'Ed Vamd Mìhmu - Hmamï - WŠV (Dúmnrr, ZM (Eh$ H $ (F (DKMZ (Dúmemim 'Ed Vamd Mìhmu - Hmamï - WŠV (Dúmnrr, ZM (Eh$ 'Ed Vamd Mìhmu - Hmamï - WŠV (Dúmnrr, ZM (Eh$

H¥${f {dkmZ {dÚmemIm
èd§Vamd MìhmU _hmamï´> _wŠV {dÚmnrR>, Zm{eH$
{ejUH«$_ … AGR 101-104

101 : _mir à{ejU
Aä`mgH«$_ … AGR 103 : amondm{Q>H$m ì`dñWmnZ … nmR>çnwpñVH$m -2
AZwH«$‘{UH$m
KQ>H$ 1 : amondm{Q>Ho$Vrb PmS>m§À`m H$b‘m§Mr {ZJm
KQ>H$ 2 : H$b‘m-amo
amonm§Mo {dH«$sgmR>r g§ñH$aU
KQ>H$ 3 : amondm{Q>Ho$Vrb ‘Oya ì`dñWmnZ
KQ>H$ 4 : H$b‘m-amo
amonm§Mo {dH«$sgmR>r dJuH$aU d àXe©Zr` ‘m§S>Ur
KQ>H$ 5 : amondm{Q>Ho$Vrb dm’o$ Am{U J¥hm§Mo {ZOªVHw $sH$aU
KQ>H$ 6 : ßb±Q> bm`~«ar : g§H$ënZm d H$m`©nÕVr
KQ>H$ 7 : amondm{Q>Ho$Vrb df©âmVrb {Z{dîR>m d H$m‘m§Mo {Z`moOZ
KQ>H$ 8 : amondm{Q>Ho$Vrb IMm©Mo A§XmOnÌH$ d Am{W©H$ {Z`moOZ
KQ>H$ 9 : emgZmÀ`m amondm{Q>H$m {dH$mg `moOZm
KQ>H$ 10 : amondm{Q>Ho$Mo AW©emñÌ
Please sent your Feedback to: The Director, School of Agricultural Sciences, Yashwantrao Chavan Maharashtra
Open University, Nashik – 422 222, Phone : 0253-2230340,
0253 40, Email: suryagun@hotmail.com
KQ>H$ 1 : am{[dmoQ>H{$Vrb PmS>mß¿`m H$b_mßMr oZJm
AZwH´$_oUH$m
1.1 ‡mÒVmodH$
1.2 odf`-odd{MZ
1.2.1 _mV•d•j - H$b_{ d am{[{ `mßZm [mUr[wadR>m
1.2.2 _mV•d•j - H$b_{ d am{[{ `mßM{ [m{fU
1.2.3 _mV•d•j - H$b_{ d am{[{ `mßM{ diU, N>mQ>Ur d ZyVZrH$aU
1.3 [mna^mofH$ e„XmW©
1.4 gmamße
1.5 gamdmgmR>r Òdm‹`m`
1.1 ‡mÒVmodH$
am{[dmoQ>H{$V _mV•d•j h{ H$m`_ÒdÍ$[r - AZ{H$ dfm™gmR>r OVZ H$amd{ bmJVmV.
Va H$b_{-am{[{ V`ma H$Í$Z H$mhr H$mi À`mßMr Om{[mgZm H$Í$Z À`mßMr odH´$s H{$br OmV{.
am{[dmoQ>H{$V H$m`_ÒdÍ$[r [mUr[wadR>m AgU{ Vg{M _mV•d•jmg AmoU H$b_m-am{[mg
d{im{d{ir IV{ X{U{ hr _hŒdmMr H$m_{ AgVmV. _mV•d•jm[mgyZ H$b_H$mS>Ám qH$dm \$i{
`mßM{ CÀ[mXZ emÌdV Ag{ o_i `mgmR>r _mV•d•jmg diU X{U{, N>mQ>Ur H$aU{ qH$dm
CÀ[mXZdmT>rgmR>r AmdÌ`H$ À`m ]m]tMm [mR>[wamdm H$aU{ JaO{M{ AgV{. H$b_m-am{[mßMr
d{im{d{ir ]XbUr H$aU{, e|S>{ IwS>U{, IwßQ>mdarb \w$Q>r H$mT>U{ Aem ÒdÍ$[mMr H$m_{hr
H$amdr bmJVmV.
`m KQ>H$m¿`m A‰`mgmZßVa Am[Î`mcm-
am{[dmoQ>H{$Vrc PmS>mßMr d H$c_mßMr oZJm amIVm `{B©c.
am{[dmoQ>H$m Ï`dÒWm[Z : [mR>Á[wpÒVH$m - 2 : 2
1.2 odf`-odd{MZ
1.2.1 _mV•d•j - H$c_{ d am{[{ `mßZm [mUr[wadR>m
am{[dmoQ>H{$V Imbrb [’VrZ{ [mUr[wadR>m H$aVm `{Vm{.
(1) [mQ>[mUr (4) hmV[mUr - PmarZ{
(2) oR>]H$ (5) Zir¤ma{ - hm{O[mB©[Z{
(3) Vwfma
JaO{ ‡ _mU{ Vg{ M [m `m¿`m C[b„YV{ Z w g ma darb[° H $s EH$ qH$dm AZ{ H $
[’Vr dm[amÏ`mV. _mV• d • jmg À`mß¿`m d`m{_mZm‡_mU{ Vg{M S>m{iH$mS>Ám V`ma
hm{ `m¿`m —ÓQ> r Z{ [m `mMr JaO dmT> V { . hß J m_mZw g mahr [m `mMr JaO ]XbV{ .
Amß]m-]m{a `mßdarb S>m{iH$mS>Ám OyZ-Owb° _oh›`mV H$mT>mÏ`m bmJVmV. À`mAJm{Xa À`m
V`ma Ïhm`bm [mohO{V, hm H$mi ÂhUO{ H$mS>Ám V`ma hm{ `mMm H$mi Eo‡b-_{ _oh›`mV
ÂhUO{M C›hmiÁmV `{Vm{. `m H$mimV [mUr[wadR>m H{$bm Va OyZ _oh›`mV S>m{iH$mS>Ám
gwpÒWVrV C[b„Y hm{D$ eH$VmV. A›`Wm [mD$g [S>Î`mZßVa S>m{iH$mS>Ám V`ma Ïhm`bm
Owb° _ohZm COmS>Vm{ AmoU _J Om{S>H$b_{ Am∞JÒQ> _oh›`mV ]mßYmdr bmJVmV.
¡`m _mV•d•jmda Xm] H$b_{ - JwQ>r H$b_{ ]mßYVmV qH$dm ¡`m _mV•d•jmdarb \$mQ>{
H$b_mgmR>r \$mQ>{ H$mT>VmV À`m _mV•d•jmMm `m H$mimVrb [mUr[wadR>m _hŒdmMm AgVm{.
hr H$b_{ ‡mYm›`{H$Í$Z [mdgmiÁmV H{$br OmVmV. À`m[ydu \$mß⁄m [∑d hm{U{ JaO{M{
AgV{. Zmhr Va [mdgmiÁmV ZÏ`m \w$Q>r Mmby hm{VmV d H$b_{ H$a `mgmR>r Or [∑dVm
hdr AgV{ Vr o_iV Zmhr, `mMm [naUm_ ÂhUyZ H$b_{ H$a `mM{ H$m_ [wT>{ T>H$bmd{
bmJV{. ]Ë`mM d{im hdm_mZ AZwHy$b AgyZhr H$mS>r V`ma ZgÎ`mZ{, JwQ>r H$b_{, \$mQ>{
H$b_{ _m{R>Ám ‡_mUmV AèÒdr hm{VmV.
H$b_m-am{[mßMr [m `mMr JaO H$_r Agbr Var [mUr h{ dmaßdma ⁄md{ bmJV{,
Hwß$S>ÁmVrb H$b_m-am{[mßZm, dm‚`mdarb H$b_m-am{[mß[{jm AoYH$ H$miOr[yd©H$ [mUr
⁄md{ bmJV{.
[mUr X{VmZm ø`md`mMr H$miOr
(1) am{[dmoQ>H{$g [mUr X{ `mM{ H$m_ gH$mir AWdm gm`ßH$mir H$amd{. H$S>H$ D$Z
AgVmZm [mUr X{ `mM{ Q>mimd{.
(2) O{W{ oR>]H$ [’V Amh{ V{W{ df©âmV EH$-Xm{Z d{im _m{H$i{ - _m{R>{ [mUr ⁄md{
ÂhUO{ _wimOdi EH$dQ>b{b{ jma dmhˇZ Om `mg _XV hm{B©b.
(3) Vwfma [’VrZ{ [mUr X{VmZm V{ jmaodaohV Agmd{. A›`Wm [mZmda e|S>Ámda
H$a[ `mMr pÒWVr `{B©b.
(4) [m `mMm oZMam Ï`dpÒWV hdm.
(5) [mdgmiÁmV OmÒVrM{ [mUr bJ{M H$mTy>Z X{ `mMr Ï`dÒWm hdr.
1.2.2 _mV•d•j - H$b_{ d am{[{ `mßM{ [m{fU
V`ma H$b_m-am{[mßM{, _mV•d•jmM{, IwßQ>mM{ [m{fU hr am{[dmoQ>H$m Ï`dÒWm[ZmVrb
EH$ _hŒdmMr ]m] Amh{. H$b_m-am{[mß¿`m [m{fUmdaM [wT>rb bmJdS>rM{ ôdVÏ`
Adbß]yZ AgV{. am{[dmoQ>H{$V H$b_mam{[mßMr dmT> IwaQ>r Zgmdr Vg{M Vr \$ma Om{_Xmahr
Zgmdr. IwOr H$b_{-am{[{ ÂhUO{ Hw$[m{ofV AmoU Om{_Xma H$b_{-am{[{ ÂhUO{ MmßJbr
[m{gb{br Ag{ _mZU{ J°a hm{`. _mV•d•jmda S>m{iH$mS>Ám V`ma hm{ `mgmR>r Vg{M À`mda
JwQ>r H$b_{ ]mßY `mgmR>r qH$dm À`mdÍ$Z \$mQ>{ H$b_{ H$mT> `mgmR>r _mV•d•jmM{ [m{fU
Ï`dpÒWV hm{U{ \$maM JaO{M{ AgV{. [m{fUmV gd©M –Ï`{ _hŒdmMr Amh{V. VWmo[,
À`mß¿`mV g_Vm{b[Um Agbm [mohO{. H$b_{ ]mßY `m[ydu AWdm H$b_ H$mS>Ám
H$mT> `m[ydu _mV•d•jmg \$∑V amgmòZH$ IV{ AWdm \$∑V ZÃ [waodb{ OmV{. Ag{
H$a `mZ{ Ò\w$aX d [mbme H$_r [S>VmV. _mV•d•jmda \$∑V [mbdr dmT>V{. À`m _mZmZ{
H$mS>r AmoU S>m{i{ [m{gV ZmhrV. \$∑V amgmòZH$ IV{ oXÎ`mg gy˙_ –Ï`mßMr H$_VaVm
^mgV{. ÂhUyZ _mV•d•jmg IV{ KmbVmZm g|o–` IV{ AmoU amgmòZH$ IV{ `mßMm g_Vm{b
amIbm [mohO{.
H$b_m-am{[mßM{ [m{fU gmß^miVmZmhr \$∑V ZÃmMm [wadR>m dmT>dy Z`{. H$b_m-
am{[mgmR>rM{ _m‹`_ [wa{g{ [m{fH$ Agmd{. H$b_{ H$a `m[ydu _mV•d•j C[mer Ag{b Va
H$b_mßM{ [m{fU AoYH$ H$miOr[yd©H$ H$am`bm [mohO{. H$mhr d{im Agm AZw^d `{Vm{
H$s, H$b_{ Ï`dpÒWV V`ma hm{VmV, À`mßZm _wi{-[mZ{ â[ya AgVmV. [U À`mßMr [wT>Mr
dmT> ZrQ> hm{V Zmhr. H$b_{ XJmd `mM{ ‡_mUhr dmT>V{. BVa H$m{UV{hr H$maU ZgVmZm
H{$di [m{fU ZrQ> Z PmÎ`m_wi{ h{ KS>V{, h{ bjmV ø`md{. Aem ‡gßJr VmVS>rMr
C[m``m{OZm ÂhUyZ [mZmß¤ma{ (\$m{obà \$sqS>J) [m{fU H$amd{. AbrH$S>{ oZaoZamir
jma_w∑V IV{, MmßJbr odaKiUmar IV{, C[b„Y Pmb{br Amh{V. À`mßMm `Wm`m{Ω`
dm[a H$amdm.
gmYmaU[U{ [mdgmiÁmV H$b_{-am{[{ V`ma H{$br OmVmV d À`mßMr odH´$s [wT>rb
[mdgmiÁmV H{$br OmV{. `m _YÎ`m 8-10 _oh›`mß¿`m H$mimV [m{fU Ï`dpÒWV
gmß^mimd{. [m{fU gmß^miVmZm \$∑V e|S>m d [mZ{ [mhˇZ ^mJV Zmhr Va Im{S> ^∑H$_ d
_wi{ â[ya Aer AdÒWm Agbr [mohO{ AmoU Vr \$∑V [m{fUmZ{M gm‹` H$aVm `{V{ h{
[∑H{$ bjmV R>{dmd{. AZ{H$ d{im Agm g_O AgVm{ H$s, Wm{S>ÁmM AdYrV H$b_{-am{[{
odHy$Z Q>mH$m`Mr Amh{V _J [m{fUmda IVmda odZmH$maU IM© H$embm H$am`Mm, [U V{
MyH$ Amh{ h{ bjmV R>{db{ [mohO{.
am{[dmoQ>H{$V [m{fU Ï`dÒWm[Z H$aVmZm ‹`mZmV ø`md`m¿`m ]m]r
(1) am{[dmoQ>H{$V _mV•d•j d H$b_{-am{[{ `mßZm IV{ X{VmZm d{Jim odMma H$amdm. _mV•d•j
AZ{H$ df} d`mM{ AgVmV. V{Ïhm À`mßMm odÒVma d À`m[mgyZ H$mT>md`mM{ CÀ[mXZ
CXmhaUmW©, H$b_H$mS>Ám, S>m{iH$mS>Ám AWdm À`mda ]mßYmd`m¿`m JwQ>Ám `mßMm
odMma H$amdm. IwßQ>am{[mßZm IV{ X{VmZm _wimßMr d Im{S>mßMr dmT> H$er hm{B©b, h{
[mhmd{. ZÃ`w∑V IVmßMm AoYH$ dm[a H{$Î`mg am{[mMr dmT> Om{_mZ{ hm{B©b; [U
Im{S> âUma Zmhr. _wimßMr dmT> d gßª`m _`m©oXV amhrb AmoU _J H$b_{
H{$Î`mZßVa `mM{ od[arV [naUm_ oXgy bmJVrb.
(2) H$b_{-am{[{ H$aVmZm ]Ë`mM d{im dmiy, ^wgm, _m∞g, br\$ _m{ÎS> `m _m‹`_mßMm
dm[a H{$bm OmVm{. `m _m‹`_mV _yb–Ï`{ \$maM AÎ[ ‡_mUmV qH$dm ZJ ` (Q≠>{g)
AgVmV. V{Ïhm Aem H$b_m-am{[mßM{ \$m{obà \$sqS>J H$aU{ AÀ`mdÌ`H$ R>aV{.
(3) _mV•d•jmg [mdgmiÁm[ydu g|o–` IV{, O°odH$ IV{ AmoU amgmòZH$ IV{
Oo_ZrVyZ [wadmdrV.
(4) H$b_{ H$a `m[ydu Oer IV{ KmbmdrV Ver H$b_{ H$aVmZm ÂhUO{ H$b_{
H$amd`m¿`m o[eÏ`mßV / [{Î`mßV IVmßMm dm[a H$amdm. [{Í$_‹`{ Xm] H$b_{ [{Î`mV
Xm]VmZm [{Î`mVrb _m‹`_mV [wa{g{ IV KmVb{ Amh{, `mMr ImÃr H$amdr.
H$b_mgmR>r o[eÏ`m AJa Hwß$S>Ám âVmZm \$∑V [m{`Q>m, \$∑V Hß$[m{ÒQ> qH$dm
`mß M { o_lU Z âVm À`mV H$mhr ‡_mUmV O° o dH$ d amgmòZH$ IV{ h r
o_gimdrV.
(5) H$b_{-am{[{ H{$Î`mZßVa À`mßMr g_Vm{b dmT> hm{ `mgmR>r IV{ ⁄mdrV. e|S>m H$b_{,
S>m{im H$b_{, \$mQ>{ H$b_mda \w$Q> hm{U{, ]r CJdyZ 3-4 [mZ{ am{[mßda AmÎ`mda -
À`mßMr [m{fUmMr JaO dmT>V{. hr ^mJdbr J{br Zmhr Va H$b_{-am{[{ IwaQ>r hm{Vrb
AWdm Om`]ßXr hm{Vrb. `m d{ir Oo_ZrVyZ AmoU [mZmßVyZhr [m{fU gmYmd{.
(6) H$b_m-am{[mßMr ]XbUr H{$Î`mZßVa IV{ KmbmdrV.
(7) H$b_m-am{[mßM{ _mV•d•jmM{ oZarjU H$Í$Z H$mhr –Ï`mßMr H$_VaVm AmT>iÎ`mg
À`mZwgma JaO Agb{br IV{ KmbmdrV.
(8) \$oQ>©J{eZ H$aVmZm H$b_mam{[mß¿`m [ohÎ`m dmT> AdÒW{V ZÃ, _YÎ`m AdÒW{V
Ò\w$aX AmoU oVgË`m AdÒW{V [mbmeH$S>{ AoYH$ bj [wadmd{. Xa d{ir g_mZ
ZÃ : Ò\w$aX : [mbme [waod `mM{ Q>mimd{.
(9) IVmßM{ gd© ‡H$ma - g|o–`, O°odH$ d amgmòZH$ dm[amd{V.
(10) H$m{UÀ`mhr IVmMm AoVa{H$ Q>mimdm.
am{[dmoQ>H{$V Hß$[m{ÒQ> IV ]ZodU{
am{[dmoQ>H{$V Ade{f, [mbm[mMm{im `mßMm odoZ`m{J d am{[dmoQ>H{$Mr g|o–` IVmMr
JaO ^mJdU{, `mßMm Xwh{ar h{Vy gm‹` H$a `mgmR>r am{[dmoQ>H{$V Hß$[m{ÒQ> IV ]Zdmd{.
CŒm_ ‡VrM{ Hß$[m{ÒQ> IV ]Zod `mMr AmR>gyÃr

(1) g|o–` [XmW© - H$mS>rH$Mam, [mZ{, BVa Ade{f `mßMm dm[a.
(2) ZÃmMm dm[a
(3) Ò\w$aXmMm dm[a
(4) oOdmUyßMm dm[a
(5) ZÃ pÒWa H$aUmË`m oOdmUyßMm dm[a
(6) [wa{gm Am{bmdm
(7) oZò_V MmiUr
(8) g|o–` [XmWm™Vrb H$]© : ZÃ ‡_mU
`m‡_mU{ oZ`m{OZ[yd©H$ gd© KQ>H$ V[mgyZ K{Vb{ Va 125 oXdgmßV MmßJb{ Hß$[m{ÒQ>
IV V`ma hm{V{.
1.2.3 _mV•d•j - H$b_{ d am{[{ `mßZm diU, N>mQ>Ur d ZyVZrH$aU
(1) _mV•d•jmda ]mßS>Jwi{, oZH$m_r \$mß⁄m, dm∞Q>a eyQ> ([mU\$m{H$) `{V AgVmV, V{
N>mQ>Ur H$Í$Z H$mTy>Z Q>mH$md{V.
(2) R>amdrH$ H$mbmdYrZßVa ZdrZ \$mß⁄m-\w$Q>r K{ `mgmR>r ZyVZrH$aU H$amd{.
(3) Im{S>mda ]m{S>m}[{ÒQ> Vg{M Zß]na®J H$amd{.
(4) H$b_mdarb Om{_Xma dmT>rM{ e|S>{ IwS>md{V.
(5) Om{S> H$b_mVrb IwßQ>mdarb \w$Q>r d{im{d{ir H$mTy>Z Q>mH$mÏ`mV.
(6) H$b_m-am{[mVrb ^{gi, Am∞\$ Q>mB©flg bjmV `{VmM ]mOybm oZdSy>Z H$mT>mdr.
(7) H$b_m-am{[mßMr R>amdrH$ H$mbmdYrZßVa ]XbUr (na[m∞qQ>J) AWdm OmJm ]Xbmdr.
(8) JaO{‡_mU{ H$b_m-am{[mßMr odaiUr d _mßS>Ur H$amdr.
(9) gd© H$b_{ am{[{ EH$gmaIr dmT>dmdrV.
(10) OwZr-Zdr, d{Jd{JiÁm ‡H$maMr H$b_{ JQ>dma R>{dmdrV.

›`yoQ≠>eZb : [m{fUodf`r
\$oQ>©J{eZ : [m `mVyZ - oR>]H$_YyZ IV{ X{U{
\$m{obà \$sqS>J : [mZmß¤ma{ [m{fU
oS>o\$e`›gr : H$_VaVm, ›`yZVm
o[qMJ : e|S>m IwS>U{
S>r gH$na®J : IwßQ>mdarb ZH$m{ AgUmar \y$Q> H$mT>U{
S≠>{Z{O : oZMam
gr EZ a{em{ : H$]©-ZÃ `mßM{ ‡_mU
]m`m{ \$oQ>©>bm`Pg© : oOdmUy IV{
Am∞aJ∞oZH$ _∞›`wAg© : g|o–` IV{
H{$o_H$b \$oQ>©bm`Pg© : amgmòZH$ IV{
gm{Î`y]b : odaKiUmar - od–mÏ`
1.4 gmamße
am{[dmoQ>H{$_‹`{ _mV•d•j, (IwßQ> d H$b_r), V`ma H$b_{ am{[{, d{Jd{JiÁm
d`mMr d ‡H$maMr AgVmV. `m gdm™ M r oZJm amIU{ AmdÌ`H$ AgV{ . oZJm
amIVmZm À`mß M { [mUr Ï`dÒWm[Z, [m{ f U Ï`dÒWm[Z AmoU BVa Ï`dÒWm[Z
`mß H $S> { bj ⁄md{ . BVa ]m]t_‹`{ , _mV• d • j mM{ Zy V ZrH$aU, XmQ> r H$_r H$aU{ ,
AH$m`©j_ - AWm©V o]ZH$m_mMm ^mJ N>mQ>U{, Om{S> H$b_mV, IwßQ>mdarb \w$Q>r
H$mT>U{, H$b_m-am{[mVrb ^{gi oZdS>U{, BÀ`mXr ]m]tMm g_md{e hm{Vm{. Aem _wª`
oV›hr ‡H$maMr oZJm amIbr Va Vr am{[dmoQ>H$m EH$ MmßJbr AmoU AmoW©H$—ÓQ>Ám
gj_ Aer ]ZV{.
1.5.1 Imbrb ‡ÌZmßMr CŒma{ godÒVa obhm.

(1) am{[dmoQ>H{$V [mUr Ï`dÒWm[Z H$g{ Agmd{ ?
(2) am{[dmoQ>H{$V [m{fU Ï`dÒWm[ZmM{ _hŒd gmßJm.
(3) am{[dmoQ>H{$V Hß$[m{ÒQ> IV H$m d H$g{ V`ma H$amd{ ?
(4) am{[dmoQ>H{$V H$b_m-am{[mßMr d _mV•d•jmMr BVa oZJm H$er amImdr ?
1.5.2 Imbrb ‡ÌZmßMr Wm{S>∑`mV CŒma{ obhm.
(1) _mV•d•jmM{ C›hmiÁmV [mUr Ï`dÒWm[Z _hŒdmM{ H$g{ ?
(2) _mV•d•jmM{ [mdgmiÁmV [m{fU Ï`dÒWm[Z _hŒdmM{ H$g{ ?
(3) am{[dmoQ>H{$V [mUr[wadR>m H$a `m¿`m [’Vr gmßJm.
(4) IVmßM{ ‡_wI ‡H$ma gmßJm.
(5) am{[dmoQ>H{$V [mUr X{VmZm H$m{UÀ`m ]m]rH$S>{ ode{f bj ⁄md{ ?
(6) \$m{obà \$sqS>J ÂhUO{ H$m` ?
(7) H$b_m-am{[mßMr H$mhr H$mimZßVa ]XbUr H$m H$amdr ?
(8) H$b_m-am{[mßMr AoVOm{_Xma dmT> H$em_wi{ hm{V{ ?
1.5.3 [wT>rb ‡ÌZmßMr CŒma{ À`mßImbrb oXb{Î`m [`m©`mß_YyZ oZdSy>Z obhm.

(1) am{[dmoQ>H{$VyZ AoYH$ [m `mMm oZMam H$a `mMr JaO hßJm_mV AoYH$
AgV{ ?
(A) [mdgmim (B) C›hmim (C) ohdmim (D) ]mamhr _ohZ{
(2) IVmVrb H$m{UÀ`m –Ï`m_wi{ H$b_m-am{[mßMm e|S>m Om{_mZ{ dmT>Vm{?
(A) Ò\w$aX (B) [mbme (C) bm{h (D) ZÃ
(3) IVmVrb H$m{UÀ`m –Ï`m_wi{ H$b_m-am{[mßMr _wi{ MmßJbr dmT>VmV?
(A) ]m{am∞Z (B) H∞$pÎe`_ (C) Ò\w$aX (D) ZÃ
(4) IVmVrb H$m{UÀ`m –Ï`m_wi{ H$b_m-a{m[mßMm H$mQ>H$[Um dmT>Vm{?
(A) [mbme (B) Ò\w$aX (C) ZÃ (D) _ßJb
(5) [m{fUmVrb H$m{UÀ`m KQ>H$m_wi{ _mV•d•jmdarb H$b_H$mS>Ám - S>m{i{ CoeamZ{
V`ma hm{VmV ?
(A) ZÃ (B) MwZm (C) JßYH$ (D) [mbme
(6) H$b_m-am{[mßZm [mUr[wadR>m H$Í$ Z`{.
(A) gH$mir (B) â Xw[mar (C) amÃr (D) gß‹`mH$mir

(7) H$b_m-am{[mßZm H$m{UÀ`m hßJm_mV dmaßdma [mUr ⁄md{ bmJV{?
(A) C›hmim (B) [mdgmim (C) ohdmim (D) ]mamhr _ohZ{
(8) _mV•d•jmda Om{_Xma \w$Q>r `{ `mgmR>r H$m` H$amd{?
(A) ZyVZrH$aU (B) IÉrH$aU (C) am{[U (D) od[UZ
(9) h{ Í$qQ>J o_S>r`_ dm[ab{ Va H$b_mßZm bdH$a IV{
⁄mdr bmJVmV.
(A) ^wgm (B) Hß$[m{ÒQ> (C) JmS>©Z gm∞B©b (D) Ïho_© Hß$[m{ÒQ>
(10) h{ amgmòZH$ IV Amh{.
(A) `wna`m (B) Hß$[m{ÒQ> (C) br\$ _m{ÎS> (D) Ïh_u Hß$[m{ÒQ>
(11) h{ g|o–` IV Amh{.
(A) Hß$[m{ÒQ> (B) `wna`m (C) gw[a \$m∞Ò\{$Q> (D) g_´mQ>
(12) [mUr X{ `mMr H$m{UVr [’V H$mQ>H$garMr Amh{ ?
(A) Vwfma (B) _m{H$mQ> (C) oR>]H$ (D) Zir

KQ>H$ 2 : H$b_m-am{[mßM{ odH´$sgmR>r gßÒH$aU
AZwH´$_oUH$m
2.1 ‡mÒVmodH$
2.2 odf`-odd{MZ
2.2.1 H$b_m-am{[mßMr odH´$sgmR>r [yd©V`mar
2.2.2 H$b_{ am{[{ odH´$sMm H$mi
2.2.3 H$b_mß¿`m odH´$sgß]ßYr _mohVr ‡gmaU H$aU{
2.2.4 H$b_{-am{[{ odH´$s H$aVmZm ø`md`mMr H$miOr
2.4 gmamße
2.1 ‡mÒVmodH$
am{ [ dmoQ> H { $ V H$b_{ - am{ [ { V`ma H{ $ br H$s À`mß M r odH´ $ s H$aU{ h{ _hŒdmM{
H$m_ AgV{ . gm_m›`[U{ ]h˛ V mß e r H$b_{ - am{ [ { hr [mdgmiÁmV V`ma H{ $ br
OmVmV d À`mß M r odH´ $ shr [w T > ¿ `m [mdgmiÁmV hm{ V { . _YÎ`m H$mimV
H$b_m-am{ [ mß M r Om{ [ mgZm H$amdr bmJV{ . odH´ $ sMr V`mar H{ $ br, odH´ $ s
Ï`dÒWm H{ $ br Va d{ i { d a H$b_{ - am{ [ { odH´ $ s H$a `mg AS> M U `{ V
Zmhr.
`m KQ>H$m¿`m A‰`mgmZßVa Am[Î`mcm -
H$c_m-am{[mß¿`m odH´$sgmR>r [yd©V`mar H$aVm `{B©c.
odH´$sgmR>r _mohVr ‡gmnaV H$Í$Z H$c_mam{[mßMr odH´$s dmT>dVm `{B©c.

2.2 odf`-odd{MZ
2.2.1 H$b_m-am{[mßMr odH´$sgmR>r [yd©V`mar

am{[dmoQ>H{$V Or H$b_{-am{[{ V`ma H{$br OmVmV, Vr odH´$s H$a `mgmR>rM AmoU
Ï`m[mar VŒdmda am{[dmoQ>H$m AmoW©H$—ÓQ>Ám èÒdr hm{ `mgmR>rM H{$br OmVmV. ¡`m
H$b_m-am{[mßZm _mJUr Amh{ AerM H$b_{-am{[{ V`ma H{$br AmoU Vr d{i{V odH´$sgmR>r
C[b„Y H{$brV Va odH´$s H$a `mV \$maer AS>MU `{V Zmhr. H$b_{-am{[{ V`ma H$Í$Z
odH´$s H$aU{ hm EH$ ^mJ Amh{. [U À`mhr[{jm H$b_m-am{[mßMr _mJUr AmJmD$ Zm|XdyZ
H$b_{-am{[{ V`ma H{$br Va odH´$s H$aU{ \$maM gwb^ AmoU o]ZYm{H$ R>aV{. H$b_m-
am{[mßMr odH´$s H$Yr, Hw$R>{ H$am`Mr Amh{, À`mßM{ Xa H$m` Amh{V, `m]‘bMr [yU© _mohVr
odH´$s-Ï`dÒW{¿`m AJm{Xa oXbr [mohO{. A›`Wm odH´$s H$aU{ AmoU dgwbr H$aU{ AdKS>
OmV{.
2.2.2 H$b_{-am{[{ odH´$sMm H$mi
hr EH$ _hŒdmMr ]m] Amh{. H$b_m-am{[mßZm O{Ïhm _mJUr AgV{ V{ÏhmM [wadR>m
H{$bm [mohO{. Am[Î`mH$S>{ H$b_m-am{[mßZm [mdgmiÁmV MmßJbr _mJUr AgV{. OyZ[mgyZ
gflQ>|]a AI{a[`™V hr _mJUr Om{amV AgV{. Am∞∑Q>m{]a V{ OmZ{dmar `m H$mimV _mJUr
H$_r AgV{ AmoU \{$]´wdmar V{ _{ `m C›hmiÁm¿`m H$mimV am{[m-H$b_mßZm _mJUr ZgV{.
ÂhUyZ EHy$U H$b_mß[°H$s 70 V{ 75 Q>∑H{$ H$b_{-am{[{ hr [mdgmiÁmVM odH$br Om`bm
hdrV.
am{[mßZm _mJUr Oer [mdgmiÁmV AgV{ Ver H$b_{-am{[{hr [mdgmiÁmVM
‡m_wª`mZ{ H{$br OmVmV. `mMm AW© Agm H$s, `m [mdgmiÁm¿`m gw_ma{ 4 _ohZ{ H$mimV
V`ma H{$b{br H$b_{-am{[{ [wT>{ 8-9 _ohZ{ Om{[mgmdr bmJVmV AmoU À`mßMr odH´$s _J
[wT>rb [mdgmiÁmV 3-4 _oh›`mßV H$amdr bmJV{. H$mhr d{im OyZ_‹`{ H$b_{-am{[{ H{$br
OmVmV AmoU bJ{M 2-3 _oh›`mßV - gflQ>|]a-Am∞∑Q>m{]a_‹`{ odH´$s H{$br OmV{. `m_‹`{
am{[mßMr dmT> AmoU hmS>©qZJ ZrQ>[U{ hm{V Zmhr AmoU _J _m{R>Ám ‡_mUmV am{[{ _a `m¿`m
(_m{aQ>∞obQ>r) hm{ `m¿`m VH´$mar `{VmV. H$m{UV{hr H$b_ AWdm am{[ MmßJb{ dmT>b{b{
AmoU oH$_mZ 6 _ohZ{ d`mM{ Agb{ [mohO{ Agm Xß S > H $ Amh{ , Vm{ ‡À`{ H $
am{[dmoQ>H$mYmaH$mZ{ [mibm [mohO{. hßJm_r ^mOr[mÎ`mMr AmoU \w$bPmS>mßMr am{[{ `mßg
A[dmX Amh{V. hr am{[{ 4-6 AmR>dS>ÁmßMr PmÎ`mda odH´$s H$amdr. OmÒV d`mMr am{[{
]mX H$amdrV. hßJm_m‡_mU{M am{[mMr oZo_©Vr H$amdr d À`m hßJm_mVM odH´$s H$amdr.
[mdgmir hßJm_mV ¡`m OmVr oe\$mag H{$Î`m Amh{V, À`mßMrM am{[{ [mdgmiÁmV H$amdrV.
BVa hßJm_mV H$Í$ Z`{. AbrH$S>{ o]Ja hßJm_r ^mOr[mÎ`mßZm - \w$bmßZm MmßJbr _mJUr
AgV{. V{Ïhm _mJUr‡_mU{ am{[{ V`ma H$Í$Z À`mßMr odH´$s H$amdr.
2.2.3 H$b_mß¿`m odH´$sgß]ßYr _mohVr ‡gmaU H$aU{
Am[Î`m am{[dmoQ>H{$V H$m{UVr H$b_{ C[b„Y Amh{V, `mMr _mohVr ‡gmnaV hm{U{
OÈarM{ AgV{. À`moedm` _mJUr AmoU CR>md hm{V Zmhr. [wT>rb ]m]tM{ [mbZ H$amd{.
(1) H$b_{-am{[{ odH´$sM{ [naj{Ã : V`ma H$b_{-am{[{ H$m{UÀ`m ^mJmV odH$m`Mr
Amh{V, V{Wrb [napÒWVr H$er Amh{ `mMm H$mZm{gm ø`mdm. bmJdS> Xya¿`m
oR>H$mUr hm{Uma Ag{b Va _mJUr AmÎ`mZßVa [wadR>m H$a `mV ]amM
H$mbmdYr OmVm{. ¡`m oR>H$mUr H$b_{-am{[{ odH$m`Mr Amh{V Vr oR>H$mU{ Xya
AWdm XwJ©_ ZgmdrV.
(2) AmJmD$ Zm|XUr H$Í$Z [wadR>m H$aU{ : hr [’V am{[dmoQ>H$mYmaH$mg
Vg{M bm^mWu J´mhH$m¿`mhr ohVmMr Amh{. H$m`, oH$Vr d H$Yr bmJdS>
H$am`Mr h{ AJm{Xa R>ab{ Va E{Z d{ir Mbo]Mb AWdm Yagm{S> hm{V Zmhr,
bmJdS> H$_r-AoYH$ hm{V Zmhr d bmJdS> d{i{da hm{V{.
(3) J´m_g^{VyZ _mohVr X{U{ : Jmdm{Jmdr, H•$ofod^mJmV\}$ e{VH$Ë`mßgmR>r
_{imd{, MMm©gÃ{ Am`m{oOV H{$br OmVmV. À`m d{ir am{[dmoQ>H{$gß]ßYr,
H$b_m-am{[mgß]ßYr Vg{M bmJdS>rMr [yd©V`mar H$a `mgß]ßYrMr _mohVr
⁄mdr ÂhUO{ H$b_{-am{[{ odH´$r H$aU{ gm{`rM{ R>a{b.
(4) ‡Xe©ZmVyZ ÒQ>m∞b _mßS>U{ : d{Jd{Jir ‡Xe©Z{ d{Jd{JiÁm oR>H$mUr Am`m{oOV
H{$br OmVmV. Aem d{ir H$b_{-am{[{ `mßMr ÒQ>m∞bda _mßS>Ur H$amdr. ÂhUO{
H$mhr ‡_mUmV odH´$s hm{V{ d _m{R>Ám ‡_mUmV OmohamV hm{V{.
(5) dV©_mZ[ÃmVyZ - _mogH$mVyZ OmohamV X{U{ : bmJdS> hßJm_ H$mimV
ÒWmoZH$ dV©_mZ[ÃmVyZ, H•$ofodf`H$ gmflVmohH{$, _mogH{$ `mßVyZ OmohamVr
⁄mÏ`mV ÂhUO{ JaOyßZm À`m]‘b _mohVr o_iV{.
(6) AmR>dS>{ ]mOmamVyZ _mohVr X{U{ : h∞ S>o]b{ dmQ>U{, XdßS>r o[Q>dU{,
bmD$S>Ò[rH$adÍ$Z _mohVr gmßJU{ `m _m‹`_mVyZhr am{[m-H$b_mß¿`m
odH´$sMm ‡Mma H$aVm `{Vm{.
(7) oôŒm[ÃH{ $ : _m{ ∑ `m¿`m d Xe© Z r oR> H $mUr OmohamVr, ]m{ S > © g ≤ ,
oôŒm[ÃH{ $ bmdÎ`mg, am{ [ dmoQ> H { $ gß ] ß Y r _mohVr o_i{ b d odH´ $ s
dmT> `mg _XV hm{B©b.
(8) odH´$sgmR>r Jmdm{Jmdr H$o_eZ EOßQ>≤g≤ (odH´$s ‡oVoZYr) Z{_U{
(9) _mohVr[ÃH{ $ [wadU{ : H$b_{ - am{ [ mß M r odH´ $ s H$aVmZm À`mM]am{ ] a
bmJdS> r gß ] ß Y rM{ _mohVr[ÃH$hr J´ m hH$mg [w a dmd{ . odH´ $ sZß V a¿`m
H$m` gm{ ` r-gw o dYm [w a odUma AmhmV, À`mMmhr À`mV CÎb{ I
H$amdm.
(10)H∞ $ Q> b m∞ J N> m [U{ : am{ [ m-H$b_mß M m H∞ $ Q> b m∞ J N> m [y Z À`mM{
odVaU BVa am{ [ dmoQ> H $m, H• $ ofg{ d mH| $ –mß Z m H{ $ b{ Va odH´ $ sgmR> r
gmhmÊ` hm{B©b.
2.2.4 H$b_{-am{[{ odH´$s H$aVmZm ø`md`mMr H$miOr
(1) H$b_{-am{[{ ImÃrMr Agbr VaM odH$mdrV.
(2) odH´$sMr naVga [mdVr ⁄mdr.
(3) odH´$s Xa dmOdr d R>aodÎ`m‡_mU{M Agmd{V.
(4) Zm|XUr‡_mU{ [wadR>m H$amdm. ¡`mßZr AmJmD$ Zm|XUr H{$br Ag{b À`mßZm
AJ´H´$_mZ{ [wadR>m H$amdm.
(5) AJm{Xa R>ab{ Zg{b Va CYmarZ{ H$b_{-am{[{ odHy$ Z`{V.
BVa ]m]r : Am[bm am{ [ dmoQ> H $m Ï`dgm` Mmß J bm Mmbmdm, `mgmR> r
‡m_moUH$[UmZ{ [´`ÀZ H$amd{V. BVa am{[dmoQ>H$mYmaH$mßer MmßJb{ gß]ßY R>{dmd{V, À`mßMr
am{[{-H$b_{ Am[Î`mH$S>{ odH´$rgmR>r R>{dmdrV d Am[brhr H$b_{-am{[{ XwgË`mH$S>{ odH´$sgmR>r
[wadmdrV. odH´$sgmR>r Or H|$–{ VmÀ[waÀ`m ÒdÍ$[mV gwÍ$ H{$br AgVrb Va V{W{hr am{[m-
H$b_mßMr oZJm amImdr. d{Jd{JiÁm C[H|$–mßV g_›d` Agmdm. Ï`dhmamMr arV g_mZ
Agmdr. dmJUwH$sV gm°O›` Agmd{.

EOßQ> : Xbmb
S>{[m{ : gmR>m
A∞S>Ïhm›ÒS≤> ]wqH$J : AmJmD$ Zm|XUr
Am‚Q>a g{b gpÏh©g : odH´$sZßVaMr g{dm
H∞$Q>bm∞J : _mohVr[ÃH$
ÒQ>m∞b : R>{bm
na_m{Q> flb{g : XyaM{ oR>H$mU - XwJ©_ ÒWmZ
‡r[a{eZ/‡r-flb∞qZJ: [yd©V`mar / [yd©oZ`m{OZ
2.4 gmamße
H$b_{-am{[{ V`ma H$aU{ O{dT>{ _hŒdmM{ V{dT>{M À`mßMr odH´$s H$aU{hr _hŒdmM{
AgV{. H$b_{-am{[{ H{$Ïhm V`ma hm{Vrb d À`mßMr odH´$s H$Yr H$aVm `{B©b `mM{hr oZ`m{OZ
[mohO{. _mJUr‡_mU{ H$b_{-am{[{ V`ma H$Í$Z À`mßMm [wadR>m H{$bm Va AoYH$ MmßJb{
hm{`. H$b_m-am{[mßMr odH´$s H$m{R>{ H$am`Mr, H$m{UVr H$b_{ H$m{R>{ [mR>dm`Mr `mMmhr
odMma AJm{Xa H$amdm. odH´$s H$aVmZm `m{Ω` H$b_{ d `m{Ω` Xa AmH$maU{ ]ßYZH$maH$
_mZmd{. H$b_m-am{[mßMr bm{H$mßZm _mohVr Ïhmdr ÂhUyZ d{Jd{JiÁm ‡gma-_m‹`_mßMm
dm[a H$amdm.
(1) H$b_m-am{[mß¿`m odH´$sMr [yd©V`mar H$er H$amdr ?
(2) H$b_{-am{[{ odH´$s H$aVmZm H$m{UÀ`m ]m]r [mimÏ`mV ?
(3) H$b_m-am{ [ m]‘b BVamß Z m _mohVr Ïhmdr ÂhUy Z H$m{ U H$m{ U V{ ‡`ÀZ
H$amd{V ?
(4) H$b_{-am{[{ odH´$sgß]ßYr [mdgmimM _hŒdmMm H$gm ?
2.5.2 Imbrb ‡ÌZmßMr Wm{S>∑`mV CŒma{ obhm.
(1) H$b_m-am{[mßMr odH´$s H$m{UÀ`m hßJm_mV H$amdr d H$m ?
(2) H$b_m-am{[mßMr odH´$s H$m{UÀ`m hßJm_mV d H$m H$Í$ Z`{ ?
(3) H$b_{-am{[{ odH$VmZm H$m{UVr H$miOr ø`mdr ?
(4) H$b_m-am{[mßgß]ßYr OmohamV H$m d H$emV H$amdr ?
(5) H$b_m-am{[mß¿`m odH´$sgmR>r ‡Xe©ZmM{ _hŒd H$g{ Amh{ ?
(6) H$b_m-am{[mß¿`m H∞$Q>bm∞J_wi{ H$m{UV{ \$m`X{ hm{VmV ?
(7) H$b_m-am{[mß¿`m odH´$sZßVa H$m{UVr g{dm-gwodYm [waodVm `{B©b ?
(8) AmJmD$ Zm|X H$aUmË`mßZm H$b_m-am{[mßMr odH´$s H$aVmZm H$m{UVr H$miOr
ø`mdr ?
2.5.3 Imbrb ‡ÌZmßMr CŒma{ À`mßImbrb [`m©`mß_YyZ oZdSy>Z obhm.
(1) H$b_{-am{[{ odH´$s OmÒVrV OmÒV ‡_mUmV hßJm_mV
H$amdr.
(A) [mdgmim (B) ohdmim (C) C›hmim (D) H$Yrhr
(2) odH´ $ s H$aVmZm H$b_mß M { d` oH$_mZ BVH{ $
Agmd{.
(A) ghm _ohZ{ (B) VrZ _ohZ{ (C) ZD$ _ohZ{ (D) 2 df}

(3) hßJm_r ^mOr[mÎ`mMr AmoU \w$bPmS>mßMr am{[{ BV∑`m
d`mMr AgVmZmM À`mßMr odH´$s H$amdr.
(A) 4-6 AmR>dS>{ (B) 10-12 AmR>dS>{
(C) 6 _ohZ{ (D) 9 _ohZ{
(4) H$b_{ odH´$s[ydu À`mda H$m{UVr ‡oH´$`m H{$b{br Agmdr ?
(A) [m∞obe (B) ∑brqZJ (C) hmS>©qZJ (D) gm∞‚Q>qZJ
(5) H$b_mam{[mßMr OmohamV AmoU odH´$s hm{ `mgmR>r H$m{UV{ ‡gma-_m‹`_
AoYH$ gm{`rM{ R>aV{ ?
(A) dV©_mZ[ÃmV OmohamV (B) oôŒm[ÃH$
(C) ‡Xe©ZmV gh^mJ (D) a{oS>Am{
(6) H$b_m-am{[mßMm [wadR>m H$Yr H$amdm?
(A) _mJUr‡_mU{ (B) _mJUr[ydu
(C) _mJUrZßVa (D) H{$Ïhmhr
(7) H$b_m-am{[mßMr odH´$s H$er H$amdr ?
(A) am{IrZ{ (B) CYmarZ{ (C) ]XÎ`mV (D) gdbVrV
(8) H$b_m-am{[mßMr odH´$s H$aVmZm C[H|$–mda H$m{UVr ]m] [mimdr?
(A) gm_ßOÒ` (B) [napÒWVrZwgma
(C) g_mZVm (D) Mm{I[Um
(9) H$b_{-am{[{ odH´$s H$aVmZm H$emg _hŒd ⁄md{?
(A) gmVÀ` (B) gdbV (C) Ò[Ym© (D) OmohamV

KQ>H$ 3 : am{[dmoQ>H{$Vrb _Oya Ï`dÒWm[Z
AZwH´$_oUH$m
3.1 ‡mÒVmodH$
3.2 odf`-odd{MZ
3.2.1 am{[dmoQ>H{$V _OwamßMr JaO d _hŒd
3.2.2 am{[dmoQ>H{$Vrb _OwamßM{ ‡H$ma
3.2.3 _OwamßM{ d{VZ R>aodU{
3.2.4 _Owamßgß]ßYr H$mhr AS>MUr
3.2.5 _Oya Ï`dÒWm[ZmVrb H$mhr _hŒdm¿`m ]m]r
3.4 gmamße
3.1 ‡mÒVmodH$
H$m{UÀ`mhr C ⁄m{JYß⁄m‡_mU{ am{[dmoQ>H$m hmgw’m EH$ Ï`dgm` g_Obm OmVm{.
Vg{M am{[dmoQ>H{$V d{Jd{JiÁm ÒdÍ$[mMr H$m_{ H$a `mgmR>r _OwamßMr JaO ^mgV{. h{
_Oya d{Jd{JiÁm ‡H$maM{ AgVmV d À`mgmR>r _OwarM{ d{Jd{Ji{ Xahr AgVmV. am{[dmoQ>H{$V
_OwamßMßr JaO H$_r-OmÒV AgV{ Vg{M _Owamßgß]ßYr H$mhr AS>MUrhr AgVmV.
À`mM‡_mU{ _Oya Ï`dÒWm[Z hr _hŒdmMr ]m] AgyZ, ‡À`{H$ am{[dmoQ>H{$V h{ Ï`dÒWm[Z
d{JiÁm ÒdÍ$[mV AgV{.
`m KQ>H$m¿`m A‰`mgmZßVa Am[Î`mcm -
_Owamß¿`m ‡H$mam‡_mU{ d{VZ R>aodVm `{B©c.
am{[dmoQ>H{$V _Oya Ï`dÒWm[Z H$aVm `{B©c. _Owamßgß]ßYr¿`m AS>MUr
g_OVrc.
3.2 odf`-odd{MZ
3.2.1 am{[dmoQ>H{$V _OwamßMr JaO d _hŒd

am{[dmoQ>H{$_‹`{ H$b_{-am{[{ V`ma H{$br OmVmV. H$b_m-am{[mßM{ [wÓH$i ‡H$ma
Amh{V. H$b_{-am{[{ V`ma H$aU{, À`mßMr H$mhr H$mi Om{[mgZm H$aU{ AmoU `m H$b_m-
am{[mßMr odH´$s H$aU{ hr AmoU `m AZwfßJmZ{ am{[dmoQ>H{$V AZ{H$ H$m_{ H$amdr bmJVmV.
df©âmV H$Yr H$_r Va H$Yr AoYH$ H$m_{ AgVmV. [mdgmiÁmV H$b_{-am{[{ V`ma
H$aU{ AmoU À`mßMr odH´$s H$aU{ hr Xm{›hrhr H$m_{ H$amdr bmJVmV. À`m_wi{ _OwamßMr
gßª`m dmT>dmdr bmJV{. ‡À`j H$b_{-am{[{ V`ma H$a `mMr H$m_{ [mdgmir hßJm_mV
H$amdr bmJVmV. [U `m H$m_mMr [yd©V`mar C›hmiÁmV H{$br Va hr H$m_{ gwH$a, H$_r
_OwarV AmoU \$maer Ymd[i Z H$aVm [ma [mS>Vm `{VmV. CXmhaUmW©, H$b_m-am{[mßgmR>r
IV-_mVr, _mVrMr ^mßS>r-Hwß$S>r `mßMr _m{R>Ám ‡_mUmV JaO bmJV{. [mdgmiÁmV `m
]m]r ‡mflV H$aU{ \$maM oOoH$arM{ AmoU _hmJ [S>V{. [mdgmiÁmV H$b_m-am{[mßMr
AmJmD$ _mJUr Zm|XdyZ H$mhr VaVwXr H{$Î`m Va [mD$g [S>Î`mZßVa EH$X_ _mJUr dmT>V{.
À`m H$mimV YmßXb CS>V Zmhr d H$_r _OwarV H$m_ H$aVm `{V{.
3.2.2 am{[dmoQ>H{$Vrb _OwamßM{ ‡H$ma
gmYmaU[U{ am{[dmoQ>H{$V [wT>rb‡_mU{ _OwamßMr JaO ^mgV{ :
(1) AHw$eb H$m_Jma : Im{XH$m_, Iwa[Ur, o[eÏ`m, Hwß$S>Ám âU{, [mUr
X{U{, \$dmam H$aU{ Aem ‡H$maMr H$m_{ H$aUma{ _Oya AHw$eb H$m_Jma
g_Ob{ OmVmV.
(2) AY© H w $ eb H$m_Jma : [ß [ Mmby H$aU{ , [m∞ d a Ò‡{ A a - [m∞ d a
Q> r ba MmbodU{ , IV-_mVr-Am° f Y{ o_giU{ , VUZmeH{ $
dm[aU{ , BÀ`mXr H$m_{ H$aUmË`m _OwamßZm AY©Hw$eb H$m_Jma Ag{
g_OV{. OmV{.
(3) Hw$eb H$m_Jma : H$b_{ H$aU{, H$b_{ ]XbU{, N>mQ>Ur H$aU{, BÀ`mXr
H$m_{ H$aUmË`m _OwamßZm AY©Hw$eb H$m_Jma g_OVmV.
(4) _wH$mX_ : BVa _Owamßda X{Ia{I R>{dU{, H$m_mßMr AmIUr d oZ`m{OZ
H$aU{ , hO{ a r[ÃH$ âU{ , [Jma H$aU{ , BÀ`mXr H$m_{ H$a `mgmR> r
_wH$mX_mMr JaO ^mgV{. _wH$mX_ AZw^dr d oeojV Agmdm. _Owamß]am{]a
gbm{ ª `mM{ dmVmdaU amIU{ , _Ow a mß M r H$m`© j _Vm dmT> o dU{ h{
_wH$mX_mda Adbß]yZ AgV{, ode{f ÂhUO{ _wH$mX_ ‡m_moUH$ AmoU
d∑Vera Agmdm.
(5) H$maHy$Z-H$_-H$m{R>rdmbm : obIm[T>r H$aU{, gm_mZ Ia{Xr H$aU{,
JaO{‡_mU{ gm_mZ [waodU{ hr H$m_{ `mg H$amdr bmJVmV. H$maHy$Z-
H$m{R>rdmbm hm oeojV Va Agbm [mohO{ À`mM]am{]a Vm{ Mm°H$ghr Agmdm.
Vm{ Amigr Zgmdm. [aÒ[a H$m_{ H$Í$Z K{ `mMr d g]]r gmßJ `mMr À`mMr
d•Œmr Zgmdr.
(6) Ï`dÒWm[H$ : gß[yU© am{[dmoQ>H{$M{ Ï`dÒWm[Z H$a `mM{ O]m]XmarM{ H$m_
Ï`dÒWm[H$mg H$amd{ bmJV{. À`mg _∞Z{Oa AWdm gw[adm`Pa ÂhUVmV.
Ï`dÒWm[H$mg VmßoÃH$ AmoU Ï`dÒWm[H$s` H$m_{ H$amdr bmJVmV. am{[{-
H$b_{ H$aU{, À`mßMr Om{[mgZm H$aU{ AmoU odH´$s H$Í$Z dgwbr H$aU{ Aer
oVh{ar O]m]Xmar Ï`dÒWm[H$mg [ma [mS>mdr bmJV{. am{[dmoQ>H$mYmaH$ -
_mbH$ AmoU BVa H$m_Jma `mß ¿ `mV g_›d` gmY `mM{ H$g]
Ï`dÒWm[H$mOdi Agb{ [mohO{. BVa H$m_Jmamß¿`m AS>MUr gm{S>dU{,
À`mß ¿ `mV g_›d` amIU{ , JaO{ ‡ _mU{ VS> O m{ S > KS> d y Z AmUU{ h{
H$m_hr Ï`dÒWm[H$mg H$amd{ bmJV{ . Ï`dhmakmZ, H$m_mMr AmdS>
AmoU am{ [ dmoQ> H $m èÒdr H$a `mMr oO‘ Ï`dÒWm[H$mV Agmdr.
Ï`dÒWm[H$ AY© o eojV Zgmdm. BVamß [ { j m AoYH$ oeH$b{ b m,
Vmß o ÃH$ [Xdr AWdm [XodH$m (H• $ fr, C⁄mZod⁄m) YmaH$ Agmdm.
Vg{M _rM gd}gdm© qH$dm _r H$arb / gmßJ{b V{M ]am{]a Aem Òd^mdmMm
Zgmdm. BVa H$m{Um[{jmhr À`mM{ dmÒVÏ` d gß]ßY am{[dmoQ>H{$er Agb{
[mohO{V.
3.2.3 _OwamßM{ d{VZ R>aodU{
_OwamßM{ d{VZ R>aodVmZm [wT>rb ]m]r ‹`mZmV ø`mÏ`mV :
(1) _Owamß¿`m H$m_mM{ ÒdÍ$[
(2) H$m_mVrb gmVÀ`
(3) H$m_mVrb VmVS>rM{ ÒdÍ$[
(4) _OwamßMr C[b„YVm
(5) [nagamVrb [napÒWVr
(6) _OwamßMr l{Ur
hßJm_r _Oya : OÈar‡_mU{ H$mhr H$mbmdYrgmR>r Z{_b{Î`m _OwamßZm hßJm_r _Oya
ÂhUVmV.
H$m`_ _Oya : ]mamhr _ohZ{ H$m_mda AgUmË`m d 1,000 oXdgmß[{jm AoYH$
oXdg EH$mM oR>H$mUr gbJ[U{ H$m_ H$aUmË`m _OwamßZm H$m`_ _Oya Ag{ ÂhUVmV.
]Xbr _Oya : EIm⁄m _OwamE{dOr H$mhr H$mimH$naVm qH$dm EImX{ H$m_ [yU©
H$a `mgmR>r Z{_b{Î`m _Owamg ]Xbr _Oya Ag{ ÂhUVmV.
Hß$ÃmQ>r H$m_ : H$mhr d{im H$mhr H$m_{ Hß$ÃmQ>r [’VrZ{ H{$br OmVmV AWdm
H$Í$Z K{Vbr OmVmV. `m H$m_mgmR>r bmJUmË`m _OwamßZm Hß$ÃmQ>r _Oya Ag{ ÂhUVmV.
Vg{M `m H$m_mMr O]m]Xmar K{UmË`mg Hß$ÃmQ>Xma Ag{ ÂhUVmV. AßJmda H$m_ H$aUmam
AJa C∑Vm _Oya - H$mhr d{im H$mhr H$m_, EIm⁄m _Owamda R>amdrH$ _Owarda oXb{
OmV{, Aem H$m_mg C∑V{ H$m_ AmoU Ag{ H$m_ H$aUmË`m _Owamg C∑Vm _Oya ÂhUVmV.
H$mhr d{im H$m_m¿`m H$mbmdYrdÍ$Z AWdm _Owar X{ `m¿`m ‡H$mamdÍ$Zhr _OwamßM{
dJuH$aU H{$b{ OmV{.
am{OßXmarda _Oya : Xaam{O _Owar oXbr OmV{.
AmR>dS>ÁmMm _∑Vm : AmR>dS>Ámbm _Owar oXbr OmV{.
[ßYadS>ÁmMr _Owar : Xa 15 oXdgmßZr _Owar oXbr OmV{.
_oh›`mZ{ _Owar : _Owar Xa_hm oXbr OmV{.
gmbH$ar : dfm©gmR>r _Owar oXbr OmV{.
_ohbm _Oya
[wÈf / JS>r _Oya
]mb_Oya
H$m_m¿`m ÒdÍ$[mdÍ$Z H$m{UV{ _Oya bmdm`mM{ V{ R>adb{ OmV{.
]mb_Oya H$m_mg R>{d `mg _ZmB© Amh{. Vg{M g_mZ H$m_mg g_mZ _Owar ⁄mdr.
ÒÃr-[wÈf Agm \$aH$ H$Í$ Z`{.
_OwamßM{ d{VZ R>aodU{ : gm_m›`[U{ BVa e{VH$m_mgmR>r O{ _Owar Xa Í$T> AgVmV,
À`m[{ j m AoYH$ Xa am{ [ dmoQ> H { $ ¿`m H$m_mgmR> r oXb{ OmVmV. ¡`m d{ i r AoYH$
H$mbmdYrgmR>r _Oya H$m_mda R>{db{ OmVmV V{Ïhm H$_r d{VZ oXb{ OmV{. EImX{ H$m_
VmVS>rZ{ H$amd`mM{ Ag{b Varhr AoYH$ _Owar ⁄mdr bmJV{. _Owar R>aÎ`m‡_mU{ d{i{da
oXbr OmV Zg{b Va AoYH$ Xa X{U{ AmdÌ`H$ AgV{. Va H$mhr d{im H$mhr gm{`r
[waodÎ`m Va H$_r _Owarda _Oya C[b„Y hm{VmV. H$mhr d{im Bgma (A∞S>Ïhm›g) a∑H$_
oXbr OmV{, À`m d{irhr H$_r _Owar oXbr OmV{.
gm_m›`[U{ AHw$eb H$m_Jma / _Oya ÒWmoZH$naÀ`m C[b„Y hm{VmV. Hw$eb _Oya
XwgarH$Sy>Z AmUmd{ bmJVmV. Ag{ _Oya [waodUmË`m H$mhr gßÒWm AJa R>{H{$Xmahr AgVmV.
e{VrMm _wª` hßJm_ - [{aUr - gwJr Mmby Ag{b, D$gVm{S> Mmby Ag{b Varhr _OwamßMm
VwQ>dS>m ^mgVm{{. Odi eha Ag{b AJa Am°⁄m{oJH$ [naga Ag{b Varhr am{[dmoQ>H{$gmR>r
_Oya o_iV ZmhrV.
oH$_mZ d{VZ H$m`Xm : Vg{M b{]a d{Î\{$Aa Am∞o\$ga `mß¿`m _mJ©Xe©ZmdÍ$Z
qH$dm ÒWmoZH$ [napÒWVrMm odMma H$Í$Z _Owar Xa À`m H$mimgmR>r d ÒWimgmR>r R>aodU{
gm{`rM{ [S>V{.
3.2.4 _Owamßgß]ßYr H$mhr AS>MUr
gd©gmYmaU[U{ am{[dmoQ>H{$Vrb _Owamßgß]ßYr AZ{H$ AS>MUr OmUdVmV. À`mßVrb
H$mhr [wT>rb‡_mU{ :
(1) dmT> V r _hmJmB© d dmT> V { Xa : BVa j{ Ã mß V Og{ Xa dmT> V Amh{ V ,
Vg{ M Xa Zg© a r_‹`{ / am{ [ dmoQ> H { $ V Agmd{ V , Aer _mJUr hm{ V
Amh{.
(2) C[b„YV{Mr ImÃr Zmhr. Z{_H{$ _Oya R>amdrH$ H$mimgmR>r o_iVrbM Ag{
Zmhr.
(3) oMWmdUr - gß[ : Am°⁄m{oJH$ [nagamOdi am{[dmoQ>H$m Ag{b Va H$mhr
XwÓ[naUm_ gß^dVmV.
(4) oZgJm©er o_iV{ K{ `mMr g_O H$_r : H$Yr H$Yr [mD$g, dmXi, WßS>r,
BÀ`mXr ‡gßJmß_wi{ H$mhr H$mi H$m_ Wmß]dmd{ bmJV{. À`md{ir gwQ>r ø`m`bm
_Oya V`ma hm{V ZmhrV.
(5) ]mb_Oya, d•’ _Oya d A[ßJ _Oya `mß¿`mhr H$mhr d{JiÁm AS>MUr
AgVmV.
(6) H$m_mMr JwUdŒmm V[mgU{ AdKS> : `mßoÃH$ H$m_mV Vg{M ]°R>Ám H$maHw$Zr
H$m_mV JwUdŒmm V[mgU{ gm{[{ AgV{ [U am{[dmoQ>H{$Vrb gd©M H$m_mMr
JwUdŒmm V[mgU{, _m{OU{ AdKS> AgV{.
3.2.5 _Oya Ï`dÒWm[Z
_OwamßMr C[b„YVm d À`mVrb ASMUr `mßMm [naUm_ am{[dmoQ>H{$¿`m CÀ[mXZmda
d CÀ[›Zmda hm{Vm{. IMm©V dmT> hm{V{. _Owardarb EHy$U IM© 25 Q>∑H{$ Va EHy$U
Ï`dÒWm[ZmMm IM© 30 Q> ∑ H{ $ BVH$m Agmdm. Am[Î`mH$S> r b am{ [ dmoQ> H { $ V
`mßoÃH$sH$aUmbm \$maer gßYr Zmhr. [U O{W{ D$oVgßdY©ZmZ{ bmIm{ H$b_{ H{$br OmVmV,
V{W{ H$b_mßM{ Xa AoYH$ AgVmV. H$maU IM© AoYH$ AgVm{, _Owarda IM© H$_r hm{Vm{.
hr EH$ ‡H$ma{ odgßJVrM Amh{. _Oya Ï`dÒWm[ZmV [wT>rb ]m]r _hŒdm¿`m g_OÎ`m
OmVmV :
(1) JaO{‡_mU{ _Oya H$m_mda R>{dmd{V. H$_r _OwamßH$Sy>Z AoYH$ H$m_ H$adyZ
K{U{ Vg{M AoYH$ _OwamßH$Sy>Z H$_r H$m_ H$Í$Z K{U{ Q>mimd{.
(2) ]mb_Oya, Z{h_r AmOmar [S>Uma{ _Oya, Ï`gZr _Oya, h≈>r, ^mßS>Im{a,
MwJbIm{a, ^waQ>{, AoZò_V[U{ dmJUma{ AemßZm _Oya ÂhUyZ H$m_mda R>{dU{
Q>mimd{.
(3) _Owar d{i{da d oZò_V[U{ ⁄mdr.

(4) _OwamßZm AS>r-AS>MUrV AmoW©H$ _XV H$amdr.
(5) ‡m_moUH$ _OwamßZm ¡`mXm H{$b{Î`m H$m_mMm Am{ÏhaQ>mB©_ AJa d{Jim
_m{]Xbm ⁄mdm.
(6) _Owamß¿`m e°joUH$, Amam{Ωòdf`H$, gm_moOH$ AS>MUr gm{S>od `mMm
‡`ÀZ H$amdm.
(7) am{[dmoQ>H{$Vrb H$m_{ gwb^ hm{ `mgmR>r H$mhr gwodYm [wadmÏ`mV. CXmhaUmW©,
gmdbr, o[ `mM{ [mUr, _Ybr gwQ>r, odlmßVr, BÀ`mXr.
(8) EIm⁄m H$m_mV _‹`{M ]Xb H$Í$ Z`{V. Vg{M EH$mM H$m_mdarb _Oyahr
dmaßdma ]Xby Z`{V.
(9) _Owamß¿`m Agmhm`V{Mm J°a\$m`Xm K{D$ Z`{. pÒÃ`mßZm Ad{ir H$m_{ gmßJU{,
_w‘m_ AdKS> H$m_{ gmßJU{, EH$Q>{ H$m_ gmßJU{ Ag{ ‡gßJ Q>mimd{V.
(10) _OwamßMmhr H$mhr ]m]VrV gÎbm ø`mdm. À`mßZm odÌdmgmV ø`md{. BVa
]m]t_wi{ hm{Uma{ ZwH$gmZ _Owamßda T>H$by Z`{. _OwamßZm _mJ©Xe©Z H$amd{,
À`mßMr j_Vm dmT>od `mM{ ‡`ÀZ H$amd{V. _Oyaodf`H$ H$m`⁄mßM{ [mbZhr
H$aU{.
hr gd© H$m_{ AWdm `m ]m]r dada ghO d gm{fl`m dmQ>V AgÎ`m Var À`mßMr
Aß_b]OmdUr H$aU{ AdKS> d Hw$ebV{M{ H$m_ Amh{. h{ ¡`m am{[dmoQ>H{$V gm‹` hm{V{ Vr
am{[dmoQ>H$m oZpÌMV emÌdV \$m`⁄mMr hm{V{.

Hß$ÃmQ>r H$m_ : H$m∞›Q≠>∞∑Q>a - dH©$ H$m∞›Q≠>∞∑Q>
H$m`_ : [a_ZßQ>
am{O [Jma : S>{br [{S>
_Oya H$m`Xm : b{]a bm∞
pÒH$ÎS≤> b{]a : Hw$eb _Oya
_wH$mX_ : gw[adm`Pa
Ï`dÒWm[H$ : _∞Z{Oa
CMb : A∞S>Ïhm›g
_OwarM{ ‡_mU : b{]a `woZQ>
AHw$eH$b H$m_Jma : AZpÒH$ÎS≤> b{]a
3.4 gmamße
am{[dmoQ>H{$_‹`{ _Oya AmoU _Oya Ï`dÒWm[Z hr EH$ _hŒdmMr ]m] Amh{.
am{ [ dmoQ> H { $ Vrb ododY H$m_mß g mR> r d{ J d{ J iÁm ÒdÍ$[m¿`m _Ow a mß M r (_∞ Z [m∞ d a)
AmdÌ`H$Vm Amh{. Hw$eb, AY©Hw$eb, hßJm_r, H$m`_ÒdÍ$[r, ÒÃr-[wÈf Ag{ _OwamßM{
‡H$ma AgVmV. H$b_{-am{[{ V`ma H$aU{ H$b_m-am{[mßMr oZJm amIU{ AmoU H$b_m-
am{[mßMr odH´$s H$aU{, `m ‡_wI ]m]tAßVJ©V AZ{H$ H$m_mßgmR>r _OwamßMr JaO ^mgV{.
d{Jd{JiÁm ÒdÍ$[m¿`m _Owamß_‹`{ g_›d` gmYU{, À`mßda X{Ia{I R>{dU{ `mgmR>rhr
H$mhr H$_©Mmar hd{ AgVmV AmoU `m gdm™M{ EH$ gßKQ>Z hd{ AgV{. `mM{ Ï`dÒWm[Z
Oa Ï`dpÒWV Ag{b Va am{[dmoQ>H$m AmoW©H$—ÓQ>Ám Ï`dpÒWV ÂhUO{ \$m`⁄mMr hm{B©b.

(1) am{[dmoQ>H{$V _OwamßMr JaO AmoU _hŒd gmßJm.
(2) am{[dmoQ>H{$V H$m{UH$m{UÀ`m ‡H$ma¿`m _OwamßMr JaO ^mgV{?
(3) _Owamßgß]ßYr H$m{UH$m{UÀ`m AS>MUr AgVmV?
(4) _Oya Ï`dÒWm[ZmVrb _hŒdm¿`m ]m]r odeX H$am.
3.5.2 [wT>rb ‡ÌZmßMr Wm{S>∑`mV CŒma{ obhm.
(1) am{[dmoQ>H{$V Hw$eb _OwamßMr H$m_{ Ò[ÓQ> H$am.
(2) _wH$mX_mMr H$m{UVr H$m_{ AgVmV ?
(3) _Owamda H$m_mMm gdm©oYH$ ]m{Om H$Yr d H$m [S>Vm{ ?
(4) am{[dmoQ>H{$V H$m{R>r-H$m_JmamßM{ _hŒd gmßJm.
(5) _OwamßM{ d{VZ H$g{ R>admd{ ?
(6) hßJm_r d gmbXma _Oya `mßV H$m` \$aH$ Amh{ ?
(7) am{[dmoQ>H{$Mm Ï`dÒWm[H$ H$gm Agmdm ?
(8) _OwamßMr oH´$`merbVm d j_Vm dmT> `mgmR>r H$m{UV{ C[m` H$amd{V ?
3.5.3 [wT>rb ‡ÌZmßMr CŒma{ À`mßImbrb [`m©`mß_YyZ oZdSy>Z obhm.
(1) H$m`_ÒdÍ$[r H$m_mda AgUmË`m _Ow a mß Z m _Oy a
ÂhUVmV.
(A) H$m`_ (B) hßJm_r (C) Hß$ÃmQ>r (D) C∑V{
(2) _Owamßda X{Ia{I H$aUmË`m H$_©MmË`mg H$m` ÂhUVmV ?
(A) _wH$mX_ (B) R>{H{$Xma (C) Hß$ÃmQ>Xma (D) Ï`dÒWm[H$
(3) am{ [ dmoQ> H { $ Vrb gd© H$m_mß M r d Ï`dÒWm[ZmMr O]m]Xmar H$m{ U mda
AgV{ ?
(A) H$maHy$Z (B) R>{H{$Xma (C) Ï`dÒWm[H$ (D) _mir
(4) S>m{i{ â `mM{ H$m_ `m ÒdÍ$[mM{ Amh{.
(A) Hw$eb (B) AY©Hw$eb (C) AHw$eb (D) ohe{]r
(5) am{[dmoQ>H{$V gmbXmamg d{VZ / _Owar oXbr OmV{.
(A) am{O (B) AmR>dS>Ámg (C) Xa_hm (D) dfm©bm
(6) am{[dmoQ>H{$V H$m{UÀ`m ‡H$maM{ _Oya H$m_mg R>{dy Z`{V?
(A) ÒÃr _Oya (B) [wÈf _Oya (C) e{Omar (D) ]mb_Oya
(7) am{[dmoQ>H{$V _Owamda EdT>m IM© A[{ojV AgVm{.
(A) 25% (B) 50% (C) 75% (D) 10%
(8) am{[dmoQ>H{$V H$m_mMm a{Q>m H$m{UÀ`m H$mimV AoYH$ AgVm{?
(A) [mdgmim (B) gwJr (C) ohdmim (D) C›hmim
(9) am{[dmoQ>H{$V Z{_yZ oXb{Î`m H$m_mV H$Yr ]Xb H$Í$ Z`{V?
(A) Xaam{O (B) oXdgmVyZ Xm{ZXm
(C) oXdgmAmS> (D) H$m_ [yU© H{$Î`mI{arO
(10) Hw$eb H$m_Jmamg AY©Hw$eb H$m_Jmam[{jm oH$Vr d{VZ o_iU{ A[{ojV
AgV{ ?
(A) H$_r (B) AoYH$ (C) ]am{]arZ{ (D) AoZpÌMV
(11) ‡À`{H$ am{[dmoQ>H{$V OmÒVrV OmÒV oH$Vr Ï`dÒWm[H$ Agmd{V ?
(A) VrZ (B) EH$ (C) Xm{Z (D) ey›`
(12) am{[dmoQ>H{$Vrb gd© H$m_{ Ï`dpÒWV [ma [mS> `mgmR>r oH$Vr ‡H$maM{ _Oya
hd{V?
(A) gd© (B) EH$ (C) Xm{Z (D) H$mhr

KQ>H$ 4 : H$b_m-am{[mßM{ odH´$sgmR>r dJuH$aU d ‡Xe©Zr`
_mßS>Ur
AZwH´$_oUH$m
4.1 ‡mÒVmodH$
4.2 odf`-odd{MZ
4.2.1 H$b_m-am{[mß¿`m dJr©H$aUmMr JaO
4.2.2 dJuH$aUmM{ ‡H$ma
4.2.3 odH´$sgmR>r - ‡Xe©ZmgmR>r H$b_m-am{[mßMr _mßS>Ur
4.4 gmamße
4.1 ‡mÒVmodH$
am{[dmoQ>H{$V H$b_{-am{[{ V`ma PmÎ`mZßVa À`mßMr odH´$s H$aU{ Am{KmZ{M Amb{.
hr odH´ $ s H$aU{ gm{ [ { Ïhmd{ `mgmR> r H$b_m-am{ [ mß M { dJuH$aU H$amd{ . Vg{ M
À`mßMr _mßS>Ur Aer H$amdr H$s, Vr ‡Xe©Zr` Va hm{B©bM [U odH´$s H$a `mghr
gm{`rMr R>a{b.
`m KQ>H$mMm A‰`mgmZßVa Am[Î`mcm -
H$c_{ d am{[{ `mßM{ dJuH$aU H$aVm `{B©c.
odH´$sgmR>r d ‡Xe©ZmgmR>r H$c_m-am{[mßMr _mßS>Ur H$aVm `{B©c.
4.2 odf` odd{MZ
4.2.1 H$b_m-am{[mß¿`m dJuH$aUmMr JaO

am{[dmoQ>H{$V AZ{H$ ‡H$maMr H$b_{-am{[{ V`ma H{$br OmVmV. h{ H$m_ df©â H$_r-
AoYH$ ‡_mUmV, H$m{UÀ`m Zm H$m{UÀ`m ÒdÍ$[mV MmbyM AgV{. À`mM]am{]a _mJUrZwgma
H$b_m-am{[mßMr odH´$shr df©â H$_r-AoYH$ ‡_mUmV Mmby AgV{. `mß[°H$s C›hmiÁmV
hr Xm{›hr H$m_{ AoYH$ ‡_mUmV hm{VmV. À`m _mZmZ{ ohdmiÁmV H$_r AmoU C›hmiÁmV
À`mhr[{jm H$_r H$m_{ hm{VmV. ¡`m d{ir H$m_mßMr JXu AgV{ À`m d{ir H$m{UÀ`mhr H$m_mg
Ï`À`` `{D$ Z`{ Vg{M _ßXr¿`m H$mimV JbWmZ[Um `{D$ Z`{ ÂhUyZ h{ dJuH$aU H$aU{
JaO{M{ AgV{. h{ dJuH$aU H{$Î`m_wi{ H$m_mV gwgyÃVm `{V{, H$m_mßMm CaH$ dmT>Vm{, H$m_mV
ZrQ>Z{Q>H$m[Um `{Vm{.
4.2.2 dJuH$aUmM{ ‡H$ma
gm{`rgmR>r h{ dJuH$aU d{Jd{JiÁm [’VrZ{ H$aVm `{V{.
1. H$m_m¿`m H´$_dmarZwgma dJuH$aU
2. H$b_mß¿`m ‡H$mamZwgma dJuH$aU
3. o[H$mß¿`m ‡H$mamZwgma dJuH$aU
4. _mJUrZwgma dJuH$aU
5. gm{`rZwgma dJuH$aU
(1) H$m_m¿`m H´$_dmarZwgma dJuH$aU
H$b_{-am{[{ V`ma PmÎ`mZßVa À`mßMr odH´$s hm{B©[`™V¿`m _YÎ`m H$mimV H$mhr
gßÒH$ma H$amd{ bmJVmV. h{ gßÒH$ma [wT>rb‡_mU{ AgVmV :
(A) H$b_m-am{[mßMr oZdS>
(Am) H$b_m-am{[mßMr ]XbUr
(B) [m{ÒQ> J´mp‚Q>®J Am∞[a{e›g, e|S>m IwS>U{, IwßQ>mdarb \w$Q>r H$mT>U{, H$b_r
^mJ V[mgU{, BÀ`mXr.
(B©>) hmS>©qZJ
(C) JQ> _mßS>Ur
H$b_m-am{[mßMr oZdS> : EH$Xm H$b_{-am{[{ V`ma Pmbr H$s, À`mVyZ _a, Xw]©b,
odH•$V H$b_{-am{[{ AbJ H$amdrV.
]XbUr : bhmZ Hß$Q>{Za_YyZ qH$dm _m{R>Ám Hß$Q>{Za_Yrb [wÓH$i H$b_{-am{[{
dmT>odbr AgÎ`mg, À`mßZm AbJ AbJ H$Í$Z À`mßMr ]XbUr H$amdr. \$mQ>{-H$b_{-
am{[{ `m ‡H$mamV Aer ]XbUr AmdÌ`H$ AgV{.
Jwbm]mMr [m∞ob]∞J_YyZ _m{R>Ám o[eÏ`mßV ]XbUr H$amdr bmJV{.
[m{ÒQ> J´mp‚Q>®J Am∞[a{e›g : Om{S> H$b_m¿`m ]m]VrV, IwßQ>mdarb \w$Q>r H$mT>U{,
S>m{i H$b_m¿`m [≈>Ám gm{S>U{, o[eÏ`m ]mh{a Amb{br _wi{ N>mQ>U{, AoV Om{_Xma d
d{S>rdmH$S>r dmT>, odH•$V dmT> N>mQ>U{ `m ‡H$maMr H$m_{ `mV _m{S>VmV.
hmS>©qZJ : hmS>©qZJ H$aU{ AoVe` JaO{M{ AgV{ `mV 2-3 Q>fl[{ [mS>md{V. EH$m
Q>flfl`mV [mUr H$_r H$amd{. XwgË`m Q>flfl`mV gßOrdH{$, agm`Z{ `mßMm \$dmam ⁄mdm. oVgË`m
Q>flfl`mV _m{H$iÁm dmVmdaUmV - H$m{aS>Ám hd{V, AoYH$ gy`©‡H$memV, AoYH$ Vm[_mZmV
H$b_{-am{[{ R>{dmdrV.
JQ>_mßS>Ur : ZßVa gm{`rÒH$a JQ>_mßS>Ur H$amdr. 100, 500, 1,000 Aem gßª`{Z{
qH$dm BVa gm{`rMr Aer JQ>dmar H$amdr.
(2) H$b_mß¿`m ‡H$mamZwgma dJuH$aU
`mV [wT>rb‡_mU{ dJuH$aU H$amd{ / H{$b{ OmV{.
(A) dJ© 1 : am{[{ (B©) dJ© 4 $ : JwQ>r H$b_{
(Am) dJ© 2 : Hß$X (C) dJ© 5 : Om{S> H$b_{
(B) dJ© 3 : \$mQ>{ H$b_{ (D$) dJ© 6 : S>m{i{ H$b_{
(3) o[H$mß¿`m ‡H$mamZwgma dJuH$aU
(A) ^mOr[mÎ`mMr am{[{
(Am) \w$bPmS>mMr am{[{
(B) \w$bPmS>mMr H$b_{
(B©) IwßQ>am{[{
(C) \$iPmS>mßMr am{[{
(D$) \$iPmS>mßMr H$b_{
(E) Amß„`mMr H$b_{
(E{) hm[yg Amß„`mMr H$b_{
(Am{) hm[yg Amß„`mMr 1 dfm©Mr H$b_{
(Am°) hm[yg Amß„`mMr 2 dfm©Mr H$b_{
`m‡_mU{ C[b„Y H$b_m-am{[mßM{ dJuH$aU H$amd{.
(4) _mJUrZwgma dJuH$aU
hßJm_mZwgma, [napÒWVrZwgma Oer _mJUr Ag{b À`m‡_mU{ dJuH$aU H$amd{.
CXmhaUmW©, Amß„`mMr H$b_{ - gd© ‡H$maMr, IwßQ> am{[{, ]S>pÒQ>∑g (H$b_H$mS>Ám),
BÀ`mXr Vg{M BVa o[H$mß¿`m ]m]VrVhr Ag{M dJuH$aU H$aVm `{B©b.
(5) gm{`rZwgma dJuH$aU
`mV R>adyZ Ag{ dJuH$aU ZgV{ qH$dm H$m`_ÒdÍ$[r dJuH$aU ZgV{. Oer
[napÒWVr Ag{b Oer gm{`, gwodYm Ag{b À`m‡_mU{ dJuH$aU H{$b{ OmV{.
4.2.3 odH´$sgmR>r - ‡Xe©ZmgmR>r H$c_m-am{[mßMr _mßS>Ur
am{[dmoQ>H{$_‹`{ O{ ‡_wI od^mJ AgVmV À`mVrb hm e{dQ>Mm od^mJ Amh{. hm
od^mJ H$m_m¿`m H´$_mZ{ e{dQ>Mm Agbm Var odH´$sgmR>r [ohbm AmoU _hŒdmMm
Amh{. gmYmaU[U{ am{[dmoQ>H{$V Xe©Zr ^mJmV hm od^mJ Agmdm, À`m_mJ{ _Ybm
ÂhUO{ V`ma H$b_mß M m ÒQ> m ∞ H $ dJ© d marV Agmdm AmoU À`m¿`m_mJ{ H$b_{ - am{ [ {
V`ma H$a `mMm od^mJ Agmdm. h{ od^mJ EH$X_ VwQ>H$ AJa EH$_{H$mßV o_gib{b{
Zgmd{V.
‡Xe©Z-odH´$sgmR>rMr _mßS>Ur H$aVmZm [wT>rb ]m]r bjmV ø`mÏ`mV :
(1) hr _mßS>Ur Xe©Zr ^mJmV Agmdr.
(2) hr _mßS>Ur AmH$f©H$ Agmdr.
(3) hr _mßS>Ur Iwbr - ÂhUO{ ‡moVoZoYH$ Agmdr.
(4) hr _mßS>Ur g{Î\$ E∑gflb{Z{Q>ar Agmdr. OÍ$a V{W{ Z{_flb{Q>≤g≤, b{]Îg, V∑V{,
\$m{Q>m{J´m‚g≤, OdiM H∞$Q>bm∞J, ‡mB©gobÒQ> Agmdr.

hmS>©qZJ : ]iH$Q>rH$aU. H$mQ>H$[Um AmU `mMr oH´$`m
g{Î\$ E∑gflb{Z{Q>ar : Òd`ßÒ[ÓQ>rH$aU H$aUmar
g{∑eZ : od^mJ
oS>ÒH$mS>© : ]mX H$aU{
ogb{∑Q> : oZdS> H$aU{
Z{_flb{Q> : ZmdmMm o]Îbm
b{]b : o]Îbm
\$m{Q>m{J´m\$ : N>m`moMÃ
H∞$Q>bm∞J : _mohVr[ÃH$
‡mB©gobÒQ> : Xa[ÃH$
4.4 gmamße
H$b_m-am{[mM{ dJuH$aU AmoU ‡Xe©Zr` _mßS>Ur H$amdr. dJuH$aU H$m_m¿`m
H´$_dmarZwgma, H$b_m-am{[mß¿`m ‡H$mamZwgma, o[H$mß¿`mZwgma, _mJUrZwgma qH$dm gm{`rZwgma
H$amd{. am{[dmoQ>H{$V H$b_{-am{[{ H$a `mMm od^mJ d{Jim - AbJ Agmdm. _Ybm ^mJ
H$b_{-am{[{ Om{[mg `mMm Agmdm AmoU oVgam ^mJ ‡Xe©Zr AWdm odH´$sgmR>r _mßS>UrMm
Agmdm. `m oV›hr od^mJmßM{ gwgyoÃV JR>U Agmd{. À`mV AßVa Zgmd{. ‡Xe©Zr` _mßS>Ur
AmH$f©H$, R>gR>erV, _m{H$ir, _mohVr[yU© Aer Agmdr. Vg{M Vr ‡moVoZoYH$hr Agmdr.
J´mhH$mg Vr ghO[U{ [mhVm `mdr, g_OyZ K{Vm `mdr AmoU Ia{Xr H$a `mg gwb^
R>aUmar Agmdr.
4.5.1 [wT>rb ‡ÌZmßMr CŒma{ godÒVa obhm.
(1) H$b_m-am{[mßM{ dJuH$aU H$m H$amd{ ?
(2) H$b_m-am{[mßM{ dJuH$aUmM{ ‡H$ma gmßJm.
(3) odH´$s-‡Xe©ZmgmR>r _mßS>Ur H$er Agmdr ?
(4) am{[dmoQ>H{$V - H$b_m-am{[mß¿`m gß]ßYr H$m_mMr H´$_dmar gmßJm.
(1) am{[dmoQ>H{$V ‡_wI od^mJ H$m{UV{ ?
(2) H$b_m-am{[mßMr ‡Xe©Zr` _mßS>Ur H$a `m[ydu H$b_m-am{[mßMr H$m{UVr oZJm
amImdr ?
(3) ‡Xe©Zr` _mßS>Ur Xe©Zr ^mJmV H$m Agmdr ?
(4) ‡Xe©Zr` _mßS>Ur g{Î\$ E∑gflb{Z{Q>ar Agmdr ÂhUO{ H$er Agmdr ?
(5) H$b_m-am{[mßMr oZdS> H$m H$amdr ?
(6) H$b_m-am{[mßM{ hmS>©qZJ H$m H$amd{ ?
(7) H$b_m-am{[mßV EH$gmaI{[Um H$m Agmdm ?
(8) H$b_m-am{[mßMr JQ>dmar H$m H$amdr ?
(1) H$b_m-am{[mßMr odH´$s ‡Xe©Zr` _mßS>Ur oR>H$mUr
Agmdr.
(A) am{[dmoQ>H{$¿`m _‹`^mJr (B) am{[dmoQ>H{$¿`m Xe©Zr ^mJr
(C) am{[dmoQ>H{$¿`m XwgË`m Q>m{H$mda (D) am{[dmoQ>H{$¿`m H$m{[Ë`mV
(2) am{[dmoQ>H{$V dJ©dmar H$m Agmdr ?
(A) gm{`rgmR>r (B) gm¢X`m©gmR>r
(C) oZ`_ ÂhUyZ (D) JaO ÂhUyZ

(3) H$b_mßMr odH´$sgmR>r _mßS>Ur H$a `m[ydu À`mßda H$m{UVr ‡oH´$`m hm{U{
AmdÌ`H$ AgV{ ?
(A) hmS>©qZJ (B) gm∞‚Q>qZJ (C) J´mp‚Q>®J (D) ∑brqZJ
(4) ‡Xe©Zr JQ>mV H$b_m-am{[mß¿`m oH$_VrMr _mohVr X{ `mgmR>r H$m` _hŒdmM{
Amh{?
(A) ‡mB©gobÒQ> (B) H∞$Q>bm∞J (C) b{]qbJ (D) \$m{Q>m{J´m\$
(5) ‡Xe©Zr` _mßS>Ur ‡mYm›`{H$Í$Z Aer Agmdr.
(A) ‡moVoZoYH$ (B) gwÒdÍ$[ (C) gd©gm_m›` (D) Z{Q>H$s
(6) am{[dmoQ>H{$V odH´$s od^mJ AgU{ AgV{.
(A) AmdÌ`H$ (B) g∑VrMm (C) E{p¿N>H$ (D) A`m{Ω`
(7) H$b_mam{[mßMr odH´$s H$Yr OmÒV hm{V{ ?
(A) H$Yrhr (B) ]mamhr _ohZ{ (C) [mdgmiÁmV (D) ohdmiÁmV
(8) H$b_m-am{[mßMr ‡Xe©Zr` / odH´$s _mßS>Ur H$Yr Iwbr Agmdr ?
(A) gH$mir (B) Xw[mar (C) gß‹`mH$mir (D) oXdgâ

KQ>H$ 5 : am{[dmoQ>H{$Vrb dm\{$ AmoU J•hmßM{ oZO™VwH$sH$aU
AZwH´$_oUH$m
5.1 ‡mÒVmodH$
5.2 odf`-odd{MZ
5.2.1 oZO™VwH$sH$aUmMr JaO
5.2.2 oZO™VwH$sH$aUm¿`m [’Vr
5.2.3 oZO™VwH$sH$aU H$aVmZm ø`md`mMr H$miOr
5.4 gmamße
5.1 ‡mÒVmodH$
am{[dmoQ>H{$V oZaoZamir H$b_{-am{[{ V`ma H{$br OmVmV. `m H$m_mgmR>r d{Jd{Jir
hÀ`ma{, _m‹`_{, AdOma{ bmJVmV. S>m{iH$mßS>Ám, IwßQ>, o]`mU{ `mßMr o^›Z oR>H$mUmßhˇZ
]{J_r H$amdr bmJV{. Ao^d•’rMr H$m_{ d{Jd{JiÁm H$mimV AmoU [napÒWVrV H$amdr
bmJVmV. hr gd© H$m_{ H$arV AgVmZm ode{fH$Í$Z Ao^d•’rMr Amaß^rMr H$m_{ H$aV
AgVmZm, H$b_m-am{[mßZm _m‹`_mVyZ oZaoZamiÁm am{JmßMm, oH$S>tMm Vg{M AmÂb-odÂb
oZX}emßH$mMm ([rEM) [naUm_ hm{Vm{ d À`m_wi{ Ao^d•’r H$m`m©V AS>MUr `{VmV. ]r Z
CJdU{, am{[{ H$m{b_S>U{, H$b_{ AèÒdr hm{U{, BÀ`mXr ‡H$ma KS>VmV.
`m KQ>H$mMm A‰`mg H{$Î`mZßVa Am[Î`mcm-
am{[dmoQ>H{$Vrc dm‚`mß¿`m$d J•hmß¿`m oZO™VwH$sH$aUmMr JaO H$i{c,
oZO™VwH$sH$aUm¿`m [’VtMr _mohVr o_i{c.
5.2 odf`-odd{MZ
5.2.1 oZO™VwH$sH$aUmMr JaO

am{[dmoQ>H{$V AZ{H$ H$m_{ H{$br OmVmV. `mgmR>r AZ{H$ ]m]tMr JaO ^mgV{. `mV
‡m_wª`mZ{ _mVr h{ _m‹`_ dm[ab{ OmV{. Ao^d•’r H$aVmZm [mUr X{ `mMr JaO AgV{;
Vg{M AdVr^dVrM{ dmVmdaUhr ]XbV{ AgV{. Aem [napÒWVrV _mVr-_m‹`_, [mUr,
dmVmdaU `mß¿`m¤ma{ H•$o_-OßVy `mßMm ‡mXw^m©d hm{D$Z Ao^d•’r¿`m Amaß^r¿`m H$mimVM
H$s ¡`m d{ir ]r AßHw$aV AgV{, _wi{ dmT>V AgVmV, e|S>m YÍ$ bmJVm{ Aem `m AÀ`ßV
ZmOyH$ AmoU ]mÎ`mdÒW{V _m{R>{ ZwH$gmZ hm{V{. _mVrV (Zg©ar gm∞B©b), _mVro_lUmV
g|o–` IVmV, VUo]`m, gyÃH•$_r (oZ_∞Q>m{S>g≤), ]waer, oOdmUy (]∞∑Q>{na`m) AgVmV.
À`m_wi{ CJdÀ`m am{[mßZm (o]`mßZm) S>∞pÂ[®J Am∞\$ (am{[{ H$m{b_S>U{) `m am{JmMr bmJU
hm{V{. S>∞pÂ[®J Am∞\$ hm ‡À`j am{J ZgyZ Vr am{Jm{Œma bjU{ qH$dm [naUm_ Amh{V. Oo_ZrV
¡`m ]waer AgVmV (\ß$Jr) À`mßV o[Wr`_, am`Pm{∑Q>m{oZ`m `mßMm g_md{e AgVm{ d
`mM ]waer `m S>∞pÂ[®J Am∞\$bm H$maUr^yV AgVmV. _mVr AJa Í$qQ>J o_oS>`mI{arO
H$b_H$mS>Ám, IwßQ> am{[{, hÀ`ma{-AdOma{, [mUr, BÀ`mXrß_YyZhr bmJU d ‡gma hm{Vm{.
`m_wi{ am{[mßM{, o]`mßM{, H$b_mßM{ ZwH$gmZ hm{V{. h{ Q>mi `mgmR>r oZO™VwH$sH$aU H$aU{
JaO{M{ Amh{.
5.2.2 oZO™VwH$sH$aUm¿`m [’Vr
oZO™VwH$sH$aUm¿`m AZ{H$ [’Vr Amh{V. À`m Aem :
(1) O_rZ ^mOU{ - hrqQ>J X gm∞Bb - O_rZ Vm[dU{
(2) Oo_ZrM{ YwarH$aU - O_rZ dm\$miU{ - ‚`wo_J{eZ
(3) g|o–` [XmW© Hw$OdU{ - oS>H$mß[m{oPeZ Am∞\$ Am∞aJ∞oZH$ _∞Q>a
(4) ÒQ>abm`P{eZ
(5) oZMam H$aU{ - oOadUr-_wadUr - S≠>{ßqMJ - S≠>{Z{O
(6) o]`mßZm Q≠>rQ>_|Q> - grS> Q≠>rQ>_|Q>
(7) hÀ`mam-AdOmamßM{ oZO™VwH$sH$aU
(8) Òd¿N>Vm amIU{
(9) ]h˛C‘{er` (_pÎQ>[[©O) oZO™VwH$sH$aU
oZO™VwH$sH$aU H$m{R>{ H$amd{ ?
O{W{ am{[{ H$amd`mMr Amh{V, dmT>dmd`mMr Amh{V, Om{[mgm`Mr Amh{V Aem dm‚`mda
oZO™VwH$sH$aU H$amd{. Vg{M V{ Hwß$S>Ám, Q≠>{ `mßdahr H$amd{. hnaVJ•h, e{qS>J Z{Q>_‹`{,
D$oVgßdoY©V am{[{ H$aVmZm, oZO™VwH$sH$aU H$aU{ AmdÌ`H$ R>aV{.
(1) O_rZ Vm[dU{ ^mOU{ : O_rZ ^mO `m[ydu Vr Am{bga H$amdr. gmYmaU[U{
25 g|_r. Im{brMm Wa Vm[dmdm. O_rZ ^wg^werV AmoU EH$gmaIr Agmdr. Vm[odVmZm
Vm[_mZ 82 Aße g{pÎgAg EdT>{ oH$_mZ AYm© Vmg Var amIb{ [mohO{. `m[{jm H$_r-
OmÒV[Um H{$bm Va \$m`Xm H$_r [U ZwH$gmZ _mÃ AoYH$ gß^dV{. MwZIS>rMr O_rZ
Ag{b Va Aem Oo_ZrV hr oH´$`m AmR>dS>Ám¿`m AßVamZ{ 2-3 d{im H$amdr.
(2) Oo_ZrM{ YwarH$aU : YwarH$aUmgmR>r O_rZ gw_ma{ 40% Am{bga Agmdr d
oVM{ Vm[_mZ 18 V{ 24 Aße g{pÎgAg EdT>{ Agmd{. YwarH$aUmgmR>r \$m_©ÎS>rhmB©S>Mm
dm[a H$aVm `{Vm{. `m_wi{ ]waer d H$mhr VUo]`m _aVmV [U gyÃH•$_r (oZ_∞Q>m{S>) _mÃ
dmMVmV. gm_m›`[U{ 2 Q>∑H{$ –mdU dm[amd{. dm[aÎ`mZßVa Oo_Zrda [m∞obWrZM{
Am¿N>mXZ 24 VmgmßgmR>r H$amd{. À`mZßVa Xm{Z AmR>dS>{ O_rZ _m{H$ir R>{dmdr. dmg
gß[Î`mZßVa ]r [{aUr H$amdr. ∑bm{am{o[H´$sZ (AlyYya) h{ agm`Zhr YwarH$aUmgmR>r dm[aVm
`{V{. EH$m Mm°ag _rQ>a j{ÃmgmR>ßr d gw_ma{ 25 g|_r. _mVr¿`m WamgmR>r 50 o_br.
∑bm{am{o[H´$sZ dm[a `mg haH$V Zmhr.
o_Wrb ]´m{_mB©S> h{ agm`Zhr dm[aVm `{V{; [U V{ _mZdmg hmZrH$maH$ R>aV{. AbrH$S>{
`mg ]ßXr Amh{.
\$m{a{Q> XmU{Xma `m YyaO›` odfmar H$sS>ZmeH$mMm dm[ahr O_rZ oZO™VwH$sH$aUmgmR>r
H$aVm `{Vm{. ]r [{a `m[ydu oW_{Q> 10 Or h{ XmU{Xma H$sS>ZmeH$ ‡oV h{∑Q>ar 25 oH$bm{ `m
ohe{]mZ{ dm[amd{. O{W{ oW_{Q> Q>mH$b{ V{W{M o]`m Q>m{Hy$ Z`{V. a{fm [mSy>Z a{fmAmS> a{fm
oW_{Q> AmoU o]`mßgmR>r dm[amÏ`mV.
(3) ]waerZmeH$mMr oOadUr : `mV ‡m_wª`mZ{ ]m{S>m} o_lUmMm dm[a H{$bm
OmVm{. `mg ]m{S>m} S≠>{ßqMJ Ag{ ÂhUVmV. dm‚`mda bhmZ a{fm [mSy>Z _J 2.5 V{ 10 Q>∑H{$
Vrd´V{M{ o_lU oOadmd{. ]m{S>m} o_lUm‡_mU{M, H$m∞[a Am∞p∑g∑bm{amB©S>, Wmà_ - Pmà_,
„bm`Q>{Z, H∞$flQ>Z, PmàmB©S> `mßMmhr `mgmR>r dm[a H$aVm `{Vm{.
o‡Ïh{ › Q> m ∞ b ]r. Ïhr. h{ EH$ [m∞ b r \$m∞ _ © \ $m∞ g `w ∑ V [m `mV odaKiUma{
agm`Z Amh{. o‡Ïh{›Q>m∞b ]r. Ïhr. 1 o_br. 1 brQ>a [m `mV o_giyZ 10 Mm°ag _rQ>a
j{Ãmda 50 o_br. `m‡_mUmV oOadmd{. am{[mßMr _a hm{V Zmhr. Vg{M ÒWbmßVa
H{$Î`mZßVahr am{[{ bdH$a Ord YaVmV. Vg{M [wT>{ ]m{H$S>Ám, MwaS>Ám_waS>Ám, BÀ`mXr
C[–d Q>miVm `{VmV.
(4) ]h˛C‘{er` (_pÎQ>[[©O) oZO™VwH$sH$aU : `m_‹`{ ‡m_wª`mZ{ ]mgmo_S>
J´∞›`yÎgMm g_md{e Amh{. Oo_ZrVyZ CX≤^dUmË`m H•$o_-oH$S>rMm, gyÃH•$_rMm, ]waerMm,
VUmß¿`m o]`mßMm Zme `m J´∞›`yÎg_wi{ hm{Vm{. Xhm Mm°ag _rQ>agmR>r gw_ma{ 100 J´∞_
]mgo_S> J´∞›`yÎg ]r [{a `m[ydu 15 oXdg dm[amd{V.
]mgmo_S> J´∞›`yÎg dm[a `mMr arV
(1) dm\{$ / OmJm Am{bdyZ ø`mdr.
(2) dm\{$ hdma - b{Ïhb H$Í$Z ø`md{V.
(3) ]mgmo_S> J´∞›`yÎg dm‚`mda [gamd{V.
(4) ]mgmo_S> J´∞›`yÎg _mVrV o_gimd{V.
(5) dm\$m hdma H$Í$Z PmarZ{ [mUr ⁄md{.
(6) dm‚`mda _m{H$im (naH$m_m) S≠>_ (q[[) o\$adyZ daMm Wa Xm]yZ ø`mdm qH$dm
hb∑`m Oo_Zrda [m∞obWrZ Am¿N>mXmd{.
(7) dm\$gm `{VmM daMm Wa hbdyZ ø`mdm.
(8) ]mgmo_S>Mm e{fmße oZKyZ J{Î`mda dm‚`mda ]r [{amd{.
(5) o]`m `mda C[Mma : ]r [{a `m[ydu V{ qb]m{ir AH$m©V, Jm{_yÃmV
oÔdyZ qH$dm ApΩZhm{Ãm¿`m ^Ò_mV (amI{V) Km{idyZ ø`md{. EH$ oH$bm{ o]`m `mg
100 V{ 200 o_br. Jm{_yÃ, qb]m{ir AH©$ qH$dm 100 J´∞_ ApΩZhm{Ã amI [wa{er hm{V{.
5.2.3 oZO™VwH$sH$aU H$aVmZm ø`md`mMr H$miOr
(1) oZO™VwH$sH$aUm_wi{ O{ C‘{e gm‹` H$amd`mM{ Amh{V V{ bjmV K{D$Z [’V
oZdS>mdr. Oo_ZrV VU, o]`m, ]waer, gyÃH•$_r `mß[°H$s H$m{UmMm ‡^md
AoYH$ Amh{ h{ [mhˇZ oZdS> H$amdr.
(2) oZO™VwH$sH$aU H$aVmZm Oo_ZrMr AdÒWm [m{fH$ Agmdr. CXmhaUmW©,
T>>{H$i{, YgH$Q>{, VU{ ZgmdrV. O_rZ H$m{aS>r AWdm XbXbrMr Zgmdr.
o\$ÎS> H$[∞ogQ>r¿`m - ObYmaUm e∑Vr¿`m gw_ma{ 35-40% Am{bga
Agmdr.
(3) oXb{b{ ‡_mU H$mQ>{H$m{a[U{ [mimd{.
(4) ]ßXr Agb{br agm`Z{ dm[a `mM{ Q>mimd{.
(5) EH$mM Oo_ZrV dmaßdma EH$M [’V Q>miyZ JaO{‡_mU{ ]Xb H$amdm.
(6) ‡oH´$`m (Q≠>rQ>_|Q>) AmoU ]r [{aUr H$mi `mV `m{Ω` V{ d oe\$mag H{$Î`m‡_mU{
AßVa amImd{.
(7) Oo_ZrMm ‡H$ma bjmV K{D$Z ‡oH´$`{ZßVa dm‚`mda Am¿N>mXZ H$amd{.
(8) dm[a H$aVmZm Z{h_rMr [œ`{ [mimdrV.

oS>g≤B›\{$∑eZ : oZO™VwH$sH$aU
S>∞pÂ[®J Am∞\$ : am{[{ H$m{b_S>U{
oZ_∞Q>m{S> : gyÃH•$_r
drS> grS> : VU ]r
BZg{∑Q>≤g≤ : H•$_r
A∞e : amI
S≠>{ßqMJ : oOadUr
_{WS> : [’V
Q≠>rQ>_|Q> : C[Mma / ‡oH´$`m
J´∞›`yÎg≤ : XmU{
J´∞›`yba : XmU{Xma
‚`wo_J{eZ : YwarH$aU
_pÎM®J : Am¿N>mXZ
Q>oZ™J : ]XbU{ / hbdU{
AÎQ>aZ{Q> : EH$mAmS> EH$
grS> Q≠>rQ>_|Q> : ]rO‡oH´$`m
5.4 gmamße
am{[dmoQ>H{$V oZaoZamir H$b_{-am{[{ V`ma H{$br OmVmV. o]`mßMr CJdU AmoU
am{[mßMr ‡mWo_H$ dmT> _wª`V: Oo_ZrV - _mVrV H{$br OmV{. _mVrVyZ ]waer-H•$_r,
gyÃH•$_r, VUo]`m `mßMm ‡mXw^m©d hm{Vm{ d À`m_wi{ CJdVr am{[{ Vg{M ZwH$VrM CJdb{br
am{[{ _aVmV. H$m{b_S>VmV. h{ Q>mi `mgmR>r _mVrM{ oZO™VwH$sH$aU H$aU{ JaO{M{ AgV{.
oZO™VwH$sH$aU H$a `m¿`m O_rZ Vm[odU{, YwarH$aU - oOadUr Aem ‡_wI [’Vr Amh{V.
oZO™VwH$sH$aU H$aVmZm Oo_ZrMr AdÒWm ^wg^werV - Am{bga Agmdr. Vg{M h{ H$m_
H$aVmZm H$mQ>{H$m{a[Um [miU{hr AmdÌ`H$ Amh{. oZO™VwH$sH$aU H$aVmZm Z{h_rMr [œ`{
[mimdrV.

(1) am{[dmoQ>H{$Vrb dm\{$ d J•h{ `mßM{ oZO™VwH$sH$aU H$a `mMr JaO H$m
^mgV{ ?
(2) oZO™VwH$sH$aUm¿`m [’Vr gmßJm.
(3) oZO™VwH$sH$aU H$aVmZm H$m{UVr H$miOr ø`mdr ?
5.52 [wT>rb ‡ÌZmßMr Wm{S>∑`mV CŒma{ obhm.
(1) S>∞pÂ[®J Am∞\$ ÂhUO{ H$m` ?
(2) am{[{ H$m{b_S> `mMr H$m{UVr H$maU{ Amh{V ?
(3) gm∞Bb ‚`wo_J{eZ ÂhUO{ H$m` ?
(4) ]mgmo_S> J´∞›`yÎgMm dm[a H$gm H$amdm ?
(5) ]m{S>m} o_lUmM{ S>≠>|qMJ H$g{ H$amd{ ?
(6) o]`m `mda C[Mma H$a `m¿`m [’Vr gmßJm.
(7) H$m{UÀ`m agm`Zmda dm[a `mMr ]ßXr Amh{ d H$m ?
(8) oW_{Q> dm[aVmZm H$m{UVr H$miOr ø`mdr ?
(1) oZO™VwH$sH$aUmMr hr EH$ [’V Amh{.
(A) YwarH$aU (B) Y´wdrH$aU (C) ZyVZrH$aU (D) odfmarH$aU
(2) bhmZ-H$m{dir am{[{ H$m{b_S> `mg `m ZmdmZ{ Am{iIVmV.
(A) b{ Am∞\$ (B) S>∞pÂ[®J Am∞\$ (C) obd Am∞\$ (D) g|S> Am∞\$
(3) H$m{UVr ]waer am{[{ H$m{b_S> `mg H$maUr^yV R>aV{ ?
(A) gm_y (B) gyÃH•$_r (C) o‡_r`_ (D) o[Wr`_
(4) h{ ]h˛C‘{er` oZO™VwH$sH$aU H$aUma{ agm`Z Amh{.
(A) ]mgmo_S> J´∞›`yÎg> (B) \$m{a{Q> J´∞›`yÎg
(C) oW_{Q> J´∞›`yÎg (D) ]m{S>m{©
(5) oZO™VwH$sH$aU H$aVmZm Oo_ZrMr AdÒWm H$er Agmdr ?
(A) Am{bga (B) H$m{aS>r (C) XbXbrMr (D) oMH$Q>
(6) Am°fY oOaod `m¿`m [’Vrg Ag{ ÂhUVmV.
(A) o_p∑gßJ (B) S≠>{ßqMJ (C) ‚`wo_J{eZ (D) hrqQ>J
(7) oZO™VwH$sH$aUmgmR>r Aße g{pÎgAg EdT>{ Vm[_mZ Agmd{.
(A) 28 (B) 82 (C) 20 (D) 80
(8) O_rZ Vm[od `mMr oH´$`m BVH$m d{i Mmby R>{dmdr.
(A) 20 o_oZQ>{ (B) 30 o_oZQ>{ (C) 40 o_oZQ>{ (D) 60 o_oZQ>{
(9) h{ ]waerZmeH$ S≠>{ßqMJ H$Í$Z oZO™VwH$sH$aU H$a `mg
dm[aVmV.
(A) H∞$flQ>Z (B) gÎ\{$∑g (C) ÈQ>{∑P (D) naS>m{_rb
(10) ]m{S>m} o_lUmM{ oH$Vr Vrd´V{Z{ S≠>|qMJ H$amd{ ?
(A) 5 V{ 10% (B) 10 V{ 15%
(C) 15 V{ 20% (D) 20 V{ 25%
(11) dm‚`mda oZO™VwH$sH$aUmMr ‡oH´$`m H$Yr H$amdr ?
(A) ]r CJdÎ`mda (B) ]r [{a `m[ydr©
(C) am{[{ dmT>V AgVmZm (D) am{[{ H$mT> `m¿`m d{ir
(12) grS> Q≠>rQ>_|Q>_‹`{ H$emMm dm[a ghO d ÒdÒV Amh{.
(A) Jm{_yÃ (B) ]m{S>m} [{ÒQ> (C) JßYH$ (D) oW_{Q>

KQ>H$ 6 : flb±Q> bm`]ár : gßH$Î[Zm d H$m`©[’Vr
AZwH´$_oUH$m
6.1 ‡mÒVmodH$
6.2 odf`-odd{MZ
6.2.1 flb±Q> bm`]árM{ _hŒd
6.2.2 flb±Q> bm`]árMr ÒWm[Zm
6.2.3 flb±Q> bm`]árM{ ‡H$ma
6.2.4 flb±Q> bm`]árMr oZJm
6.4 gmamße
6.1 ‡mÒVmodH$
flb±Q> bm`]ár ÂhUO{ dZÒ[À`mb`. ¡`m‡_mU{ J´ßWmb` oZaoZamiÁm [wÒVH$mßgmR>r,
J´ßWmßgmR>r AgV{, À`mM‡_mU{ oZaoZamiÁm dZÒ[VrßgmR>r flb±Q> bm`]ár AgV{. flb±Q>
bm`]ár ÂhUO{ H{$di dZÒ[Vr gßJ´hmb` ZÏh{ Va V{ EH$ Ia{Iwa{ oOdßV ‡Xe©ZM ÂhUmd{
bmJ{b.
Am[Î`m X{emVrb Odi Odi 50 Q>∑H{$ bm{H$ ehamßV amhV Amh{V AmoU h{
gd©OU oZgJm©bm Xwamdb{ Amh{V. oZaoZamiÁm dZÒ[Vr hm oZgJm©Mm EH$ Aod^m¡`
Agm _hŒdmMm KQ>H$ Amh{. flb±Q> bm`]ár¿`m _m‹`_mVyZ oZgJ© AmoU ehar _mUyg
`mß¿`mV OdirH$ oZ_m©U hm{D$ eH$V{.

flc±Q> cm`]árM{ _hŒd H$i{c.
flc±Q> cm`]árMr ÒWm[Zm d ‡H$ma `mß]m]V _mohVr o_i{c d À`mßMr oZJm
amIVm `{B©c.
6.2 odf`-odd{MZ
6.2.1 flb±Q> bm`]árM{ _hŒd
AmOH$mb eha{ dmT>V Amh{V. ^maVm¿`m EHy$U bm{H$gßª`{[°H$s Odi Odi oZÂ_{
bm{H$ ehamßV amhV Amh{V. ehamV AZ{H$ gwIgm{`r AgÎ`m Var ehar bm{H$ oZgJm©bm
XwamdV Mmbb{ Amh{V. oZaoZamiÁm dZÒ[Vr, em{^{Mr PmS>{, \w$bPmS>{ h{ oZgJm©Mm
Aod^m¡` AmoU _hŒdmMm KQ>H$ Amh{. _mUgm¿`m _Zmg AmoU earamg AmZßX X{ `mV
`mßMm _m{R>m gh^mJ AgVm{. `mM]am{]a dZÒ[Vr ‡XyfU H$_r H$a `mg AmoU [`m©daU
gßVwobV R>{d `mg _XV H$aVmV. Ï`p∑VJV AmoU gmd©OoZH$naÀ`m flb±Q> bm`]árMm
C[`m{J hm{Vm{.
6.2.2 flb±Q> bm`]árMr ÒWm[Zm
flb±Q> bm`]árMr ÒWm[Zm H$aVmZm H$mhr ]m]r bjmV ø`m`bm hÏ`mV. [ohbr
]m] ÂhUO{ H$mbmdYr. oH$Vr H$mbmdYr Agmdm `mg H$mhr oZ]™Y Zmhr. VWmo[, hßJm_r
ÒdÍ$[mV AWdm ]ma_mhr qH$dm H$m`_ ÒdÍ$[mV Aer bm`]ár ÒWm[Z H$aVm `{B©b.
Xwgar _hŒdmMr ]m] ÂhUO{ bm`]árM{ oR>H$mU oZdS>U{ hr hm{`. oR>H$mU Ag{ Agmd{ H$s
V{W{ ghO[U{ OmVm-`{Vm Amb{ [mohO{. V{ AmS>diUr AWdm Xya Zgmd{. BVa OrdZm{[`m{Jr
dÒVy O{W{ o_iVmV V{W{ qH$dm Odi[mgM{ oR>H$mU Agmd{. oVgar ]m] ÂhUO{ flb±Q>
bm`]árZ{ bm{H$mß¿`m JaOm ^mJodÎ`m [mohO{V. JaO{‡_mU{ AmdS>-oZdS> gmß^mibr
J{br [mohO{. Mm°Wr ]m] ÂhUO{ bm`]árVrb dZÒ[Vr, PmS>{, Hw$ßS>Ám `m hmVmiVmZm
gm{[{ J{b{ [mohO{. À`mßMr oZJm amIU{ ghO[U{ O_b{ [mohO{. [mMdr ]m] ÂhUO{ bm`]árMm
gh^mJ AWdm C[^m{J amÒV oH$_VrV K{Vm Ambm [mohO{. `m [mM ‡_wI ]m]tÏòVna∑V
ÒWmoZH$naÀ`mhr H$mhr ]m]r Agy eH$VmV.
6.2.3 flb±Q> bm`]árM{ ‡H$ma
gm{`r‡_mU{ AmoU JaO{‡_mU{ flb±Q> bm`]árM{ T>m{]i Ag{ Xm{Z ‡H$ma Amh{V. EH$m
‡H$mamV flb±Q> bm`]árMr g{dm hr J´mhH$mZ{ C[b„Y H$Í$Z ø`mdr bmJV{ Va XwgË`m
‡H$mamV hr g{dm J´mhH$mßZm Ka[m{M [waodbr OmV{. H$mhr d{im `m Xm{›hr ‡H$maMr g{dm
C[b„Y hm{D$ eH$V{. flb±Q> bm`]ár BVa bm`]árß]am{]a Mmbod `mMmhr EH$ ‡H$ma Í$T>
hm{V Amh{. Og{ XyY, dV©_mZ[Ã{, ^mOr[mbm, \$i{, [wÒVH{$ `mßM{]am{]arZ{ flb±Q> bm`]ár
MmbodVm `{V{. gm{`r‡_mU{ AmoU _mJUr‡_mU{ bm`]árMr d{i R>admdr. Vg{M J´mhH$mßZm
Ka[m{M [wadR>m H$a `mgmR>rhr d{i, oXdg R>adyZ oXbm OmVm{.
C[‡H$ma
(A) Z°goJ©H$ em{o^dßV PmS>mß¿`m Hwß$S>Ám, (Am) \w$bXmUr AWdm \w$b{, (B) H•$oÃ_
\w$b{ / PmS>{ - `mßV H$mJXr AJa flbmpÒQ>H$Mr [mZ{-\w$b{ `mßMm g_md{e hm{Vm{.
\w$bPmS>mß_‹`{hr H$mhr R>amdrH$ ‡H$ma¿`m \w$bPmS>mßZm AoYH$ _mJUr AgV{. Jwbm],
H∞$∑Q>g≤, ]m{Zgm∞`, BÀ`mXr ‡H$mahr R>{dVm `{VmV.
6.2.4 flb±Q> bm`]árMr oZJm
hr bm`]ár gOrd AmoU H$_r oQ>H$mD$ AgV{, Vg{M oVMm dm[a hm AoYH$
H$mimgmR>r A[{ojV ZgVm{. [wÒVH{$-_mogH{$, dV©_mZ[Ã{, gmß^miU{ Og{ gm{[{ AgV{ Vg{
h{ H$m_ gm{[{ ZgV{. flb±Q> bm`]árV Hwß$S>Ám, PmS>{ R>{d `mg _m{H$ir, CO{S>mMr OmJm hdr
AgV{ . Xy Y , ^m¡`m, BÀ`mXr am{ O M{ am{ O dm[ab{ OmV{ Vg{ `m bm`]´ a rVrb
dZÒ[VtM{ ZgV{. dZÒ[VtMr dmT> hm{V AgV{. À`mgmR>r À`mßZm IV[m `mMr JaO
AgV{ . À`mß d a am{ J amB© , H$sS> [S> V { . ‡Ia gy ` © ‡ H$me, D$Z, gVVMr gmdbr
`mß[mgyZ gßajU H$a `mMr OÈar AgV{. `m]‘bMr _mohVr flb±Q> bm`]ár MmbH$mg /
_mbH$mg AgU{ AmdÌ`H$ AgV{ . `m]‘bMr _mohVr oZXmZ H$mhr ]m]tgß ] ß Y r
J´mhH$mg X{U{hr C[`m{Jr [S>V{. ‡À`{H$ J´mhH$mg À`mßMr AmdS>-oZdS> Am{iIyZ Vr
[waodVm Ambr [mohO{. Vg{M \$∑V EH$mM ‡H$ma¿`m dZÒ[Vr Z [wadVm À`mßV gmßJS>
KmbVm Ambr [mohO{ . flb± Q > bm`]´ a r_Yrb gd© ‡H$ma oZam{ J r AmoU VO{ b Xma
Agb{ [mohO{V. À`mßM{ `m{Ω` ‡H$ma{ hmS>©qZJ H{$b{b{ Agmd{. Hwß$S>Ám `m AmH$f©H$,
hb∑`m AmoU PmS>mßer gwgßJV AgmÏ`mV. Hwß$S>ÁmßMr ]XbUr R>amdrH$ H$mimV H{$br
[mohO{. Hwß$S>Ámß_wi{ J´mhH$mßZm AS>Ji dmQ>Vm H$m_m Z`{. flb±Q> bm`]árMr [wT>rb‡_mU{
oZJm amImdr.
(1) AZmdÌ`H$ JXu Q>mimdr.
(2) AoYH$ [mUr X{D$ Z`{, _m{OH{$ [U R>amdrH$ d{i{bm [mUr ⁄md{.
(3) oZò_V[U{ IV{ ⁄mdrV. IV-[mUr [waodUmË`m Hwß$S>Ám d À`mßM{ VßÃ AmVm
odH$ogV Pmb{ Amh{, À`mMm dm[a H$amdm.
(4) diU AmoU AmYma ⁄mdm.
(5) oZH$m_r ^mJ, _m{S>b{bm e|S>m, \$mQ>b{b{ [mZ d{i{da H$mT>md{.
(6) gßOrdH$mßMm `Wm{oMV dm[a H$amdm.

flb±Q> bm`]ár : dZÒ[Vr gßJ´hmb` - dZÒ[À`mb`
[m{Î`yeZ : [´XyfU
_{ßQ>{Z›g > : oZJm / Om{[mgZm
na[m∞qQ>J : ]XbUr
obpÏh®J flb±Q>≤g≤ : oOdßV dZÒ[Vr
AmoQ>©o\$oe`b flb±Q>≤g≤ : H•$oÃ_ \w$bPmS>{, H$mJXr \w$b{, flb∞pÒQ>H$ Hwß$S>Ám,
BÀ`mXr
6.4 gmamße
AmO¿`m dmT>À`m eharH$aUm_wi{, Am°⁄m{oJH$sH$aUm_wi{ AmoU dmT>À`m ‡XyfUm_wi{
ehadmgr` oZgJm©[mgyZ XwamdV Amh{V. oZgJm©Mm ghdmg, ‡XyfUmda _mV hr AmOMr
JaO Pmbr Amh{. hr JaO ^mJod `mgmR>r flb±Q> bm`]ár AmdÌ`H$ Amh{. flb±Q> bm`]árM{
oR>H$mU AmoU odÒVma h{ J´mhH$m¿`m gm{`rM{ Agb{ [mohO{. flb±Q> bm`]ár MmbH$mg
Vg{M flb±Q> bm`]ár¿`m J´mhH$mg, flb±Q> bm`]árMr oZJm gmß^mi `mgß]ßYr Wm{S>r\$ma
Var _mohVr Agmdr bmJV{. Vr [waodU{ _hŒdmM{ Amh{. flb±Q> bm`]ár hmVmiU{ - ]XbU{
gwQ>gwQ>rV d AmZßXXm`r Agmd{.

(1) AmO¿`m dmT>À`m ehamßVyZ flb±Q> bm`]árM{ _hŒd gmßJm.
(2) flb±Q> bm`]ár ÒWm[Z H$aVmZm H$m{UÀ`m ]m]r gmß^mimÏ`mV ?
(3) flb±Q> bm`]árM{ ‡H$ma gmßJm.
(4) flb±Q> bm`]árMr oZJm H$er amImdr ?
(1) flb±Q> bm`]árM{ oR>H$mU H$g{ Agmd{ ?
(2) flb±Q> bm`]árM{ _wª` ‡H$ma gmßJm.
(3) flb±Q> bm`]árM{ C[‡H$ma gmßJm.
(4) flb±Q> bm`]ár oZam{Jr H$er amImdr ?
(5) flb±Q> bm`m]ár hmVmiU{ ghO H$g{ H$aVm `{B©b ?
(6) flb±Q> bm`]ár ghdmg H$gm dmT>odVm `{B©b ?
(7) flb±Q> bm`]ár_‹`{ ododYVm H$m Agmdr ?
(8) flb±Q> bm`]ár_Yrb Z°goJ©H$ AmoU H•$oÃ_ `mßVrb ^{X gmßJm.
(1) flb±Q> bm`]árMr JaO H$m{Umg AoYH$ Amh{ ?
(A) J´m_rU bm{H$ (B) gwoeojV
(C) ‚b∞Q> oZdmgr (D) ]ßJb{ oZdmgr

(2) flb±Q> bm`]ár_Yrb PmS>mV H$m{UVr ]m] gmYbr Omdr ?
(A) gwgßJV[Um (B) EH$gmaI{[Um
(C) EH$oOZgr[Um (D) ododYVm
(3) flb±Q bm`]árM{ oR>H$mU H$m{R>{ Agmd{ ?
(A) _‹`dVu (B) _m{H$iÁm OmJr (C) gm{o`ÒH$a (D) Odi
(4) flb±Q> bm`]árg Am°fY \$dmaUr H$Yr AmdÌ`H$ AgV{ ?
(A) Xaam{O (B) R>amdrH$ AßVamZ{
(C) JaO{Zwgma (D) H$YrM Zmhr.
(5) flb±Q bm`]ár_‹`{ H$m{UÀ`m ‡H$ma¿`m dZÒ[Vr AgmÏ`mV ?
(A) oOdßV \w$bPmS>{> (B) H$mJXr \w$b{
(C) flbmpÒQ>H$Mr PmS>{ (D) gd© ‡H$ma
(6) flb±Q≤>g≤ - \w$bPmS>{ KamV H$m{R>{ R>{dmdrV ?
(A) Òd`ß[mH$Ka (B) oXdmUImUm
(C) Pm{[ `mMr Im{br (D) ÒZmZJ•h
(7) flb±Q bm`]árgmR>r H$m{UÀ`m ‡H$ma¿`m Hwß$S>Ám gm{`r¿`m R>aVmV ?
(A) og_|Q> (B) _mVr (C) flbmpÒQ>H$ (D) H$mM
(8) em{^m dmT>od `mgmR>r H$m{UVr ]m] bjmV ø`mdr ?
(A) _mßS>Ur (B) ]XbUr (C) Zmdr›` (D) gmM{]ßX[Um
(9) flb±Q bm`]ár_‹`{ - em{^{¿`m Hwß$S>ÁmV hm ‡H$ma
Agmdm.
(A) oZdSw>ßJ (B) ]m{Zgm` (C) Jwbm] (D) Am∞oH©$S>
(10) flb±Q bm`]ár_‹`{ \w$bPmS>mß¿`m ‡H$mamV H$emMm g_md{e Agmdm ?
(A) Jwbm] (B) _m{Jam (C) _amßQ>m (D) [m_
(11) flb±Q≤g≤ _mßS>Ur H$aVmZm Hw$R>Î`m ]m]rMm odMma H$amdm ?
(A) AßYma (B) CO{S> (C) D$Z (D) gmdbr
(12) flb±Q bm`]ár MmbodVmZm hm JwU C[`m{Jr [S>Vm{.
(A) ohe{]r[Um (B) VmßoÃH$ kmZ> (C) A]m{b[Um (D) AmdS>

KQ>H$ 7 : am{[dmoQ>H{$Vrb df©âmVrb oZodÓR>m d H$m_mßM{
oZ`m{OZ
AZwH´$_oUH$m
7.1 ‡mÒVmodH$
7.2 odf`-odd{MZ
7.2.1 am{[dmoQ>H{$V oZodÓR>mßMr JaO
7.2.2 am{[dmoQ>H{$gmR>r bmJUmË`m ododY oZodÓR>m
7.2.3 oZodÓR>m AmoU H$m_mßM{ oZ`m{OZ
7.4 gmamße
7.1 ‡mÒVmodH$
am{[dmoQ>H{$V H$b_m-am{[mßM{ H$m_ VrZ WamßVyZ MmbV{. EH$ Wa qH$dm ÒVa ÂhUO{
am{[{-H$b_{ V`ma H$aU{, Xwgam ÒVa ÂhUO{ am{[m-H$b_mßMr odH´$s. h{ ÒVa EH$_{H$mßer
oZJoS>V AmoU EH$_{H$mßda Adbß]yZ amhVmV. hr gd© `ßÃUm ÂhUO{ am{[dmoQ>H{$Mm
Aod^m¡` ^mJM AgVm{ AmoU hr `ßÃUm Ï`dpÒWV Mmb `mgmR>r oZaoZamiÁm oZodÓR>mßMr
AmoU _ZwÓ`]imMr JaO AgV{.
`m KQ>H$mMm A‰`mgmZßVa Am[Î`mcm -
am{[dmoQ>H{$V cmJUmË`m ododY oZod>mßMr _mohVr hm{B©c.
oZod>m d H$m_mß¿`m oZ`m{OZm]‘c _mohVr o_i{c.
7.2 odf`-odd{MZ
7.2.1 am{[dmoQ>H{$V oZodÓR>mßMr JaO
am{ [ dmoQ> H { $ V _w ª ` H$m_ AmoU h{ V y ododY H$b_{ - am{ [ { H$a `mMm AgVm{
AmoU h{ H$m_ VrZ WamßV AWdm VrZ ÒVamßda MmbV{. EH$ ÒVa ÂhUO{ am{[{-H$b_{
V`ma H$aU{ hm hm{`. Xwgam ÒVa ÂhUO{ V`ma H{$b{Î`m H$b_m-am{[mßMr odH´$s hm{B©[`™V
Om{[mgZm H$aU{ hm hm{` AmoU oVgam ÒVa ÂhUO{ H$b_m-am{[mßMr odH´$s H$aU{ hm hm{`. h{
VrZhr ÒVa H$m_m¿`m gm{`rgmR>r _mZb{ Amh{V, V{ EH$_{H$mß[mgyZ AbJ H$aVm `{V ZmhrV.
EHy$U H$m_mßMm [naUm_, am{[dmoQ>H{$M{ H$m`© AmoU \$m`Xm-Vm{Q>m Wm{S>∑`mV, am{[dmoQ>H{$M{
dV©_mZ AmoU ôdÓ` h{ `m oZodÓR>mßdaM Adbß]yZ AgV{.
7.2.2 am{[dmoQ>H{$gmR>r bmJUmË`m ododY oZodÓR>m

am{ [ dmoQ> H { $ V ¡`m oZodÓR> m (BZ[w Q > ≤ g ) JaO{ ¿ `m AgVmV, À`mß M r dJ© d mar
[wT>rb‡_mU{ :
(A) dÒVy, AdOma{, BÀ`mXr
(1) hÀ`ma{ - AdOma{
(2) ^mßS>r-Hwß$S>r
(3) IV{
(4) _m‹`_{
(5) Am°fY{, agm`Z{, gßOrdH{$
(6) ]r-o]`mU{, IwßQ>, H$b_H$mßS>Ám
(7) ÒQ>{eZar
(8) od⁄wVgß]ßYr `ßÃ{
(9) oH$aH$m{i (o_ogocoZ`g)
(10) e{S>g≤, na[{Ag©, _{ßQ>{Z›g, BÀ`mXr.

(Am)_ZwÓ`]i
(1) AHw$eb H$m_Jma
(2) AY©Hw$eb H$m_Jma
(3) Hw$eb H$m_Jma
(4) [`©d{jH$
(5) ÒQ>m{Ag© - [aM{g{g - odH´{$Vm - EOßQ>, BÀ`mXr.
(6) Ï`dÒWm[H$
7.2.3 oZodÓR>m AmoU H$m_mßM{ oZ`m{OZ
am{[dmoQ>H$m Ï`dpÒWV AmoU oH$\$m`Vera hm{ `mgmR>r d{Jd{JiÁm oZodÓR>>m AmoU
_ZwÓ`]i `mßMr gmßJS> KmbVm Ambr [mohO{. am{[dmoQ>H{$V ¡`m VrZ ÒVamßda H$m_{ MmbVmV
- ÂhUO{ H$b_{-am{[{ V`ma H$aU{, H$b_m-am{[mßMr Om{[mgZm H$aU{ AmoU V`ma H$b_m-
am{[mßMr odH´$s H$aU{ - À`mßMm odMma H$aU{ JaO{M{ AgV{. `mgmR>r ‡W_ am{[dmoQ>H{$M{
Co‘ÓQ> R>aodb{b{ [mohO{. H$m{UÀ`m ‡H$maMr, oH$Vr H$b_{-am{[{ H$Yr odH$m`Mr Amh{V,
H$b_{-am{[{ Om{[mg `mg oH$Vr H$mbmdYr bmJ{b h{ oZpÌMV H$aVm `{V ZmhrV; V{
EH$_{H$mßda Adbß]yZ AmoU EH$_{H$mßg [yaH$ AgVmV. ‡À`{H$ ÒVamda d{Jd{JiÁm ‡H$ma¿`m
oZodÓR>m AmoU _ZwÓ`]i `mßMr JaO AgV{. oZod>m AmoU _ZwÓ`]i `m \$ma _hŒdm¿`m
]m]r Amh{V. EH$_{H$mßMm [wa{[ya dm[a hm EH$_{H$mßer oZJoS>V AgVm{. H$maIm›`mgmR>r
Ogm H$Ém _mb bmJVm{, VgmM H$Ém _mb am{[dmoQ>H{$V H$b_{-am{[{ V`ma H$a `mgmR>r
bmJVm{. `m H$¿¿`m _mbmV AZ{H$ ]m]r g_modÓQ> AgVmV. `m oZodÓR>m d{i{da C[b„Y
hm{U{hr oVVH{$M _hŒdmM{ AgV{. À`mßMr JwUdŒmmhr R>amdrH$ Agmdr bmJV{. h{ gd© ZrQ>
O_b{, oZodÓR>mßMm dm[a [wa{[ya Pmbm VaM Vr am{[dmoQ>H$m èÒdr hm{V{. AZ{H$ d{im
gmohÀ` Zmhr qH$dm gmYZ{ A[war [S>br ÂhUyZ _ZwÓ`]i dm`m OmV{ Va H$mhr d{im
gmYZgm_J´r [wa{er AgV{ [U _ZwÓ`]i H$_r [S>V{. oZodÓR>mß‡_mU{ _ZwÓ`]i [wadm`M{
H$s C[b„Y _ZwÓ`]imMm dm[a hm{B©b BV∑`m oZodÓR>m [wadm`¿`m, h{ H$m_ O]m]XmarM{
Va Amh{M; [U À`mVrb g_›d` gmYU{ h{ H$m°eÎ`mM{ H$m_ Amh{.
df©âm¿`m qH$dm hßJm_mgmR>r oZodÓR>mßMr JaO oH$Vr Amh{, odH´$s hm{ `mgmR>r oH$Vr
H$b_{-am{[{ H$amdr bmJVrb `m ‡À`{H$mMm H$mbmdYr, À`mg bmJUmË`m oZodÓR>m AmoU
_ZwÓ`]i `mßMm odMma H$Í$Z oZ`m{OZ H$amd{ bmJV{. `m_‹`{ Xm{Z ‡H$ma Amh{V. EH$
ÂhUO{ H$_rV H$_r oZodÓR>m dm[Í$Z hm{Vrb oVVH$s H$b_{ H$aU{ AmoU Xwgam ÂhUO{
Co‘ÓQ> R>adyZ À`m‡_mU{ oZodÓR>mßMr ]{J_r H$aU{. CXmhaUmW©, Am[Umg 10,000 hm[yg
Amß„`mßMr H$b_{, OyZ 2002 `m _oh›`mV odH´$sgmR>r V`ma H$am`Mr AgVrb Va À`mM{
oZ`m{OZ Ag{ H$aVm `{B©b.
(1) IwßQ> V`ma H$aU{ : 20,000 H$m{`r cmdU{..... _{-OyZ 2001 (2 _ohZ{)
(2) IwßQ>mda H$b_{ ]mßYU{.... Owb°-Am∞JÒQ> 2001 (2 _ohZ{)
(3) H$b_{ Om{[mgU{..... gflQ>|]a 2001 V{ _{ 2002 (9 _ohZ{)
(4) H$b_mßMr odH´$s H$aU{.....OyZ 2002 (1 _ohZm)
bmJUmË`m oZodÓR>m : IwßQ>mgmR>r ]mR>{ (H$m{`r), [m∞ocWrZ o[eÏ`m, IV_mVr,
]waerZmeH{$, H$b_H$mS>Ám, MmHy$, [m∞ocWrZ Q>{[, em{qS>J Z{Q>≤g≤ bmJUma{ _ZwÓ`]i,
dÒVy o_iodU{, Ia{Xr H$aU{ - [M}ga - ÒQ>m{AaH$s[a; H$b_{ H$a `mgmR>r Hw$eb _mir,
oZJm amI `mgmR>r AY©Hw$eb H$m_Jma AmoU V`ma H$b_mßMr odH´$s H$a `mgmR>r odH´{$Vm,
EOßQ>, _‹`ÒW, BÀ`mXtMr JaO bmJV{.
`m‡_mU{ Am[Umg oH$Vr H$mbmdYrV oH$Vr H$b_{-am{[{ V`ma H$am`Mr Amh{V, h{
R>admd{ bmJV{. V`ma H{$b{br gd© H$b_{ oZ`m{oOV d{i{V odH$br J{br [mohO{V qH$dm
O{{dT>r H$b_{ ¡`m d{i{g odH$m`Mr Amh{V, À`m d{i{g Vr V`ma [mohO{V. `mß[°H$s Xm{›hr
gyÃ{ dm[aVm `{Vrb. À`mßM{ oZ`m{OZ hd{. oZodÓR>m - _ZwÓ`]i AmoU d{i `mßMm g_›d`
gmYbm J{bm [mohO{.

BZ[wQ>≤g≤ : oZodÓR>m
[aM{g{g : Ia{Xr

g{b > : odH´$s
_∞Z[m∞da : _ZwÓ`]i
flb∞qZJ : oZ`m{OZ
b{]a : _Oya
_∞Z{Oa : Ï`dÒWm[H$
gw[adm`Pa : _wH$mX_
7.4 gmamße
am{ [ dmoQ> H $m Ï`dpÒWV AmoU oH$\$m`Vera hm{ `mgmR> r d{ J d{ J iÁm
oZodÓR>mßMr JaO ^mgV{. dÒVy-gmohÀ` Vg{M _ZwÓ`]i `mßMm df©âm¿`m H$m_mer
Vg{M R>aodb{Î`m Co‘ÓQ>mgmR>r _{i ]godbm [mohO{. oZodÓR>mßMr VaVyX d{i{da
AmoU JaO{ ‡ _mU{ Pmbr [mohO{ . H$b_{ - am{ [ { V`ma H$aU{ , H$b_m-am{ [ mß M r
Om{ [ mgZm H$aU{ AmoU H$b_m-am{ [ mß M r oZ`m{ o OV d{ i r odH´ $ s H$aU{ , `m VrZ
ÒVamßda am{[dmoQ>H{$Mr H$m_{ MmbVmV. `m VrZ H$m_mßgß]ßYr¿`m oZodÓR>m odMmamV
K{VÎ`m [mohO{V.
am{[dmoQ>H{$gmR>r gw_ma{ 10 ‡H$ma¿`m oZodÓR>m Va 6 ‡H$maM{ _ZwÓ`]i `mßMr JaO
AgV{. oH$_mZ oZodÓR>m dm[Í$Z H$_mb H$m`©[yVu H$a `mM{ H$m°eÎ` AgU{ C[`w∑V
AmoU \$m`⁄mM{ R>aV{.

(1) am{[dmoQ>H{$V oZodÓR>mßMr JaO H$m AgV{ ?
(2) am{[dmoQ>H{$V d{Jd{JiÁm H$m{UH$m{UÀ`m oZodÓR>mßMr JaO ^mgV{ ?
(3) d{Jd{JiÁm oZodÓR>m AmoU _ZwÓ`]i `mßMr gmßJS> H$er Kmbmdr ?
(4) am{[dmoQ>H{$V oÃÒVar` H$m_{ AmoU oZodÓR>m `mßM{ oZ`m{OZ H$g{ H$amb ?
(1) am{[dmoQ>H{$Vrb [ohÎ`m ÒVamgmR>r H$m{UÀ`m oZodÓR>m bmJVmV ?
(2) H$b_m-am{[mßMr Om{[mgZm H$a `mgmR>r H$m{UÀ`m oZodÓR>m hÏ`mV ?
(3) H$b_m-am{[mßMr odH´$s H$a `mgmR>r H$m{UÀ`m oZodÓR>m hÏ`mV ?
(4) am{[dmoQ>H{$Vrb ododY _ZwÓ`]imMr H$m{UVr JaO ^mgV{ ?
(5) H$b_{-am{[{ V`ma H$a `mgmR>r AmdÌ`H$ _ZwÓ`]i AmoU AmdÌ`H$ oZodÓR>m
gmßJm.
(6) H$b_m-am{[mßMr Om{[mgZm H$aVmZm H$m{UÀ`m ‡H$maM{ _ZwÓ`]i hd{ AgV{ ?
(7) H$b_m-am{ [ mß M r odH´ $ s AmoU H$b_{ - am{ [ { ]ZodU{ `mV _{ i H$gm
Kmbmdm ?
(8) Xhm hOma hm[yg H$b_{ H$a `mgmR>r bmJUmË`m oZodÓR>mßMr `mXr gmßJm.
(1) am{[dmoQ>H{$V oH$Vr ÒVamßdarb H$m_mgmR>r oZodÓR>mßMr JaO ^mgV{ ?
(A) 3 (B) 5 (C) 7 (D) 9
(2) am{[dmoQ>H{$V oZodÓR>mßM{ _wª` ‡H$ma oH$Vr ?
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5
(3) am{[dmoQ>H{$V gmohÀ`, AdOma{ `mßgß]ßYr oH$Vr ‡H$ma¿`m oZodÓR>m AgVmV ?
(A) 5 (B) 8 (C) 10 (D) 12
(4) am{[dmoQ>H{$V _ZwÓ`]imM{ ‡H$ma hd{ AgVmV.
(A) 3 (B) 6 (C) 9 (D) 12
(5) am{[dmoQ>H{$V H$b_{-am{[{ H$a `mgmR>r ‡H$maM{ _ZwÓ`]i
bmJV{.
(A) Hw$eb (B) AY©Hw$eb (C) AHw$eb (D) oeojV
(6) d{i{da H$m_{ hm{ `mgmR>r oZodÓR>m H$Yr C[b„Y hÏ`mV ?
(A) d{i{da (B) CoeamZ{ (C) AJm{Xa (D) JaO{[´_mU{
(7) am{[dmoQ>H{$V H$m{UÀ`m oZodÓR>>m daM{da bmJVmV ?
(A) IV{ (B) hÀ`ma{ (C) AdOma{$ (D) `ßÃ{
(8) am{[dmoQ>H{$V H$m{UÀ`m oZodÓR>mßZm XwÈÒVrMr JaO ^mgV{ ?
(A) IV{ (B) Am°fY{ (C) _m‹`_{ (D) AdOma{
(9) Amß„`mMr 10,000 H$b_{ odH´$sg V`ma H$a `mgmR>r oH$Vr ]mR>ÁmßMr
oZodÓR>m bmJ{b ?
(A) 10,000 (B) 9,000 (C) 12,000 (D) 20,000
(10) am{[dmoQ>H{$V oZodÓR>m AmoU _ZwÓ`]i `mßMm gß]ßY H$gm Agmdm ?
(A) odf_ (B) oZH$Q>Mm (C) AßXmO{ (D) VmÀ[waVm
(11) am{[dmoQ>H{$V oZodÓR>mßMr ]{J_r H$Yr H$amdr ?
(A) df©â AJm{Xa (B) JaO{[ydu _ohZmâ>
(C) E{Z d{ir (D) O_{b V{Ïhm
(12) am{ [ dmoQ> H { $ V AmdÌ`H$ AgUmË`m oH$Vr oZodÓR> m _hŒdm¿`m
Amh{V ?
(A) gd© (B) H$mhr> (C) _m{O∑`m (D) e∑` V{dT>Ám

KQ>H$ 8 : am{[dmoQ>H{$Vrb IMm©M{ AßXmO[ÃH$ d AmoW©H$
oZ`m{OZ
AZwH´$_oUH$m
8.1 ‡mÒVmodH$
8.2 odf`-odd{MZ
8.2.1 am{[dmoQ>H{$V IMm©¿`m AßXmO[ÃH$mMr JaO
8.2.2 am{[dmoQ>H{$V gmohÀ`mM{ oZ`m{OZ
8.2.3 am{[dmoQ>H{$V H$m_mM{ oZ`m{OZ
8.2.4 am{[dmoQ>H{$V _ZwÓ`]i dm[amM{ oZ`m{OZ
8.2.5 am{[dmoQ>H{$V AmoW©H$ oZ`m{OZ
8.4 gmamße
8.1 ‡mÒVmodH$
am{[dmoQ>>H$m Oa AmoW©H$—ÓQ>Ám gj_ H$amd`mMr Ag{b Va IMm©M{ AmoU
CÀ[›ZmM{ Aß X mO[ÃH$ V`ma H$aU{ JaO{ M { Amh{ . Aß X mO[ÃH$ AmoU H$m_mM{
oZ`m{OZ Zg{b Va am{[dmoQ>H$m H$Yrhr èÒdr hm{Uma Zmhr. h{ oZ`m{OZ H$aVmZm H$m{UÀ`m
]m]rda oH$Vr IM© H$am`Mm Amh{, h{ ‡W_ [mhmd{ d V{dT>r AmoW©H$ VaVyX H$amdr.
am{[dmoQ>H{$gmR>r O{ AmdÌ`H$ gmohÀ` bmJV{ AmoU AmdÌ`H$ V{dT>{ _ZwÓ`]i bmJV{,
`mßMmhr _{i ]gdmdm. hm _{i ]gbm VaM IMm©M{ oZ`m{OZ ]am{]a R>aV{.
am{[dmoQ>H{$Vrc IMm©¿`m AßXmO[ÃH$mMr JaO H$i{c.
am{[dmoQ>H{$Vrc gmohÀ`mM{ d H$m_mM{ oZ`m{OZ Vg{M AmoW©H$ oZ`m{OZ
`mß]‘c _mohVr o_i{c.
8.2 odf`-odd{MZ
8.2.1 am{[dmoQ>H{$V IMm©¿`m AßXmO[ÃH$mMr JaO
H$m{UVmhr Ï`dgm` ÂhQ>bm H$s, À`mV IM© AmoU O_m `mßMm ohe{] hm R>{dmdmM
bmJVm{. AZ{H$Xm `{Uma{ CÀ[›Z, hm{Umar O_m hr ]{âdemMr AgV{; [U H$amdm bmJUmam
IM© _mÃ oZpÌMVM AgVm{. BVH{$M ZÏh{ Va AJm{Xa IM© H$amdm bmJVm{ d _J H$mhr
H$mimZßVa O_m - AmdH$ gwÍ$ hm{V{. IMm©Mm ohe{] R>{dbm Zmhr Va `{Umar O_m a∑H$_
hr \$m`⁄mMr Amh{ H$s Vm{Q>ÁmMr Amh{ h{ g_OUma Zmhr. `moedm` IMm©Mm AßXmO
K{Vbm Va E{Z d{ir - AZmdÌ`H$ IM©hr Q>miVm `{Vm{. AZ{H$ d{im O_{Mr ]mOy AoZpÌMV
AgV{ AmoU À`mda Am[br h˛Hy$_Vhr H$_r ‡_mUmV MmbV{. H$m{UÀ`m ]m]rda IM©
H$gm hm{Vm{ d À`mda oZ`ßÃU H$g{ R>{dmd{, h{gw’m AßXmO[ÃH$mdÍ$Z g_OV{. `mgmR>r
‡À`{H$ am{[dmoQ>H{$V Ag{ IMm©M{ AßXmO[ÃH$ V`ma H$aU{ JaO{M{ Amh{.
8.2.2 am{[dmoQ>H{$V gmohÀ`mM{ oZ`m{OZ
am{[dmoQ>H{$V H$m{UV{ gmohÀ` Ia{Xr H$amd`mM{ `mM{hr oZ`m{OZ hd{. À`mgmR>r
AÀ`mdÌ`H$, AmdÌ`H$ AmoU AZmdÌ`H$ `m JQ>mß_‹`{ gmohÀ`mMr od^mJUr H$aU{
AmdÌ`H$ R>aV{. H$m{UV{ gmohÀ` H$_r d{im dm[ab{ OmV{ d H$m{UV{ gmohÀ` dmaßdma
dm[ab{ OmV{ `mdÍ$Z AJ´H´$_ (‡m`m∞naQ>r) R>aodVm Ambr [mohO{. ÒdÒV o_iV{ ÂhUyZ
AZmdÌ`H$ gmohÀ` Ia{Xr H$Í$ Z`{, [wT>{ bmJ{b Ag{ _mZyZ Ia{Xr H$aU{hr ZwH$gmZrM{
R>aV{. Vg{M gmohÀÌa{Xr H$m_mMm CaH$ dmT>{b, _OwamßMr j_Vm dmT>{b AerM Agmdr.
AZ{H$Xm bhmZ, H$_r hm∞g©[m∞daMm Q≠>∞∑Q>a `m{Ω` AgVm{; [U Ia{Xr _mÃ _m{R>Ám Q≠>∞∑Q>aMr
H{$br OmV{. Ag{M Bb{p∑Q≠>H$ _m{Q>ma d [ß[m¿`m ]m]VrVhr KS>V{. 3 EM.[r.Mr JaO
AgV{; [U _m{Q>ma _mÃ 5 EM.[r.Mr ]godbr OmV{. _J [ß[-[mB©[ h{gw’m À`m‡_mU{
]gdmd{ bmJVmV. `mV XyaXeu[Umhr ZgVm{ AmoU Ï`mdhmnaH$[Umhr ZgVm{. O{ gmohÀ`
K{Vb{ OmV{ À`mMm dm[a H$a `mM{ H$g] Agb{b{ _ZwÓ`]ihr C[b„Y Pmb{ [mohO{.
A›`Wm gmohÀ` Z dm[aVm Iam] hm{B©b. O{ Am[Î`m _OwamßZm/_mUgmßZm dm[aVm `{B©b,
hmVmiVm `{B©b Ag{M gmohÀ` Agmd{ qH$dm H$mhr d{Ji{[U Ag{b Va V{ AJm{Xa OmUyZ
K{D$Z _OwamßZm g_OmdyZ gmßoJVb{ [mohO{.
8.2.3 am{[dmoQ>H{$V H$m_mM{ oZ`m{OZ
am{[dmoQ>H{$V ‡m_wª`mZ{ VrZ ÒVamßda H$m_{ H{$br OmVmV. EH$ ÂhUO{ H$b_{-am{[{
V`ma H$aU{, Xwgam ÂhUO{ H$b_m-am{[mßMr Om{[mgZm H$aU{ AmoU oVgam ÂhUO{ H$b_m-
am{[mßMr odH´$s H$aU{. `m ‡À`{H$mV AZ{H$ ‡H$maMr H$m_{ AgVmV. `m H$m_mV gwgßJV[Um
Va AgbmM [mohO{, À`moedm` ‡À`{H$ H$m_mMm H´$_hr amIbm J{bm [mohO{. A›`Wm
H$mhr H$m_mßMr JwUdŒmm H$_r hm{V{, H$mhr H$m_{ [yU© H$a `mM{ amhˇZ OmV{ Va H$mhr H$m_{
[aV [aV hm{VmV.
`m_wi{ H$b_m-am{[mßMr JwUdŒmm T>mgiV{. À`mV AZ{H$Xm CoUdm amhˇZ OmVmV.
H$b_mßM{ hmS>©qZJ H$aU{, H$b_mßda d{i{V gmdbr H$aU{, IwßQ>mdarb AZmdÌ`H$ \w$Q>r
H$mT>U{ Aer AZ{H$ H$m_{ Amh{V H$s hr H$m_ Z H{$Î`m_wi{, CoeamZ{ H{$Î`m_wi{, AY©dQ>
AWdm A`m{Ω` naVrZ{ H{$Î`m_wi{ dada [mhVm ZwH$gmZ g_OyZ `{V Zmhr; [U gwÈdmVrbm
ZwH$gmZ H$iV Zmhr AmoU _J CoeamZ{ À`mV gwYmaUm H$aU{ e∑` hm{V Zmhr. Pmb{b{
ZwH$gmZ ^Í$Z H$mT>Vm `{V Zmhr. H$mhr H$m_{ H{$di oZ`m{OZmV Yabr Amh{V ÂhUyZ H{$br
OmVmV. CXmhaUmW©, [mUr X{U{. [mdgmiÁmV [mD$g AoZò_V [S>Vm{. O{Ïhm [mD$g
[S>Vm{ V{Ïhm daM{ [mUr X{ `mMr JaO ZgV{. Aem d{ir H{$di oZ`m{OZmV Amh{ ÂhUyZ
[mUr X{ `mM{ H$m_ H$Í$ Z`{, CbQ>[jr oZ`m{OZmV Zgb{b{, [m `mMm oZMam H$a `mM{,
¡`mXm [mUr ]mh{a H$mT> `mM{ H$m_ H$amd{.
8.2.4 am{[dmoQ>H{$V _ZwÓ`]i dm[amM{ oZ`m{OZ
am{[dmoQ>H{$V VrZ ÒVamßda VrZhr hßJm_mßV H$m_{ Mmby AgVmV. À`mVÎ`m À`mV
[mdgmiÁmV OmÒV H$m_{ AgVmV, H$m_mMm Y]mS>H$m dmT>Vm{. H$maU H$b_{-am{[{ V`ma
H$aU{ AmoU V`ma H$b_m-am{[mßMr odH´$s H$aU{ hr H$m_{ À`mM d{ir AoYH$ AgVmV.
Aem d{ir _OwamßMr JaO dmT>V{. Z{_H{$M _Oya H$m_mda AgVrb Va Xm{›hr H$m_{ H$_r
‡_mUmV hm{VmV. CXmhaUmW©, Xm] H$b_{ H$a `mM{ H$m_ 5 _mir H$arV Amh{V, À`mM
d{ir H$b_m-am{[mßMr odH´$s H$Í$Z bm{qS>J, [∞qH$®J H$aU{ ^mJ [S>V{. À`mgmR>r d{Ji{ _Oya
C[b„Y ZgVrb Va BVa H$m_{ H$aUma{ ÂhUO{ Iwa[Ur H$aUma{, \w$Q>r _maUma{ _Oya `m
H$m_mgmR>r dm[amd{V; [U _miÁmM{ H$m_ Wmß]dyZ À`mßZm h{ H$m_ H$a `mg gmßJy Z`{.
`mMmM AW©, AHw$eb H$m_mgmR>r Hw$eb H$m_JmamßMm dm[a H$aU{ Q>mimd{.
H$m_mMm bm{S> dmT>bm qH$dm H$mhr H$maUmZ{ gm_moOH$, Z°goJ©H$ H$maUmZ{ H$m_mV
AS>Wim Amcm, H$m_mV ÃwQ>r amohbr, H$m_ H$_r Pmb{ Va À`mMr â[mB© À`mM oXder
AJa bJ{M XwgË`m oXder H$Í$Z K{Vbr [mohO{.
H$m{UÀ`mhr ‡H$ma¿`m _OwamßV H$mhr CoUdm Agy eH$VmV. EIm⁄m _OwamMr MyH$
bJ{M bjmV `{V Zmhr, BVamß]am{]a Vr CUrd PmH$br OmV{; [U À`m CoUd{M{ [naUm_
CoeamZ{ OmUdVmVM. CXmhaUmW©, Xhm _Oya H$b_{ ]Xb `mM{ H$m_ H$arV Amh{V d
À`mV EH$ _Oya o[edrV H$b_{ ZrQ> Xm]rV Zmhr Va À`mM{ [naUm_ Aer H$b_{ ZrQ> Z
dmT>U{, XJmdU{ Ag{ KSy> eH$V{. [U V{ À`m d{ir bjmV `{V Zmhr. ode{f H$Í$Z AßJmda
Z{_yZ oXb{Î`m H$m_mV AJa R>{H{$Xmamg Z{_yZ oXb{Î`m H$m_mV Aem CoUdm amh `mMr
e∑`Vm AoYH$ AgV{. H$_r _OwamßH$Sy>Z AoYH$ H$m_ H$Í$Z K{ `mMm ‡`ÀZ H$Í$ Z`{;
Vg{M OmÒV _OwamßH$Sy>Z H$_r H$m_ H$Í$Z K{D$ Z`{. _OwamßZm EH$Xm H$m_ gmßoJVb{ H$s V{
[yU© hm{B©[`™V À`mV ]Xb H$Í$ Z`{. H$m_mMr VÀ[aVm, JwUdŒmm dmT>{b `mgmR>r OÍ$a V{
‡`ÀZ H$amd{V. H$m_mMr d{i, odlmßVrMr d{i, O{dUmMr d{i, ]mOmamoZo_Œm gwQ>r `m gd©
]m]r bjmV K{D$Z _OwamßM{ oZ`m{OZ Agmd{. ^mßS>U{, H$bh, g]]r Aem ]m]r H$s
¡`m_wi{ H$m_mda od[arV [naUm_ gß^dVmV, À`m d{irM OmUyZ K{D$Z À`m Q>mi `mMm
‡`ÀZ H$amdm. H{$Ïhmhr EH{$ar Q>m{H$ JmRy> Z`{. hm{UmË`m [naUm_mg AJa ZwH$gmZrg _Owamg
100 Q>∑H{$ O]m]Xma YÍ$ Z`{.
8.2.5 am{[dmoQ>H{$V AmoW©H$ oZ`m{OZ
`m_‹`{ ‡m_wª`mZ{ EHy$U IMm©M{ oZ`m{OZ Agmd{. d{Jd{JiÁm oZodÓR>m AmoU _Oya
`mßdarb IMm©M{ oZ`m{OZ H$aVmZm, À`mV Vmi_{i Agmdm. gm_m›`[U{ oZodÓR>m AmoU
_Oya-H$m_Jma `mßdarb IMm©M{ ‡_mU 3:1 AWdm 2:1 Agmd{. H$m{UÀ`mhr [napÒWVrV
V{ 1:1 AJa À`m[{jm odf_ Agy Z`{. A›`Wm _m{R>m IM© \$∑V _OwamßdaM hm{B©b AmoU
[wT>rb Q>flfl`mV _OwamßZm H$_r H$m_ o_i{b, À`mßMr H$m_gy d•Œmr H$_r hm{B©b AmoU hiyhiy

am{[dmoQ>H{$M{ CÀ[mXZ KQy>Z Vr ]ßX H$amdr bmJ{b. AmoW©H$ oZ`m{OZ H$aVmZm V{ ZwgV{M
oZ`m{OZ Agy Z`{ Va Ver VaVyXhr H$aU{ JaO{M{ Amh{. oZodÓR>m Ia{Xr CYmarda, _OwamßMr
_Owar WH$sV Ag{ hm{D$ Z`{ qH$dm IVmgmR>rMr a∑H$_ Am°fY{ Ia{Xrg dm[aU{ qH$dm
o]`mU{ K{ `mE{dOr AmR>dS>ÁmMr _Owar ^mJodU{ Ag{ ‡H$ma dmaßdma KS>Uma ZmhrV
Aer XjVm ø`mdr.

[∞qH$J : H$b_m-am{[mßMr ]mßYUr
bm{qS>J : H$b_{-am{[{ Q≠>H$-Q>{Â[m{V MT>odU{
AZbm{qS>J > : H$b_{-a{[{, BVa gmohÀ` CVÍ$Z K{U{
EM.[r. : hm∞g©[m∞da - AÌde∑Vr
Bb{p∑Q≠>H$ _m{Q>a : od⁄wV [ß[ gßM
bm{S> : ^ma
dH©$bm{S> : H$m_mMm ^ma
Bb{p∑Q≠>H$b bm{S> : od⁄wV^ma
8.4 gmamße
am{[dmoQ>H{$V VrZ ‡H$maMr ÂhUO{ H$b_{-am{[{ V`ma H$aU{, H$b_m-am{[mßMr Om{[mgZm
H$aU{ AmoU H$b_m-am{[mßMr odH´$s H$aU{ hr H$m_{ df©â H$_rAoYH$ ‡_mUmV Mmby
AgVmV. H$mhr d{im H$m_mMm bm{S> dmT>Vm{ Va H$mhr d{im H$m_mV _ßXr AgV{. Aem
‡gßJr H$m_mM{, _OwamßM{, AmoW©H$ VaVwXtM{ oZ`m{OZ Zg{b Va EHy$U [naUm_ ZwH$gmZH$maH$
R>aVmV. `mgmR>r ‡À`{H$ ]m]rM{ oZ`m{OZ AmoU VaVyX Agmdr. EHy$U H$m`©H´$_mV VmR>a[Um
Zgmdm Va bdMrH$[Um Agmdm. EHy$U IMm©da oZ`ßÃU Agmd{. À`mM]am{]a d{Jd{JiÁm
]m]tdarb IMm©Vhr VmaVÂ` AmoU _{i Agmdm. BVa oZodÓR>mßdarb IM© _Owar IMm©[{jm
H$_r Agmdm A›`Wm Vr am{[dmoQ>H$m ZwH$gmZrMr R>a{b, `mMr [yU© H$Î[Zm Agmdr.
(1) am{[dmoQ>H{$Vrb IMm©¿`m AßXmO[ÃH$mMr JaO gmßJm.
(2) am{ [ dmoQ> H { $ gmR> r bmJUmË`m gmohÀ`-gm_J´ r Mr VaVy X H$er
H$amdr
(3) am{[dmoQ>H{$V d{Jd{JiÁm H$m_mßM{ oZ`m{OZ H$g{ H$amd{ ?
(4) am{[dmoQ>H{$V _ZwÓ`]imMm dm[a H$gm H$amdm ?
(1) am{[dmoQ>H{$V IMm©¿`m ‡_wI ]m]r gmßJm.
(2) am{[dmoQ>H{$V gmohÀ`-gm_J´r AmoU _ZwÓ`]i `mßdarb IMm©M{ ‡_mU H$g{
Agmd{ ?
(3) H$m_mßM{ oZ`m{OZ AmoU Aß_b]OmdUr H$aVmZm H$m{UÀ`m ]m]rßH$S>{ AoYH$
bj ⁄md{ ?
(4) EImX{ H$m_ _‹`{M gm{Sy>Z X{ `mM{ H$m Q>mimd{ ?
(5) am{ [ dmoQ> H { $ V _Ow a mß H $adr H$m_{ H$Í$Z K{ V mZm H$m{ U Vr H$miOr
ø`mdr ?
(6) H$m_ AmoU _Owar `mßV gßVwbZ H$g{ gmYmd{ ?
(7) [mdgmiÁmV H$m_mda AmoU _Owamßda VmU H$m [S>Vm{ ?
(8) oZ`m{OZ Amh{ [U VaVyX Zmhr Va H$m` [naUm_ hm{B©b ?
(1) am{[dmoQ>H{$gmR>r H$m_mM{ oZ`m{OZ H$Yr H$amd{ ?
(A) H$m_{ gwÍ$ H$a `m[ydu (B) H$m_{ gwÍ$ PmÎ`mZßVa
(C) H$m_{ [yU© hm{V AmÎ`mZßVa (D) H$m_{ [yU© PmÎ`mZßVa
(2) am{ [dmoQ> H { $ V gmYZ-gm_J´r AmoU _Owar `mß¿`m IMm©M{ ‡_mU H$g{
Agmd{ ?
(A) 3:1 (B) 1:3 (C) 4:1 (D) 1:4
(3) am{[dmoQ>H{$V _Oya AmoU gmYZ-gm_J´r `mßMm dm[a `m
H$mimV AoYH$ AgVm{.
(A) C›hmim (B) [mdgmim (C) ohdmim (D) Z{h_r
(4) am{[dmoQ>H{$Vrb IM© hm H$em ÒdÍ$[mMm AgVm{ ?
(A) AoZdm`© (B) gdS>rAßVr (C) E{p¿N>H$ (D) AZmdÌ`H$
(5) am{[dmoQ>H{$M{ AßXmO[ÃH$ H$g{ Zgmd{ ?
(A) AdmOdr (B) H$mQ>{H$m{a (C) _m{OH{$ (D) dmÒVd
(6) am{[dmoQ>H{$V `m H$mimV H$_rV H$_r oZodÓR>m dm[aÎ`m
OmVmV.
(A) [mdgmim (B) C›hmim (C) ohdmim (D) XwÓH$mi
(7) gmYZgm_J´r[{jm _Owardarb IM© AoYH$ hm{U{ ÂhUO{M
hm{`.
(A) \$m`Xm (B) Vm{Q>m (C) ZwH$gmZ (D) ââmQ>
(8) IMm©¿`m AßXmO[ÃH$mV ]Xb H$a `mg haH$V ZgV{.
(A) dmaßdma (B) H$Yrhr Zmhr
(C) d{i‡gßJr (D) \$∑V Xm{Z d{im
(9) am{[dmoQ>H{$Vrb AßXmO[ÃH$m‡_mU{ H$m_{ H$aU{ OmV{.
(A) AdKS> (B) gm{[{ (C) H$Q>H$Q>rM{ (D) oXemhrZ
(10) am{[dmoQ>H{$gmR>r AßXmO[ÃH$ H$a `mM{ H$m_ H$m{UmM{ ?
(A) _mir (B) _wH$mX_ (C) Ï`dÒWm[H$ (D) R>{H{$Xma
(11) am{[dmoQ>H{$Vrb H$m_{ AßXmO[ÃH$m‡_mU{ am]od `mMr O]m]Xmar
H$m{UmMr ?
(A) _wH$mX_ (B) Ï`dÒWm[H$> (C) _Oya (D) R>{H{$Xma
KQ>H$ 9 : emgZm¿`m am{[dmoQ>H$m odH$mg `m{OZm
AZwH´$_oUH$m
9.1 ‡mÒVmodH$
9.2 odf`-odd{MZ
9.2.1 C⁄mZ-\$bm{À[mXZ odH$mgmV am{[dmoQ>H{$M{ _hŒd
9.2.2 emgZm¿`m am{[dmoQ>H$m odH$mg `m{OZm
9.2.3 emgZm¿`m odH$mg `m{OZ{V e{VH$Ë`mßMm gh^mJ
9.4 gmamße
9.1 ‡mÒVmodH$
^maV hm H• $ of‡YmZ X{ e Amh{ . H• $ ofod^mJmVM C⁄mZod⁄m, \$bm{ À [mXZ
AmoU BVa gß ] ß o YV od^mJmß M m g_md{ e hm{ V m{ . H• $ ofodH$mg hm od^mJ am¡`
emgZm¿`m AIÀ`mnaV Agbm Var H$mhr ]m]r, gm{ ` r-gw o dYm `m H| $ –
gaH$maerhr gßbΩZ AmoU gß]ßoYV AgVmV. \$bm{À[mXZ AmoU C⁄mZod⁄m `mßV \$i{,
^mOr[mbm d \w$b{ `mß¿`m CÀ[mXZmer gß]ßY Amh{ AmoU `mgmR>r am{[dmoQ>H$m hm _hŒdmMm
KQ>H$ Amh{. gd©gm_m›` e{VH$Ë`mg O{ e∑` Zmhr qH$dm O{ AdKS> Amh{ qH$dm Vm{
V{ H$Í$ eH$V Zmhr, V{ gd© H$a `mgmR>r emgZ _XV H$aV{. À`mgmR>r oZaoZamiÁm
odH$mg `m{OZm am]odÎ`m OmVmV.
C⁄mZ d \$cm{À[mXZ odH$mgmV am{[dmoQ>H{$M{ _hŒd H$i{c.
emgZm¿`m ododY am{ [ dmoQ> H $m odH$mg `m{ O Zmß M r _mohVr o_i{ c .
emgZm¿`m am{[dmoQ>H$m odH$mg `m{OZ{VyZ cm^ o_idVm `{B©c.
9.2 odf`-odd{MZ
9.2.1 C⁄mZ-\$bm{À[mXZ odH$mgmV am{[dmoQ>H{$M{ _hŒd
EHy$U [rH$ CÀ[mXZmV \$i{, ^mOr[mbm, \w$bPmS>{, Am°fYr d gwJßYr dZÒ[Vr,
BÀ`mXr o[H$mßMm dmQ>m _m{R>m Amh{. `mVrb ]arM o[H{$ ]h˛dfm©`w Amh{V. Vg{M `mßVrb
AZ{H$ o[H$mßMr Ao^d•’r H$b_mZ{ H{$br OmV{. bmJdS>rgmR>r Or H$b_{ AmoU am{[{
dm[abr OmVmV, À`mßda À`m o[H$mßM{ [wT>rb CÀ[mXZ AmoU JwUdŒmm Adbß]yZ AgV{.
_hmamÓQ≠>mV gZ 1990-91 dfm©[mgyZ am{OJma h_r AßVJ©V \$i]mJ bmJdS> `m{OZm gwÍ$
Pmbr. BVa am¡`mßVhr `m `m{OZ{Mr gwÈdmV hm{V Amh{. `mVrb \$iPmS>mß¿`m bmJdS>rgmR>r
_m{R>Ám ‡_mUmV H$b_m-am{[mßMr JaO ^mgV{. hr JaO ^mJod `mgmR>r am{[dmoQ>H{$Mr
AmdÌ`H$Vm Amh{. AbrH$S>¿`m H$mimV Amß]m, S>mqi], X´mj, H$mOy, H∞$[ogH$_, H$mßXm,
Jwbm], A∞›Wwna`_, Oa]{am `mßMr oZ`m©V dmT>V Amh{. hr oZ`m©V H$aVmZm CÀ[mXZmMm
XOm©, À`mMr JwUdŒmm `mßZm \$maM _hŒd AgV{ AmoU h{ gmY `mgmR>r H$b_m-am{[mßMr
JwUdŒmm MmßJbr Agmdr bmJV{. Va am{[dmoQ>H$m Ï`dpÒWV, emÒÃew’ AgVrb VaM
À`m oR>H$mUr V`ma hm{Umar H$b_{-am{[{, OmoVdßV AmoU JwUdßV Aer oZ[OVrb AmoU
ÂhUyZM \$bm{À[mXZ AmoU C⁄mZod⁄m odH$mgmV am{[dmoQ>H{$M{ ÒWmZ _hŒdmM{ Amh{.
9.2.2 emgZm¿`m am{[dmoQ>H$m odH$mg `m{OZm

am¡` emgZm¿`m AmoU H|$– emgZm¿`m EHy$U C⁄mZ o[H{$ odH$mgmgmR>r, oZ`m©Vrg
MmbZm X{ `mgmR>r H$mhr `m{OZm Amh{V; À`mM]am{]a am¡` emgZm¿`mhr AZ{H$ `m{OZm
Amh{V. `m gd© ‡H$ma¿`m `m{OZm am¡`m¿`m H•$ofod^mJm_m\©$V am]odÎ`m OmVmV.
_hŒdm¿`m `m{OZmßgß]ßYrMr _mohVr [wT>{ oXbr Amh{ :
(1) \$i]mJm bmJdS>rgmR>r H$b_m-am{[mßMm [wadR>m H$a `mMr `m{OZm ï
_hmamÓQ≠> emgZmZ{ 90-91 gmbm[mgyZ am{OJma h_r `m{OZ{AßVJ©V \$i]mJm
bmJdS> r Mm H$m`© H ´ $ _ gw Í $ H{ $ bm. `m H$m`© H ´ $ _mß V J© V Z_y X H{ $ b{ Î `m

gd© \$io[H$mßMr H$b_{ / am{[{ emgZm¿`m, od⁄m[rR>mß¿`m, gßÒWmß¿`m
am{[dmoQ>H$mßH$Sy>Z AmoU _m›`Vm‡mflV am{[dmoQ>H$m YmaH$mH$Sy>Z emgH$s`
`ß Ã U{ _ m\© $ V, bm^mWu e{ V H$Ë`mg [admZm X{ D $Z C[b„Y H$Í$Z
X{ `mV `{VmV.
(2) am{[dmoQ>H{$VyZ H$b_m-am{[mßM{ CÀ[mXZ d dmQ>[ : \$i]mJm bmJdS>rgmR>r
CÀH•$ÓQ> AmoU OmoVdßV \$iPmS>mßMr H$b_{ / am{[{, e{VH$Ë`mßZm C[b„Y
H$Í$Z X{ `m¿`m —ÓQ>rZ{ H•$ofod^mJm_m\©$V emgZm¿`m 140 am{[dmoQ>H$mßVyZ
emgH$s` XamZ{ [waod `mV `{VmV.
(3) JmdR>r Amß]m, H$mOy, ]m{a, BÀ`mXr PmS>mßM{ gwYmnaV OmVrV Í$[mßVa
H$a `mMr `m{OZm : e{VH$Ë`mß¿`m e{VmV, ]mßYmda JmdR>r Amß„`mMr,
JmdR>r ]m{amMr Vg{M o]`mß[mgyZ dmiodb{br H$mOyMr PmS>{ AgVmV. `m[mgyZ
H$_r AmoU hb∑`m XOm©M{ CÀ[mXZ AoZò_V[U{ o_iV{. Aem PmS>mßM{
MmßJÎ`m OmVrV Í$[mßVa H$a `mMr hr `m{OZm Amh{. `m `m{OZ{V ‡À`{H$
Í$[mßVnaV PmS>mgmR>r R>amdrH$ AZwXmZ o_iV{.
(4) ImOJr j{ÃmV \$i am{[dmoQ>H$mßMr ÒWm[Zm H$aU{ : d°`p∑VH$ bm^mWu,
Zm|XUrH•$V ghH$mar gßÒWm, oZ_emgH$s` Vg{M ImOJr gßÒWm `mßZm `m
`m{OZ{Mm bm^ K{Vm `{Vm{. `m `m{OZ|VJ©V _m›`Vm‡mflV am{[dmoQ>H{$g 20
hOma È[`mß[`™V AZwXmZ oXb{ OmV{ d À`mßZm oH$_mZ 8 hOma H$b_mßMr
odH´$s H$a `mM{ Co‘ÓQ> oXb{ OmV{.
(5) Ow › `m \$i]mJmß M { [w Z ÈÇmrdZ : Amß ] m, [{ Í $, oMHy $ , BÀ`mXr
\$iPmS>mß¿`m]m]VrV PmS>{ OwZr PmÎ`m_wi{, À`mßMr `m{Ω` Vr oZJm amIbr
Z J{Î`m_wi{ CÀ[mXZ \$maM H$_r `{V{. Aem \$iPmS>mßM{ [wZÈÇmrdZ
(naOypÏhZ{eZ) H$a `mgmR>r AZwXmZ oXb{ OmV{.
(6) am{[dmoQ>H{$g oR>]H$ gßM ]god `mgmR>r AZwXmZ `m{OZm ï oR>]H$
[’VrMm ‡Mma - ‡gma hm{ `mgmR>r hr `m{OZm Amh{.
(7) hnaVJ•hm¿`m C^maUrgmR>r AZwXmZ `m{OZm : `m `m{OZ|VJ©V OrEM-
dZ, OrEM-Qy> AmoU OrEM-W´r ‡H$mamVrb hnaVJ•h{ - [m∞ochmD$g{g -
J´rZ hmD$g{g C^ma `mgmR>r AZwXmZ oXb{ OmV{.
(8) am{[dmoQ>H{$Vrb _mV•d•jmgmR>r (_Xa Q≠>r) flb∞pÒQ>H$M{ Am¿N>mXZ
(_pÎM®J) ï _pÎM®J H$a `mgmR>r AZwXmZ o_iy eH$V{.
(9) Am°fYr d gwJßYr dZÒ[Vr ï `mßMr H$b_{ / am{[{ / ]r CÀ[mXZ AmoU
dmQ>[ H$a `mgmR>r AZwXmZ o_iV{.
(10)∑bm{Zb flb±qQ>J _Q>{na`b¤mam j{Ã odÒVma `m{OZm : oZ`m©Vj_ XOm©¿`m
OmoVdßV H$b_mß¿`m bmJdS>r¤ma{ H$mOy j{Ã odÒVma `m KQ>H$mßVJ©V ZdrZ
j{Ã odÒVma, Ï`mflVr AmoU À`mßMr X{I^mb `mH$naVm AW©gmhmÊ` X{ `mV
`{V{.
(11)EH$mpÀ_H$ _gmbm o[H$mß¿`m odH$mgm¿`m `m{OZm : `m `m{OZ|VJ©V
H$mir o_ar, bdßJ, Amb{, hiX, BÀ`mXr o[H$mßM{ o]`mU{ V`ma H$Í$Z
dmQ>[ H$a `mgmR>r AZwXmZ oXb{ OmV{.
(12)R>amdrH$ ^mOr[mÎ`mM{ ]{U{-o]`mU{ [waod `mgmR>r : `m `m{OZm
H$m`©p›dV Amh{V.
9.2.3 emgZm¿`m odH$mg `m{OZ{V e{VH$Ë`mßMm gh^mJ
emgZmV\}$ am{[dmoQ>H$m AmoU \$bm{⁄mZ odH$mgm¿`m ¡`m `m{OZm am]odÎ`m OmVmV,
À`mßMm bm^ [wÓH$i ‡_mUmV K{Vbm OmVm{. `m gh^mJm_wi{ Xw]©b KQ>H$mßZm H$b_m-
am{[mßMm [wadR>m AZwXmZmda o_iy eH$Vm{. Vg{M ZdrZ am{[dmoQ>H$m ÒWm[Z H$a `mghr
‡m{ÀgmhZ o_iV{. am{[dmoQ>H{$g_d{V BVahr oZodÓR>mßMr JaO dmT>V{ d EHy$U odH$mgmbm
JVr o_iV{. Òd`ß-am{OJma dmT>Vm{. `mgß]ßYr AoYH$ _mohVr oOÎhm H•$of AYrjH$
`mßM{H$S>{ o_i{b.
`m `m{OZm am]odVmZm H$mhr ÃwQ>r OmUdVmV À`m Aem :
(1) am{[dmoQ>H{$gmR>r [admZm X{VmZm _mV•d•jmgß]ßYr H$mQ>{H$m{a[Um [mibm OmV
Zmhr.
(2) H$b_m-am{[mßM{ hmS>©qZJ Ï`dpÒWV H{$b{ OmV Zmhr.
(3) H$b_m-am{[mßMm d{i{da [wadR>m hm{V Zmhr.
(4) d{Jd{JiÁm \$iPmS>mßMr bmJdS>r_‹`{ gmßJS> KmVbr OmV Zmhr.
(5) bmJdS> CoeamZ{ hm{V{ d ZmßJ{ [S> `mM{ ‡_mU dmT>V{.
(6) AZwXmZ d{i{da o_iV Zmhr.
(7) oZodÓR>m AmoU bmJdS>rMr _mohVr d{i{da o_iV Zmhr.

ÒH$s_ : `m{OZm
am{h`m{ (B.Or.Eg.) : am{h`m{-am{OJma h_r `m{OZm
naOypÏhZ{eZ> : [wZÈÇmrdZ
hm∞oQ>©H$ÎMa : C⁄mZod⁄m
[m∞ochmD$g : J´rZhmD$g - hnaVJ•h
OrEM-dZ Q>mB©[ : hnaVJ•h ‡H$ma EH$
OrEM-Qy> Q>mB©[ : hnaVJ•h ‡H$ma Xm{Z
OrEM-W´r Q>mB©[> : hnaVJ•h ‡H$ma VrZ
_pÎM®J : Am¿N>mXZ
oS≠>[ : oR>]H$
_{oS>ogZb flb±Q> : Am°fYr dZÒ[Vr
A∞am{_∞oQ>H$ flb±Q> : gwJßYr dZÒ[Vr
Ò[m`g{g : _gmb{
9.4 gmamße
^maV hm H• $ of‡YmZ X{ e Amh{ . EHy $ U H• $ of-CÀ[mXZmV AZ{ H $ o[H$mß M m
g_md{e hm{Vm{. `mV \$i{, ^mOr[mbm, \w$b{, em{^{¿`m dZÒ[Vr, _gmÎ`mMr o[H{$,
Am°fYr d gwJßYr dZÒ[Vr `mß¿`m CÀ[mXZmMm _hŒdmMm dmQ>m Amh{. `mß[°H$s ]arM
CÀ[mXZ{ oZ`m© V hr hm{ V mV. EHy $ U \$bm{ ⁄ mZmMm odH$mg hm{ `mgmR> r H| $ – emgZ
AmoU am¡` emgZ ‡`ÀZerb AgVmV. \$bm{À[mXZ èÒdr hm{ `mV am{[dmoQ>H$mßMm
_hŒdmMm gh^mJ AgVm{. `mgß]ßYr odH$mg Ïhmdm ÂhUyZ AZ{H$ `m{OZm am]odÎ`m
OmVmV. `m_wi{ e{VH$Ë`mßV odH$mgmMr OmJ•Vr oZ_m©U hm{V{ AmoU Xw]©b KQ>H$hr
`m ‡dmhmV gm_rb hm{ V mV. `m{ O Zm am]odVmZm H$mhr AS> M Ur AWdm Ãw Q > r hr
OmUdVmV.

(1) \$bm{⁄mZ odH$mgmV am{[dmoQ>H{$M{ _hŒd gmßJm.
(2) am{[dmoQ>H$m odH$mgmgß]ßYr emgZm¿`m H$m{UÀ`m `m{OZm Amh{V ?
(3) emgZm¿`m odH$mg `m{ O Z{ V e{ V H$Ë`mß M m gh^mJ _hŒdmMm H$gm
Amh{ ?
(4) odH$mg `m{OZm am]dVmZm H$m{UÀ`m CoUdm dm ÃwQ>r OmUdVmV?
(1) \$bm{⁄mZ odf`mV H$m{UH$m{UÀ`m [rH$dJm™Mm g_md{e hm{Vm{ ?
(2) am{h`m{ ÂhUO{ H$m` ?
(3) am{[dmoQ>H{$gmR>r H$m{UÀ`m odH$mg `m{OZm C[`m{Jr [S>VmV ?
(4) am{[dmoQ>H{$gmR>r oR>]H$ [’V `m{OZm H$er C[`w∑V Amh{ ?
(5) H$mOy oZ`m©V dmT>od `mgmR>r H$m{UVr odH$mg `m{OZm Amh{ ?
(6) H$m{UÀ`m o[H$mgmR>r [wZÈÇmrdZ H$a `mgmR>r AZwXmZ o_iV{.
(7) JmdR>r PmS>mßM{ gwYmnaV dmUmV Í$[mßVa H$a `mgmR>r¿`m `m{OZmßMr _mohVr
gmßJm.
(8) _gmÎ`m¿`m H$m{UÀ`m o[H$mßMm odH$mg `m{OZ{V g_md{e H{$bm Amh{ ?
9.5.3. [wT>rb ‡ÌZmßMr CŒma{ À`mßImbrb [`m©`mß_YyZ oZdSy>Z obhm.
(1) _hmamÓQ≠>mV am{h`m{ `m dfu gwÍ$ Pmbr.
(A) 1990-91 (B) 1989-90
(C) 1991-92 (D) 1985-86
(2) H$_r CÀ[mXZ X{ U mË`m \$iPmS> m ß M { Í$[mß V a H$a `m¿`m `m{ O Z{ V
`m \$iPmS>mMm g_md{e Amh{.
(A) Amß]m (B) Zmai (C) qb]y (D) H{$ir
(3) oZ`m© V j_ CÀ[mXZ dmT> o d `mgmR> r [w Z ÈÇmrdZmMm H$m`© H ´ $ _
`m \$iPmS>mV am]odbm OmVm{.
(A) S>mqi] (B) H$mOy (C) gw[mar (D) gßÃm
(4) EH$mpÀ_H$ _gmbm o[H$mß¿`m odH$mg`m{OZ{V H$m{UÀ`m o[H$mMm g_md{e
Amh{ ?
(A) H$mir o_ar (B) d{bXm{S>m (C) gw[mar (D) oOa{
(5) d•j _gmbm o[H$mV H$m{UÀ`m o[H$mMm odH$mg `m{OZ{V g_md{e Amh{ ?
(A) o_ar (B) bdßJ (C) hiX (D) ehmoOa{
(6) am{OJma h_r `m{OZ|VJ©V \$i]mJ bmJdS>rV `m
o[H$mMm g_md{e H{$b{bm Zmhr.
(A) Amß]m (B) –mj{ (C) AßOra (D) grVm\$i
(7) am{[dmoQ>H$m odH$mg `m{OZ{V H$m{UÀ`m ‡H$maMm e{VH$ar gh^mJr hm{D$
eH$Vm{ ?
(A) AÎ[^yYmaH$ (B) D$g ]mJm`VXma
(C) ghH$mar gßÒWm (D) emgH$s` AoYH$mar
(8) `m \$iPmS>mM{ [wZÈÇmrdZ H$aU{ AmdÌ`H$ AmoU
gwb^ Amh{.
(A) qMM (B) Amß]m (C) S>mqi] (D) obMr
(9) odH$mg `m{OZmßgß]ßYr AoYH$ Mm°H$er H$m{UmH$S>{ H$amdr ?
(A) J´m_g{dH$> (B) _ßS>b H•$of AoYH$mar
(C) oOÎhm H•$of AYrjH$ (D) H•$of ghgßMmbH$

KQ>H$ 10 : am{[dmoQ>H{$M{ AW©emÒÃ
AZwH´$_oUH$m
10.1 ‡mÒVmodH$
10.2 odf`-odd{MZ
10.2.1 am{[dmoQ>H{$Mm IM©
10.2.2 am{[dmoQ>H{$M{ CÀ[›Z
10.2.3 am{[dmoQ>H$m ZwH$gmZrV Om `m¿`m H$mhr ]m]r
10.2.4 am{[dmoQ>H$m \$m`⁄mV `{ `mgmR>r C[m``m{OZm
10.4 gmamße
10.1 ‡mÒVmodH$
am{[dmoQ>H$m hm EH$ Ï`dgm` Amh{ AmoU Ï`dgm` ÂhQ>b{ H$s À`mMm O_mIM©
AmbmM. am{[dmoQ>H$m ÒWm[Z H{$Î`mZßVa H$mhr H$mi \$∑V IM©M H$amdm bmJVm{. H$b_{-
am{[{ V`ma H$Í$Z À`mßMr odH´$s gwÍ$ Pmbr H$s _J CÀ[›Z gwÍ$ hm{V{. `m O_mIMm©Mm
Vmi{]ßX Xadfu hm{U{ AmdÌ`H$ Amh{. Pmb{bm IM© AmoU `{Uma{ CÀ[›Z `m¿`m Zm|Xr
R>{dU{hr À`mgmR>r AmdÌ`H$ AgV{.
`m KQ>H$mMm A‰`mg H{$Î`mZßVa Am[Î`mcm -
am{[droQ>H{$gmR>r cmJUmam IM© d À`mVyZ o_iUma{ CÀ[›Z `mß]m]V AßXmO
`{B©c.
am{[dmoQ>H$m ZwH$gmZrV Om `mgmR>r H$maUr^yV Aem ]m]r cjmV `{Vrc.
am{[dmoQ>H$m \$m`X{era hm{ `mgmR>r C[m``m{OZm H$aVm `{Vrc.
10.2 odf`-odd{MZ
10.2.1 am{[dmoQ>H{$Mm IM©
`mV Xm{Z ‡H$maM{ IM© AgVmV. EH$ ÂhUO{ _yb^yV ]m]rßda hm{Umam IM© d Xwgam
ÂhUO{ ‡À`j oZodÓR>mßda hm{Umam IM©.
[ohÎ`m ‡H$mamV [wT>rb ]m]rßdarb IM© g_modÓQ> AgVm{.
(1) Oo_ZrM{ ^mS>{
(2) [mUr[wadR>m
(3) od⁄wV IM©
(4) Am∞o\$g IM©
(5) AmÒWm[Zm - EÒQ>∞p„be_|Q>
XwgË`m ‡H$mamV [wT>rb ]m]r g_modÓQ> AgVmV.
(1) _Owar
(2) d{Jd{JiÁm oZodÓR>m - IV{, Am°fY{, BÀ`mXr.
am{[dmoQ>H{$Mm CÀ[mXZ IM© H$mT>VmZm odMmamV ø`md`m¿`m ]m]r :
(1) am{OßXmarM{ _Oya
(2) ^mS>m{Ãr ]°b
(3) _mbH$sM{ ]°b
(4) AdOma{ ^mS>{
(5) ]r-o]`mU{, ]S>pÒQ>∑g≤
(6) Hß$[m{ÒQ>, e{UIV
(7) daIV{
(8) [mUr[≈>r - dm∞Q>aMmO}g
(9) H$b_{-am{[{ gßajU IM©
(10) ^mßS>dbmdarb Ï`mO
`mVrb [ohÎ`m ‡H$mamg H$m∞ÒQ> "E' Va XwgË`m ‡H$mamg H$m∞ÒQ> "]r' Ag{

AW©emÒÃm¿`m ^mf{V gß]m{Yb{ OmV{.
10.2.2 am{[dmoQ>H{$M{ CÀ[›Z
am{[dmoQ>H{$M{ _wª` AmoU EH$_{d CÀ[›Z ÂhUO{ H$b_{-am{[{, ]r-o]`mU{,
H$b_H$mS>Ám `mßMr odH´$s H$Í$Z `{Uma{ CÀ[›Z hm{`. `mÏòVna∑V ‡mgßoJH$ ÂhUyZ
[wT>rb‡_mU{ XwÊ`_ Ag{ oH$aH$m{i CÀ[›Z o_iy eH$V{. V{ Ag{- am{[dmoQ>H{$Vrb JdV,
bmHy$S>\$mQ>m, H$o_eZ, gÎbm_gbV \$s, AZwXmZ, S>m{Z{eZ (XmZ), BÀ`mXr.
10.2.3 am{[dmoQ>H$m ZwH$gmZrV Om `m¿`m H$mhr ]m]r

(1) Hw$dVr‡_mU{ (H∞$[∞ogQ>r‡_mU{) H$b_{-am{[{ V`ma Z H$aU{ ï AZ{H$Xm
am{[dmoQ>H{$Mr Hw$dV _m{R>r AgV{. _m{R>Ám ‡_mUmV _mV•d•j C[b„Y AgyZhr,
V{dT>r H$b_{ H{$br OmV ZmhrV.
(2) V`ma H$b_m-am{[mßMr odH´$s d{i{V Z H$aU{ ï AZ{H$ d{im [wÓH$i H$b_{
V`ma AgVmV, [U _mJUr Amh{ Vm{[`™V À`mßMr odH´$s H{$br OmV Zmhr.
Aer H$b_{-am{[{ _J [wT>rb hßJm_ `{B©[`™V gmß^mimdr bmJVmV. Vr
Om{[mg `mMm IM© dmT>Vm{ Vg{M H$b_m-am{[mßMr `m H$mimV â-VyQ> hm{V{ d
À`mßdarb Pmb{bm IM© ^Í$Z `{V Zmhr.
(3) _mJUr‡_mU{ H$b_{-am{[{ V`ma H{$br OmV ZmhrV ï H$mhr d{im R>amdrH$
H$b_mßZmM _mJUr AgV{. ¡`mßZm _mJUr H$_r Amh{ Aer H$b_{ [SyZ
amhVmV. CXmhaUmW©, S>mqi]m¿`m Ama∑Vm OmVr¿`m H$b_mßZm _mJUr
dmT>Î`mda JU{e OmVrMr H$b_{ _m{R>Ám [´_mUmV [Sy>Z amhVmV. odH$br
OmV ZmhrV.
(4) AdmOdr Ò[Ym© : H$mhr d{im [aam¡`mVyZ - [aoR>H$mUmhˇZ, H$_r JwUdŒm{Mr
H$b_{-am{[{ H$_r oH$_VrV C[b„Y H{$br OmVmV d À`mßMm [naUm_ MmßJÎ`m
H$b_mß¿`m _mJUrda hm{Vm{.
(5) CYmarMr dgwbr Z hm{U{ : AZ{H$Xm H$b_{-am{[{ CYmarda odH$br OmVmV.

[U dgwbr _mÃ hm{V Zmhr. dgwbr H$a `mdaM AoYH$ IM© hm{Vm{. J°a_mJm©Mm
Adbß] H{$bm OmVm{, À`mVhr AS>MUr `{VmV.
10.2.4 am{[dmoQ>H$m \$m`⁄mV `{ `mgmR>r C[m``m{OZm
am{[dmoQ>H$m hm H$mhr hßJm_r ÒdÍ$[mMm Ï`dgm` Zmhr. e{Vr Yß⁄mMmM Vm{ EH$
^mJ Amh{ AmoU ÂhUyZM ]{âdemMm Amh{. e{V_mbmbm ^mdmMr h_r ZgU{, dmaßdma
[S>Uma{ XwÓH$mi, emgZm¿`m aIS>UmË`m `m{OZm - Am[Î`mH$S>rb bmbo\$VrMm H$ma^ma,
]m{H$miV Mmbb{bm ^´Ô>mMma `mßgmaª`m H$maUmßZr am{[dmoQ>H$m \$m`⁄mV AmUU{ \$ma
AdKS> Amh{. Var [U H$_rV H$_r Vm{Q>m H$gm hm{B©b, Pmb{bm IM© AmoU `{Uma{ CÀ[›Z
`mß¿`mV _{i ]godVm `{B©b; [U À`mgmR>r H$mhr ]m]r ZrQ> g_OyZ K{VÎ`m [mohO{V,
À`m Aem :
(1) am{[dmoQ>H$m hm Ï`dgm` Amh{, `m —ÓQ>rZ{ À`mH$S>{ [mohb{ [mohO{.
(2) am{[dmoQH{$>M{ oZ`m{OZ H$aVmZm VmßoÃH$ AmoU Ï`mdhmnaH$ ]mOyßMr gmßJS>
KmVbr [mohO{.
(3) am{[dmoQ>H{$Mm \$m`Xm hm bJ{M o_iV Zmhr, h{ bjmV R>{dyZ oH$_mZ 10
dfm™Mm AmamIS>m d oZ`m{OZ H{$b{ [mohO{.
(4) O_mIMm©¿`m gd© Zm|Xr o]ZMyH$ d ‡m_moUH$[U{ R>{dÎ`m [mohO{V. ÂhUO{
H$m{R>{ IM© dmdJm hm{Vm{, h{ g_O{b d À`mg Amim KmbVm `{B©b.
(5) am{OM{ H$m_ am{O (S>{ Qw S>{) - hm{V{ Amh{ qH$dm H$g{ `mH$S>{ bj oXb{ [mohO{.
(6) am{[dmoQ>H{$Vrb VrZ ÒVamßV g_›d` gmYbm [mohO{. am{[{-H$b_{ V`ma H$aU{,
am{[m-H$b_mßMr Om{[mgZm H$aU{ AmoU am{[m-H$b_mßMr d{i{V odH´$s H$aU{ h{
V{ VrZ ÒVa Amh{V.
(7) odH´$s-I[ dmT>odU{ : `mgmR>r OmohamVr, Xbmb, odH´$sZßVaMr g{dm
(Am‚Q>ag{b gpÏh©g) `m ]m]rH$S>{ bj oXb{ [mohO{. J´mhH$mH$S>{ Om `mg
oeH$b{ [mohO{.

S>{ Qw> S>{ : am{O¿`m am{O
H∞$[∞ogQ>r : Hw$dV-VmH$X
EÒQ>∞p„be_|Q> : AmÒWm[Zm
Am∞o\$g E∑g[{›g{g : H$m`m©b`rZ IM©
]∞b›gerQ> : Vmi{]ßX
o]oPZ{g : Ï`dgm`
‡m∞o\$Q>-bm∞g : Z\$m-Vm{Q>m
bm±J Q>_© > : bmß]Mm [Îbm - _m{R>m H$mbmdYr
a{S> Q>{[ : bmb o\$V
H$afleZ : ^´Ô>mMma
BZ[wQ> > : oZodÓR>m
10.4 gmamße
am{[dmoQ>H$m hm EH$ Ï`dgm` Amh{, À`mda IM© hm{Vm{ AmoU À`m[mgyZ CÀ[›Zhr
A[{ojV AgV{. O_mIMm©Mm Vmi{]ßX AmoU ohe{] R>{dU{ h{ _hŒdmM{ AgV{. am{[dmoQ>H{$V
AZ{H$ ]m]tda IM© H$amdm bmJVm{. `m ]m]r Xm{Z JQ>mßV od^mJÎ`m Amh{V. am{[dmoQ>H{$VyZ
`{Uma{ _wª` CÀ[›Z h{ H$b_{-am{[{ odHy$Z o_iV{. am{[dmoQ>H$m ZwH$gmZrV Om `m¿`m H$mhr
]m]r g_OyZ K{VÎ`m AmoU am{[dmoQ>H$m \$m`⁄mV H$er AmUVm `{B©b, `m ]m]tMm
A‰`mg H{$bm Va am{[dmoQ>H$m \$m`⁄mV AmUVm `{B©b.

(1) am{[dmoQ>H{$_‹`{ I¿mm©¿`m H$m{UH$m{UÀ`m ]m]r AgVmV ?
(2) am{[dmoQ>H{$Mr _wª` AmoU XwÊ`_ CÀ[›ZmMr gmYZ{ H$m{UVr ?
(3) am{[dmoQ>H$m ZwH$gmZrV Om `mMr H$maU{ gmßJm.
(4) am{[dmoQ>H$m \$m`⁄mV AmU `mgmR>r H$m` H$amd{ ?
(1) am{[dmoQ>H{$Mm IM© _wª`V: oH$Vr AmoU H$m{UÀ`m ‡H$mamV _m{S>Vm{ ?
(2) am{[dmoQ>H{$¿`m H$m∞ÒQ> "E'_‹`{ H$m{UH$m{UÀ`m ]m]r g_modÓQ> AgVmV ?
(3) am{[dmoQ>H{$Mm H$m∞ÒQ> "]r'_‹`{ H$m{UH$m{UÀ`m ]m]r g_modÓQ> AgVmV ?
(4) am{[dmoQ>H$m ZwH$gmZrV Om `mMr Xm{Z H$maU{ gmßJm.
(5) am{[dmoQ>H$m \$m`⁄mV AmU `mgmR>rMm _hŒdmMm EH$ C[m` gmßJm.
(6) am{[dmoQ>H{$V S>{ Qw S>{ H$m_ ÂhUO{ H$m` ?
(7) am{[dmoQ>H{$Mm Vmi{]ßX ÂhUO{ H$m` ?
(8) am{[dmoQ>H{$M{ AW©emÒÃ Wm{S>∑`mV gmßJm.
(1) am{[dmoQ>H{$¿`m IMm©M{ _wª`V: oH$Vr ‡H$ma Amh{V ?
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5
(2) am{[dmoQ>H{$¿`m H$m∞ÒQ> E_‹`{ oH$Vr ]m]r g_modÓQ> AgVmV ?
(A) 5 (B) 7 (C) 9 (D) 11
(3) am{[dmoQ>H{$¿`m H$m∞ÒQ> ]r_‹`{ oH$Vr ]m]tMm g_md{e hm{Vm{ ?
(A) 5 (B) 10 (C) 15 (D) 20
(4) am{ [ dmoQ> H { $ M{ AmoW© H $ oZ`m{ O Z oH$_mZ dfm™ g mR> r
H$amd{ ?
(A) 5 (B) 10 (C) 15 (D) 20
(5) am{[dmoQ>H{$¿`m IMm©¿`m ]m]r oH$Vr ÒVamßV od^mJb{Î`m AgVmV ?
(A) 9 (B) 6 (C) 3 (D) 12
(6) am{[dmoQ>H$m ZwH$gmZrV Om `mgmR>r ‡_wI ]m]r gß]ßoYV
AgVmV ?
(A) 3 (B) 4 (C) 5 (D) 6
(7) am{[dmoQ>H$m \$m`⁄mV AmU `mgmR>r oH$Vr _hŒdm¿`m ]m]r _hŒdm¿`m
AgVmV ?
(A) 7 (B) 6 (C) 5 (D) 4
(8) am{[dmoQ>H{$gß]ßYr O_mIM© R>{dU{ AgV{.
(A) AZmdÌ`H$ (B) E{p¿N>H$ (C) AmdÌ`H$ (D) J°a
AoYH$ dmMZmgmR>r gßX^©J´ßW

(01) [mQ>rc A. Ï`ß., _hmamÓQ≠>mVrc \$iPmS>{, [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>c ‡H$meZ.
(02) [mQ>rc A. Ï`ß., \$i]mJ ï VŒd{ AmoU [’Vr, [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>c ‡H$meZ.
(03) X{e_wI ‡. [w., ^maVmVrc \$iPmS>mßMr cmJdS>, [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>c ‡H$meZ.
(04) [mQ>rc A. Ï`ß., H$mi{ A. am., _hmamÓQ≠>mVrc \$iPmS>{, [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>c ‡H$meZ.
(05) [mQ>rc A. Ï`ß., ^m{a{ X. [mß., H$m{aS>dmhˇ \$iPmS>{, [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>c ‡H$meZ.
(06) e{VH$ar _mogH$mMm \$cm{À[mXZ ode{fmßH$, OyZ-Am∞JÒQ>, 1990, H•$fr gßMmcZmc`,
[wU{.
(07) ]´m˜UJmdH$a S>r. Or., \$i]mJm AmoU _hmamÓQ≠>, [wU{, amO{e ‡H$meZ.
(08) amh˛S>H$a dm. ]., H$sQ>H$emÒÃ - H$sQ>H$mßM{ AX≤^yV OrdZ, [wU{, oOkmgm ‡H$meZ.
(09) [rH$gßajU _mJ©Xoe©H$m (^mJ 1 d 2) 1981, H•$fr gßMmcZmc`, [wU{.
(10) amh˛S>H$a dm. ]., \w$c]mJ, [wU{, AVwc ]wH$ EO›gr.
(11) [mQ>rc Am. ]m., gwßXa Am[cr \w$c]mJ, [wU{, _{hVm [p„cqeJ hmD$g.
(12) [mQ>rc A. Ï`ß., am{[dmoQ>H$m gßJm{[Z, [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>c ‡H$meZ.
(13) [mQ>rc A. Ï`ß., \$iPmS>mßMr A›Z–Ï`{ d IV{, [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>c ‡H$meZ.
(14) IwÒ[{ d. gr. AmoU O. am. [mQ>rc, VU{ AmoU À`mßMm ]ßXm{]ÒV, [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>c
‡H$meZ.
(15) H$m{[{c±S> Ec. Am{., o‡p›g[Îg Am∞\$ grS> gm`›g A±S> Q>{∑Zm∞cm∞Or, oXÎcr, gwaOrV
[p„cH{$eZ.
(16) ÌdmQ≤>©P≤ E_., JmB©S> Qy> H$_oe©Ab hm`S≠>m{[m{oZ∑g, BÛmB©b, BÛmB©b `woZÏhog©Q>r
‡{g.
(17) [Q>dY©Z S>„Î`y. S>r., hm`S≠>m{[m{oZ∑g, [wU{, lrH$mßV dm_Z [Q>dY©Z.
(18) S>Ωbg O{. Eg., A∞S>Ïhm›g JmB©S> Qy> hm`S≠>m{[m{oZ∑g, bßS>Z, [{Îhm_ ]w∑g obo_Q>{S>.

(19) d|H$Q>am_Z Or. Eg., AÎJbm ]m`m{\$oQ>©bm`Pg© A±S> amB©g H$pÎQ>Ïh{eZ, Zdr
oXÑr, Qw>S>{ A±S> Qw>_m∞am{P q‡Q>g© A±S> [o„beg©.
(20) g{Z Eg. [r. AmoU [r. [mbrV (gß[mXH$), ]m`m{\$oQ>©bm`Pg© [m{Q>|oeA∞obQ>rO
A±S> ‡m∞„b{Âg, H$m{cH$Vm, Z`m ‡m{H$me.
(21) [mQ>rb [mß. b. AmoU ‡. h. agmi (gßH$bH$), oOdmUy IV{ - H$_r IMm©M{
H•$ofVßÃkmZ, H•$ofAUwOrdemÒÃ od^mJ, H•$fr _hmod⁄mb`, [wU{.
(22) oeaH$mßS>{ am. o[., Oo_ZrVrb [mUrem{Y d dm[a, [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>b ‡H$meZ.
(23) H$mi{ gwIX{d AmoU AmZßX Mm°Jwb{., o[H$mßZm [mUr, [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>b ‡H$meZ.
(24) _Ja Eg. Eg., oR>]H$ qgMZ [’V, [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>b ‡H$meZ.
(25) ^wO]i ^r. Jm{., [rH$-gßOrdH$mßMr oH$_`m, [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>b ‡H$meZ.
(26) ZJaH$a odO` AmoU _mbVr ZJaH$a, ]m{Zgm` - dm_Zd•jH$bm, [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>b
‡H$meZ.
(27) YmßS> brbm, ]m{Zgm` H$ÎMa, Zdr oXÎbr, Am∞∑g\$S>© A±S> Am`]rEM [p„bqeJ
Hß$[Zr.
(28) H$mim{I{ O. od., gm]i{ am_Mß–, Amß]m bmJdS>, [wU{, AZ_m{b ‡H$meZ.
(29) ^wO]i o^. Jm{., Amß]amB©, [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>b ‡H$meZ.
(30) [mQ>rb A. Ï`ß., H{$ir-]mJ, [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>c ‡H$meZ.
(31) Mm°Yar H{$. Jm{., qb]ydJu` \$iPmS>{, [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z{Q>b ‡H$meZ.
(32) ^wO]i o^. Jm{., –mj ]mJ, [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>b ‡H$meZ.
(33) ^wO]i o^. Jm{{., oZ`m©Vj_ –mj, [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>b ‡H$meZ.
(34) –mjgßohVm (OZab pÏhQ>rH$ÎMa), [wU{, _hmamÓQ≠> am¡`, –mj ]mJmB©VXma gßK.
(35) ^wO]i o^. Jm{., JU{e S>mqi], [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>b ‡H$meZ.
(36) gßKdr H$. D$., S>mqi]mMr bmJdS>, [wU{ H$m±oQ>Z|Q>b ‡H$meZ.
(37) S>mqi] CÀ[mXZ, \$bm{À[mXZ od^mJ, [wU{.
(38) [{Í$Mr bmJdS>, \$bm{À[mXZ gßMmbZmb`, [wU{.
(39) ^wO]i o^. Jm{., oMHy$ d obMr bmJdS>.
(40) [mQ>rb d{. H$m., AßoOamMr bmJdS>, [wU{ H$m±oQ>Z|Q>b ‡H$meZ.
(41) I°a{ od. Am., AßOra ]mJ, [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>b ‡H$meZ.
(42) ^wO]i o^. Jm{., H$Î[d•j Zmai, [wU{ H$m±oQ>Z|Q>b ‡H$meZ.
(43) IM} Ama. E_., ÒQ≠>m∞]{ar CÀ[mXZ VßÃ - odH´$sÏ`dÒWm, [wU{, ¤maH$m ‡H$meZ.
(44) I°a{ odH$mg, ÒQ≠>m∞]{ar bmJdS>, [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>b ‡H$meZ.
(45) ^wO]i o^. Jm{, oMHy$ AmoU obMr bmJdS>, [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>b ‡H$meZ.
(46) [mßS>{ amO _Ur d hare Mß– e_m©, oX obMr, Zdr oXÎbr, ^maVr` H•$of AZwgßYmZ
[nafX.
(47) ]mahmV{ Mß–H$mßV, Amdim d•j A_•VmMm, Ah_XZJa, _yZb±S> ‡H$meZ.
(48) ]iramOm : H$m{aS>dmhˇ \$i]mJm ode{fmßH$, (OyZ 1988).
(49) ]m{g Q>r. H{$. AmoU Eg. H{$. o_Ãm (gß[mXH$), \´w$Q≤>g≤ Q≠>m∞o[H$b A±S> g]Q≠>m∞o[H$b,
H$m{cH$Vm, Z`m ‡m{H$me.
(50) amh˛S>H$a dm. ]., o_aMr CÀ[mXZ, ‡oH´$`m d Ï`m[ma, _wß]B©, _Zm{odH$mg ‡H$meZ.
(51) ^wO]i o^. Jm{., I°a{ od. Am., gßH$naV Q>m{_∞Q>m{, [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>b ‡H$meZ.
(52) H$Q>Ámb Eg. Eb. M…>m H{$. Eb., Ïh{oOQ>{]b J´m{BßJ BZ BßoS>`m, Zdr oXÎbr,
Am∞∑g\$S>© A±S> Am`]rEM [p„bqeJ Hß$[Zr.
(53) hm{_a Wm∞Â[gZ, odÎ`_ H{$br, Ïh{oOQ>{]b H´$m∞flg, Zdr oXÑr, Q>mQ>m _∞H$J´m∞-ohb
Hß$[Zr obo_Q>{S>.
(54) ]m{g Q>r. H{$., gm∞_ E_. Or., Ïh{oOQ>{]b H´$m∞flg Am∞\$ BßoS>`m, H$m{cH$Vm, Z`m
‡m{H$me (1986).
(55) Mm°Yar ]r., Ïh{oOQ>{]Îg, Zdr oXÑr, Z∞eZb ]wH$ Q≠>ÒQ>, BßoS>`m (1977).
(56) dm∞H$a O{. gr., oS>grO{g Am∞\$ Ïh{oOQ>{]b H´$m∞flg, ›`y`m∞H©$, _∞H$J´m-ohb ]wH$
Hß$[Zr.
(57) _hmH$mi H{$. J., gXmdV} H•$. Õ`ß. ^maVmV ^mOr[mÎ`mMr bmJdS>, ZmJ[ya,
_hmamÓQ≠> od⁄m[rR> J´ßWoZo_©Vr _ßS>i.
(58) H$mi{ [mßSw>aßJ AmoU gabm H$mi{, ^mOr[mbm CÀ[mXZ, [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>b ‡H$meZ
(1988).
(59) H$mi{ [mßSw>aßJ AmoU gabm H$mi{, H$mßXm-bgyU CÀ[mXZ, [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>b ‡H$meZ.

(60) H$mi{ [mßSw>aßJ AmoU gabm H$mi{, H$m{]rdJu` ^m¡`m, [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>b ‡H$meZ.
(61) ]m{g Q>r. H{$. AmoU Eb. [r. `mXd, H$_oe©`b ‚bmdg© BZ BßoS>`m, H$m{cH$Vm,
Z`m ‡m{H$me.
(62) [mb. ]r. [r., am{P BZ BßoS>`m, Zdr oXÑr, ^maVr` H•$of AZwgßYmZ [nafX.
(63) bmg©Z Ama. E., BßQ≠>m{S>∑eZ Qy> ‚bm{naH$ÎMa, ‚bm{naS>m, A∞H∞$S>{o_H$ ‡{g.
(64) aßYdm Or. Eg. AmoU _wIm{[m‹`m`, ‚bm{naH$ÎMa BZ BßoS>`m, _wß]B© AbmB©S>
[p„beg© ‡m`Ïh{Q> obo_Q>{S>.
(65) Jm{[mbÒdm_r`ßJma Or. Eg., Hß$pflbQ> JmS>©qZJ BZ BßoS>`m, ]ßJbm{a.
(66) M…>m H{$. Eb., Am∞Z©_|Q>b hm∞oQ>©H$ÎMa, Zdr oXÑr, ^maVr` H•$of AZwgßYmZ [nafX.
(67) ]iramOm : \w$be{Vr ode{fmßH$, [wU{, H•$ofodkmZ ‡H$meZ (Am∞∑Q>m{]a 1991).
(68) o^. Jm{. ^wO]i, [wÓ[-^maVr, [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>b ‡H$meZ.
(69) \$S>Urg ^m. A., [wÓ[amO Jwbm], [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>b ‡H$meZ.
(70) gß[Xm, [wÓ[e{Vr-C⁄m{J 2000 ode{fmßH$, [wU{, _amR>m M|]a Am∞\$ H$m∞_g© A±S>
BßS>ÒQ≠>rO, [wU{ (Eo[´b 1994).
(71) e{VH$ar-\w$be{Vr ode{fmßH$, H•$fr ImV{, _hmamÓQ≠> am¡`, [wU{, (OmZ{dmar-\{$]´wdmar
1995).
(72) H{$. E_. [r. ZÂ]rgmZ, oS>PmB©Z Eob_|Q≤>g≤ Am∞\$ b±S>ÒH{$[ JmS>©qZJ, Zdr oXÎbr,
Am∞∑g\$S>© A±S> Am`]rEM [p„bqeJ Hß$[Zr ‡m`Ïh{Q> obo_Q>{S>.
(73) oÃd{Xr ‡oV^m, hm{_ JmS>©qZJ, Zdr oXÑr, ^maVr` H•$of AZwgßYmZ [nafX.
(74) qOXmb Eg. Eb., Am∞Zm©_|Q>b ]Î]g≤ flb±Q>≤g≤, Zdr oXÑr, ^maVr` H•$of AZwgßYmZ
[nafX.
(75) [r. H$MÍ$, h±S>]wH$ Am∞\$ am∞H$ JmS>©qZJ Am∞Z X ohÎg, Zdr oXÑr, ^maVr` H•$of
AZwgßYmZ [nafX.
(76) [r. H$MÍ$, BßQ≠>m{S>∑eZ Qy> JmS>©qZJ, Zdr oXÑr, ^maVr` H•$of AZwgßYmZ [nafX.
(77) _∞H$Z AmoU MmÎg©, 100 „`woQ>\w$b Q≠>rO Am∞\$ BßoS>`m, _wß]B©, S>r. ]r. Vmam[m{admbm
g›g A±S> Hß$[Zr ‡m`Ïh{Q> obo_Q>{S>.
(78) aßYdm Or. Eg., M…>m, H{$. Eb. AmoU XboOV qgJ, oX \{$_g JmS>©›g Am∞\$
BßoS>`m, _Îhm{Ãm [p„bqeJ hmD$g, BßoS>`m.
(79) aßYdm E_. Eg., ‚bm∞dna®J Q≠>rO, Zdr oXÎbr, Z∞eZb ]wH$ Q≠>ÒQ> BßoS>`m.
(80) ^wO]i o^. Jm{., Zg©ar JmB©S>, [wU{, < ‡H$meZ.

'Ed Vamd Mìhmu - Hmamï - WŠV (Dúmnrr, ZM (Eh$ H $ (F (DKMZ (Dúmemim 'Ed Vamd Mìhmu - Hmamï - WŠV (Dúmnrr, ZM (Eh$ 'Ed Vamd Mìhmu - Hmamï - WŠV (Dúmnrr, ZM (Eh$

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'Ed Vamd Mìhmu - Hmamï - WŠV (Dúmnrr, ZM (Eh$ H $ (F (DKMZ (Dúmemim 'Ed Vamd Mìhmu - Hmamï - WŠV (Dúmnrr, ZM (Eh$ 'Ed Vamd Mìhmu - Hmamï - WŠV (Dúmnrr, ZM (Eh$

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H¥${f {dkmZ {dÚmemIm

`ed§Vamd MìhmU _hmamï´> _wŠV {dÚmnrR>, Zm{eH$

{ejUH«$_ … AGR 101-104

Aä`mgH«$_ … AGR 103 : amondm{Q>H$m ì`dñWmnZ … nmR>çnwpñVH$m -2

CŒm_ ‡VrM{ Hß$[m{ÒQ> IV ]Zod `mMr AmR>gyÃr

1.3 [mna^mofH$ e„XmW©

1.5 gamdmgmR>r Òdm‹`m`

1.5.1 Imbrb ‡ÌZmßMr CŒma{ godÒVa obhm.

1.5.3 [wT>rb ‡ÌZmßMr CŒma{ À`mßImbrb oXb{Î`m [`m©`mß_YyZ oZdSy>Z obhm.

am{[dmoQ>H$m Ï`dÒWm[Z : [mR>Á[wpÒVH$m - 2 : 9

am{[dmoQ>H$m Ï`dÒWm[Z : [mR>Á[wpÒVH$m - 2 : 10

am{[dmoQ>H$m Ï`dÒWm[Z : [mR>Á[wpÒVH$m - 2 : 10

2.2.1 H$b_m-am{[mßMr odH´$sgmR>r [yd©V`mar

2.3 [mna^mofH$ e„XmW©

am{[dmoQ>H$m Ï`dÒWm[Z : [mR>Á[wpÒVH$m - 2 : 15

am{[dmoQ>H$m Ï`dÒWm[Z : [mR>Á[wpÒVH$m - 2 : 16

3.2.1 am{[dmoQ>H{$V _OwamßMr JaO d _hŒd

am{[dmoQ>H$m Ï`dÒWm[Z : [mR>Á[wpÒVH$m - 2 : 22

3.3 [mna^mofH$ e„XmW©

3.5 gamdmgmR>r Òdm‹`m`

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4.2.1 H$b_m-am{[mß¿`m dJuH$aUmMr JaO

4.3 [mna^mofH$ e„XmW©

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am{[dmoQ>H$m Ï`dÒWm[Z : [mR>Á[wpÒVH$m - 2 : 33

5.2.1 oZO™VwH$sH$aUmMr JaO

5.3 [mna^mofH$ e„XmW©

5.5 gamdmgmR>r Òdm‹`m`

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am{[dmoQ>H$m Ï`dÒWm[Z : [mR>Á[wpÒVH$m - 2 : 42

6.3 [mna^mofH$ e„XmW©

6.5 gamdmgmR>r Òdm‹`m`

6.5.1 [wT>rb ‡ÌZmßMr CŒma{ godÒVa obhm.

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am{[dmoQ>H$m Ï`dÒWm[Z : [mR>Á[wpÒVH$m - 2 : 47

7.2.2 am{[dmoQ>H{$gmR>r bmJUmË`m ododY oZodÓR>m

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7.3 [mna^mofH$ e„XmW©

am{[dmoQ>H$m Ï`dÒWm[Z : [mR>Á[wpÒVH$m - 2 : 51

7.5 gamdmgmR>r Òdm‹`m`

am{[dmoQ>H$m Ï`dÒWm[Z : [mR>Á[wpÒVH$m - 2 : 54

am{[dmoQ>H$m Ï`dÒWm[Z : [mR>Á[wpÒVH$m - 2 : 58

8.3 [mna^mofH$ e„XmW©

9.2.2 emgZm¿`m am{[dmoQ>H$m odH$mg `m{OZm

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9.3 [mna^mofH$ e„XmW©

9.5 gamdmgmR>r Òdm‹`m`

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am{[dmoQ>H$m Ï`dÒWm[Z : [mR>Á[wpÒVH$m - 2 : 70

10.2.3 am{[dmoQ>H$m ZwH$gmZrV Om `m¿`m H$mhr ]m]r

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10.3 [mna^mofH$ e„XmW©

10.5 gamdmgmR>r Òdm‹`m`

AoYH$ dmMZmgmR>r gßX^©J´ßW

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