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Imperfective Participles
Syntax
Grammar » Verbals » Participles
Possession
[-] Particles
Emphatic Particles April 20, 2012

Negative Particles
तो Imperfective participles denote actions which are in progress or incomplete. They can function adjectivally or adverbially. They are
भी used in a variety of idioms in Hindi.
यूँ
ही
[-] Miscellaneous
The Form of Imperfective Participles in Hindi
[-] Affixes
Imperfective participles are formed simply by suffixing ता, ते, or ती to a verb stem. These suffixes have endings which are similar to
वाला
Echo Words the endings of marked adjectives. ता is used for masculine singular, ते is used for masculine plural and masculine oblique, ती is

Pair Words used for feminine participles.

Interjections
The following table summarizes the forms of participles for the verb हँ सना “to laugh”.
Adverbs
Conditional Sentences
GENDER NUMBER IMPERFECTIVE PARTICIPLE
[-] Postpositions
को Masculine Singular हँ सता
Conjunctions
Masculine Plural हँ सते
[-] Verbals
[-] Participles Feminine Singular हंसती
Verb Stem + रहा
Habitual Participles Feminine Plural हंसती
Future Participles
Passive Participles
The masculine oblique participle (singular and plural) ends in ते and the feminine oblique participle (singular and plural) ends in ती.
Perfect Participles
Imperfective Participles
Imperfective participles are often reinforced by appending the perfective participle of होना (हुआ, हुए, हुई). The perfective participle
Conjunctive Participles
matches the imperfective participle in gender, number, and case.
Infinitives
[-] Verbs हँ सते हुए लड़के – “The laughing boys” / “the boys who are laughing”
Participle + जाना
Compulsion Idioms हंसती लड़की – “The laughing girl” / “The girl who is laughing”
Infinitive + होना
Modality The inclusion of a form of the perfective participle of होना can help to disambiguate the verbal use of an imperfective participle (as
[-] Mood
in हँ सता हुआ लड़का – “the laughing boy”) and the adjectival use of an imperfective participle (as in लड़का हँ सता है – “the boy
Imperative Mood
laughs”).
Presumptive Mood
Subjunctive Mood
Aspect Usage of Imperfective Participles in Hindi
Tense
Negation The usage of imperfective participles in Hindi can be divided into two main categories: adjectival usages, and adverbial usages.
[-] Idiomatic Verbs
जाना
Adjectival Usage of Imperfective Participles
चुकना
िमलना
Imperfective participles in Hindi may be used like regular adjectives to modify some nominal word in a sentence. Just like regular
चाहना
adjectives, adjectival imperfective participles concord with the word they qualify in gender, number, and case. The noun modified
चािहये
by an imperfective participle is involved in the action indicated by the participle.
सकना
देना Imperfective participles in Hindi can often be literally translated into English as English participles (typically words ending in -ing,
पाना such as “the running boy”). However, it is often more idiomatic to render Hindi imperfective participles as phrases in English, such
लगना as a relative clause: “the boy who is running”.
होना
[-] Voice भागता हुआ लड़का – “the boy who is running”
Passive Voice
Causative Verbs खेलते हुए लड़के – “the boys who are playing”
Iterative Constructions
Continuity हंसती हुई लडिकयाँ – “the girls who are laughing”
Multiple Subjects
Ergativity Imperfective participles in Hindi are generally never used predicatively, as in लड़की बोलती हुई है. Instead, a continuous verb is
Transitivity more appropriate: लड़की बोल रही है.
Indirect Verb Constructions
Compound Verbs
Conjunct Verbs Adverbial Usage of imperfective Participles
[-] Basic Verb Forms
Imperfective participles in Hindi may also be used adverbially. Imperfective participles are not finite verbs, and therefore have no
Future Perfect
tense. Instead, they indicate relative time – time relative to the main verb. Imperfective participles indicate action
Future Continuous
contemporaneous to the action of the main verb.
Future Perfect Continuous
Past Perfect Continuous
Adverbial imperfective participles generally assume the masculine singular oblique form invariably (just like other words that are
Present Perfect Continuous
used adverbially). In some circumstances, however, adverbial imperfective participles may agree with another word in the same
Future
clause.
Past Perfective
Past Perfect Imperfective participles may modify either the subject or object of the main verb. They indicate that the subject or object is
Present Perfect performing the action of the participle.
Past Continuous
Present Continuous Imperfective participles can be used to indicate the manner of the verb also.
Past Habitual
Present Habitual लड़की ने हँ सते हुए यह बोला – “The girl said this while she was laughing”
[-] Adjectives
ऐसा रोते हुए, लड़की ने अपनी माता से बात की – “As she was crying, the girl talked with her mother”
Reflexive Adjective
Indefinite Adjectives मैंने लड़की को गाते हुए सुना – “I heard the girl while she was singing”
Interrogative Adjectives
Superlative Adjectives When the main verb and the participle have different subjects, the possessive postposition का may be used to explicitly designate
Comparative Adjectives which subject corresponds to the participle. The participle “possesses” the subject:
[-] Pronouns
Reflexive Pronouns पत्र के आते ही मैंने इसको पढ़ डाला – “As soon as the letter came, I read it anxiously”
Indefinite Pronouns
Relative Pronouns
Demonstrative Pronouns Idioms involving Imperfective Participles
Interrogative Pronouns
Imperfective participles are used in various idioms in Hindi.
Personal Pronouns
[-] Nouns
Case Reduplicated Imperfective Participles
Gender
Reduplicated imperfective participles emphasize the extension or repetition of an action over time. Such participles are used
adverbially, and without any perfective participial form of होना.
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िदन भर खेलते खेलते लड़के बहुत थक गए – “Playing all day long, the boys became very tired”
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Reduplication may also indicate parallel, contemporaneous action:

NEWS कपडे धोते धोते औरत ने गाना गा रहा – “The woman continued singing as she washed the clothes”

JANUARY 8, 2015 Again, reduplication may also stress that the action of the main verb occurred immediately subsequent to the completion of the
Happy New Year 2015! subsidiary action of the participle:
Happy new year! Last year, I added about 30
new... Read घर पहुँ चते पहुँ चते वह ऊपर भागने लगी – “As soon as the reached home, she began rushing upstairs”

JANUARY 1, 2014

Happy New Year 2014! Imperfective Participles + समय / वक्त

Happy new year! I was very productive in
2013. I... Read An imperfective participle (in invariable masculine singular oblique form) followed by समय / वक्त (“time”) means “at the time of
doing”:

LINKS घर जाते समय फ़ोन करना – “Call (phone) as you’re going home”
CrazyLassi's Hindi Lessons

Imperfective Participles + ही
Glovico

The emphatic particle ही may be used with an imperfective participle to stress immediacy (“as soon as”, etc.):
Hindi Urdu Flagship

घर पहुँ चते ही मैं खाना खाया – “As soon as I reach home I ate some food”
Hindi Verbs

iSpeakHindi Evasive Use of Imperfective Participles

italki Imperfective participles used with the verb बचना (“to escape/avoid”) may indicate that an action was barely evaded.

Jim Becker's Hindi Links अँधेरे में चलकर वह िगरते िगरते बची – “Walking in the darkness, she nearly fell”

Justlearn
Elapsed Time

KitaabWorld Imperfective participles may indicate elapsed time, the time since some current situation began:

Learning Hindi भारत में रहते हुए हमें दस महीने हुए हैं – “We have been living in India for ten months”

MindurHindi मुझे िहं दी सीखते हुए दो साल हुए हैं – “I have been studying Hindi for two years”

Omniglot
Substantival Use of Imperfective Participles

PicturEverything.com's Online Guide

Imperfective participles can be used substantivally. That is, they can be treated as a substance, as a thing, like a noun.

Trying to learn Hindi

िगरतों को उठाएं गे – “We will uplift the fallen”

Tutorical

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Stephen • 5 months ago

thanks
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Kamlini s • a year ago

hello david

is the first sentence below correct ? As I understand it, both mean the same ie. She/He comes wearing a hat

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