ELECTROMAGNETICS  Equivalent resistance of resistors

connected in series:
Electrostatics:
Q: particle charge [C]
F: force [N]
 r : relative permittivity Req  R1  R2  R3 
E: electric field [N/C]  Equivalent resistance of resistors
U: electric potential [J/C] connected in parallel:
W: work [J] Req1  R11  R21  R31 
 0 : vacuum permittivity.  Ohm’s law:
R U E
cos   R  ,* ñ 
 Coulomb’s law: Z I J
 Electric field of a point charge Q:  Work done in a DC circuit:
1 Q U2
E W  UIt  I 2 Rt  t
4 0 r r 2 R
 Electric potential around a point  Electrical power in a DC circuit:
charge Q: U2
P  UI  I R 
2

1 Q R
U
4 0 r r  Kirchhoff’s junction rule:
 Force exerted by an electric field on Ij  0
j
a point charge Q:
F  QE  Kirchhoff’s loop rule:
 Work done by an electric field on a U j  0
j
point charge Q:
W  Q  U 2  U1  AC circuits:

 Relationship between electric field X: reactance [Ω]

intensity and potential: ω: angular frequency [rad/s]
dU L: self-inductance [H]
E
ds C: capacitance [F]
Z: impedance [Ω]
Electric circuits: φ: phase angle [rad].
R: resistance [Ω], ρ: resistivity [Ωm], U:  Effective voltage and current in an
voltage [V], I: current [A], l: length of the AC circuit:
wire segment [m], A: cross-sectional area of U I
U rms  max , I rms  max
the wire [m2]. 2 2
 Inductive reactance:
 Resistance of a homogeneous wire:
X L  L
l
R   Capacitive reactance:
A
 1  Magnitude of the torque exerted by
XC 
C the magnetic field on a current-
 Magnitude of impedance in an L-R- carrying loop of area A:
C series circuit: M  IAB sin 

Z  R2   X L  X C 
2 Magnetic field around current-carrying
wires:
 Magnitude of impedance in a parallel
L-R-C circuit: H: magnetic field strength [A/m]
2
B: magnetic field/magnetic flux density [T]
1 1  1 1  r: distance from the conductor [m]
 2
   I: current [A]
Z R  X L XC 
N: number of coils
 Phase angle: l: length of the solenoid [m]
R
cos   µ0: magnetic permeability of vacuum [H/m]
Z
 Ampere’s law:
Moving charges in a magnetic field:
 Hdl   I
C
q: particle charge [C]
 Magnetic field of a long straight
B: magnetic field [T]
conductor:
r: helix/circle radius [m]
1 I  I
m: particle mass [kg] H ,B  0 r
v: velocity of the particle [m/s] 2 r 2 r
f: cyclotron frequency [Hz]  Magnetic field along the axis of a
α: angle between the magnetic field and the long solenoid:
particle’s velocity [rad] IN IN
H , B  0 r
I: current [A], M: torque [Nm]. l l

 Force exerted by the magnetic field

on a charge:
F  qv  B
F  qvB sin 
 Radius of the helix/circle the charge
follows:
mv
r sin 
qB
 Cyclotron frequency:
qB
f 
2 m
 Magnitude of the force exerted by
the magnetic field on a current-
carrying straight wire of length l:
F  IlB sin 