Atomic Structure Chapter # 03

List of Topics
1. DEFINATIONS/KEYS POINTS:
ATOM ELECTRONPROTON NEUTRON
ATOMIC NUMBER MASS NUMBER/ATOMIC NUMBER

2. FARADAY’S EXPERIMENT

3. CROOKE’S TUBE EXPERIMENT

4. CATHODE RAYS

5. CROOKE’S TUBE EXPERIMENT USING PERFORATED CATHODE

6. ANODE RAYS

7. DISCOVERY OF PROTON/CANAL RAYS

8. CHADWICK'S EXPERIMENT

9. DISCOVERY OF NEUTRON/ARTIFICIAL RADIOACTIVITY

10. RADIOACTIVITY

11. PROPERTIES OF ALPHA RAYS

12. PROPERTIES OF BETA RAYS

13. PROPERTIES OF GAMA RAYS

14. QUANTUM NUMBER

15. ATOMIC RADIUS vs IONIC RADIUS

16. SPECTRUM-SPECTROSCOPY

17. LINSPECTRUM vs CONTINUOUS SPECTRUM

18. IONIZATION POTENTIAL

19. RUTHERFORD'S ATOMIC THEORY

20. ELECTRONEGATIVITY

21. BOHR'S ATOMIC THEORY

 22. HEISENBERG'S UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE

23. RULES OF ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION

24. AUFBAU PRINCIPLE

25. (n+l) RULE

26. HUND'S RULE

27. PAULI'S EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE

1) Atom:
 The Smallest particle of an element that shows all the properties of
element is called atom.
Basic Particles of an Atom:
i) Electron
ii) Proton
iii) Neutron
Parts of an atom:
An atom consists on following parts:
i) Orbit
ii) Nucleus
Structure/Diagram of an Atom:
Electron:
i) It is negatively charged particle.
ii) It revolves around the nucleus of an atom in orbits.
iii) Its charged quantity is 6.6×10-19 coulombs.
iv) Its mass is 0.000548597 a.m.u. or 9.1 x 10-31 kg.
v) The mass of electron is 1/1837 times the mass of proton.
Proton:
i) It is positively charged particle.
ii) It is present in the nucleus of an atom.
iii) Its charged quantity is 6.6×10-19 coulombs.
iv) Its mass is 1.0072766 a.m.u. or 1.6726 x 10-27 kg.
v) The mass of proton is 1837 times the mass of electron.
Neutron:
i) It is neutral particle i.e. it has no charge.
ii) It is present in the nucleus of an atom.
iii) The mass of neutron is 1842 times the mass of electron.
 iv) Its mass is 1.0072766 a.m.u. or 1.6726 x 10-27 kg.

2) Atomic Number/Charge Number:

“The number of protons present in the nucleus of an atom is called
atomic number.” OR
“The number of electrons (in neutral atom) is called atomic number.”
Notation:
Atomic number is denoted by Z.

3) Atomic Mass/Mass Number:

“The sum of proton and neutron present in the nucleus of an atom is
called Mass Number.”
Notation:
Atomic number is denoted by A.
A= P + N

Crooke’s tube experiment/ Discharge tube/

Discovery of electron
Introduction:
In 1879, Sir William Crooke’s was carried out to study the conductivity of electricity
through gas. For this purpose, an ordinary discharge tube was utilized.

Construction of Discharge tube:

It consists of glass tube connected with two metallic electrodes called cathode
and anode. These electrodes were connected with positive and negative terminal of the battery. It
also possesses side tube, which are connected to vacuum pump to reduce a pressure of tube. This
tube is also known as Geissler or cathode ray tube.
Functions of Discharge tube:
1. At ordinary pressure:
When electric current is passed through the discharge tube at ordinary pressure, electric
spark do not produce between electrodes.

2. At pressure of 1 cm (Hg):
When pressure of gas inside the tube is reduced to 1 cm of Hg, under a potential
difference of few thousand volts. The spark like flash of lightening is produced between the
electrodes.

3. Pressure at a few mm of Hg:

On further reducing the pressure of gas to above few mm of Hg, the spark between
electrodes disappear and only the two electrodes are seemed to glow and the rest of the discharge
tube in between the electrodes becomes dark, it is known as Crooke’s dark dream.

4. Pressure at 1 mm of Hg:
When the pressure is reduced to 1 mm of Hg, the tube is mostly filled the glow extending
from positive electrode to negative electrode.

5. At the pressure point 0.001 mm of Hg:

When the pressure inside the tube is lowered to about 0.001 mm of Hg, the glow is
disappeared and a beautiful phenomenon i.e. a brilliant green light is observed on the inner walls of
the glass tube.

Conclusion/ Result:
From the experiment, Crooke’s concluded that the radiations passing in between two
electrodes is consist of vast swarm of particles emitted by the cathode which consists of electron.

Characteristics Of Cathode Rays:

1. They have negative charge because cathode rays deflected toward positive pole in electric
field.
2. These rays travel in straight line as that produce sharp shadows of objects placed in their path.
3. These rays can exert mechanical pressure which indicates that they possess kinetic energy.
4. When cathode rays are allowed to fall on a thin foil metals, it becomes hot which indicates the
cathode rays consists of material.
5. The e/m ratio of cathode rays are equal to that of electron, it indicates that there is something
common in all material.
6. Cathode rays are independent of the material of electrode and the nature of gases in the tube.