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 Locomotion and
Movement

Lecture 7

Dr. Sachin Kapur 20+ years Teaching experience

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Human Skeleton
 Human Skeleton

Axial Skeleton Appendicular

Skeleton
 Appendicular
Skeleton

Girdles Limb Bones

Girdles
 Girdles

Pectoral Girdle or Pelvic Girdle or

Shoulder Girdle Hip Girdle
Limb Bones
 Limb Bones

Bones of Bones of Hind

Forelimbs Limbs
Bones of Upper Limb

Humerus Arm

Ulna and Radius Forearm

8 Carpals Wrist

5 Metacarpals Palm

14 Phalanges Fingers
Bones of Upper Limb

Humerus

❖ The humerus or arm bone, is the longest and

largest bone of the upper limb.
❖ It articulates proximally with the scapula and
distally with two bones, the ulna and the radius, to
form the elbow joint.
❖ The proximal end of the humerus features a
rounded head that articulates with the glenoid
cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral
joint.
Bones of Upper Limb

Ulna

❖ It is located on the medial aspect of the forearm and is

longer than radius.
❖ At the proximal end of the ulna is the olecranon, which
forms the prominence of the elbow.
Bones of Upper Limb

Radius

❖ It is the smaller bone of the forearm and is located on

the lateral aspect (thumb side) of the forearm.
❖ In contrast to the ulna, the radius is narrow at its
proximal end and widens at its distal end.
❖ The ulna and radius articulate with humerus at the
elbow joint.
Bones of Upper Limb

Carpus / Wrist

❖ It is the proximal region of the hand and

consists of eight small bones, the carpals,
joined to one another by ligaments.
❖ Articulations among carpal bones are
called intercarpal joints.
❖ The carpals are arranged in two
transverse rows of four bones each.
Bones of Upper Limb
Bones of Upper Limb

Metacarpus / Palm

❖ It is the intermediate region of the hand and

consists of five bones called metacarpals.
❖ Each metacarpal bone consists of a proximal
base, an intermediate shaft, and a distal head.
❖ The metacarpal bones are numbered I to V,
starting with the thumb, from lateral to medial.
 Bones of Upper Limb

Metacarpus / Palm

❖ The bases articulate with the distal row of carpal bones to form the
carpometacarpal joints.
❖ The heads articulate with the proximal phalanges to form the
metacarpophalangeal joints.
❖ The heads of the metacarpals, commonly called “knuckles,” are readily visible
in a clenched fist.
Bones of Upper Limb

Phalanges

❖ The phalanges or bones of the digits, make

up the distal part of the hand.
❖ There are 14 phalanges in the five digits of
each hand.
❖ These are numbered I to V, beginning with
the thumb, from lateral to medial.
 Bones of Upper Limb

Phalanges

❖ A single bone of a digit is referred to as a phalanx.

❖ Each phalanx consists of proximal base, intermediate shaft, and distal head.
❖ The thumb has two phalanges, and there are three phalanges in each of the
other four digits.
 Bones of Upper Limb

Phalanges

❖ In order from the thumb, these other four digits are commonly referred to as
the index finger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger.
❖ The thumb has no middle phalanx.
❖ Joints between phalanges are called interphalangeal joints.
Pelvic Girdle
 Bones of Pelvic Girdle

❖ The pelvic (hip) girdle consists of the two hip bones, also called coxal or
pelvic bones or os coxa.
❖ The hip bones unite anteriorly at a joint called the pubic symphysis.
❖ They unite posteriorly with the sacrum at the sacroiliac joints.
❖ The complete ring composed of the hip bones, pubic symphysis, and sacrum
forms a deep, basinlike structure called the bony pelvis.
Bones of Pelvic Girdle

❖ Each of the two hip bones of a newborn

consists of three bones separated by
cartilage.
➢ Superior ilium
➢ Inferior and anterior pubis
➢ Inferior and posterior ischium.
❖ By age 23, the three separate bones fuse
together.
Bones of Pelvic Girdle

❖ Ilium is the largest of the three components

of the hip bone.
❖ Pubic symphysis is the joint between the
two pubes of the hip bones.
❖ It consists of a disc of fibrocartilage.
Bones of Pelvic Girdle

❖ Acetabulum is a deep fossa formed by the

ilium, ischium, and pubis.
❖ It functions as the socket that accepts the
rounded head of the femur.
❖ Together, the acetabulum and the femoral
head form the hip joint.
Bones of Pelvic Girdle
Bones of Lower Limb

Femur Thigh

Patella Kneecap

Tibia and Fibula Leg

7 Tarsals Ankle

5 Metatarsals Sole

14 Phalanges Toes
Bones of Lower Limb

Femur

❖ Femur, or thigh bone, is the longest and heaviest

bone in the body.
❖ Its proximal end articulates with the acetabulum of
the hip bone.
❖ Its distal end articulates with the tibia and patella.
Bones of Lower Limb

Patella

❖ Patella, or kneecap, is a small, triangular bone located

anterior to the knee joint.
❖ The broad proximal end of this sesamoid bone, which
develops in the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle,
is called the base.
Bones of Lower Limb

Tibia

❖ Tibia, or shin bone, is the larger, medial, weight-

bearing bone of the leg.
❖ The term tibia means flute, because the tibial
bones of birds were used in ancient times to
make musical instruments.
Bones of Lower Limb

Fibula

❖ Fibula is parallel and lateral to the tibia, but it

is considerably smaller.
❖ Unlike the tibia, the fibula does not articulate
with the femur, but it does help stabilize the
ankle joint.
Bones of Lower Limb

Tarsus / Ankle
❖ It consists of seven tarsal bones.
❖ The calcaneus is the largest and strongest tarsal
bone.
❖ Joints between tarsal bones are called intertarsal
joints.
❖ The metatarsus, the intermediate region of the foot,
consists of five metatarsal bones numbered I to V
from the medial to lateral position
Bones of Lower Limb
Bones of Lower Limb
Bones of Lower Limb

Phalanges / Toes

❖ These are numbered I to V beginning with the

great toe.
❖ Each phalanx consists of proximal base,
intermediate shaft, and distal head.
❖ The great or big toe has two large, heavy
phalanges called proximal and distal phalanges.
❖ Joints between phalanges of the foot, like those of
the hand, are called interphalangeal joints.
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