooth. It
requires maintenance by cleaning and polishing.

2. Bowling machine - A device that places and rearranges the pins.

3. Bowling ball retriever - A device that retrieves the ball after every shot, and returns it, via a tunnel, to
the player at the other end of the alley.

4. Players' area - At the end of the tunnel is a ball-sorting mechanism. A hand blow dryer may also be
installed at the bowling ball sorter. A computer and display monitors show players the game points. The
players would have seats and a table. A rack with extra bowling balls would usually be placed beside the
seats.

9. Squash

Squash is a game played by two (singles), or in any case, four players (doubles squash) in a court made
with four walls, with a small, hollow rubber ball. The players must hence take appropriate turns in
hitting the ball by using their racquet. They should also hit the ball onto the surfaces of the four walls of
the court that are deemed playable.

History

squash history

The usage of stringed rackets is a feature that is commonly shared with real tennis, which has its roots
from the late sixteenth century, although it has a more direct origin from the game of rackets from
England. Using “rackets,” instead of the norm which involves hitting over a net as practiced in sports
such as tennis, players instead hit a softball against walls. The game of squash was deemed to have its
origin in Harrow School, born out of the older game rackets before 1830. This was before the game
started moving to other schools, before eventually turning to an international sport.

The first courts to be designed at this school were considered somewhat dangerous because they were
very close to water pipes, chimneys, ledges, and buttresses. The school later came up with four outside
courts. Natural rubber was the original material of choice for the ball.

Students also adjusted their rackets in order to have a smaller reach to play in some cramped positions.

The rackets have also evolved in a way that is similar to the ones used in tennis. Squash rackets were
initially made out of laminated timber.

Later in the 1980s, construction inadvertently moved to lighter materials (such as graphite and
aluminum) with additions of small components like titanium, Kevlar, and boron.

Synthetic strings also replaced natural “gut” strings. Late In the 19th century, the game had an
unprecedented increase in popularity with various clubs, schools, and even private citizens designing
and building squash courts, but with no standardized dimensions.

The first squash court to appear in North America was at St. Paul’s School in Concord, New Hampshire in
1884. While in 1904, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the first known national association of squash in the
world was created, as it was known as the United States Squash rackets Association (USSRA).

Further modifications led to its resurgence which made it be now known as U.S. Squash. In April 1907
the Tennis, rackets & Fives Association came together to create a sub-committee which had the
principal aim of setting up standards for squash.

Then the sport soon entirely came to life, bringing the three sports together called “Squash.” The RMS
Titanic in 1912, came up with a squash court in first class.

This First-Class Squash Court was located on G-Deck, and the Viewing Gallery for the spectators was also
designed to be on the deck above on F-Deck. In 1912, to use the Court, you had to pay about 50 cents.
Passengers were also allowed to use the court for about an hour unless other people were waiting.

It was around 1923 that the Royal Automobile Club held a meeting with the aim of further discussing the
rules and regulations of the game. It was not until another five years had elapsed before they were able
to create the Squash rackets Association. This was mostly designed to provide for standards for the
game in Great Britain.

Equipment

1. Squash Rackets

Rackets are used to hit the ball on the walls. Previously, timber ash was used to make the rackets and
gut strings were used to make the mesh. Now the rackets are made up of boron, Kevlar, graphite, or
titanium. The strings are made up of synthetic material. The length of the racket is 686mm and width is
215mm. The strung area is 500 sq. cm. The maximum weight of the racket is 255gm but 90 to 150 gm
weight is preferred.

2. Squash Balls

The balls used in squash have a diameter of 39.5 to 40.5 mm diameter and has a weight of 23 to 25
gram. They are made of two pieces of rubber compound, that are glued together to form a hollow
sphere and are polished with a matte finish. Different balls are used based on varying temperature,
atmospheric conditions and standards of the match as well as the experience level of the players.

Experienced players use balls which give less bounce, whereas less experienced players use ball which
gives more bounce because slower balls die in the corner rather than bouncing up which allow the
players to play easier shots. Based on their rubber compositions, squash balls has the property to
bounce more in high temperature because of which squash balls are hit so many times at the beginning
of a match to warm them up as cold squash balls don’t bounce high.

Small colored dots are present in every squash ball to denote its bounciness, thus setting the standard of
the match for which it suited. The four different balls based on the color of the dots are −

Intro (blue dot)

Progress (Red dot)

Competition (yellow dot)

Pro (Double yellow dot)

3. Squash Court

The court of squash is a playing surface surrounded by four walls. On the ground or surface of the court,
there is a front line which separates the front and back of the court. There is a half line at the back side
of the court which again separates the back side into left back and right back sides totally creating three
portions., which are: the front half, the back left quarter and the back right quarter. Both back boxes
contain smaller service boxes. The surface markings are only relevant during the serves.

The court is 9.75 meter long 6.4 m wide. The height of the court is 5.64 m which is measured from the
court surface. The amount of light recommended is 500 Lux. Based on rules and regulations, the walls
has to be really plane when verticality and straightness is concerned. In case of glass specifications on
the ground, 12 mm glasses must be used as back walls because of security reasons.

4. Racket Court

A total of four walls are there in the squash court among which the front wall contains three parallel
lines and has the largest playing surface while in case of the back wall, which has the entrance to the
court, has the smallest playing surface. The outlines run on the top of the front wall descending around
the side walls to the back wall. There are no other markings on the side or back wall.

Shots that strike on or above the outlines in any of the walls are considered out. In case of the front
wall, if the ball hits below the bottom line, the ball is considered out. The bottom line marks the top of a
half metre high metal area known as tin. The middle line of the front wall is known as service line which
is relevant only during the service.

5. Clothing for Squash

Players wear comfortable clothing similar to tennis. While men wear shorts and t-shirts, tank top or a
polo shirt, women wear frock, t-shirt, tank top or sport dresses. National institute of health recommends
using goggles with polycarbonate lenses for safety issues.

Many squash venues have mandated eye protection while some of the associations have also regulated
rules that require all junior and double players to wear eye protections.

10. Billiards

History

Knows as billiards, the game of nobles was first played in France in the late 1400’s as a distilled indoor
version of the outdoor game of croquet. Wooden sticks pushed balls on cloth-covered tables. Green was
the color as it recreated the out-door color scheme of grass.

The word billiards is derived from the French, billart – the stick used to push the balls.

The game and the equipment we know today evolved in the 1800’s advanced by the industrial
revolution. The advanced technology was used most skillfully by players in England. It was a Frenchman
named Captain Minguad who first added the leather tip to his stick while he was prisoner during the
French Revolution.

The term English, used to describe spin applied to the cue ball, is thought to have originated when
Englishman Jack Carr discovered that chalk applied to the leather tip would provide more control. In the
mid 1800’s, visitors from England showed Americans how to apply spin; thus the term English described
spin in America and no where else.

The early 1800’s saw the rapid development of equipment leading to what we are accustomed with
today. The leather tip was refined and perfected by 1823. Slate became the foundation of the playing
surface in 1835. The vulcanized cushions were created in 1845; just a few years after Goodyear
developed the technique in 1839.

In 1859, Michael Phelan popularized the game in America with his book of the rules and his weekly
articles in Leslie’s Illustrated Weekly. He played in the first stake match later that year in Detroit. His
company, Phelan and Collender was the first to manufacture tables with points to assist in aiming
cushion bank shots. Later, his company merged with Brunswick to form the Brunswick-Balke-Collender
Company.

Brunswick popularized the pool hall with a budget and financing plan that made it relatively easy to get
into the pool hall business. By the late 1920’s, New York City was filled with pool halls, stocked with
2,000 pound, two inch slate tables of the highest quality and workmanship.

In 1923, Blatt Billiards was born and has been a world-leader in 100% handcrafted pool tables, furniture,
services and game room products.

Equipment

1. Billiards Board Design

Billiards is played on board that is riveted to a table. Unlike Carom or any other board game, this is the
only game where the board is part of the table. The Billiards board is huge than any other boards.
Similar to Carom board, Billiards board also has four pockets in the corner and two on the side bars. The
playing surface of the board is top quality cloth material that is fixed firmly to the board. Such a surface
helps the balls to roll easily around the board and pocket them.

Board Design

Dimensions of the Board

The playing surface measures 11ft 81/2 in x 5ft 10in x 2ft 101/2 in. At a distance of 29in from the bottom
cushion, a parallel line is drawn called baulk line.

Another mandatory marking on the board is ‘D’. It is drawn with mid-point of baulk line as centre. The
radius of the D is 111/2 in.

Including the centre of the D, there are four more spots on the playing surface. One spot is called
pyramid spot that is exactly mid-way between centre spot and face of top cushion. The third point is
perpendicular to the face of cushion. It is 123/4 in thickness. The fourth spot is centre spot that is mid-
way between both sides of the cushion.

The pockets in the corner and middle of longest sides comply with the standards of World Professional
Billiards and Snooker Association (WPBSA).

2. Balls

The balls used for Billiards should fulfil requirements of WPBSA in shape, size, and material used for
manufacture. Each ball should have 52.5 mm diameter with very minimum tolerance. These balls are
sets to be placed in specific positions on the table and each set differs from other.

The set of balls are either colored red, spotted white and clear white. Alternately, they can also colored
red, white, and yellow. All the balls should be of same weight and any change of ball during the game is
done based on mutual consent between players or it is referee’s decision.
3. Cue

The length of a cue should not be less than 3ft. The cue should be of regular shape and form as per
WPBSA standards and should not deviate in any way.

4 Ancillary

At times the cue moves in to a tough position to play it straight with cue and requires a subsidiary or
assist to play. These could be cues longer than usual, also called as half butts or butts based on their
length. All these aids taken by players should be of approved shape, length, and all other standards set
by WPBSA.