Design Specification For Loads PDF

<SECURITY LEVEL 2>
DESIGN SPECIFICATION FOR LOADS

FOR
HINDUSTAN PETROLEUM CORPORATION LTD.
VISAKH REFINERY
DHT PROJECT
JOB NO. : 6261
DOCUMENT NO. : A-6261-110-001
TOTAL NO. OF PAGES: 19 (INCLUDING THIS PAGE)
0 16-11-2009 FOR APPROVAL AGR ST/UB PVO
REV. DATE DESCRIPTION MADE BY CHECKED APPROVED
TOYO ENGINEERING INDIA LIMITED

MUMBAI INDIA
DESIGN SPECIFICATION
FOR LOADS
Toyo Engineering India Ltd.
HPCL, Visakh DOC. NO. A-6261-110-001
ISSUED : 16-11-2009 DIESEL HYDRO-TREATER UNIT (DHT) PAGE 2 OF 19
INDEX
PAGE
1. GENERAL
1.1 Scope ...........................................…. 3
1.2. Codes and Standards ............................................... 3
1.3 Units ............................................... 3
1.4 Related Engineering Specification ............................................... 3
1.5 Priority of Requirements ............................................... 4
2. DESIGN LOADS
2.1 Dead Loads (D) ............................................... 4
2.2 Live Loads (L) ............................................... 5
2.3 Wind Load (W) ............................................... 6
2.4 Seismic Load (S) ............................................... 7
2.5 Equipment Loads (Ee, Eo, Et) ............................................... 7
2.6 Piping Loads (P) ............................................... 8
2.7 Thermal Loads (T) ............................................... 9
2.8 Bundle Removal Loads (B) ............................................... 10
2.9 Handling Device Loads (H) ............................................... 10
2.10 Vibration Loads (V) ............................................. 11
2.11 Earth Pressure (Ep) ............................................. 12
2.12 Liquid Pressure (Lp) ............................................. 13
2.13 Traffic loads (Tr) ...............................................13
2.14 Blast loads (Bp) ...............................................13
3. COMBINATION OF LOADS
3.1 Types of Loads ..............................................13
3.2 Loading Combinations .............................................14
3.3 Load Factors for Limit State Design .............................................16
4. SAFETY FACTORS FOR STABILITY .............................................18

FOR LOADS
1. GENERAL
1.1 Scope
This specification covers the Definitions and Combinations of Design Loads
which shall be considered in the Design and Engineering for Concrete, Structural
Steel and General Civil facilities. Design shall be done with due consideration of
functional requirements, the conditions at site so that the requirement of this
Specification be met and economical, effective methods and materials be used.
1.2. Codes and Standards
The following latest codes and standards shall be applied to the Design
specification of loads unless otherwise specified.
IS: 875-1987 : Code of practice for design loads (other than earthquake) for
(Part-1,2,3,5) buildings and structures.
Part 1 Dead Loads – Unit Weights of building material and
stored materials
Part 2 Imposed Loads
Part 3 Wind Loads
Part 5 Special Loads and Load Combinations
IS:1893- :
2002(Part 1 & Criteria for earthquake resistant design of structures
4)
1.3 Units
Unless otherwise specified, MKS or SI units shall be applied as the
measurement system to the Drawings and Documents.
1.4 Related Design Specification

A-6261-110-002 : Design Specification for Concrete Construction
A-6261-110-003 : Design Specification for Steel Structure
A-6261-110-004 : Design Specification for Buildings
A-6261-110-005 : Design Specification for General Civil
A-6261-110-006 : Design Specification for Foundation
1.5 Priority of Requirements

FOR LOADS
In case of any discrepancy among the codes / standards, related Design

Specification and this specification, order of priority shall be as under:
(1) This Specification

(2) Related Design Specifications
(3) Codes and Standards
(4) Licensor’s standard/ standard specification shall be followed wherever
applicable /available.
2. DESIGN LOADS
2.1 Dead Loads (D)
Dead Loads shall mean the total weight of the structural components and / or
foundations, fireproofing, walls, partitions, floors, roofs all architectural
appurtenances incorporated in the structure, all permanent externally applied
loads for fixed loads and other equipments excluding their content.
The unit weight of materials in general, shall be in accordance with IS: 875.
Also, the following unit weights shall be considered for the purpose of Design.
- Reinforcement Concrete = 25 kN/m3
- Plain Concrete = 24 kN/m3
- Structural Steel = 78.5 kN/m3
- Natural Soil = 18.0 kN/m3
- Brick Masonry (Fly ash) = 15.7 kN/m3
- Sand = 16.0 kN/m3
- Screed (Waterproofing on roof) = 2.0 kN/m2
- Ladder = 0.4 kN/m
- 6 mm Thk Chequered plate = 0.55 kN/m2
- 25 mm Thk Grating = 0.40 kN/m2
- Hand Rail = 0.15 kN/m
Cable Tray / Ducts and Walkway Loads: The estimated actual load from
electrical trays and instrumentation ducts shall be considered at specified
locations, together with walkways, if provided.
2.2 Live Loads (L)

FOR LOADS
Live Loads shall mean, the total weight of moving or movable external loads on
structures, buildings and / or foundations, produced by people, tools, furnishings
of buildings etc., which are not permanently fixed thereto.
However weight for small equipments and miscellaneous facilities like following,
which may be permanently fixed there to, shall be included in live loads.
- Local lighting facilities

- Local instrumentation and electrical facilities and cables
- Local small pipings
(1) Live Loads on locations other than roofs
Live loads shall, in general, be as per IS:875,and shall be those appropriate to
the actual situations but shall not be less than the following values:
LOCATION DESIGN LIVE LOADS
(a) Process Building / Technological structure(Open / Enclosed type)

Operating Area…………………………….5.0 kN/m²
Maintenance Area…………………………7.5 kN/m²
(b) Compressor House / TG House

Operating Area…………………………….7.5 kN/m²
Maintenance Area…………………………7.5 kN/m² (or as Specified by m/c
Vendor)
(c) Service Platform

Vessel / Tower……………………………. 3.0 kN/m²
Isolated Platform…………………………..2.5 kN/m²
(for valve operation)
Access-way…………………………………2.5 kN/m²
Cross over………………………………….2.0 kN/m²
(d) Substation / Control Room

Panel Floor…………………………………10.0 kN/m²
(Including Panel Loads)
Partitions …………………………………1.0 kN/m²
(e) Stairs
Process Building/Technological Structure …..5.0 kN/m²
Substation / Control Room.……………………3.0 kN/m²
Service Platform .…………………………..2.5 kN/m²
Office …………………………..5.0 kN/m2
Laboratory …………………………...3.0 kN/m2
(f) Cooling Tower

Operating platform /
FOR LOADS
Hot water basin cover slab ……………….…..3.0 kN/m²
(g) Walkway
Gantry girder …………………………….…..3.0 kN/m²
(2) Live Loads on roof

Live load on various types of roofs shall be as per the requirements given in
IS: 875.
2.3 Wind Load (W)

Wind Loads on buildings / structures shall be calculated in accordance with
IS:875 Part-3 except for switch yard structures & transmission towers for which
IS:802 shall be applicable.
Basic wind Speed (V b ) = 50.0 m/s
Probability Factor, Risk Coefficient (k 1 ) = 1.00 for Permanent Structures and
0.70 for temporary facilities.
Terrain, Height and Structure Size = This shall be taken for relevant class of
Factor (k 2 ) structure with category 3 terrain w.r.t.
actual height of structure for UNITS and
category 2 for remaining areas (However
terrain category for tall equipments /
structures to be considered as per their
locations)
Topography Factor (k 3 ) = 1.00
The design life span of all structures (units and offsite) shall be taken as 50
years. Temporary structures shall be designed for a design life span of 25 years.
Design life span for boundary wall shall be as provided in IS: 875.
(a) Wind pressure on pipe rack :-
Transverse wind loading on the piperack including the pipes shall be calculated
corresponding to the width of the pipe rack as per following table. This force
shall be considered on each tier irrespective of the level difference between two
consecutive tiers.
Table 2 : Wind forces for Pipe rack

FOR LOADS
Width of Pipe Rack Wind force at each tier level (N)

Upto 4.0 m 1.25 x p x s
eAbove 4.0m but upto 6.0m 1.5 x p x s
Above 6.0m but upto 10.0m 2.0 x p x s
‘ Above 10.0m Hxpxs
p
Where,`p’ = design wind pressure as per IS: 875 (Part 3) in N/m².
s = spacing of portals (in m).
H = Projected Height (in m)
= 0.8 x Diameter of Largest pipe(including Insulation in (m)) + width of
Rack in (m) x tan10
However, the value of H shall not exceed the distance between two consecutive
tiers.
Diameter of largest Pipe shall be as furnished by Piping. However, it shall not be
considered to be less than 30”.
(b) Wind load on extended framework above top tier to support Flare / vapour /
transfer lines shall be as per IS: 875
(c) Wind pressure on exposed vessels : -

For exposed vessels the effective diameter shall be taken as below to allow for
platforms, ladders, etc.
For Horizontal/ Vertical Equipment :-
Effective dia. = 1.2 x ( Vessel OD + 2 x insulation thickness ) + 600 mm
2.4 Seismic Load (S)

Seismic load shall be considered as per Response Spectrum method.
Basic parameters like category, Zone factor, Importance factor, Response
reduction factor, Response co-efficient, Damping shall be adopted as per
Common Design Basis.
2.5 Equipment Loads (Ee, Eo, Et)

Equipment Loads shall be defined as per the following 3 cases, according to the
governing conditions of erection, operation and testing.
(1) Equipment Loads for Erection (Ee):

FOR LOADS
This shall mean the weight of equipment during erection and exclude; the weight
of internals, fluids and solids within the equipment, platforms, insulation and
piping attached to the equipment.
(2) Equipment Loads for Operation (Eo):

This shall mean, the weight of equipment during normal operating conditions,
including the weight of internals, fluids and solids within the equipment and all
materials permanently attached to the equipment, such as platforms, insulation
and piping.
Vibration caused by operation of equipment shall be considered separately as

vibration loads.
(3) Equipment Loads for Testing (Et):

This shall mean, the weight of equipment during hydrostatic testing after erection
/ installation, including the weight of water within the equipment, piping and all
materials permanently attached to the equipment, such as platforms, insulation
and piping.
2.6 Piping Loads (P)

This shall mean the weights of pipes, fittings, valves, insulation and the fluid
contents of piping. Insulation density shall be taken as 2600 N/m3 minimum. The
weight of gas/steam carrying pipes shall be taken as 1/3 volume of pipe filled
with water. Total actual weight shall be calculated and then divided by actual
span covered by the pipes to get the uniformly distributed load per unit length of
the span. To obtain the design uniformly distributed load over the entire span,
the UDL obtained as above shall be assumed to be spread over the entire span.
However minimum piping load for pipe rack shall not be less than 1.25 KN/m2
In case, the calculated loading is higher than 1.25KN/m2, this shall be rounded
Off to the nearest multiple of 0.25(i.e. 1.5, 1.75, 2.5 KN/m2)
Loading on Longitudinal Beams:

The longitudinal beams connecting to portal columns shall be designed for
minimum of 25% of the load on the transverse beams. This total load assumed
as two equal concentrated loads acting at 1/3 rd span. This Load shall be in
addition to the load transferred on longitudinal beams from intermediate beams
supported on it and other longitudinal axial forces coming on it from supporting
system shall also be simultaneously taken into account in the design of
longitudinal beams.
Friction and Anchor forces, if specifically given by Piping shall also be
considered in the design. In case monorail is supported from these beams, the
same shall also be considered to be acting simultaneously along with all other
loads mentioned above for their local checking. As all monorails are not
operative simultaneously, the load of monorails shall not be considered for the
overall analysis and design of structural system.
FOR LOADS
Longitudinal beam at the centre of transverse beam shall be designed for axial
tension equal to 50 % of longitudinal friction on transverse beams in addition to
axial force due to lateral restraint to transverse beam(as per IS:800). No vertical
load other than self weight shall be considered for design. Size of this beam shall
be restricted to 150mm.
2.7 Thermal Loads (T)

Thermal loads shall mean, the forces caused by the thermal expansion or
contraction of vessel or piping on the supporting structures and / or foundations.
When the thermal expansion or contraction results in friction between the

equipment and its support at the sliding end, the friction force shall be calculated
in accordance with the following static friction coefficients and shall be
considered to be acting on both the fixed and sliding ends in opposite directions:
- Steel on steel….…...0.30
- Steel on concrete….0.45
Pipe Anchor or Guide forces in longitudinal or transverse directions on pipe

racks shall be as per piping inputs resulting from stress analysis.
These anchor forces shall be transferred to the appropriate resisting frames /
bracings and foundations.
In the design of pipe supporting beams, the horizontal frictional forces exerted by
expanding or contracting pipe on pipe racks shall be assumed as follows:
10% of the piping loads on the beams in both longitudinal & transverse directions
simultaneously for four or more pipes of similar diameter supported on a tier.
30% and 10% of the design vertical loading acting simultaneously in transverse
and longitudinal directions respectively for single to three pipes supported at a
tier on pipe rack, Tee supports, trestles. Longitudinal friction force shall be
considered as uniformly distributed over the entire span of beam at each tier and
transverse friction force shall be considered as a concentrated load at each tier
level.
For two phase fluid flow / transfer lines, equivalent static forces (horizontal) shall
be minimum 50% of the weight of the pipe including contents and insulations,
acting simultaneously in transverse and longitudinal directions.
FOR LOADS
2.8 Bundle Removal Loads (B)

Bundle Removal loads shall mean the force needed to remove the tube bundle
of heat exchanger and shall be considered as below:
- Fixed Type = Nil

- Kettle Type = 0.30 x Bundle Weight
- All other Types = Total Bundle force = (0.57 x 1.5) x Bundle Weight
= 0.86 x Bundle Weight or
30N/mm of diameter of
equipment whichever is greater.
Where,
0.57 = Co-efficient of friction between mild steel to mild steel
considering corrosion effect.
1.5 = Impact factor for force to be applied with jerk.
The pulling force shall be applied to a fixed point along the centre line of the
bundle even when jacks are provided on the exchanger.
Total bundle forces for exchangers mounted at grade on concrete pedestals

shall be resisted by the fixed support only. However to maintain uniformity,
sizing of both pedestals and reinforcement in both pedestals shall be kept same.
Pulling force for exchangers mounted on the structure shall be applied to the
frame structure and foundation when externally pulled.
2.9 Handling Device Loads (H)

Handling device loads shall mean the loads of Cranes, hoists and lifts including
the lifted weight in the normal operation.
Handling device loads shall be increased with the following percentages to

include adequate allowance for the following impact conditions.
(1) Vertical impact loads:

Frames supporting lifts and hoists : 100%
Foundations supporting lifts and hoisting apparatus : 40%
Vertical Loads for electric overhead cranes : 25%
Hand operated cranes : 10%
(2) Horizontal impact loads:

(a) Overhead Cranes
Horizontal Loads : 20% of the maximum wheel loads of the crane
FOR LOADS
transverse to rails applied at the top of rail.

Horizontal Loads : 10% of all static wheel loads
along the rails
(b) Monorails
Transverse Load : 20% of the lifted load.
Longitudinal Load : 10% of the lifted load, hoist and trolley.
2.10 Vibration Loads (V)

Vibration loads shall mean the vibration forces caused by heavy vibrating
equipment or machinery and dynamic forces caused by fluids in the normal
operation.
Frames, structures and foundations for machinery or equipment causing

vibration shall be designed to limit vibrations to an acceptable level.
It shall be designed such that whether they are independent or part of the
building, it shall not only safely carry the loads for such items but also prevent
resonance. Natural frequencies of frames, structures and foundations must differ
by more than 20% from that of the machinery under operating conditions.
While carrying out dynamic analysis of foundation / structures supporting
dynamically loaded equipments, the loads indicated by vendor in his documents
shall be used. However, in the absence of such vendor data, the following loads
shall be assumed as the equivalent static loads when the dynamic analysis is not
carried out.
(1) Rotating (Centrifugal) type

(a) Vertical direction : 0.5 times the weight of equipment or
machinery
(b) Horizontal direction
(i) Along direction of Rotation : 0.25 times the weight of equipment or
(perpendicular to center machinery
line of shaft)
(ii) Along direction of shaft : 0.1 times the weight of equipment or
axis machinery
(2) Reciprocating Type

(a) Vertical direction : 0.5 times the weight of equipment or
machinery
(b) Horizontal direction
(i) Along direction of : 0.25 times the weight of equipment
Reciprocating motion or machinery
FOR LOADS
(ii) Along direction : 0.1 times the weight of equipment or

perpendicular to machinery
reciprocating motion
 These horizontal loads shall be considered to be acting at shaft centerline. In

case elevation of shaft center line is not available, it shall be considered to be
acting at EL (top of foundation + 500mm)
2.11 Earth Pressure (Ep)
(1) Earth Pressure shall mean pressure of the soil acting on the underground
structures and / or foundations of retaining walls, dikes etc.
(2) Earth pressure at rest, acting on basement, trenches and pit shall
q
be calculated
from the following equations:

a) Above ground water level q H1
GWT
Pv =  ho+q (T/m2)
 
Ph = K o Pv (T/m2) ho
(|  w ) x (h o -
b) Below ground water level
Pv =  H 1 +q+| (ho-H 1 ) +  w (ho - H 1 ) (T/m2)

Ph = K o (H 1 + q + | ( ho - H 1 ) ) +  w ( ho - H 1 ) (T/m2)
Where,
Pv = Vertical soil pressure (T/m2)
Ph = Horizontal soil pressure (T/m2)
 = Unit weight of soil (T/m3)
ho = Soil depth from grade surface (m)
q = Distributed load on ground surface (T/m2)
H1 = Underground water level from grade surface (m)
| = Submerged weight of soil in water (T/m3)
w = Unit weight of water (T/m3)
Ko = Ratio of horizontal to vertical pressure = tan2 (450 - /2)
 = Internal friction angle of soil (As geotechnical report)
(3) Active and passive earth pressure acting on retaining wall shall be calculated
from Coulomb’s or Rankine’s earth pressure equation.
2.12 Liquid Pressure (Lp)

FOR LOADS
(1) Liquid Pressure shall mean the pressure of liquid acting on the Pit/Basin
structures.
(2) Liquid pressure shall be calculated by using the following equation:

P1 =  X h1 (T/m2)
Where,
P1 = Liquid pressure (T/m2)
h1 = Depth from Liquid surface (m)
 = Unit weight of liquid T/m3
2.13 Traffic loads (Tr )

Traffic Loads for plant engineering and construction shall be defined as the
following loads according to the governing condition at construction, operation
and maintenance.
Minimum wheel load of 5 T for 10T hydra on precast covers and minimum
surcharge load of 1.0 T/m2 on cable trench walls shall be applied for design.
Similar loads are also applicable for U/G drainage pipes. Culverts shall be
designed for a minimum class-A loading as per IRC-6-2000.
2.14 Blast Loads (Bp)

All structures susceptible to blast forces generated due to accidental blasts from
Hydrocarbon ignitions shall be designed to withstand all such forces. Design
blast loads and blast resistant construction shall be in conformance to OISD-
STD-163.
3. COMBINATION OF LOADS
3.1 Types of Loads
Unless otherwise specified, all loads listed herein, shall be considered in the
design:
D = Dead Loads.
L = Live Loads.
W = Wind Loads.
S = Seismic Loads.
Bp = Blast Loads.
Equipment loads - (Ee, Eo, Et)

Ee = on Erection condition
Eo = on Operation condition
Et = on Test condition
P = Piping Loads.
FOR LOADS
H = Handling Device Loads.

V = Vibration Loads.
T = Thermal Loads.
B = Bundle Removal Loads.
Ep = Earth Pressure.
Lp = Liquid Pressure.
3.2 Loading Combinations
Buildings, structures, foundations, and all structural components shall generally

be designed for the following load combinations:
Category of Loading
Combinations
(1) Loading Combinations for Buildings
D+L+H A
D + L + H* + W B
D + 50% L + H* + S B
D+W B
D + Bp A
(2) Loading Combinations for Equipment Supporting / Technological Structures * *
D + L + Eo + P + H + T A
D + 50% L + Eo + P + H* + T + W B
D + 50% L + Eo + P + H* + T + S B
D + Ee + W B
D + 50% L + Et + P + H* + 25% W A
(3) Loading Combinations for Pipe Racks
D+L+P+T A
D+L+P+T+W B
D+L+P+T+S B
(4) Loading Combinations for Equipment Foundations
D + Ee A
D + Eo + T A
D + Eo + T + W B
D + Eo + T + S B
D + Ee + W B
D + Et + 25 % W A
D + Ee + B * * * B
(5) Loading Combinations for Machine Foundations
D + Eo + P A
D + Eo + P + V A
(6) Loading Combinations for Sleeper and Local Support Foundations
FOR LOADS
D+P+T A
(7) Loading Combinations for Dykes, Trenches and Underground Pits * * * *
D + L+ Ep + Lp A
NOTES:
A : Basic combination and no increase of allowable values shall be
considered
B : Combination considering wind loads / seismic forces or considering

temporary erection / maintenance conditions.
() : Only Dead Load of handling device shall be considered in the design.
() : When the structural effects of the vibration loads are significant, they
shall be considered in the design.
() : Bundle removal loads shall be considered for heat exchanger

foundations.
() : Traffic loads shall be considered, where required.

FOR LOADS
3.3 Load Factors for Limit State Design
BUILDINGS EQUIPMENT SUPPORTING

STRUCTURES
LOADS ITEM (1) (2)
EREC
NORMAL WIND EQ STABILITY NOR MAL WIND EQ TEST
TION
0.9 / ╬ 0.9/ ╬
Dead Loads D 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.5 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.5 1.5
Live Loads L 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.5
Wind Loads W 1.2 1.5 1.2 1.5 1.5
Seismic Loads S 1.2 1.2
Equipment Loads
On Erection 0.9/ ╬
Condition Ee 1.5
On Operation
Condition Eo 1.5 1.2 1.2
On Test Condition Et 1.5
Piping Loads P 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.5
Handling Device
Loads H 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.5
Vibration Loads V
Thermal Loads T 1.5 1.2 1.2
Bundle Removal
Loads B
Earth Pressure Ep
Liquid Pressure Lp
Blast Loads Bp 1.0
╬ Value of 0.9 to be considered when stability against overturning or stress

reversal is critical.
FOR LOADS
PIPE RACKS EQUIPMENT FOUNDATIONS

LOADS ITEM (3) (4)
BUNDLE
NORMAL WIND EQ NOR WIND EQ EREC EREC TEST REMOVAL
MAL TION TION -
WIND
Dead Loads D 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.5 1.2 1.5 1.5
Live Loads L 1.5 1.2 1.2
Wind Loads W 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.5
Seismic Loads S 1.2 1.2
Equipment Loads
On Erection
Condition Ee 1.5 1.2 1.5
On Operation
Condition Eo 1.5 1.2 1.2
On Test Condition Et 1.5
Piping Loads P 1.5 1.2 1.2
Handling Device
Loads H
Vibration Loads V
Thermal Loads T 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.5 1.2 1.2
Bundle Removal
Loads B 1.5
Earth Pressure Ep
Liquid Pressure Lp
FOR LOADS
MACHINE FDN. LOCAL DYKES, TRENCHES

FDN. & U/G PITS
LOADS ITEM (5) (6) (7)
NORMAL VIBRATION NORMAL NORMAL
Dead Loads D 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

Live Loads L 1.5
Wind Loads W
Seismic Loads S
Equipment Loads
On Erection
Condition Ee
On Operation
Condition Eo 1.5 1.5
On Test Condition Et
Piping Loads P 1.5 1.5 1.5
Handling Device
Loads H
Vibration Loads V 1.5
Thermal Loads T 1.5
Bundle Removal
Loads B
Earth Pressure Ep 1.5
Liquid Pressure Lp 1.5
4. SAFETY FACTORS FOR STABILITY

All buildings, structures and foundations shall be designed, such that the safety
factor shall not be less than the values mentioned below, in any condition.
Overturning : 1.5 during Erection
: 2.0 during Operation / Testing for without wind or seismic Load
1.5 during Operation / Testing for with wind or seismic Load
: 1.2 for Blast Loads
: 2.0 for transmission tower/switchyard - for without wind or seismic
1.5 for transmission tower/switchyard - with wind or seismic Load
Sliding : 1.5 (Except for Retaining Wall where it shall be 1.75)
For without wind or seismic Load
1.5 With wind or seismic Load
: 1.5 for Blast Loads
: 1.5 for transmission tower/switchyard - for without wind or seismic
1.5 for transmission tower/switchyard - with wind or seismic Load
Buoyancy : 1.2
FOR LOADS
Note : For factor of safety against overturning & sliding calculations, % weight of
overburden over projected plan area of footing shall be considered as 100%
except for piperack, flood light mast, transmission tower, Switchyard, overhead
tank etc. where it shall be considered as 50%.

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<SECURITY LEVEL 2>

DESIGN SPECIFICATION FOR LOADS

DOCUMENT NO. : A-6261-110-001

TOTAL NO. OF PAGES: 19 (INCLUDING THIS PAGE)

0 16-11-2009 FOR APPROVAL AGR ST/UB PVO

REV. DATE DESCRIPTION MADE BY CHECKED APPROVED

TOYO ENGINEERING INDIA LIMITED

4. SAFETY FACTORS FOR STABILITY .............................................18

1.2. Codes and Standards

1.4 Related Design Specification

1.5 Priority of Requirements

In case of any discrepancy among the codes / standards, related Design

(1) This Specification

2.2 Live Loads (L)

- Local lighting facilities

LOCATION DESIGN LIVE LOADS

(a) Process Building / Technological structure(Open / Enclosed type)

(b) Compressor House / TG House

(c) Service Platform

(d) Substation / Control Room

(f) Cooling Tower

Hot water basin cover slab ……………….…..3.0 kN/m²

(2) Live Loads on roof

2.3 Wind Load (W)

(a) Wind pressure on pipe rack :-

Table 2 : Wind forces for Pipe rack

Width of Pipe Rack Wind force at each tier level (N)

(c) Wind pressure on exposed vessels : -

2.4 Seismic Load (S)

2.5 Equipment Loads (Ee, Eo, Et)

(1) Equipment Loads for Erection (Ee):

(2) Equipment Loads for Operation (Eo):

Vibration caused by operation of equipment shall be considered separately as

(3) Equipment Loads for Testing (Et):

2.6 Piping Loads (P)

Loading on Longitudinal Beams:

2.7 Thermal Loads (T)

When the thermal expansion or contraction results in friction between the

Pipe Anchor or Guide forces in longitudinal or transverse directions on pipe

2.8 Bundle Removal Loads (B)

- Fixed Type = Nil

Total bundle forces for exchangers mounted at grade on concrete pedestals

2.9 Handling Device Loads (H)

Handling device loads shall be increased with the following percentages to

(1) Vertical impact loads:

(2) Horizontal impact loads:

transverse to rails applied at the top of rail.

2.10 Vibration Loads (V)

Frames, structures and foundations for machinery or equipment causing

(1) Rotating (Centrifugal) type

(2) Reciprocating Type

(ii) Along direction : 0.1 times the weight of equipment or

 These horizontal loads shall be considered to be acting at shaft centerline. In

2.11 Earth Pressure (Ep)

Pv =  H 1 +q+| (ho-H 1 ) +  w (ho - H 1 ) (T/m2)

2.12 Liquid Pressure (Lp)

(2) Liquid pressure shall be calculated by using the following equation:

2.13 Traffic loads (Tr )

2.14 Blast Loads (Bp)

Equipment loads - (Ee, Eo, Et)

H = Handling Device Loads.

3.2 Loading Combinations

Buildings, structures, foundations, and all structural components shall generally