BASKETBALL

A. HISTORY
1. Basketball came to existence through the
ingenuity of Dr. James Naismith.
2. It was first played in 1891 at Springfield,
Massachusetts, YMCA.
3. The first ball used was a soccer football,
because of its ability to bounce uniformly.
4. The first baskets were peach baskets suspended
from the traditional running track of so many
gymnasiums built in that period.
5. Heights of the baskets were determined by the
running track or balcony height.
HISTORY
6. The first team had nine players, three
forwards, three centers, and three guards.
7. Later it became optional to reduce five, and
finally five was selected as the best number.
8. As late as 1950, a total of 16 foreign nations has
hired Americans to teach the game abroad,
conduct clinics, and act as consultants in schools
and cities.
9. Basketball was first used in Olympic Games in
1936 in Berlin where the United States toyed with
all oppositions.
B. FACILITY AND EQUIPMENT
1. Playing Court – Length – 28 meters
Width – 15 meters
Boundary Lines
-Center line, center circle and semi-
circles
-Free throw lines, restricted areas and
free-throw rebound places
-Three point field goal area
-Team bench areas
B. FACILITY AND EQUIPMENT
2. Equipment
-Backstop units, consisting of:
- Backboards
-Baskets comprising rings and nets
-Backboard support structures
including padding
-Basketballs
-Game Clock
-Scoreboard
 -Twenty-four second device
-Stopwatch or suitable device (not the game
clock) for timing time-outs
-Two separate, distinctly different and loud
signals
-Score sheet
-Player foul markers
-Team foul markers
-Alternating possession arrow
C. MECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF THE BASIC SKILLS
1. PASSING – regardless of which pass is used, certain
factors are common to all passes.
2. CATCHING - receiving the ball is a most important
fundamental skill. Many turn overs involve failure
to handle a pass properly.
3. DRIBBLING – it is used to advance the ball, break
for a basket, or maneuver out of a difficult
situation.
4. SHOOTING – the primary objective of the game is
to score goals.
5. PIVOTING – a maneuver that protects the ball by
keeping the body between the ball and the
defensive player.
 SOFTBALL
A. HISTORY
1. George Hancock of Chicago, Ilinois, started the
game softball in 1889 and Lewis Rober of
Minnesota in 1895.
2. The game took different names at different
times such as playground ball, kitten ball,
recreation ball, four old cats, and ladies ball.
3. Walter Hakanson gave the official name of
Softball.
B. FACILITY AND EQUIPMENT
1. Playing Field – it is the area within which the
ball may be legally played and fielded. It has a
clear and unobstructed area within the
minimum radius of 220 ft. for junior and women
fast pitch; or 250 ft. for junior and men fast
pitch.
*The One meter (3ft.) line is drawn parallel to and
0.91 m (3ft.) from the baseline, starting at a
point halfway between home plate and first base.
*The Batter’s On-Deck circle is a 1.52 (5ft.) circle
0.76m (2 ½ ft) radius placed adjacent to the end
of players’ bench or dugout area closest to the
home plate.
*The Batter’s Box, one on each side of home plate
3ft by 7ft.
*The Catcher’s Box 10 ft in length from the rear
outside corners of the batter’s boxes and 8’ 5”
wide.
*Each Coach’s Box is behind a line 15ft drawn
outside the diamond. The line is parallel to and 12
ft 5 from the first and third baselines, extended
from the bases toward home plate.
*The Home Plate is made of rubber. It is a five sided
figure 17 inches wide, across the edge facing the
pitcher. The sides is parallel to the inside lines of
the batter’s box and 8 ½ inches long. The sides of
the point facing the catcher are 12 inches long.
*The Pitcher’s Plate is made of rubber 24 inches
long and 6 inches wide.
a. The top of the plate shall be level with the
ground
b. The front line of the plate shall be the following
distance from the outside corner of home plate:
1. Male Fast Pitch (Adult and Junior) – 14.02m
(46ft);
2. Female Fast Pitch (Adult and Junior) – 13.11m (43
ft)
*The Bases, other than home plate is 15 inch square
and shall be made of canvas or other suitable
material, and not more than 5 in inches
2. BAT is round and smooth and not more than 34
inches long and 38 ounces in weight.
3. BALL – 12 ½ inches in circumference and 6 ¼
ounces in weight.
4. GLOVES and MITTS – any player may wear a
glove, but only the catcher and first baseman may
use mitts.
5. SHOES should be worn by all players.
C. MECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF THE BASIC SKILLS
1. GRIPPING THE BALL
a. The thumb is on one side, the index and
middle fingers supporting along the other side.
2. THROWING
-Overhand Throw
-Sidearm Throw – much the same as the
overhand throw, except that the entire motion is
kept near a horizontal plan. It is used for shorter,
quicker throws and employs a whip like action.
-Underhand Throw
3. PITCHING
-Slingshot Delivery
-Windmill Delivery – an alternate pitching
motion in which the arm describes a full arc
overhead, moving behind the body and then
forward toward the batter.
4. FIELDING
-Fly Balls
-Grounders
5. BATTING
6. BASE RUNNING
 VOLLEYBALL
Volleyball is a recreational and competitive
team game in the form of hand tennis. It is
played by two teams, each of which is
composed of six players.
*The objective of the game is to score points in
the course of hitting the ball with the hands to
volley the ball back and forth over a net which
is higher than their heads, with certain limitation,
before it touches the ground, and in such a way
that the opponent cannot return it.
*The ball may be volleyed, spiked, blocked or
served in any direction subject to the restrictions
of the rules of the game of volleyball.
 History
- Volleyball originated in 1895 by Dr. William G.
Morgan, a YMCA Physical Director in Holyoake,
Massachusetts, USA.
-Dr. Morgan asked A.G. Spalding and Brothers
Company to make them a ball that would fit to
the sport.
-He was invited by Dr. Luther Halsey to put an
exhibition of the game at the New College
Gymnasium in 1986
-Dr. Morgan explained the new game and then
called as “Mintonette”.
*Mintonette was designed for the gymnasium or
exercise hall but might also be played out of
doors.
*After the exhibition, Professor Alfred Halsted
pointed out the batting and volleying phase of
the activity. He then proposed the name “volley
ball” and was accepted by Morgan and the
conference group.
-After World War II, volleyball skills and district
offensive and defensive patterns came into
wide use.
-In 1952, the USA Volleyball Association Board of
Directors voted to spell the name as one word
“Volleyball”.
-In 1974, a government body, the “International
Volleyball Federation” (IVBF), was formed.
-Power volleyball, a style of play introduced by
the Japanese, demanded that players dive and roll
on the floor to recover shots and jump high to
“spike” returns.
-Both men and women teams of
Japan, Soviet Union, East Germany,
and China have dominated
international competitions using the
power volleyball.
Introduction of Volleyball in Asia
1900 - Volleyball was introduced in
India by Dr. Gray, a Physical Director
of YMCA
1910 – it was introduced to the Philippines by Mr.
E.S. Brown, a Physical Director of YMCA
Volleyball developed particularly developed
in the Far Eastern Countries
1912 – the 16-man system was changed into the
12-man system at the Fifth Far Eastern Games
held in Shanghai, China
1913 – Volleyball was adopted as one of the
regular events during the First Far Eastern
Games in Manila.
- the 9-man system was introduced by Mr.
Elwood Brown in Japan
1924 – In Japan, it became the 9-man system
since 1924
1951 – Japan and Philippines affiliated with the
IVBF
1954 - the Asian Volleyball Federation was
established in Manila on the occasion of the 11th
Asian Games
1955 – the First Asian Volleyball Championship
was held
1977 – the games was renamed SEA Games
B. FACILITY AND EQUIPMENT
1. Playing Area – it includes the playing court and
the free zone. It shall be rectangular and
symmetrical.
a. The playing court is a rectangle measuring 16 x
9 m, surrounded by a free zone which is a
minimum of 3 m wide on all sides.
The free playing space above the playing area
which is free from any obstructions. The free
playing space shall measure a minimum of 7 m in
height from the playing surface.
LINES ON THE COURT
*Boundary Lines
*Center Line
*Attack Line
ZONES and AREAS
*Front Zone
*Service Zone
*Substitution Zone
*Libero Replacement Zone
*Warm-up Area
*Penalty Area
2. NET
a. The net is placed vertically over the center
line whose top is set at the height of 2.43m for
men and 2.24m for women.
b. It is 1mwide & 9.50m long, made of 10cm
square black mesh.
c. Two side bands are fastened vertically to the
net and placed directly above each sideline.
d. An antennae is a flexible rod 1.80 m long and
10mm in diameter. It is fastened at the outer
edge of each sideband.
3. POSTS
a. The posts supporting the net are placed at a
distance 0.50 – 1.00 m outside the sidelines. They
are 2.55 m high and preferably adjustable.
b. The posts are rounded and smooth, fixed to the
ground without wires.
4. BALLS
c. The ball shall be spherical, made of a flexible
leather or synthetic leather case with a bladder
inside made of rubber or a similar material.
d. Its color may be a uniform light color, or a
combination of colors.
e. Its circumference is 65-67cm and its weight is 260-
280g.
C. MECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF BASIC SKILLS

1. SERVING
*Underhand Serve
*Overhand Serve
2. PASSING (or Returning)
*Forearm Pass (Underhand Pass)
*Overhand Pass
3. SPIKING
a. Approach – take 3-4 steps near the side and
attack lines with the last step taken with the
stronger leg.
b. Step-close take-off – transfer the momentum of the
body into a vertical direction. Heels of both contact
the floor with the weight shifted forward to the toes
during the last step.
c. Arm Movements – swing both arms forward and
upward during the take-off. Extend left arm directly
upward above the shoulder and the right arm is bent
into a throwing position. Left elbow leads the swing,
followed by an extension of the spiking arm. Contact
the ball with the heel of the open hand. To impart a
spin, snap wrist over the ball.
d. Blocking – jump into the air directly in front of the
spike, with the arms extended in an effort to block the
ball and at the same time to rebound it off the arms
into the spiker’s court.