E 101 2

H¥${f {dkmZ {dÚmemIm
èd§Vamd MìhmU _hmamï´> _wŠV {dÚmnrR>, Zm{eH$
{ejUH«$_ … AGR 101-104

101 : _mir à{ejU
Aä`mgH«$_ … AGR 101 : ~mJH$m_mMr _ybVÎdo Am{U H$m`©nÕVr … nmR>çnwpñVH$m-2
AZwH«$‘{UH$m
KQ>H$ 1 … ~mJoVrb PmS>mM
§ r N>mQ>Ur, diU Am{U AmYma
KQ>H$ 2 … CËnmXZ dmT>{dÊ`mÀ`m {deof nÕVr
KQ>H$ 3 … ~mJoÜò g§OrdH$m§Mm dmna
KQ>H$ 4 : ~mJoVrb Am§Va{nHo$ Am{U Am§Va‘emJV
KQ>H$ 5 : VUo Am{U VUm§Mo {Z`§ÌU
KQ>H$ 6 : ~mJoVrb amoJ Am{U Ë`m§Mo {Z`§ÌU
KQ>H$ 7 : ~mJoVrb {H$S>r Am{U Ë`m§Mo {Z`§ÌU
KQ>H$ 8 : ’$im§Mr H$mT>Ur d hmVmiUr
KQ>H$ 9 : ^mOrnmbm H$mT>Ur d hmVmiUr
KQ>H$ 10 : ’w$bm§Mr H$mT>Ur d hmVmiUr
Please sent your Feedback to: The Director, School of Agricultural Sciences,
Sciences, Yashwantrao Chavan Maharashtra
Open University, Nashik – 422 222, Phone : 0253-2230340,
0253 2230340, Email: suryagun@hotmail.com
KQ>H$ 1 : ]mJ{Vrb PmS>mßMr N>mQ>Ur, diU AmoU AmYma
AZwH´$_oUH$m
1.1 ‡mÒVmodH$
1.2 odf`-odd{MZ
1.2.1 ]mJ{Vrb \$iPmS>mßZm diU X{ `mMr AmdÌ`H$Vm
1.2.2 ]mJ{Vrb PmS>mßZm diU X{ `m¿`m [’Vr
1.2.3 ]mJ{Vrb PmS>mß¿`m N>mQ>UrMr AmdÌ`H$Vm
1.2.4 ]mJ{Vrb PmS>mß¿`m N>mQ>Ur¿`m [’Vr
1.2.5 PmS>mßZm AmYma X{ `mMr AmdÌ`H$Vm AmoU [’Vr
1.3 [mna^mofH$ e„XmW©
1.4 gmamße
1.5 gamdmgmR>r Òdm‹`m`
1.1 ‡mÒVmodH$
_wbmßZm dmT>À`m d`m_‹`{ Oem MmßJÎ`m gd`r bmdmÏ`m bmJVmV, À`m‡_mU{
dmT>À`m \$iPmS>mßZmX{Irb MmßJÎ`m gd`r bmdmÏ`m bmJVmV. ÂhUO{M \$iPmS>mbm
`m{Ω` diU ⁄md{ bmJV{. –mjd{bt¿`m ]m]VrV ¯mbm \$ma _hŒd Amh{. –mjd{brßZm
_mßS>dmMm AmYma X{ `mMr JaO AgV{. À`m‡_mU{ dfm©VyZ Xm{Z d{im d{btMr N>mQ>Ur
H$amdr bmJV{. –mjmßM{ AoYH$ CÀ[mXZ o_i `mH$naVm ¯m ]m]r \$ma _hŒdm¿`m Amh{V.
H$mhr \$iPmS>mßMr N>mQ>Ur H$amdr bmJV Zmhr qH$dm hbH$s N>mQ>Ur H$amdr bmJV{; Va
H$mhr \$iPmS>mßMr Xadfu oZò_V[U{ N>mQ>Ur H$amdr bmJV{. PmS>mßMm S>m°bXma[Um
AmoU _O]yV gmßJmS>m ]Zod `mgmR>r PmS>mßZm diU X{U{, AmYma X{U{ AmoU N>mQ>Ur
]mJH$m_mMr _ycVŒd{ AmoU H$m`©[’Vr ï [mR>Á[wpÒVH$m - 2 ï 2
H$aU{ ¯m Jm{ÓQ>r _hŒdm¿`m Amh{V. À`m_‹`{ MyH$ Pmbr, Va \$imßM{ CÀ[mXZ K{UmË`m
e{VH$Ë`mbm \$Q>H$m ]gVm{. _mÃ H$maU ZgVmZm \$iPmS>mßMr N>mQ>Ur H$Í$ Z`{. PmS>mÂm‹`{
Z°goJ©H$ g_Vm{b AgVm{, _mÃ Vgm g_Vm{b Zgbm Va Vm{ AmUbm [mohO{. hm g_Vm{b
Oo_Zrdarb PmS>m¿`m oXgUmË`m ^mJmMm Oo_Zr¿`m AmVrb Z oXgUmË`m ^mJmer
AgVm{. gd©gm_m›` [napÒWVrV PmS>m¿`m qH$dm PwS>[mß¿`m _wiÁm Oo_ZrV Or OmJm
Ï`m[VmV Vr PmS>m¿`m \$mß⁄mßZr AmoU [mZmßZr Ï`m[b{Î`m OmJ{BVH$s AgV{. Am[U
PmS> H$m[b{ H$s, À`m_‹`{ Ag_Vm{b oZ_m©U hm{Vm{. PmS>mbm Aem H•$Vr AmdS>V ZmhrV;
ÂhUyZ PmS> hm g_Vm{b [w›hm ‡ÒWmo[V H$a `mMm ‡`ÀZ H$aV{. N>mQ>Ur H{$Î`mZßVa OmÒVrV
OmÒV \$mß⁄m AmoU [mZ{ dmT>VmV. _wiÁmß_YyZ PmS>mM{ [m{fU hm{B©b BV∑`m \$mß⁄m AmoU
[mZ{ dmT>VmV. ÂhUO{M [ydu¿`m EH$m \$mßXr¿`m OmJr Xm{Z qH$dm AoYH$ ZdrZ \$mß⁄m
dmT>VmV. ¯m _mJ©mZ{ e∑` oVV∑`m bdH$a OmÒVrV OmÒV [mZm{im (\$m{obEO) V`ma
hm{Vm{. ÂhUyZ PmS>mMr N>mQ>Ur H$a `m[ydu EH$ _hŒdmMr Jm{ÓQ> bjmV R>{dmdr H$s, N>mQ>Ur
H{$Î`mZ{ PmS>mMr dmT> H$_r Z hm{Vm Vr AmUIr dmT>V{. PmS>mMr gVV N>mQ>Ur H{$br H$s
\$mß⁄mßMr XmQ>r hm{V{. ÂhUyZM Hwß$[Um¿`m PmS>mßMr AWdm PwS[mßMr gVV N>mQ>Ur H{$Î`mg
XmQ> Hwß$[U V`ma hm{V{. [U hr XmQ> Pmb{br dmT> Am[Î`m S>m{iÁmßZm gwIX dmQ>V Zmhr.
EdT>{M ZÏh{ Va ¯m XmQ>r_wi{ am{JmßMm AmoU oH$S>tMm C[–d dmT>Vm{. Og{ XmQ> dÒVrVrb
_mUg{ oZam{Jr ZgVmV, VgmM ‡H$ma `{W{hr gß^dVm{. PmS>{ qH$dm _mUg{ oZam{Jr
amh `mH$naVm â[ya gy`©‡H$me AmoU Vm¡`m hd{Mr JaO AgV{.
PmS>mMr \$mßXr H$m[br H$s V{W{ OI_ hm{V{. À`m CKS>Ám OI_{VyZ am{JmßM{ OßVy
PmS>m¿`m earamV oeaVmV. Am{]S>Ym{]S> N>mQ>Ur H{$Î`mg hr OI_ oMKiV{. N>mQ>UrM{
hÀ`ma (H$mÃr) YmaXma ZgÎ`mg Ag{ KS>V{. N>mQ>Ur h{ EH$ H$m°eÎ`mM{ H$m_ AgV{.
CŒm_ ‡H$ma{ N>mQ>Ur H{$Î`mg PmS>mbm Pmb{br OI_ PmS>mVrb agmZ{ bdH$a ^Í$Z `{V{.
YmaXma hÀ`mamZ{ N>mQ>UrM{ H$m_hr bdH$a hm{V{. PmS>mMr N>mQ>Ur ÂhUO{ PmS>mdarb
eÛoH´$`m AgV{. hr eÛoH´$`m H$m°eÎ`mZ{ H$amdr bmJV{. OmS> \$mß⁄m H$m[ `mH$naVm
YmaXma H$adV dm[amdr bmJV{. N>mQ>UrM{ H$m_ AMyH$ H$amd{. H$maU S>m∞∑Q>a _mUgmMr
eÛoH´$`m am{JOßVy Zgb{Î`m Im{br_‹`{ H$aVmV. Aer [napÒWVr ]mJ{V ZgV{. ÂhUyZ
H$m[b{Î`m ^mJmda VmÀH$mi C[Mma H$amdm bmJVm{. ÂhUO{ V{W{ am{JmßM{ OßVy oeaUma
ZmhrV. H$adVrZ{ \$mßXr H$m[Î`mZßVa Vr OmJm YmaXma MmHy$Z{ Mm{[S>r (Òb±qQ>J) H$amdr
AmoU À`m H$m[b{Î`m OmJ{da [mUr AmV oeÍ$ Z X{Umam aßJ bmdmdm. hm V°baßJ H$m{UÀ`mhr
aßJmMm MmbVm{.
e∑`Vm{ EH$m dfm©[{jm OwZr \$mßXr H$m[ `mM{ Q>mimd{. ]marH$ \$mß⁄m H$m[ `mgmR>r
ogH{$Q>a dm[amd{. EH$m PQ>∑`mV \$mßXr H$m[br J{br [mohO{. gwarZ{ N>mQ>UrM{ H$m_ MmßJb{
hm{V Zmhr.
¯m KQ>H$m¿`m A‰`mgmZßVa Am[Î`mcm -
\$iPmS>mßZm diU X{ `mMr, \$iPmS>mßMr N>mQ>Ur H$a `mMr Vg{M PmS>mßZm
AmYma X{ `mMr AmdÌ`H$Vm _mhrV hm{B©b.
\$iPmS>mßZm diU X{ `m¿`m [’Vr _mohVr hm{Vrb. \$iPmS>mßMr N>mQ>Ur
H$a `m¿`m [’Vr _mohVr hm{Vrb.
1.2 odf`-odd{MZ
1.2.1 ]mJ{Vrb PmS>mßZm diU X{ `mMr AmdÌ`H$Vm
]mJ{Vrb PmS>mßMr N>mQ>Ur ode{fV: gwÈdmVr¿`m dfm©V OmÒV ‡_mUmV H$Í$ Z`{.
[ohbr EH$ qH$dm Xm{Z df} PmS>mßZm MmßJb{ diU ⁄md{. À`m_wi{ PmS>mMm S>m°bXma AmH$ma
V`ma hm{Vm{. PmS>m¿`m _wª` Im{S>m[mgyZ [gaQ> dmT>UmË`m \$mß⁄m dmTy> ⁄mÏ`mV. oVgË`m
dfm©[mgyZ ghmÏ`m dfm©[`™V \$ma H$_r N>mQ>UrMr JaO AgV{. H$maU OmÒV N>mQ>Ur
H{$Î`mg Aem \$iPmS>mßZm \$iYmaUm Coeam hm{V{.
1.2.2 ]mJ{Vrb \$iPmS>mßZm diU X{ `m¿`m [’Vr
IwßQ>mdarb \y$Q> H$mT>U{
]mJ{V ZdrZ H$b_{ bmdÎ`mZßVa oZò_V[U{ À`mßMr V[mgUr H{$br [mohO{. H$b_
V`ma H$a `mgmR>r Om{_Xma dmT>rMm IwßQ> (Í$Q> ÒQ>m∞H$) AmoU OmoVdßV PmS>mMr S>m{iH$mS>r
(gm`Z) dm[aVmV. H$b_m¿`m Om{S>mImbr ¯m IwßQ>mdarb S>m{i{ \w$Qy>Z \$mß⁄m (\w$Q>d{)
Om{_mZ{ dmT>VmV. ¯m \$mß⁄m AZmdÌ`H$ AgVmV. ÂhUyZ À`m AßHw$amV AgVmZmM IwSy>Z
Q>mH$mÏ`mV. À`mH$S>{ Xwb©j Pmb{ Va IwßQ>mdarb \$mß⁄m Om{_mZ{ dmT>VmV AmoU OmoVdßV
\$mß⁄mßZm dmTy> X{V ZmhrV. À`m_wi{ Am[Umßg CŒm_ ‡VrMr \$i{ Z o_iVm IwßQ>m¿`m
PmS>mgmaIrM \$i{ o_iVmV.
\$iPmS>mßZm AmYma X{U{
]mJ{V ZdrZ H$b_{ qH$dm am{[{ bmdÎ`mZßVa À`mßZm ]mß]y¿`m H$m_Q>Ámß¿mm qH$dm
bmH$S>r H$mR>ÁmßMm AmYma ⁄mdm bmJVm{. À`m_wi{ PmS> gai C^{ dmT>V{. dmË`mZ{ H$b_{
hmbÎ`m_wi{ _wiÁm oT>Î`m [S>V ZmhrV. AmYmamMr H$mR>r H$b_m¿`m Im{S>m¿`m AJXr
Odi JmSy> Z`{. H$maU À`m_wi{ _wiÁmßZm BOm hmV{. CßM AmoU _m{H$iÁm OmJr bmdb{Î`m
H$b_mßZm qH$dm am{[mßZm AmYma X{ `mMr \$ma AmdÌ`H$Vm AgV{. À`mM‡_mU{ –mjd{br
qH$dm [∞eZ\ý$Q>¿`m d{br AmYmamoedm` C‰`m amhˇ eH$V ZmhrV. ¯m d{btZm _mßS>dmda
MT>od `mH$naVm `m{Ω` diU ⁄md{ bmJV{.
\$iPmS>mßZm diU X{ `m¿`m 3 gm_m›` [’Vr Aem -
(1) _wª` Im{S> [’V (o[a∞_rS> [’V) : \$iPmS>mßZm diU X{ `m¿`m `m [’VrV
PmS>m¿`m Q>m{H$mH$S>{ dmT>UmË`m \$mßXrM{ dM©Òd AgV{. BVa \$mß⁄mß[{jm hr _Ybr \$mßXr
CßM dmTy> X{VmV. À`m_wi{ PmS>mbm o[a∞_rS>Mm AmH$ma o_iVm{. ¯m [’Vrbm "g|Q≠>b brS>a
ogÒQ>r_' Ag{hr ÂhUVmV. EH{$ H$mir hr [’V gam©g dm[abr OmV hm{Vr. [U g‹`m Vr
‡MobV Zmhr. \$iPmS> gwÍ$¿`m PmS>m‡_mU{ oXgV{. _‹`dVu \$mßXr¿`m g^m{dVr BVa
\$mß⁄m AgVmV.
¯m [’VrM{ [wT>rb Vm{Q>{ Amh{V : PmS> Iy[ CßM dmT>V{, À`m_wi{ \$imßMr Vm{S>Ur
H$aU{ AdKS> hm{V{. Iy[ N>mQ>Ur H$amdr bmJV{, À`m_wi{ \$iYmaUm Coeam hm{V{. ]h˛V{H$
\$i{ gmdbrV dmT>Î`m_wi{ À`mßZm MmßJbm aßJ `{V Zmhr. gdm™V Imb¿`m \$mßXrda gmdbr
[S>Î`m_wi{ Vr H$Yr H$Yr dmiV{. CßM PmS>m_wi{ \$dmaUr AdKS> AgV{. \$dmaUrMm
AmoU \$i{ Vm{S> `mMm IM© dmT>Vm{.
(2) gwYmnaV _wª` Im{S> [’V (_m∞oS>\$mB©S> o[a∞_rS> [’V) : hr [’V g\$aMßX
AmoU BVa [mZJi hm{UmË`m \$iPmS>mßH$naVm gm_m›`[U{ dm[aVmV. gwÈdmVrMr 3 V{ 5
df} PmS>mMr dmT> hm{D$ X{VmV. À`mZßVa _YÎ`m \$mßXrMm daMm e|S>m >N>mQy>Z AmS>Ï`m
AmH•$Vr 1.1 : \$iPmS>mßZm diU X{ `m¿`m [’Vr

\$mß⁄m dmTy> X{VmV. À`m_wi{ Imb¿`m \$mß⁄mß¿`m odÒVma hm{Vm{ AmoU PmS>mMr _O]wVr
dmT>V{. PmS>mMr Z°goJ©H$ dmT> hm{V{. H$Yr H$Yr _‹`dVu \$mßXr Z N>mQ>Vm PmS>mMr Z°goJ©H$
dmT> hm{V{. ¯m [’VrV PmS>mMm AmH$ma _‹`_ amhVm{. À`m_wi{ N>mQ>Ur, \$dmaUr, \$i{
Vm{S>U{, BÀ`mXr H$m_{ gm{[r hm{VmV. PmS> _O]yV amhV{. \$mß⁄m _‹`_ ‡_mUmV odÒVmnaV
amohÎ`mg PmS>m¿`m gd© ^mJmßZm â[ya gy`©‡H$me o_iVm{. ¯m [’VrV [ohÎ`m AmoU
oVgË`m [’VrMm gwdU©_‹` gmYb{bm AgVm{.
(3) _m{H$ir _‹` [’V (g|Q>a Am{[Z [’V) : ¯m [’VrV bmJdS>r¿`m d{ir
am{[mMm e|S>m N>mQ>b{bm AgVm{. N>mQ>b{Î`m oR>H$mUm¿`m da EH$hr \$mßXr C^r dmTy> X{V
ZmhrV. PmS>mdarb \$mß⁄mß¿mr gßª`m 3 V{ 5 AgV{ AmoU ¯m \$mß⁄m H$_r-AoYH$ EH$mM
OmJ{dÍ$Z oZKmb{Î`m AgVmV. ¯m [’VrMm _wª` \$m`Xm ÂhUO{ N>mQ>Ur, odaiUr,
\$dmaUr AmoU \$i{ Vm{S> `mM{ H$m_ gm{[{ hm{V{. `m [’VrV _wª` Vm{Q>m ÂhUO{ PmS>
H$_Om{a ]ZV{. H$maU gmßJmS>Ám¿`m \$mß⁄m g_mZ OmS>r¿`m amhVmV. _wª` Im{S>mda \$mß⁄mßMr
XmQ>r hm{V{. À`m_wi{ PmS>mMr [yU© dmT> hm{V Zmhr. \$mß⁄mßZm AmoU \$imßZm [wa{gm gy`©‡H$me
o_i `mgmR>r OmÒV N>mQ>Ur H$amdr bmJV{. À`m_wi{ \$iPmS>mßZm diU{ X{ `mgmR>r XwgË`m
H´$_mßH$mda gmßoJVb{br _m∞oS>\$mB©S> o[a∞_rS> [’V AoYH$ ‡_mUmV dm[aVmV.
1.2.3 ]mJ{Vrb PmS>mß¿`m N>mQ>UrMr AmdÌ`H$Vm
\$iPmS>mMr N>mQ>Ur H$aVmZm PmS>mMm odoeÓQ> ^mJ H$m[yZ Q>mH$VmV. O{U{H$Í$Z
À`m PmS>mMr Z°goJ©H$ dmT> hm{D$Z e{VH$Ë`mbm OmÒVrV OmÒV \$m`Xm o_iy eH{$b.
MmßJÎ`m ‡Vr¿`m \$imß¿`m CÀ[mXZmgmR>r N>mQ>Ur hr \$ma _hŒdmMr ]m] AgÎ`mZ{ Vr
‡À`{H$ e{VH$Ë`mZ{ g_OyZ K{Vbr [mohO{. MwH$sMr N>mQ>Ur H$a `m[{jm N>mQ>Ur Z H{$b{br
[adS>V{. Xadfu N>mQ>Ur H$a `mV ]Xb H$amdm bmJVm{ AmoU hm ]Xb PmS>mMr dmT>
AmoU \$imßM{ CÀ[mXZ `mßda Adbß]yZ AgVm{. N>mQ>Ur H$a `m¿`m [’Vtodf`r V¡kmß_‹`{
Z{h{_rM _Vo^›ZVm AgV{.
N>mQ>Ur H$a `mM{ C‘{e
(1) \$iPmS>mßMm `m{Ω` gmßJmS>m V`ma H$Í$Z PmS>mßZm R>amdrH$ AmH$ma X{ `mgmR>r
AmoU PmS> m ß Z m _O]y V ]Zod `mgmR> r `m{ Ω ` diU X{ D $Z N> m Q> U r H$amdr
bmJV{.
(2) \$iPmS>mßMr bmJdS> odoeÓQ> AßVamda H$aVmV. gwÈdmVrbm PmS>mß_‹`{ ]arM OmJm
_m{H$ir AgV{. hr OmJm [wT>{ PmS>mß¿`m odÒVmamZ{ âV{. Var [U ]mJ{Mr _emJV,
PmS>mdarb \$dmaUr AmoU \$i{ Vm{S> `mgmR>r H$mhr OmJm _m{H$ir R>{dmdr bmJV{.
(3) \$iPmS>mßMr dmT> AmoU Om{_ H$m`_ R>{dU{ AmoU [mb{Xma dmT> AmoU \$i{
oZo_©VrMr j_Vm (\ý$Q>\w$bZ{g) ¯mßVrb g_Vm{b H$m`_ R>{dÎ`mg PmS>mß¿`m
Amam{Ω`mda H$m{UV{hr XwÓ[naUm_ Z hm{Vm CŒm_ ‡VrMr â[ya \$i{ o_iVmV.
(4) PmS>mdarb \$boZo_©VrMr od^mJUr hm{D$Z _m{R>Ám AmH$mamMr AmoU CŒm_ ‡VrMr
\$i{ o_iVmV.
(5) \$i{ bmJUmË`m \$mß⁄mßZm â[ya gy`©‡H$me o_imÎ`mg \$imßM{ [m{fU MmßJb{ hm{V{
AmoU À`mßZm MmßJbm aßJ `{Vm{. À`mM‡_mU{ _wª` \$mß⁄m gmdbrV AgÎ`mg À`mßZm
C›hmM{ MQ>H{$ ]gV ZmhrV. _wª` Im{S>mda \$mß⁄m _O]yV amohÎ`m H$s, gm{gmQÁm¿`m
dmË`mZ{ À`m \$mH$V ZmhrV qH$dm _m{Sy>Z [S>V ZmhrV.
(6) \$iPmS>mßZm Xadfu oZò_V[U{ ]hma `{D$Z Xadfu â[ya \$i{ o_iVmV.
1.2.4 \$iPmS>mß¿`m N>mQ>Ur¿`m [’Vr
(1) e|S>m N>mQ>U{ : ¯m [’VrV PmS>mMm e|S>m qH$dm \$mß⁄mßMm H$mhr ^mJ N>mQy>Z
qH$dm H$m[yZ Q>mH$VmV.
(2) \$mß⁄mßMr odaiUr H$aU{ : `m [’VrV ]wS>m[mgyZ H$mhr \$mß⁄m N>mQy>Z
Q>mH$VmV. Im{S>mda \$mßXrMm IwßQ>X{Irb amhˇ X{V ZmhrV. \$mß⁄m N>mQ> `mM{ _hŒdmM{ VŒd
Ag{ Amh{ H$s, N>mQ>UrZßVa O{ bmHy$S> _aV Ag{b V{ PmS>mda R>{dy Z`{. ÂhUyZ ]wS>m[mgyZ
\$mßXr H$m[VmZm V{W{ IwßQ>r (ÒQ>ß[) amhˇ X{D$ Z`{. H$maU Vr IwßQ>r dmT>V Zmhr. O{ dmT>V
Zmhr V{ Hw$OV{. h{ Hw$OU{ PmS>m¿`m oZam{Jr ^mJmßV [gaV{. À`m_wi{ PmS> H$_Om{a ]ZV{
AmoU _aV{. ÂhUZy \$mßXrMr gwÈdmV O{W{ hm{V{ V{W{M \$mßXr H$m[mdr AmoU IwßQ>r amhˇ X{D$
Z`{. ÂhUO{ Im{S>mda \$mßXr¿`m OmJr g[mQ> ^mJ amhrb. \$mßXr H$m[VmZm ‡W_ ImbyZ
EH$ qH$dm Xm{Z BßM (2.5 V{ 5 g|_r.) \$mßXrMm ^mJ H$m[mdm. ZßVa dÍ$Z \$mßXr H$m[mdr.

AmH•$Vr 1.2 : \$iPmS>mßMr `m{Ω` ‡H$ma{ N>mQ>Ur H$aU{
ÂhUO{ H$m[b{br \$mßXr H$m{giyZ [S>VmZm Im{S>mMr gmb \$mQ>Uma Zmhr. \$mßXr \$ma OS>
AgÎ`mg H$adVrZ{ oVM{ VwH$S>{ H$m[md{. À`m_wi{ _mUgmda VmU [S>Uma Zmhr. hrM
oH´$`m ogH{$Q>aZ{ bhmZ \$mß⁄m N>mQ>VmZm bmJy [S>V{. \$mßXrbm IwßQ>r amohÎ`mg Vr [wT>{ _aV{
AmoU À`mVyZ am{JmMm ‡gma hm{Vm{. \$mß⁄m H$m[Î`m_wi{ PmS>mda Pmb{br OI_ ÀdnaV
^Í$Z Ambr [mohO{. V{Wrb H∞$pÂ]`_ D$Vr oOdßV AgÎ`mg OI_ bdH$a âV{.
PmS>mVrb A›Zagm¿`m ‡dmhm_wi{ [{er oOdßV amhVmV. \$mßXr¿`m ¡`m oR>H$mUr `m
A›Zagm¿mm ‡dmh dmhV ZgVm{ Vr \$mßXr _{b{br AgV{. ]marH$ \$mß⁄m N>mQ>VmZm V{Wrb
S>m{iÁmbm (]S>) BOm hm{D$ X{D$ Z`{.
_{b{br qH$dm am{JQ> \$mßXr H$m[m`Mr AgÎ`mg Vr oZam{Jr bmH$S>m[`™V H$m[U{
AmdÌ`H$ AgV{. H$m[b{Î`m OmJr V[oH$ar S>mJ oXgÎ`mg V{W{ am{JOßVyßMr ]mYm Pmb{br
AgV{. ÂhUyZ Vm{ ^mJ H$m[yZ Q>mH$mdm. oZam{Jr bmHy$S> (am{JmMm S>mJ Zgb{b{) oXg{[`™V
[w›hm-[w›hm H$m[Ur H$amdr ÂhUO{ am{JQ> ^mJ [yU©[U{ H$mTy>Z Q>mH$Î`mMr ImÃr hm{B©b.
AmH•$Vr H´$. 1.3 : XmQ>r H$aUmË`m \$mß⁄m AmH•$Vr H´$. 1.4 : bmß] dmT>b{Î`m \$mß⁄m
H$m[ `mMr [’V H$m[ `mMr [’V
\$iPmS>mdarb _{b{Î`m AmoU am{JQ> \$mß⁄m N>mQy>Z Q>mH$Î`mZßVa À`m PmS>mbm MmßJbm
AmH$ma X{ `mH$naVm XmQ>r H{$b{Î`m \$mß⁄m ode{fV: ¡`m \$mß⁄m _‹`dVu Im{S>mH$S>{ dib{Î`m
AgVmV Aem \$mß⁄m N>mQy>Z Q>mH$mÏ`mV. À`m_wi{ PmS>mbm MmßJbm AmH$ma o_iVm{. gd©
^mJmbm hdm AmoU ‡H$me o_imÎ`m_wi{ PmS> oZam{Jr amhV{. H$Yr H$Yr BVa \$mß⁄mß¿`m
VwbZ{V EImXr \$mßXr Om{_mZ{ dmT>b{br oXgV{. hr \$mßXr AZwÀ[mXH$ AgV{. Vg{M oV¿`m
Om{_Xma dmT>r_wi{ BVa CÀ[mXH$ \$mß⁄mßMr dmT> IwßQ>V{. Aem \$mßXrbm "[mU\y$Q>' (dm∞Q>a
eyQ>) Ag{ ÂhUVmV. Aer \$mßXr PmS>mMm AmH$ma o]KS>dyZ Q>mH$V{ AmoU OmXm A›Zag
em{fV{. ÂhUyZ Vr oXgVmM ]wS>m[mgyZ N>mQy>Z Q>mH$mdr.
(3) ^mar N>mQ>Ur H$aU{ : ¯m [’VrV gd© PmS>mßdarb bhmZ bhmZ \$mß⁄m Z
N>mQ>Vm Wm{S>Ám _m{R>Ám \$mß⁄m N>mQ>VmV. À`m_wi{ H$m[ AmoU OI_m H$_r hm{VmV. odoeÓQ>
\$iPmS>mßH$naVm ¯m N>mQ>Ur¿`m [’VrMm C[`m{J hm{Vm{. H$mhr \$iPmS>mßMm ]hma J{Î`m
dfu¿`m bmH$S>r \$mß⁄mßda `{Vm{. À`mZßVa¿`m dfu ¯m \$mß⁄mßda ]hma `{V Zmhr. ÂhUO{
Ow›`m \$mß⁄mßda ]hma `{V Zmhr. \$iYmaUm hm{V Zmhr. [wT>rb dfuMm ]hma ¯m _m{H$iÁm
\$mß⁄mß[mgyZ dmT>b{Î`m ZdrZ \$mß⁄mßda `{Vm{. À`mZßVa¿`m dfu ¯m ZdrZ \$mß⁄m Ow›`m
hm{VmV AmoU À`mda ]hma `{V Zmhr. ZdrZ \$mß⁄m dmT>U{ ]hmam¿`m AmoU \$bm{À[mXZm¿`m
—ÓQ>rZ{ _hŒdmM{ AgV{. EH$Xm ]hma `{D$Z Ow›`m Pmb{Î`m \$mß⁄m N>mQ>mÏ`m bmJVmV.
–mjd{btMr AmoU ]m{amß¿`m PmS>mßMr Xadfu IaS> N>mQ>Ur H$amdr bmJV{.
(4) Ò[a N>mQ>Ur (Ò[a ‡wqZJ) : Ow›`m PmS>mß¿`m N>mQ>UrgmR>r `m [’VrMm
Adbß] H$aVmV. ¯m [’VrV gd© Ò[a (ZdVr) qH$dm À`mßMm ^mJ H$mT>yZ Q>mH$VmV.
À`m_wi{ \$i{ X{UmË`m \$mß⁄m H$_r hm{D$Z PmS>m¿`m dmT>rbm CŒm{OZ o_iV{.
(5) hbH$s N>mQ>Ur (bmB©Q> ‡wqZJ) : ¯m [’VrV gß[yU© PmS>mdarb ]marH$
\$mß⁄m N>mQ>VmV. hr [’V [rMgmaª`m \$iPmS>mH$naVm `m{Ω` AgV{. ¡`m PmS>mda ZdrZ
[mbdr dmT>V{, Aem PmS>mßMr hbH$s N>mQ>Ur H$aVmV.
R>|J `m dmT>UmË`m IwßQ>mda ]mßYb{Î`m H$b_mMr dmT> am{[mda ]mßYb{Î`m H$b_m[{jm
H$_r d{JmZ{ hm{V{. N>mQ>Ur H{$b{br PmS>{ R>|JUr amhVmV. H$YrH$Yr R>|J `m PmS>mßMr N>mQ>Ur
\$ma H$_r ‡_mUmV H$amdr bmJV{.
H$Yr H$Yr bhmZ \$mß⁄mßMm AmS>dm odÒVma hm{ `mgmR>r À`mßMr Q>m{H{$ Oo_ZrV
JmS>b{Î`m S>mß]mßZm ]mßYmdr bmJVmV. À`mgmR>r 9 Zß]a¿`m 15 V{ 40 g|_r. bmß] Vma{Mm
C[`m{J H$aVmV. \$mß⁄mßMm odÒVma PmÎ`m_wi{ À`m PmS>mMr Om{_mZ{ dmT> hm{V Zmhr AmoU
\$i{ bdH$a bmJ `mg CŒm{OZ o_iV{. R>{ßJ `m PmS>mßZm –mjd{br‡_mU{ Vma{¿`m _mßS>dmda
diU X{Vm `{V{.
1.2.5 AmYma X{ `mMr AmdÌ`H$Vm AmoU [’V
gm{gmQ>Ám¿`m dmË`m_wi{ ]mJ{V bmdb{br H$b_{ AmoU PmS>{ _wimßgH$Q> C›_iyZ
[S>y Z`{V ÂhUyZ À`mßZm AmYma ⁄mdm bmJVm{. À`mgmR>r Xm{Z C^{ S>mß] Oo_ZrV am{dyZ
À`mßZm AmS>dm S>mß] ]mßYVmV. ¯m AmS>Ï`m S>mß]mbm PmS>mM{ _wª` Im{S> ]mßYVmV. ¯m
[’VrV C^{ Xm{Z S>mß] PmS>m¿`m _wiÁmß[mgyZ bmß] Oo_ZrV JmS>Î`m_wi{ PmS>m¿`m _wiÁmßZm
BOm hm{V Zmhr.
H$mhr \$iPmS>mßda \$imßMm ^ma BVH$m OmÒV AgVm{, H$s À`m \$imß¿`m ^mamZ{
PmS>mß¿`m \$mß⁄m dmH$VmV AmoU _m{S>VmV. dmH$b{Î`m \$mß⁄mßdarb \$i{ Oo_Zrda Q>{H$VmV
AmoU gS>VmV (CXmhaUmW©, gßÃr). Aem PmS>mßZm Xadfu \$iYmaUm PmÎ`mZßVa AmYma
AmH•$Vr 1.5 : PmS>mbm AmYma X{ `mgmR>r Xm{ar AWdm Vma ]mßYU{
AmH•$Vr 1.6 : PmS>mbm AmYma X{ `mMr [’V
⁄mdm bmJVm{. À`mgmR>r PmS>m^m{dVr ]mß]yM{ _MmU V`ma H$aVmV. g‹`m ]mß]y¿`m oH$_Vr
dmT>Î`m_wi{ hm IM©hr dmT>bm Amh{. VWmo[, _MmUmM{ ]mß]y \$imßMr Vm{S>Ur PmÎ`mZßVa
H$mTy>Z [w›hm dm[aVm `{VmV.
gmßJmS>m : (\´{$_dH©$) PmS>m¿`m \$mß⁄mßMm gß^ma

IwßQ> : (Í$Q> ÒQ>m∞H$)\$iPmS>m¿`m H$b_mßMm ImbMm ^mJ
S>m{iH$mS>r : (gm`Z) \$iPmS>m¿`m H$b_mMm daMm ^mJ
[mU\y$Q> : (dm∞Q>a eyQ>≤g≤) \$iPmS>mßMr [mb{Xma [aßVw \$i{ Z `{Umar \y$Q>
ZdVr : (Ò[a) \$iPmS>mbm `{Uma{ ZdrZ \w$Q>d{
IaS> N>mQ>Ur : Eo‡b N>mQ>Ur
Jm{S>r N>mQ>Ur : Am∞∑Q>m{]a N>mQ>Ur
\$m{obEO : [mZm{im
1.4 gmamße
\$iPmS>mßM{ AoYH$ CÀ[mXZ o_i `mgmR>r À`mßZm `m{Ω` diU ⁄md{ bmJV{. À`mßMr
`m{Ω` [’VrZ{ N>mQ>Ur H$amdr bmJV{ AmoU H$_Om{a Im{S>mß¿`m PmS>mßZm qH$dm d{btZm
AmYma ⁄mdm bmJVm{. À`m_wi{ \$iPmS>{ gwS>m°b oXgVmV. À`mßMm _O]yV gmßJmS>m V`ma
hm{Vm{. \$iPmS>{ oZam{Jr amhˇZ AoYH$ \$imßM{ CÀ[mXZ X{VmV. `m_‹`{ MyH$ PmÎ`mg \$ma
ZwH$gmZ hm{V{. \$iPmS>mßMr [mb{Xma dmT> AmoU \$i{ X{ `mMr j_Vm ¯mß_‹`{ g_Vm{b
amIbm [mohO{.
\$iPmS>mßZm diU X{ `m¿`m (1) _wª` Im{S> [’V, (2) gwYmnaV _wª` Im{S>
[’V AmoU (3) _m{H$ir _‹` [’V Aem VrZ [’Vr Amh{V.
\$iPmS>mßMr N>mQ>Ur H$a `mM{ d{Jd{Ji{ C‘{e AmoU [’Vr AZ{H$ Amh{V. ‡À`{H$
‡H$ma¿`m \$iPmS>mMr N>mQ>Ur H$a `mMr [’V d{Jd{Jir AgV{. CXmhaUmW©, Amß]m,
]m{a, S>mqi] AmoU –mj{. ‡À`{H$ PmS>mMr N>mQ>Ur oH$Vr H$amdr, h{ À`m PmS>m¿`m pÒWVrda
Adbß]yZ AgV{. N>mQ>Ur H$a `mMr hÀ`ma{ YmaXma AgmdrV. À`m_wi{ l_ H$_r bmJVmV
AmoU H$m_ MmßJb{ hm{V{.
gm{gmQ>Ám¿`m dmË`mZ{ H$b_ qH$dm PmS> C›_iyZ [Sy> Z`{ AmoU \$imßMr Ji hm{D$
Z`{ ÂhUyZ PmS>mßZm AmYma ⁄mdm bmJVm{. gßÕ`mgmaª`m PmS>mda \$imßMm ^ma BVH$m
OmÒV dmT>Vm{, H$s \$imß¿`m ^mamZ{ \$mß⁄m dmH$VmV, Oo_Zrbm Q>{H$VmV qH$dm _m{S>VmV.
Aem PmS>mßZm AmYma X{ `mMr JaO AgV{.

1.5.1 Imbrb ‡ÌZmßMr CŒma{ godÒVa obhm.
(1) \$iPmS>mßZm diU X{ `m¿`m VrZ gm_m›` [’VtMr Zmd{ obhˇZ H$m{UÀ`mhr
Xm{Z [’Vtda godÒVa odd{MZ H$am.
(2) N>mQ>Ur H$a `mM{ C‘{e Ò[ÓQ> H$Í$Z N>mQ>Ur H$a `m¿`m [’VtMr Zmd{ obhm.
(3) "\$mß⁄mMr odaiUr H$aU{' `m \$iPmS>m¿`m N>mQ>Ur¿`m [’VrMr godÒVa
_mohVr obhm.
(4) oQ>[m obhm.
(i) \$iPmS>mßMr ^mar N>mQ>Ur H$aU{.
(ii) \$iPmS>mßMr hbH$s N>mQ>Ur H$aU{.
1.5.2 Imbrb ‡ÌZmßMr Wm{S>∑`mV CŒma{ obhm.
(1) \$iPmS>mßZm diU X{ `m¿`m _wª` Im{S> [’V (o[a∞o_S> [’V) `modf`r
godÒVa _mohVr obhm.
(2) \$iPmS>mßZm diU X{ `m¿`m gwYmnaV _wª` Im{S> [’Vrodf`r _mohVr
obhm.
(3) \$iPmS>mßZm diU X{ `m¿`m _m{H$ir _‹` [’V (g|Q>a Am{[Z [’V)
`modf`r godÒVa odd{MZ H$am.
(4) ]mJ{Vrb PmS>mßMr N>mQ>Ur H$a `mM{ C‘{e Ò[ÓQ> H$am.
(5) PmS>mßMr ^mar N>mQ>Ur H$m d H$er H$aVmV ?
(6) PmS>mßMr hbH$s N>mQ>Ur H$m d H$er H$aVmV ?
(7) ]mJ{Vrb PmS>mßZm AmYma X{ `mMr AmdÌ`H$Vm d [’Vr Ò[ÓQ> H$am.
(8) \$mß⁄mßMr odaiUr H$aVmZm PmS>m¿`m H$m{UÀ`m \$mß⁄m N>mQ>mÏ`mV ?
1.5.3 Imbrb ‡ÌZmßMr CŒma{ À`mßImbrb [`m©`mß_YyZ oZdSy>Z obhm.
(1) PmS>m¿`m H$m{UÀ`m \$mß⁄mßMr N>mQ>Ur H$Í$ Z`{ ?
(A) _wª` Im{S>m[mgyZ gai dmT>UmË`m
(B) _wª` Im{S>m[mgyZ [gaQ> dmT>UmË`m
(C) gwª`m \$mß⁄m
(D) dmH$S>Ám \$mß⁄m
(2) diU X{ `m¿`m H$m{UÀ`m [’VrV PmS>m¿`m Q>m{H$mH$S>{ dmT>UmË`m \$mßXrM{
dM©Òd AgV{ ?
(A) _wª` Im{S> [’V (B) gwYmnaV _wª` Im{S> [’V
(C) _m{H$ir _‹` [’V (D) `mß[°H$s Zmhr
(3) diU X{ `mMr H$m{UVr [’V g\$aMßX AmoU BVa [mZJi hm{UmË`m
PmS>mßH$naVm gm_m›`[U{ dm[aVmV ?
(C) _Zrflb±Q>, A∞Ò[ma∞Jg (D) `mß[°H$s EH$hr Zmhr
(4) Imbrb[° H $s H$m{ U V{ diU X{ `m¿`m gw Y mnaV _w ª ` Im{ S > [’VrM{
d°oeÓQ>Á Amh{ ?
(A) _Ybr \$mßXr CßM dmTy> X{VmV
(B) bmJdS>r¿`m d{ir am{[mMm e|S>m N>mQ>b{bm AgVm{
(C) _‹`dVu \$mßXr¿`m g^m{dVr BVa \$mß⁄m AgVmV
(D) 3 V{ 5 df} d`m¿`m PmS>m¿`m _YÎ`m \$mßXrMm e|S>m AmS>dm
N>mQ>VmV.
(5) diU X{ `m¿`m H$m{UÀ`m [’VrV bmJdS>r¿`m d{ir am{[mMm e|S>m N>mQ>b{bm
AgVm{ ?
(C) _m{H$ir _‹` [’V (D) `mß[°H$s Zmhr.
(6) Mmß J Î`m ‡Vr¿`m \$imß ¿ `m CÀ[mXZmgmR> r H$m{ U Vr ]m] _hŒdmMr
AgV{ ?
(A) diU (B) AmYma (C) N>mQ>Ur (D) A¿N>mXZ

(7) Ow›`m PmS>mß¿`m N>mQ>UrgmR>r H$m{UÀ`m [’VrMm Adbß] H$aVmV ?
(A) \$mß⁄mßMr odaiUr H$aU{ (B) ^mar N>mQ>Ur H$aU{
(C) hbH$s N>mQ>Ur H$aU{ (D) Ò[a N>mQ>Ur H$aU{
(8) N> m Q> U r¿`m H$m{ U À`m [’VrV gß [ y U © PmS> m darb ]marH$ \$mß ⁄ m
N>mQ>VmV ?
(9) –mjd{btMr AmoU ]m{amßMr IaS> N>mQ>Ur hr Imbrb[°H$s H$m{UÀ`m ‡H$mamV
_m{S>V{ ?
(A) \$mß⁄mMr odaiUr H$aU{ (B) ^mar N>mQ>Ur H$aU{
(10) ¡`m PmS>mßda ZdrZ [mbdr dmT>V{, Aem PmS>mßMr H$m{UÀ`m [’VrZ{ N>mQ>Ur
H$amdr ?

KQ>H$ 2 : CÀ[mXZ dmT>od `m¿`m ode{f [’Vr
AZwH´$_oUH$m
2.1 ‡mÒVmodH$
2.2 odf`-odd{MZ
2.2.1 \$iPmS>mMr Jm{bmH$ma gmb H$mT>U{
2.2.2 PmS>m¿`m \$mßXrda ImMm [mS>U{
2.2.3 \$mßXr dmH$odU{
2.2.4 \$mßXr o[iU{
2.2.5 \$mß⁄mßM{ e|S>{ IwS>U{
2.2.6 ]hma YaU{
2.4 gmamße
2.1 ‡mÒVmodH$
gßV VwH$mam_ ÂhUVmV, ""_h˛am E{gr \$i{ Zmhr $& Ambr H$mhr JiVr $& [∑dXe{
`{Vr Wm{S>r $& Zmg AmT>r d{M{ Vm{ $&''
d•jmda _m{hm{amBVH$s \$i{ `{V ZmhrV. H$mhr JiyZ [S>VmV. H$mhr o[H$VmV. H$mhr
AmT>t_‹`{ gS>VmV. Am[Î`m ]mJ{[mgyZ OmÒVrV OmÒV \$imßM{ CÀ[mXZ o_iod `mMm
]mJmB©VXmamßMm ‡`ÀZ AgVm{. ¯m_wi{ AmoW©H$ bm^ o_iVm{. ]mJ{Vrb \$imßM{ CÀ[mXZ
dmT>od `m¿`m ododY [’Vr Amh{V. ¯m [’VtMm ]maH$mB©Z{ A‰`mg H$Í$Z À`m‡_mU{
H•$Vr H{$Î`mg MyH$ hm{Uma Zmhr AmoU AmoW©H$ ZwH$gmZ hm{Uma Zmhr.
am`di Amß„`m¿`m PmS>mßZm Xadfu \$i{ Z bmJVm EH$ dfm©AmS> â[ya \$i{ bmJVmV
Va H$mhr Amß„`mß¿`m OmVtZm CXmhaUmW©, Zrb_, Am_´[mbr, _oÎbH$m Xadfu oZò_V[U{
\$i{ bmJVmV. PmS>mßZm â[ya \$i{ bmJ `mgmR>r gwÈdmVr¿`m H$mimV PmS>mMr â[ya
[mb{Xma dmT> Ïhmdr bmJV{ AmoU \$iYmaUm hm{ `m[ydu \$mß⁄m [∑d ÏhmÏ`m bmJVmV.
ÂhUO{ À`m \$mß⁄mßdarb S>m{i{ \w$Qy>Z ]hma `{Vm{. PmS>mMr [mb{Xma dmT> Oo_ZrVyZ PmS>mbm
o_iUmË`m A›Z–Ï`mßda Adbß]yZ AgV{. _mÃ \$i{ `{ `mgmR>r \$mß⁄mßdarb S>m{i{ \w$Q> `mMr
oH´$`m hr PmS>mVrb Ord-agm`Zm¿`m ]Xbmda Adbß]yZ AgV{. Amß„`m¿`m PmS>m¿`m
[{erVrb ZÃmMr dmT> qH$dm KQ> ¯mßMm [naUm_ _wª`V: AZwH´$_{ PmS>mMr dmT> AmoU
]hma ¯mßda hm{Vm{. ZÃmMm [wadR>m H$_r [S>bm Va [mb{Xma dmT> IwaQ>r hm{V{. ÂhUyZ
PmS>mbm ZÃmMm [wadR>m H$_r [Sy> X{D$ Z`{. ode{fV: C›hmiÁm¿`m gwÈdmVrbm PmS>mMr
[mb{Xma dmT> hm{V AgV{. ¯moedm` Ò\w$aX AmoU [mbme ¯mßMr PmS>mMr Om{_Xma dmT>
AmoU \$mß⁄mß¿`m Vg{M \$imß¿`m `m{Ω` [∑dV{gmR>r AmdÌ`H$Vm AgV{.
ÂhUyZ oe\$maer‡_mU{ \$iPmS>mßZm IV{ oXÎ`mg \w$bYmaUm (]hma) AmoU
\$iYmaUm ¯mßZm \$m`Xm o_iVm{.
PmS>mßda ]hma `{ `mgmR>r D$VrVrb Ord-agm`Z [mVir `m{Ω`V_ Agbr [mohO{.
gm_m›`[U{, ¡`m \$mß⁄mßda ]hma Amb{bm Amh{ Aem \$mß⁄mß_Yrb H$m]©Z : Zm`Q≠>m{OZ
JwUm{Œma h{ ]hma Z Amb{Î`m \$mß⁄mß[{jm AoYH$ AgV{. [U h{ JwUm{Œma Owb° V{ \{$]´wdmar ¯m
H$mimV H$_r AgV{. ]hmamZßVa ]hma Z bmJb{Î`m \$mß⁄mßVrb H$m]©Z AmoU Zm`Q≠>m{OZM{
JwUm{Œma KQ>V{ AmoU h{ MH´$ gwÍ$ amhV{.
gd©gmYmaU[U{ \$imßM{ S>m{i{ \w$Q> `m¿`m gw_mamg H$m]©Z : Zm`Q≠>m{OZ JwUm{Œma
OmÒV AgV{. EH$mAmS> EH$m dfu \$i{ bmJUmË`m OmVt¿`m ]m]VrV h{ Ia{ AgV{. [U
¡`m OmVt¿`m PmS>mßZm Xadfu oZò_V[U{ \$i{ bmJVmV À`mß¿`m ]m]VrV ¯m JwUm{ŒmamV
V\$mdV AgV{. ÂhUyZ gd© OmVt_‹`{ \$imßM{ S>m{i{ \w$Q> `m¿`m d{ir H$m]©Z : Zm`Q≠>m{OZ
JwUm{Œma CÉV_ AgU{ AmdÌ`H$ Agb{, Var EH$mAmS> EH$m dfu \$iYmaUm hm{UmË`m
PmS>mß¿`m ]m]VrV _hŒdmM{ AgV{. [U ]ma_mhr OmVt_‹`{ ]hmamgmR>r H$m]©Z : Zm`Q≠>m{OZ
JwUm{Œma OmÒV Ag `mMr JaO ZgV{. _mÃ `mM{ oZpÌMV H$maU _mhrV Zmhr.
PmS>mß¿`m \$iYmaU{da H$m]©Z : Zm`Q≠>m{OZ JwUm{ŒmamMm _m{R>m ‡^md [S>V AgVm{.
PmS>mMr MmßJbr dmT> hm{D$Z \$imßM{ CÀ[mXZ o_i `mgmR>r h{ JwUm{Œma 3:2 Agmd{.
O{Ïhm PmS>mVrb H$m]©ZM{ ‡_mU H$_r (1.4 V{ 2.3) AgV{ V{Ïhm PmS>mMr [mb{Xma dmT>
OmÒV ‡_mUmV hm{V{; _mÃ \$iYmaUm hm{V Zmhr. Aem [napÒWVrV PmS>mda odoeÓQ>
C[Mma H$amd{ bmJVmV. ¯m C[Mmam_‹`{ _wiÁm CKS>Ám Q>mH$U{ (CXmhaUmW© [{Í$), gmb
H$mT>U{ (JS>©qbJ) qH$dm \$mß⁄m dmH$odU{, BÀ`mXr C[MmamßMm g_md{e hm{Vm{. À`m_wi{
PmS>m_Yrb H$m]m}hm`S≠>{Q>Mm gmR>m dmTy>Z Bo¿N>V H$m]©Z : Zm`Q≠>m{OZ JwUm{Œma o_iV{.
À`mM‡_mU{ Amß]m AmoU Zmaim¿`m PmS>mß¿`m Im{S>mda _wgimZ{ o[Q>Î`m_wi{ H$m]©Z :
Zm`Q≠>m{OZ JwUm{ŒmamV ]Xb hm{Vm{. VWmo[, h{ C[Mma oZÓH$miOr[UmZ{ AWdm OmÒV
‡_mUmV H{$Î`mg ‡H$mÓR> ZobH$m (Pm`b{_) AmoU [naH$mÓR> ZobH$m (‚bm{E_) `mßZm
BOm hm{V{. PmS>mVrb agm¿`m ‡dmhmbm ‡oV]ßY PmÎ`mZ{ PmS> _aV{. ÂhUyZ H$m{UVmhr
C[Mma \$ma H$miOr[yd©H$ H$amdm; ÂhUO{ ZwH$gmZ hm{Uma Zmhr.
¯m KQ>H$m¿`m A‰`mgmZßVa Am[Î`mbm -
\$iPmS>mßM{ CÀ[mXZ dmT>od `mgmR>r dm[a `mV `{UmË`m ododY [’VtMr
_mohVr hmB©b.
\$iPmS>mßMm ]hma Ya `mM{ VßÃ _mhrV hm{B©b.
2.2 odf`-odd{MZ
2.2.1 \$iPmS>mMr Jm{bmH$ma gmb H$mT>U{
¯m [’Vrbm BßJÓrV "na®qJJ' qH$dm "JS>©qbJ' Ag{ ÂhUVmV. `wam{[mV hm C[Mma
–mjd{br AmoU [mZJi hm{UmË`m \$iPmS>mßda H$aVmV. ¯m C[MmamMm em{Y EH$m _O{Xma
KQ>Z{Z{ bmJbm. J´rg_‹`{ EH$m _mUgmZ{ –mjd{br¿`m Im{S>mbm Am[b{ I{Ma ]mßYb{
hm{V{. I{Mam¿`m hmbMmbrZ{ Im{S>mdarb Xm{a KmgÎ`m_wi{ dVw©imH$ma gmb oZKyZ J{br
AmoU –mjm¿`m Im{S>mda ImM [S>br. BVa –mjd{bt[{jm ¯m d{brbm OmÒV \$i{ bmJbr
hm{Vr. ¯m AZw^dmZ{ bm{H$mßZr hm C[Mma gwÍ$ H{$bm. `m [’VrV Im{S> qH$dm \$mßXrdarb
dVw©imH$ma gmb [yU©[U{ H$mT>VmV. À`m_wi{ _wimH$S>{ dmhUmam A›ZmMm ‡dmh IßoS>V
hm{Vm{ AmoU gmb H$mT>b{Î`m da¿`m ^mJmV gmR>Vm{. À`m_wi{ _m{R>Ám AmH$mamMr \$i{
AmoU \w$b{ bmJVmV. H$Yr H$Yr OmÒV [mb{Xma dmT> Pmb{Î`m Amß„`m¿`m PmS>mda hm
C[Mma H$aVmV. V{Ïhm g_mYmZH$maH$ ]hma \w$Qy>Z \$iYmaUm MmßJbr hm{V{.
hm C[Mma ‡m_wª`mZ{ –mjd{brda \$iYmaUm dmT>od `mgmR>r, –mjm¿`m KS>mVrb
_ `mßMm AmH$ma dmT>od `mgmR>r AmoU \$i{ bdH$a V`ma hm{ `mgmR>r H$aVmV. ¯mßoedm`
\$imßMr Jm{S>r dmT>U{, \$imßZm AmH$f©H$ aßJ `{U{ AmoU _ `mßMr g_mZ dmT> hm{U{ ¯m
Jm{ÓQ>r gmYVmV.
JS>©qbJM{ ‡H$ma
gm_m›`[U{ JS>©qbJM{ 3 ‡H$ma Amh{V :
(1) Im{S>mMr gmb H$mT>U{ (Q≠>ßH$ JS>©qbJ) : ¯m [’VrV –mjd{br¿`m _wª`
Im{S>m¿`m _‹`^mJr MmHy$Z{ qH$dm Img V`ma H{$b{Î`m H$adVr¿`m gmhmÊ`mZ{ 2 V{ 3
o_ob_rQ>a ÈßXrMr Jm{bmH$ma gmb H$mT>VmV. ¡`m d{ir d{brM{ Im{S> bhmZ AmoU EH$gmaI{
AgV{ AmoU d{brdarb ]h˛V{H$ KS> EH$mM AdÒW{V AgVmV; Aem d{ir Im{S>mMr gmb
H$mT>U{ C[`w∑V AgV{. ¯m‡_mU{ Im{S>mda C[Mma H$a `mgmR>r AZw^d AmoU H$m°eÎ`
bmJV{. H$maU Im{S>mbm OI_ Im{b AWdm ÈßX PmÎ`mg d{br¿`m _wimßZm gmaª`m
‡_mUmV A›Z[wadR>m hm{V Zmhr. À`m_wi{ gd©M KS> EH$m d{ir \w$bm{Ë`mV `{V ZmhrV.
H$_rV H$_r 5% KS>mßMr hr AdÒWm AgV{. ¯m 5% KS>mßgmR>r Wmß]b{ Va 95% KS>mßMr
JS>©qbJMr AdÒWm oZKyZ OmV{. ÂhUyZ ¯m [’Vr_wi{ 5% KS>mßMr ‡V AmoU _ `mßMr
gßª`m dmTy>Z KS> K≈> PmÎ`m_wi{ o]KS>VmV.
(2) Am{bmßS>ÁmMr gmb H$mT>U{ (Am_© JS>©qbJ) : ¯m [’VrV –mjd{brdarb
Am{bmßS>Ám¿`m ]wS>mH$Sy>Z 10 g|oQ>_rQ>a AßVamda 3 V{ 5 o_ob_rQ>a ÈßXrMr dVw©imH$ma
gmb H$mT>VmV. Am{bmßS>Ámdarb JS>©qbJ e∑`Vm{ H$arV ZmhrV. H$maU Am{bmßS>{ d{S>{dmH$S>{
AgVmV AmoU À`mß¿`mdarb ]mhÁ AmdaU QUH$ AmoU IS>]S>rV AgV{. Am{bmßS>Ámda
JmR>rM{ ‡_mU OmÒV AgV{. oedm` Am{bmßS>Ámdarb OI_ ^Í$Z `{ `mg OmÒV H$mi
bmJVm{.
(3) H$mS>rdarb gmb H$mT>U{ (H{$Z JS>©qbJ) : hr [’V gdm™V bm^Xm`H$
AgÎ`mZ{ oVMm gam©g C[`m{J H$aVmV. hr [’V gdm™V gwaojV Amh{. H$maU JS>©qbJ
H$aVmZm MyH$ PmÎ`mg EImXmXwgamM d{b dm`m OmVm{; [aßVw PmS>mbm BOm [m{hm{MV
Zmhr. ¯m [’VrV KS> bmJb{Î`m ‡À`{H$ H$mS>r¿`m ]wS>mer 3 V{ 3.5 o__r. ÈßXrMr
dVw©imH$ma gmb [yU©[U{ H$mTy>Z Q>mH$VmV. H$mS>rda EH$m[{jm AoYH$ KS> Agb{ Var
JS>©qbJ _mÃ EH$mM OmJr H$aVmV. O{Ïhm d{brM{ Im{S> OmS> AgV{ AWdm d{brdarb KS>
d{Jd{JiÁm AdÒW{V AgVmV À`m d{ir H$mS>rdarb JS>©qbJ bm^Xm`H$ AgV{.
¯m [’VrM{ H$mhr Vm{Q>{ Amh{V. `m [’Vr_‹`{ _Owar d d{i OmÒV bmJVm{. H$YrH$Yr
JS>©qbJ H$amd`mMr H$mS>r bhmZ AgV{. ¯m_wi{ gw_ma{ 15% H$mS>Ámßdarb OI_ âV
Zmhr. KS>mM{ dOZ dmT>Î`mZ{ JS>©qbJ H{$b{Î`m OmJr H$_Om{a Pmb{br H$mS>r _m{S>V{
AmoU KS> dm`m OmVm{. Vg{M gß[yU© JS>©qbJM{ H$m_ KS> `m{Ω` AdÒW{V AgVmZm [yU©
H$aU{ AdKS> AgV{.
JS>©qbJM{ VßÃ
Im{S>mda JS>©qbJ H$a `mH$naVm d{Jd{JiÁm ‡H$maM{ Xwh{ar [mÀ`mM{ MmHy$ dm[aVmV.
EH$m [mÀ`m¿`m MmHy$Z{ H{$b{b{ JS>©qbJ V{dT>{ [naUm_H$maH$ ZgV{. Im{S>mMr gmb H$mT>VmZm
Xwh{ar [mÀ`m¿`m MmHy$M{ Q>m{H$ gmbrV Xm]yZ Im{S>m^m{dVr Jm{b o\$admd{. ¯m_wi{ 2.5
o_ob_rQ>a ÈßX gmbrMr [≈>r oZKV{. hr H$m[b{br [≈>r O{W{ gß[V{ V{W{ V{ Q>m{H$ R>{dyZ [w›hm
Am{T>md{. Aem ‡H$ma{ Im{S>m^m{dVrMr gß[yU© gmb oZK{[`™V h{ H$m_ [w›hm H$amd{.
AmH•$Vr 2.1 : Im{S>mM{ JS>©qbJ AmoU ^Í$Z `{Umar OI_

H$mS>rdarb gmb H$mT> `mgmR>r Xwh{ar [mÀ`mMr H$mÃr dm[amdr. KS> Agb{Î`m
H$mS>r¿`m ]wS>mer 3 V{ 5 o_ob_rQ>a ÈßXrMr gmb Im{Sm>¿`m AßVgm©brbm BOm Z H$aVm
gß[yU©[U{ H$mT>yZ Q>mH$mdr. ¯mgmR>r H$mÃr H$mS>rda R>{dyZ Jm{b o\$admdr. À`m d{ir _yR>
Xm]V AmoU g°b gm{S>V gmbrVyZ N>{X ø`mdm. ZßVa ¯m H$mS>rMm [wT>Mm ^mJ _yR> Xm]yZ
N>{Xmdm. H$mS>r^m{dVr Wm{S>m Xm] X{D$Z H$mÃr o\$adyZ gmbrM{ H$S>{ _m{H$i{ H$amd{. H$mT>b{br
gmb Xm{Z [mÀ`mßV AS>Hy$Z ]gV{. [aßVw ¯m eÛmMm OmÒV dm[a H{$Î`mg À`m_YyZ Vr
gmb ghO oZKyZ OmV{.
JS>©obßJ H$aVmZm ø`md`mMr H$miOr
–mjd{brdarb oH$Vr ÈßXrMr gmb H$mT>m`Mr Amh{, ¯mg \$ma _hŒd Amh{. H$maU
gmb H$mT>b{Î`m OmJr Pmb{br OI_ 3 V{ 4 AmR>dS>ÁmßV âbr [mohO{. hr OI_
^Í$Z `{ `mg O{dT>m OmÒV H$mi bmJVm{, À`m ‡_mUmV d{b H$_Om{a ]ZV{. hr OI_
^Í$Z Z AmÎ`mg d{b _aV{.
JS>©qbJ bdH$a H$am`M{ Ag{b Va OmÒV ÈßXrMr AmoU Coeam H$am`M{ Ag{b Va
H$_r ÈßXrMr flbmà dm[amdr. \$imßV o]`m Agb{Î`m –mjm¿`m OmVrda JS>©qbJ H{$Î`mg
o]`m _m{R>Ám hm{VmV. Vg{M EHß$Xa o]`mßMr gßª`m dmT> `mg CŒm{OZ o_iV{. ÂhUyZ ¯m
C[Mmamgm{]V oO]a{obH$ A∞ogS>Mmhr C[Mma H$amdm. JS>©qbJ H$a `m¿`m AmYr 4-5
oXdg –mjd{btZm â[ya [mUr ⁄md{. À`m_wi{ gmb bdH$a gwQ> `mg _XV hm{V{. JS>©qbJ
H{$Î`mZßVa [m `m¿`m Xm{Z [miÁmßVrb AßVa H$_r H$Í$Z OmÒV [mUr ⁄md{. ¯m H$mimV
d{brda [m `mMm VmU [S>bm Va À`m H$_Om{a amhVmV. JS>©qbJ H$aVmZm Oa gmbrMm
H$mhr ^mJ H$mT>md`mMm amohbm Va ¯m C[MmamMm [yU© [naUm_ oXgyZ `{V Zmhr. ÂhUyZ
gmbrMm H$m{UVm ^mJ H$mT>m`Mm amohbm Amh{, h{ em{Y `mgmR>r ¯m C[MmamZßVa 10
o_oZQ>mßZr [mohÎ`mg oeÎbH$ amohb{br gmb V[oH$ar qH$dm H$miÁm aßJmMr oXgV{.
Aer V[oH$ar gmb bJ{M H$mTy>Z Q>mH$mdr. gmb H$mT> `mgmR>r bmH$S>m[`™V Im{b H$m[
K{U{ hmZrH$maH$ AgV{. À`m_wi{ agdmoh›`mßM{ ZwH$gmZ hm{V{. ‡À`{H$ Am{bmßS>Ámda EH$
qH$dm EHy$U KS>mß¿`m H$mS>Ámß¿`m 10% dmßP \w$Q>r amImÏ`mV.
–mjd{btMr bmJdS> H{$Î`mZßVa [ohbr Xm{Z df} JS>©qbJ H$Í$ Z`{. H$maU ¯m
H$mimV d{br¿`m d{Jd{JiÁm Ad`dmßMr dmT> hm{V AgV{. ¯mZßVa _mÃ Xadfu JS>©qbJ
H$Í$Z gVV 10 V{ 12 dfm™[`™V â[ya CÀ[mXZ K{Vm `{V{. Aem ‡H$ma{ ‡À`{H$ dfu d{brda
JS>©qbJ oV¿`m AmYr¿`m JS>©qbJ¿`m da¿`m ^mJmda H$amd{.
JS>©qbJ H{$Ïhm H$amd{ ?
JS>©qbJ H$a `mMr d{i hr H$m{UÀ`m C‘{emZ{ JS>©qbJ H$amd`mM{ À`mda Adbß]yZ AgV{.
(1) _Ur AmoU KS> _m{R>{ H$a `mgmR>r : \$iYmaUm [yU© PmÎ`mZßVa [aßVw _Ur
¡dmar¿`m Xm `m[{jm bhmZ AmH$mamM{ AgVmZm JS>©qbJ H$amd{.
(2) \$imßMr Jm{S>r dmT>od `mgmR>r : _Ur ¡dmar¿`m Xm `m[{jm _m{R>{ PmÎ`mZßVa
[U dmQ>m `m¿`m Xm `m[{jm bhmZ AgVmZm JS>©qbJ H$amd{.
(3) \$i{ bdH$a V`ma hm{ `mgmR> r AmoU À`mß d a AmH$f© H $ aß J
`{ `mgmR>r : \$imßMr dmT> [yU© PmÎ`mZßVa JS>©qbJ H$amd{.
JS>©qbJ H{$b{Î`m OmJr OI_ ^Í$Z ZdrZ gmb dmT>V{. oVM{ oH$S>r AmoU am{Jmß[mgyZ
gßajU H$a `mgmR>r 1,000 [r[rE_ Vrd´V{M{ Am`]rE h{ gßOrdH$ AmoU 1 brQ>a [m `mV
2 J´∞_ ]modÒQ>rZ o_giyZ V`ma H{$b{bm b{[ JS>©qbJ H{$b{Î`m ^mJmda bmdmdm.
2.2.2 PmS>m¿`m \$mßXrda ImM [mS>U{ (Zm∞qMJ)

¯m C[Mmam¿`m [’VrV \$mßXrdarb gmb gß[yU© Jm{bmH$ma Z H$mT>Vm H$mhr ‡_mUmV
VerM R>{dVmV. gwflVmdÒW{Vrb S>m{iÁmßOdi Wm{S>Ám da¿`m ^mJmdarb gmbrMr Wm{S>r
AÈßX [≈>r H$mT>VmV. [naUm_r gwflVmdÒW{Vrb S>m{im \w$Qy>Z \$mßXrMr [mb{Xma dmT> hm{V{
qH$dm o_l \$mßXr dmT>V{ AmoU hr [mZ{ AmoU \w$b{ PmS>m¿`m Z°goJ©H$ gd`rZwgma dmT>VmV.
gm_m›`[U{ hm C[Mma [mZJi hm{UmË`m \$iPmS>mda H$aVmV. Aem PmS>m¿`m \$mßXr¿`m
e|S>Ámdarb S>m{i{ \w$Qy>Z Wm{S>rer \y$Q> dmT> `mMr Z°goJ©H$ ‡d•Œmr AgV{. À`mMd{ir \$mßXr¿`m
_mœ`mdarb AmoU ]wS>mdarb S>m{i{ gwflVmdÒW{V AgVmV. À`mß[mgyZ \y$Q> dmT>V Zmhr.
PmS>m¿`m \$mßXrda ImM [mS> `mMm C[Mma AßoOam¿`m PmS>mda H$aVmV. ¯m
PmS>mbm \$i{ `{VmV V{Ïhm oXgyZ `{V{ H$s, \$mß⁄mß¿`m e|S>ÁmH$S>rb ^mJ ZdrZ \y$Q> AmoU
\$imßZr ]hab{bm AgVm{. [aßVw \$mß⁄mß¿`m ]wS>mH$S>rb S>m{i{ \w$Q>b{b{ oXgV ZmhrV qH$dm
V{Wrb \$imßMr Om{[mgZm hm{V Zmhr. `m_wi{ \$imßM{ CÀ[mXZ KQ>V{. Aem d{ir \$mßXrda
ImM [mS> `mMr AmdÌ`H$Vm AgV{.
ImMm [mS> `mM{ Xm{Z ‡H$ma Amh{V : (1) gwflVmdÒW{Vrb S>m{iÁmß¿`m
da AmoU (2) gwflVmdÒW{Vrb S>m{iÁmß¿`m Imbr ImMm [mS>VmV. ImM [mS> `mgmR>r
9 V{ 12 _ohZ{ d`mMr [∑d \$mßXr oZdS>mdr bmJV{. ¯m d{ir oZdS>b{Î`m \$mßXrda
2-3 _m{R>{, Jm{bmH$ma AmoU \w$Jra S>m{i{ Ag `mMr H$miOr ø`mdr bmJV{. gwflVmdÒW{Vrb
S>m{iÁmß¿`m da¿`m ^mJmda 2.5 g|_r. bmß] AmoU 1 g{ß_r. ÈßX Aer H$mQ>H$m{ZmV
AmS>dr ImM ø`mdr. hr ImM AmVrb bmH$S>m[`™V Im{b ø`mdr, ÂhUO{ Om{_Xma
AmoU ge∑V \y$Q> oZKV{. hbH$s ImM oXÎ`mg \$∑V daMr gmb H$m[br OmV{
AmoU S>m{i{ Ae∑V amhVmV. S>m{iÁm¿`m 1.25 g|oQ>_rQ>a¿`m da¿`m ^mJmV ImM
X{D$ Z`{.
Aem ‡H$maMr ImM [mS> `m]am{ ] aM Jm{ b mH$ma gmb H$mT> `mMm Xw g am
C[Mma H$aVmZm 7 V{ 9 g|oQ>_rQ>a bmß]r¿`m \$mßXrdarb gwflVmdÒW{Vrb S>m{iÁmdarb
1 g|oQ>_rQ>a ÈßXrMr Jm{bmH$ma gmb (JS>©qbJ) H$mT>VmV. EH$m \$mßXrda Xm{Z[{jm AoYH$
S>m{iÁmßdarb gmb H$mTy> Z`{. Vg{M gmb H$mT>Î`mda Om{ XwYmgmaIm MrH$ oZKVm{ Vm{
S>m{iÁmßda Am{KiUma Zmhr, ¯mMr H$miOr ø`mdr. \$mßXr¿`m _‹`^mJr Agb{b{
S>m{i{ ¯m H$m_mgmR>r \$ma gm{`rM{ AgVmV. Jm{bmH$ma gmb H$mT>Î`m_wi{ \$mß⁄mßMr dmT>
am{Ibr OmV{.
AßoOam¿`m PmS>mMr N>mQ>Ur, diU, ImM [mS>U{ AmoU Jm{bmH$ma gmb H$mT>U{
`m _hŒdm¿`m oH´$`m Amh{V. À`m_wi{ \$imßM{ CÀ[mXZ dmT>V{. _amR>dmS>m H•$of od⁄m[rR>mV
Xm{Z df} 15 Am∞JÒQ> AmoU 15 gflQ>|]a ¯m oXder ¯m oH´$`m H{$Î`m AgVm [wT>rb‡_mU{
AßoOam¿`m \$imß¿`m CÀ[mXZmV dmT> PmÎ`mM{ AmT>ib{.
C[Mma \$mßXrdarb \$imßMr gßª`m
N>mQ>Ur H$aU{ 19
ImMm [mS>U{ 17
dVw©imH$ma gmb H$mT>U{ 16
N>mQ>Ur H$aU{, ImMm [mS>U{ 22
N>mQ>Ur H$aU{, dVw©imH$ma gmb H$mT>U{ 21
H$m{UVmhr C[Mma Zmhr 15
darb V∑À`mdÍ$Z Ag{ oXgyZ `{V{ H$s, ImMm [mS>U{ AmoU N>mQ>Ur H$aU{ `m
gß`w∑V C[Mmam_wi{ ‡À`{H$ \$mßXrdarb \$imß¿`m gßª`{V ]arM _m{R>r dmT> Pmbr. ¯mZßVa
dVw©imH$ma gmb H$mT>U{ AmoU N>mQ>Ur qH$dm H$m{UVmhr C[Mma Z H{$b{Î`m \$mßXrda
\$imßMr gßª`m gdm™V H$_r AmT>ibr. 15 gflQ>|]abm H{$b{Î`m C[Mmam[{jm 15 Am∞JÒQ>bm
H{$b{Î`m C[MmamZ{ \$imßMr gßª`m AoYH$ dmT>br hm{Vr. oedm` \$imßM{ dOZhr dmT>b{
hm{V{. _mÃ 15 Am∞JÒQ>[{jm 15 gflQ>|]abm H{$b{Î`m C[MmamZ{ \$imVrb od–mÏ` KZ[XmWm©M{
(gmIa{M{) ‡_mU AoYH$ hm{V{. hr \$i{ AoYH$ Jm{S> hm{Vr.
2.2.3 \$mßXr dmH$odU{ (]|qS>J)
hm C[Mma [{Í$Mr C^r dmT> hm{UmË`m OmVr¿`m PmS>mß¿`m \$imßM{ CÀ[mXZ
dmT>od `mgmR>r H$aVmV. `m [’VrV [{Í$¿`m PmS>m¿`m _m{R>Ám \$mß⁄m dmH$dyZ e{Oma¿`m
PmS>m¿`m dmH$b{Î`m \$mß⁄mßZm ]mßYyZ H$_mZ V`ma H$aVmV. À`m_wi{ _wª` Im{S>mdarb
Imbrb ]mOy¿`m \$mß⁄mßMr gßª`m dmTy>Z \$iYmaU{M{ j{Ã\$i dmT>V{. À`m_wi{ \$imßM{
CÀ[mXZ dmT>V{. ¯m [’VrZ{ [{Í$¿`m PmS>mßM{ Hwß$[Uhr V`ma H$aVm `{V{.
12.2.4 \$mßXr o[iU{ (oQ≤>dpÒQ>®J)
H$Yr H$Yr \$iYmaU{¿`m N>mQ>UrZßVa –mjm¿`m H$mS>rdarb S>m{i{ Z \w$Q>Vm V{ \$ma
_m{R>Ám ‡_mUmV dmßP (_wH{$) amhVmV. [naUm_r \$imßM{ CÀ[mXZ KQ>V{. H$Yr H$Yr d{brdarb
Wm{S>Ám H$mS>Ám MmßJÎ`m \w$Q>VmV Va ]Ë`mM H$mS>Ám [yU©[U{ _w∑`m amhVmV. AZ{H$ d{im
AmH•$Vr 2.2 : –mjd{br¿`m H$mS>Ám o[i `mMr [’V
H$mS>r¿`m e|S>ÁmH$S>rb EImX≤-Xwgam S>m{im \w$Q>Vm{ AmoU BVa S>m{i{ dmßP amhVmV.
gm_m›`[U{ e|S>ÁmH$S>rb S>m{i{ dmT> `mMr d{brMr ‡d•Œmr oXgyZ `{V{. d{br¿`m dmT>rgmR>r
AmdÌ`H$ Agb{br A›Z–Ï`{ (ZÃ) AmoU [mUr ¯mßMm [wadR>m e|S>ÁmH$S>{ OmÒV ‡_mUmV
hm{V AgÎ`m_wi{ À`m ^mJmMr dmT> hm{ `mg AoYH$ gßYr o_iV{ AmoU BVa ^mJmßdarb
S>m{iÁmßMr gßYr ohamdyZ K{Vbr OmV{. ÂhUyZ e|S>ÁmH$S>rb S>m{iÁmßMr dmT>rMr ‡d•Œmr
H$_r H$Í$Z H$mS>rda ]h˛V{H$ S>m{iÁmßZm \w$Q> `mgmR>r g_mZ gßYr o_i `mH$naVm H$mS>rM{
Jm{bmH$ma H$S>{ H$aVmV qH$dm H$mS>rbm [ri X{ `mMr oH´$`m H$amdr bmJV{. H$mS>rMr bmß]r
OmÒV AgÎ`mg H$S>{ H$a `mE{dOr Vr o[iU{ AoYH$ C[`w∑V AgV{. bmß] H$mS>Ám
o[i `mgmR>r AoYH$ Vmam (_mßS>d [’VrV) AgÎ`mg ]h˛V{H$ gd© H$mS>Ám o[iyZ À`m
Vmamß^m{dVr ]mßYmÏ`mV. H$mS>rMr bmß]r H$_r Ag{b Va oVM{ Jm{bmH$ma H$S>{ H$Í$Z V{
Vma{bm ]mßYmd{.
2.2.5 \$mß⁄mßM{ e|S>{ IwS>U{ (Q>m∞q[J)
Z°goJ©H$[U{ PmS>mVrb agmMm Am{K \$mßXrMm e|S>m d [mZmßH$S>{ AgVm{. \$mßXrMm
e|S>m IwS>bm Va hm Am{K V{W{M Wmß]Vm{. H$mhr d{im ]Jb\y$Q> dmT>V{ AmoU agmMm Am{K
oVH$S>{ diVm{. V{Ïhm ]Jb \w$Q>r H$mTy>Z agmMm Am{K KS>mH$S>{ diodU{ _hŒdmM{ AgV{.
d{brMr dmT> hm{V AgVmZm ‡W_ [mZ{ dmT>VmV. ¯m dmT>rbm "[mb{dmT>' Ag{ ÂhUVmV.
¯m dmT>rZßVa _m{hm{amMr dmT> hm{V AgV{. `mbm "CÀ[mXH$ dmT>' Ag{ ÂhUVmV. dmT>r¿`m
¯m Xm{›hr oH´$`m d{br¿`m earamV gy˙_ \$aH$mZ{ Mmby AgVmV. odoeÓQ> gßOrdH{$
[mb{dmT>rg _XV H$aVmV Va H$mhr gßOrdH{$ CÀ[mXH$ dmT>rg _XV H$aVmV. gwÈdmVr¿`m
dmT>r¿`m H$mimV Oa [mb{dmT> ‡H$ma¿`m gßOrdH$mMm Om{a dmT>bm Va Vm{ ^mJ VUmÏ`m¿`m
ÒdÍ$[mV ]mh{a `{Vm{ AmoU –mjmM{ KS> V`ma hm{ `mg bmJUmar gßOrdH{$ H$_r [S>VmV.
Aem H$mS>rda AWm©VM [wT>{ KS> bmJ `mMr e∑`Vm \$ma H$_r AgV{. ]mh{Í$Z H$mS>r
V`ma PmÎ`mM{ oXgV Agb{ Var ‡mWo_H$ oH´$`m KSy>Z J{Î`mZßVa Vr V`ma hm{V AgÎ`m_wi{
Aem H$mS>rMm C[`m{J hm{V Zmhr. ÂhUyZ e|S>{ IwS> `mM{ H$m_ d{i{da H{$b{ [mohO{.
\$mßXrMm e|S>m OgOgm dmT>V OmVm{ VgVer [mZmßMr gßª`m dmT>V OmV{. e|S>m
IwS>bm Va [wT>rb [mZ{ dmT> `mM{ Wmß]V{. H$maU [mZ{ e|S>ÁmVyZM V`ma hm{V AgVmV.
Z°goJ©H$naÀ`m V`ma hm{UmË`m gßOrdH$mMm C[`m{J ghmÏ`m AmoU ZdÏ`m S>m{iÁmß¿`m
dmT>rgmR>r H$Í$Z K{ `mH$naVm Vm{ e|S>m H$m{dim AgVmZmM IwS>mdm. ¯mH$naVm ‡W_
d{brda H$mS>ÁmßMr gßª`m oZpÌMV H$Í$Z _J e|S>m H$m{UÀ`m oR>H$mUr IwS>m`Mm V{
R>admd{ bmJV{. H$mS>Ám Oa â[ya AgVrb, Va H$mS>rMm ghmdm S>m{im _hŒdmMm
g_OyZ À`m[wT>{ 6 [mZ{ amIyZ ]mamÏ`m S>m{iÁmda e|S>m IwS>mdm. ¡`m d{brda H$mS>Ám
H$_r AgVrb À`m oR>H$mUr H$mS>rdarb ghmdm AmoU Zddm S>m{im _hŒdmMm g_OyZ
‡À`{H$ H$mS>rda Xm{Z KS> V`ma hm{ `m¿`m —ÓQ>rZ{ [ßYamÏ`m S>m{iÁmda e|S>m IwS>U{
AmdÌ`H$ AgV{.
2.2.6 ]hma YaU{ (]hma oQ≠>Q>_|Q>)
odoeÓQ> od^mJm¿`m hdm_mZm‡_mU{ \$iPmS>mßZm odoeÓQ> hßJm_mV ]hma `{Vm{.
H$mhr \$iPmS>mßZm dfm©VyZ VrZ hßJm_mßV ]hma `{Vm{; Va H$mhr \$iPmS>mßZm dfm©VyZ EH$mM
hßJm_mV ]hma `{Vm{. VWmo[, oV›hr hßJm_mßV ]hma Z K{Vm H$m{UÀ`mhr EH$m hßJm_mV ]hma
YaU{ C[`w∑V AgV{. H$mhr \$iPmS>mßda df©â \w$b{ AmoU \$i{ `{V AgVmV. Aem
\$iPmS>mßZm odlmßVr o_iV Zmhr. EIm⁄m ]mB©bm EH$m [mR>m{[mR> S>PZâ _wb{ Pmbr H$s
oVMr V„`{V T>mgiV{, Ver \$iPmS>mßMr pÒWVr hm{V{. \$iPmS>mßZm Z°goJ©H$ odlmßVr
o_imbr Zmhr Va H•$oÃ_ C[m` H$Í$Z odlmßVr ⁄mdr bmJV{. `wam{[, A_{naH{$V ohdmiÁmV
]\©$ [S>Vm{. ]h˛V{H$ PmS>mßMr [mZJi hm{D$Z ZwgÀ`m \$mß⁄m oXgVmV. ¯m H$mimV hr PmS>{
gwflVmdÒW{V AgVmV. PmS>mßda [mZ{ ZgÎ`mZ{ À`mßMr dmT> hm{V Zmhr. C›hmim gwÍ$ Pmbm
H$s, Vm[_mZ dmT>V{ AmoU PmS>mßda ZdrZ [mbdr \w$Q>V{. PmS>mßMr dmT> [w›hm gwÍ$ hm{V{.
\$iPmS>mßMr dmT> oZ`ßoÃV Z R>{dÎ`mg PmS>mßda df©â oZaoZamiÁm AmH$mamMr
\$i{ oXgyZ `{VmV. EH$m hßJm_mVrb \$i{ PmS>mßda AgÎ`mg XwgË`m hßJm_mMm ]hma
H$_r ‡_mUmV `{Vm{. Vg{M \w$c{ AmoU \$i{ df©â AmÎ`mZ{ PmS>mß¿`m dmT>rda AoZÓQ>
[naUm_ hm{Vm{. À`moedm` oH$S>r d am{JmßMm ‡mXw^m©d dmT>Vm{. df©â \$iPmS>mßMr amIU
H$amdr bmJV{. \$imßMr Vm{S>Ur H$amdr bmJV{. CÀ[mXZIM© dmT>Vm{. Z‚`mM{ ‡_mU KQ>V{.
ÂhUyZ df©â \w$b{ d \$i{ `{ `mM{ MH´$ oZ`ßoÃV H$Í$Z H$m{UÀ`mhr EH$m hßJm_mV â[ya
\w$b{ d \$i{ ø`mdr bmJVmV. À`mgmR>r "]hmam¿`m ‡oH´$`m' H$amÏ`m bmJVmV. À`m_wi{
PmS>mßda EH$mM d{ir \$i{ V`ma PmÎ`mg À`mßMr Vm{S>Ur EH$mM d{ir H$Í$Z gd© \$i{
]mOmamV EH$X_ [mR>odVm `{VmV. oH$S>r AmoU am{JmßMm ‡gma H$_r hm{Vm{ AmoU CÀ[mXZmMm
IM© H$_r hm{Vm{. Z\$m dmT>Vm{. _wª` \$m`Xm ÂhUO{ PmS>mßM{ CÀ[mXZr` Am`wÓ` dmT>V{.
]hma Ya `mM{ emÒÃ
odoeÓQ hßJm_mV ]mJm`Vr \$iPmS>mßM{ [mUr ]ßX H{$Î`mg À`m PmS>mßZm "[m `mMm
VmU' ]gVm{. ¯mbm odX^m©V "VS>Z' Ag{ ÂhUVmV. BßJÓrV ¯mg "ÒQ≠>{g' Ag{ ÂhUVmV.
VmUm¿`m qH$dm [mUr ]ßX H{$b{Î`m H$mimV PmS>mßMr [mb{Xma dmT> _ßXmdV{ AmoU PmS>m¿`m
\$mß⁄mßV A›ZmMm> â[ya gmR>m hm{Vm{. ¯m A›ZmMm C[`m{J ZdVr ([mbdr) \w$Q>U{, À`mda
]hma YaU{, \$iYmaUm hm{U{ AmoU \$imß¿`m Om{[mgZ{gmR>r hm{Vm{. Aem ‡H$ma{ EH$mM
hßJm_mV \$imßM{ â[ya CÀ[mXZ o_iodVm `{V{.
]hma H{$Ïhm ø`mdm ?
\$imßM{ CÀ[mXZ K{ `mg gwÈdmV H$a `m[ydu \$iPmS>mßMr [mb{Xma dmT> CŒm_ AmoU
Om{_Xma Pmbr [mohO{. À`m_wi{ PmS>mßMm _O]yV gmßJmS>m V`ma hm{Vm{. ]mJ{V H$b_mßMr
qH$dm am{[mßMr bmdUr H{$Î`m[mgyZ [ohÎ`m VrZ dfm™V PmS>mßMr AmdÌ`H$ V{dT>r dmT>
hm{V{. ¯m H$mimV Oa PmS>mßda \w$b{ AmoU \$i{ dmTy> oXbr Va PmS>{ H$_Om{a ]ZVmV.
ÂhUyZ [ohbr VrZ df} PmS>mdarb \w$b{ d \$i{ IwSy>Z Q>mH$mdrV. _wbJr d`mV AmÎ`mZßVa
bmJbrM oVbm J^©YmaUm Pmbr Va oV¿`m Amam{Ω`mda od[arV [naUm_ hm{Vm{. H$maU
oV¿`m ‡OZZm¿`m Ad`dmßMr ZrQ> dmT> Pmb{br ZgV{. À`m‡_mU{ H$_r d`m¿`m PmS>mßda
\$i{ K{D$ Z`{V. \$iPmS>mßMr `m{Ω`V_ dmT> PmÎ`mZßVa Mm°œ`m AWdm [mMÏ`m dfu
PmS>mßda \$iYmaUm hm{D$ ⁄mdr.
_hmamÓQ≠>m¿`m hdm_mZmV S>mqi], [{Í$, gßÃr, _m{gß]r, H$mJXr qb]y ¯m \$iPmS>mßZm
Z°goJ©H$[U{ dfm©VyZ VrZ d{im ZdrZ [mbdr \w$Q>V{ AmoU ]hma `{Vm{. _•J ZjÃmV ÂhUO{M
OyZ-Owb° _oh›`mV `{UmË`m ]hmambm "_•J ]hma' Ag{ ÂhUVmV. hÒV ZjÃmV ÂhUO{M
Am∞∑Q>m{]a _oh›`m_‹`{ `{UmË`m ]hmambm "hÒV ]hma' Ag{ ÂhUVmV. Amß„`m¿`m PmS>mßZm
¡`m d{ir _m{hm{a `{Vm{ À`m d{ir ÂhUO{M OmZ{dmar-\{$]´wdmar _oh›`m_‹`{ BVa PmS>mßZmhr
]hma `{Vm{, `m ]hmabm "Amß]{ ]hma' Ag{ ÂhUVmV. Aem ‡H$ma{ odoeÓQ> \$iPmS>mßZm
VrZ hßJm_mß_‹`{ ]hma `{Vm{. [aßVw ¯mß[°H$s H$m{UÀmmhr EH$M ]hma K{U{ bm^Xm`H$ AgV{.
]hma K{ `mgmR>r À`m PmS>mßZm odlmßVrMr AmdÌ`H$Vm AgV{. Z°goJ©H$[U{ hr odlmßVr
o_iV ZgÎ`mg [m `mMm VmU X{D$Z PmS>mßZm odlmßVr K{ `mg ^mJ [mS>md{ bmJV{.
Wm{S>∑`mV ÂhUO{ â[ya \$imß¿`m CÀ[mXZmgmR>r H$m{UÀ`mhr EH$m hßJm_mV PmS>mßZm odlmßVr
X{D$Z dfm©VyZ EH$M ]hma K{U{ \$m`X{era AgV{.
H$m{ U Vmhr ]hma K{ `mM{ R> a od `m[y d u \$i]mJ{ M r ÒWmoZH$ [napÒWVr,
[mUr[wadR>ÁmMr gm{`, _OwamßMr C[b„YVm, oH$S>r AmoU am{JmßMm ‡mXw^m©d, \$imßMr ‡V,
]mOmamVrb \$imßMr _mJUr AmoU ]mOma^md ¯m gd© ]m]tMm gIm{b A‰`mg H$Í$Z
À`m‡_mU{ H$m{UVm ]hma ø`m`M{ V{ oZpÌMV H$amd{ bmJV{.
¡`m \$i]mJ{H$naVm _w]bH$ [mUr C[b„Y AgV{ AmoU C›hmiÁmVhr [m `mMr
Q>ßMmB© ZgV{ AmoU Vm[_mZ 40 Aße g{oÎgAg[{jm AoYH$ ZgV{, À`m ]mJ{Vrb
\$iPmS>mßda "Amß]{ ]hma' K{Vm `{Vm{. ¯m ]hmamMr ‡oH´$`m Zm{Ïh|]a-oS>g|]a _oh›`mV
gwÍ$ hm{V{. ¯m d{ir Vm[_mZ AmoU gy`©‡H$memMr Vrd´Vm H$_r AgV{. gy`©‡H$memMm
H$mihr H$_r AgVm{. À`m_wi{ \w$bm{Ë`mg ‡oV]ßY H$aUmË`m gßOrdH$mM{ (oO]a{obH$
A∞ogS>) ‡_mU PmS>m_‹`{ oZgJ©V:M H$_r AgV{. VmU X{D$Z h{ ‡_mU AmUIr H$_r
H$aVm `{V{. Vg{M ¯m _oh›`mV didmMm [mD$g [Sy>Z VmUm¿`m ‡oH´$`{V AS>MUr `{ `mMr
e∑`Vm ZgV{. ÂhUyZ "Amß]{ ]hma' ImÃrMm AgVm{. VmU gß[Î`mZßVa [mUr oXÎ`mda
ZdrZ [mbdr \w$Q> `mg AmoU ]hma `{ `mg gßH´$mßVrZßVa dmT>UmË`m Vm[_mZmMm \$m`Xm
hm{Vm{. À`m_wi{ `m ]hmambm â[ya \w$b{ bmJVmV. _mÃ hm ]hma YaÎ`mg ]mJ{bm oZò_V[U{
[mUr[wadR>m Mmby R>{dmdm bmJVm{.
C›hmiÁmV [mUr[wadR>m A[wam AgÎ`mg "Amß]{ ]hma' K{U{ Vm{Q>ÁmM{ AgV{. ÂhUyZ
"_•J ]hma' ø`mdm. ¯m ]hmamgmR>r Eo‡b-_{ _oh›`m[mgyZ ]mJ{M{ [mUr ]ßX H$aVmV.
ÂhUO{ C›hmiÁmVrb [m `m¿`m Q>ßMmB©da _mV H$aVm `{V{. _mÃ _•J ]hma hm Amß]{
]hmamBVH$m ImÃrMm ZgmV{. H$maU C›hmiÁmV didmMm [mD$g [S>Î`mg [m `mMm
VmU X{ `m_‹`{ AS>Wim `{Vm{. C›hmiÁm¿`m H$S>H$ C›hmV didmMm [mD$g [S>Î`mg
hdm_mZmV EH$X_ ]Xb hm{Vm{. PmS>mßZm [m `mMm VmU A[wam PmÎ`mg \w$bm{Ë`mM{ ‡_mU
H$_r hm{V{.
hÒV ]hmamMm H$mi gflQ>|]a-Am∞∑Q>m{]a _oh›`mV `{Vm{. ¯m H$mimV [mdgmiÁmVrb
AI{aMm [mD$g [S>Vm{. À`m_wi{ [m `mMm VmU X{U{ e∑` hm{V Zmhr. `mMmM AW© hÒV
]hma K{U{ e∑` hm{V Zmhr.
[m `mMm VmU X{ `mMr [’V
[m `mMm VmU X{ `mMr _wXV Oo_ZrMr ‡V AmoU PmS>mßM{ d` ¯mßda Adbß]yZ
AgV{. ]hma `{ `m[ydu PmS>mß¿`m odlmßVrMr _wXV hb∑`m Oo_ZrH$naVm 35 V{ 40
oXdg, _‹`_ ^mar Oo_ZrH$naVm 45 V{ 55 oXdg AmoU AoV^mar Oo_ZrH$naVm 60 V{
70 oXdg R>{dmdr bmJV{.
\$iPmS>mßZm [m `mMm VmU gwÍ$ H$a `m[ydu AmYr¿`m ]hmamMr gd© \$i{ PmS>mdÍ$Z
H$mT>mdrV. \$imßMr Vm{S>Ur [yU© PmÎ`mZßVa ]mJ{M{ [mUr hiyhiy H$_r H$aV OmD$Z ZßVa
[yU©[U{ ]ßX H$amd{. [m `m¿`m VmUmg gwÈdmV Pmbr H$s, Oo_Zr¿`m _JXwam‡_mU{ 25 V{
30 oXdgmßV [mZ{ o[dir [Sy>Z [mZJi gwÍ$ hm{V{. PmS>mMr 35 V{ 40 Q>∑∑`mß[`™V
[mZJi Pmbr H$s, odlmßVrMm H$mi [yU© Pmbm, Ag{ g_Omd{. PmS>mßZm OmÒV VmU
oXÎ`mg [mZJi _m{R>Ám ‡_mUmda hm{V{, H$mS>Ám _aVmV AmoU PmS>mbm hmZr [m{hm{MV{.
ÂhUyZ [m `mMm VmU AÀ`ßV H$miOr[yd©H$ ⁄mdm.
^mar Oo_ZrMr AmoU A`m{Ω` oZMË`m¿`m Oo_ZrMr ZmßJaUr H$amdr bmJV{.
À`m_wi{ Oo_ZrM`m [•ÓR>^mJmVrb ]ma∑`m _wiÁmßMr N>mQ>Ur hm{V{. PmS>mßMm [mUr[wadR>m
H$_r hm{Vm{ AmoU PmS>mßMr dmT> Wmß]V{. [ydu gßÕ`m¿`m PmS>mßZm VmU X{ `mgmR>r O_rZ
Im{XyZ ]marH$ _wiÁmßMr N>mQ>Ur (MmiUr) H$a `mMr oe\$mag hm{Vr. [U ¯m [’VrMm
PmS>mßda XwÓ[naUm_ hm{Vm{, ÂhUyZ g‹`m hr oe\$mag _mJ{ K{ `mV Ambr Amh{.
gm_m›`[U{ VUmß¿`m oZ`ßÃUmgmR>r ]mJ{Mr hbH$s ZmßJaUr H$amdr. Im{b ZmßJaUr
_mÃ H$Í$ Z`{. [mUr oXÎ`m_wi{ PmS>m¿`m AmiÁmVrb O_rZ H$S>H$ ]ZV{. Vr Hw$XirZ{
Im{XyZ ^wg^werV H$amdr. [w›hm PmS>mß^m{dVr Amir ]mßYmdr. gßÃr-_m{gß]r¿`m PmS>mßH$naVm
Xwh{ar Ami{ [’VrMm C[`m{J H$amdm.
PmS>mdarb dmib{Î`m Vg{M am{JQ> \$mß⁄m ¯m H$mimV N>mQy>Z Q>mH$mÏ`mV. N>mQ>UrZßVa
PmS>mda EIm⁄m AmßVa‡dmhr H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mMr \$dmaUr H$amdr, ÂhUO{ ZdrZ dmT>UmË`m
[mbdrda oH$S>r AmoU am{JmßMm C[–d dmT>Uma Zmhr.
VmU H$gm gm{S>mdm ?
[m `m¿`m VmUmMr _wXV gß[Î`mZßVa [ohb{ [mUr (Amß]dUr) AoVe` hb∑`m
‡_mUmV ⁄md{. ¯m [m `mgm{]V âIV{ AmoU AYu ZÃmMr _mÃm ⁄mdr. À`mZßVa [m `mMr
Xwgar [mir (qM]dUr) 7 V{ 10 oXdgmßZr ⁄mdr AmoU gß[yU© Ò\w$aX AmoU [mbmemMr
_mÃm ⁄mdr. oVgË`m [mirbm â[ya [mUr ⁄md{. À`mZßVa oZò_V[U{ oe\$maer‡_mU{
[m `m¿`m [miÁm ⁄mÏ`mV. IV{ AmoU [mUr oXÎ`m_wi{ ZdrZ \y$Q> Om{_mZ{ dmT>V{ AmoU
PmS>mßZm ]hma `{Vm{. VmU gm{S>Î`mda 20 V{ 25 oXdgmßV PmS>mßda ]hma \w$Q>Vm{. \$iPmS>mßZm
[mUr X{VmZm PmS>m¿`m Im{S>mOdi [mUr gmMyZ Z amh `mMr XjVm ø`mdr. `mgmR>r Xwh{ar
Ami{ (]mßJS>r) [’VrZ{ \$iPmS>mßZm [mUr ⁄md{. \$iPmS>mda ]hma Yabm H$s oH$S>r
AmoU am{Jmß[mgyZ ]hmamM{ ZwH$gmZ hm{V{. \w$bmßMr Ji hm{V{. ÂhUyZ [rH$ gßajUm¿`m
oe\$maer‡_mU{ ]hmamM{ - _m{hm{amßM{ gßajU H$amd{.

JS>©qbJ qH$dm na®qJJ : –mjd{br¿`m Im{S>mdarb qH$dm H$mS>rdarb AÈßX dVw©imH$ma
gmb H$mT>U{.
Zm∞qMJ : (ImM [mS>U{) \$mßXrdarb gwflVmdÒW{Vrb S>m{iÁmOdi da¿`m ^mJmV
gmbrMr bhmZ ImM [mS> Î `m_w i { \$mß X rdarb gw fl VmdÒW{ V rb
S>m{iÁmVrb AßHw$a dmT>Vm{. \$iYmaUm dmT>V{. CXmhaUmW©, AßOra.
]|qS>J : (dmH$odU{)[{Í$¿`m PmS>m¿`m _m{R>Ám \$mß⁄m Imbr dmH$dyZ EH$_{H$tZm
]mßYyZ H$_mZ V`ma H$aVmV. À`m_wi{ [{Í$¿`m \$imßM{ CÀ[mXZ dmT>V{.
oQû>pÒQ>®J : (o[iU{) –mjm¿`m H$mS>rdarb e|S>ÁmH$S>rb S>m{i{ \w$Q>VmV AmoU
]mH$sM{ S>m{i{ dmßP (_wH{$) amhVmV. \$mßXrdarb gd© S>m{i{ \w$Q> `mgmR>r
\$mßXrbm [ri X{VmV.
gßOrdH{$ : g|o–` amgmòZH$ gß`w∑V{, ¡`mß¿`m_wi{ PmS>mVrb earaoH´$`mÀ_H$
‡oH´$`mßM{ oZ`ßÃU hm{V{. CXmhaUmW©, Am`]rE, EZEE, 2, 3-S>r,
BÀ`mXr.
2.4 gmamße
\$imßM{ CÀ[mXZ dmT>od `m¿`m ododY [’Vr ‡MobV Amh{V. Amß„`m¿`m PmS>mßZm
EH$m dfm©AmS> \$i{ bmJVmV. À`m_wi{ EIm⁄m dfu ]mOmamV Iy[ Amß]{ oXgVmV Va
XwgË`m dfu \$maM H$_r Amß]{ oXgVmV. hm[yg, Jm{dm _mZHy$a, H{$ga ¯m OmVr¿`m PmS>mßZm
Xadfu \$i{ bmJUmË`mgmR>ßr H$ÎQ>ma ¯m gßOrdH$mMm C[Mma H$amdm bmJVm{. PmS>mß¿`m
\$iYmaU{da H$m]©Z-Zm`Q≠>m{OZ JwUm{ŒmamMm _m{R>m ‡^md [S>V AgVm{. PmS>mMr MmßJbr
dmT> AmoU \$i{ bmJ `mgmR>r h{ JwUm{Œma 3:3 Agmd{. O{Ïhm PmS>mVrb H$m]©ZM{ ‡_mU
H$_r AgV{ V{Ïhm PmS>mMr [mb{Xma dmT> OmÒV ‡_mUmV hm{V{. _mÃ \$bYmaUm hm{V Zmhr.
Aem [napÒWVrV \$iPmS>mda odoeÓQ> C[Mma H$amd{ bmJVmV. `m_wi{ H$m]©ZMm gmR>m
dmTy>Z Bp¿N>V H$m]©Z : Zm`Q≠>m{OZ JwUm{Œma o_iV{. XojU ^maVmV Amß]m AmoU Zmaim¿`m
PmS>mßZm \$i{ `{ `mgmR>r Oo_Zr[mgyZ 4-5 \y$Q> CßMrda _wgimZ{ o[Q>VmV. –mjd{br d
[mZJir¿`m \$iPmS>mßda "naßqJJ' qH$dm "JS>©qbJ' H$aVmV. ÂhUO{ \$iPmS>m¿`m
\$mßXrdarb qH$dm Im{S>mdarb Jm{bmH$ma AÈßX gmb H$mT>VmV. À`m_wi{ –mjd{brda
\$iYmaUm dmT>V{. _ `mßMm AmH$ma dmT>Vm{ AmoU _Ur bdH$a V`ma hm{VmV, \$imßMr
Jm{S>r dmT>V{, \$imßMr g_mZ dmT> hm{V{ AmoU \$imßZm AmH$f©H$ aßJ `{Vm{. AßoOam¿`m

PmS> m Mr \$iYmaUm dmT> o d `mgmR> r 9 V{ 12 _ohZ{ d`m¿`m [∑d \$mß X rdarb
gwflVmdÒW{Vrb S>m{iÁmß¿`mda ImM [mS>VmV. oedm` Jm{bmH$ma gmb H$mT>VmV. [{Í$¿`m
PmS>mdarb \$imßM{ CÀ[mXZ dmT>od `mgmR>r [{Í$¿`m PmS>mß¿`m \$mß⁄m dmH$dyZ EH$_{H$tZm
]mßYVmV. –mjm¿`m \$mß⁄mßM{ e|S>{ IwS>Î`m_wi{ –mjm¿`m KS>mß¿`m [m{fUmH$naVm AoYH$
A›Zag o_iVm{. H$Yr H$Yr \$iYmaU{¿`m N>mQ>UrZßVa –mjm¿`m H$mS>rdarb S>m{i{ Z
\w$Q>Vm V{ \$ma _m{R>Ám ‡_mUmV dmßP (_wH{$) amhVmV. V{Ïhm H$mS>rdarb ]h˛V{H$ S>m{iÁmßZm
\w$Q> `mgmR>r g_mZ gßYr o_i `mH$naVm H$mS>rM{ Jm{bmH$ma H$S>{ H$aVmV qH$dm H$S>rbm
[ri X{ `mMr oH´$`m H$aVmV.
H$mhr \$iPmS>mßZm dfm©VyZ VrZ hßJm_mßV ]hma `{Vm{. Amß]{ ]hma, _•J ]hma AmoU
hÒV ]hma. ¯mß[°H$s H$m{UVmhr EH$ ]hma K{U{ \$m`X{era AgV{. EH$M R>amdrH$ ]hma
K{ `mH$naVm À`mAmYr PmS>mM{ [mUr ]ßX H$Í$Z PmS>mbm odlmßVr X{VmV. [m `mMm [wadR>m,
Oo_ZrMm ‡H$ma AmoU ]mOma^md odMmamV K{D$Z H$m{UÀ`m hßJm_mV ]hma Yamdm V{
R>admd{ bmJV{. ]hma oQ>H$ `mgmR>r Z{h{_r‡_mU{ oH$S>r AmoU am{Jmß[mgyZ gßajU H$a `mgmR>r
PmS>mda \$dmaUr H$amdr bmJV{. H$mJXr qb]mMm EH$M ]hma Z YaVm oV›hr ]hmamßMr
\$i{ df©â K{U{ \$m`⁄mM{ AgV{. S>mqi]mMm Amß]{ ]hma K{U{ \$m`⁄mM{ AgV{. ]hma
Ya `mgmR>r odoeÓQ> gßOrdH$mßMm C[Mma H$aVmV.

(1) JS>©qbJ ÂhUO{ H$m` ? JS>©qbJMm PmS>mda H$m{UVm [naUm_ hm{Vm{ ?
H$mS>rdarb gmb H$mT>U{ `m JS>©qbJ¿`m ‡H$mamodf`r godÒVa _mohVr
obhm.
(2) JS>©qbJ H$aVmZm H$m{UVr H$miOr ø`mdr ? JS>©qbJ H{$Ïhm H$amd{ ?
(3) CÀ[mXZ dmT>od `mgmR>r \$mß⁄mßM{ e|S>{ H$m d H$g{ IwS>md{V ?
(4) ]hma YaVmZm [m `mMm VmU H$gm ⁄mdm ? godÒVa _mohVr obhm.

(5) CÀ[mXZ dmT>od `mgmR>r ]hma H{$Ïhm ø`mdm ?
(1) –mjd{bt¿`m Im{S>mMr gmb H$m d H$er H$mT>VmV ?
(2) CÀ[mXZ dmT>od `m¿`m ode{f [’VtMr Zmd{ obhm.
(3) PmS>m¿`m \$mßXrda ImM (Zm∞qMJ) H$m d H$er [mS>VmV ?
(4) –mjd{brMr \$mßXr o[iU{ (oQû>pÒQ>®J) `m CÀ[mXZ dmT>od `m¿`m [’VrMr
(5) ]hma YaU{ ÂhUO{ H$m` ? \$iPmS>mßMm ]hma H$m YaVmV ?
(6) Amß]{ ]hma H{$Ïhm d H$gm Yamdm ?
(7) hÒV d _•J ]hma H{$Ïhm d H$gm ø`mdm ?.
(8) –mjm¿`m H$mS>rdarb gmb (H{$Z JS>©qbJ) H$mT>U{ `modf`r godÒVa _mohVr
obhm.
(9) JS>©qbJ H$aVmZm H$m{UVr H$miOr ø`mdr ?
(1) gd© g mYmaU[U{ H$m{ U À`m d{ i r H$m]© Z : Zm`Q≠ > m { O Z Jw U m{ Œ ma OmÒV
AgV{ ?
(A) \$imßM{ S>m{i{ \w$Q> `m¿`m gw_mamg (B) \w$b{ `{ `m¿`m d{ir
(C) \$i{ H$mT> `m¿`m d{ir (D) [mZ{ \w$Q> `m¿`m d{ir
(2) PmS>mMr MmßJbr dmT> hm{D$Z \$imßM{ CÀ[mXZ o_iod `mgmR>r H$m]©Z ï Zm`Q≠>m{OZ
JwUm{Œma oH$Vr Agmd{ ?
(A) 2 : 3 (B) 3 : 2 (C) 1 : 2 (D) 3 : 4
(3) gmb H$mT>U{ (JS>©qbJ), \$mß⁄m dmH$dU{, BÀ`mXr C[Mmamß_wi{ PmS>mß_Yrb
H$m{UÀ`m [XmWm™Mm gmR>m dmTy>Z Bp¿N>V H$m]©Z : Zm`Q≠>m{OZ JwUm{Œma o_iV{ ?
(A) Zm`Q≠>m{OZ (B) H$m]m}hm`S≠>{Q>≤g≤
(C) ‡m{Q>r›g≤ (D) g{Î`wbm{O
(4) JS>©qbJMr H$m{UVr [’V gdm™V bm^Xm`H$ d gwaojV Amh{ ?
(A) Im{S>mMr gmb H$mT>U{ (B) Am{bmßS>ÁmMr gmb H$mT>U{
(C) H$mS>rdarb gmb H$mT>U{ (D) `mß[°H$s Zmhr
(5) \$imßV o]`m Agb{Î`m –mjm¿`m OmVrda JS>©qbJ H{$Î`mg o]`mßda H$m`
[naUm_ hm{Vm{ ?
(A) o]`m _m{R>Ám hm{VmV
(B) o]`m bhmZ hm{VmV
(C) o]`mßda H$m{UVmhr [naUm_ hm{V Zmhr
(D) o]`mßMr gßª`m H$_r hm{V{
(6) PmS>m¿`m \$mßXrda ImM [mS> `mMm (Zm∞qMJ) C[Mma H$m{UÀ`m PmS>mda
H$aVmV ?
(A) –mj (B) Amß]m (C) [{Í$ (D) AßOra
(7) \$mßXr dmH$dU{ (]|qS>J) hm C[Mma H$m{UÀ`m PmS>mda H$aVmV ?
(A) –mj (B) Amß]m (C) [{Í$ (D) AßOra
(8) _•J ]hma H{$Ïhm `{Vm{ ?
(A) OmZ{dmar-\{$]´wdmar (B) _mM©-Eo‡b
(C) OyZ-Owb° (D) Am∞∑Q>m{]a
(9) H$m{UÀ`m _oh›`mV `{UmË`m ]hmabm "hÒV ]hma' Ag{ ÂhUVmV ?
(A) gflQ>|]a (B) Am∞∑Q>m{]a (C) ZmÏh|]a (D) oS>g|]a
(10) Amß]{ ]hma H$m{UÀ`m _oh›`mV `{Vm{ ?
(A) OmZ{dmar-\{$]´wdmar (B) _mM©-Eo‡b
(C) _{-OyZ (D) Owb°-Am∞JÒQ>
(11) PmS>mbm Z°goJ©H$[U{ odlmßVr K{ `mg H$g{ ^mJ [mS>VmV ?
(A) IVmMm VmU X{D$Z (B) [m `mMm VmU X{D$Z
(C) gßOrdH$mßMm VmU X{D$Z (D) `mß[°H$s Zmhr
(12) ¡`m \$i]mJ{gmR>r _w]bH$ [mUr, C›hmiÁmVX{Irb â[ya [mUr d Vm[_mZ
40 Aße g{pÎgAg[{jm AoYH$ ZgV{, À`m ]mJ{Vrb \$iPmS>mßda H$m{UVm
]hma K{Vm `{Vm{ ?
(A) Amß]{ ]hma (B) hÒV ]hma
(C) _•J ]hma (D) `mß[°H$s Zmhr
(13) C›hmiÁmV [mUr[wadR>m A[wam AgÎ`mg H$m{UVm ]hma ø`mdm ?
(A) Amß]{ ]hma (B) hÒV ]hma
(C) _•J ]hma (D) `mß[°H$s Zmhr
(14) Imbrb[°H$s H$m{UVr CÀ[mXZ dmT>od `mMr ode{f [’Vr Zmhr ?
(A) Jm{bmH$ma gmb H$mT>U{ (B) ImMm [mS>U{
(C) \$mßXr dmH$dU{ (D) \$mßXr H$m[U{

KQ>H$ 3 : ]mJ{_‹`{ gßOrdH$mßMm dm[a
AZwH´$_oUH$m
3.1 ‡mÒVmodH$
3.2 odf`-odd{MZ
3.2.1 gßOrdH{$ AmoU À`mßM{ ‡H$ma
3.2.2 gßOrdH$mßM{ –mdU V`ma H$aU{ d dm[a `m¿`m [’Vr
3.2.3 gßOrdH{$ dm[aVmZm ø`md`mMr H$miOr
3.4 gmamße
3.1 ‡mÒVmodH$
MmßJÎ`m ‡Vr¿`m e{V_mbmM{ CÀ[mXZ dmT>odU{, hm e{VH$Ë`mßMm C‘{e AgVm{.
À`mgmR>r am{[ [°XmgH$ma gVV o[H$mß¿`m ZdrZ OmVr e{VH$Ë`mßZm C[b„Y H$Í$Z X{VmV.
dmT>À`m bm{H$gßª`{Mr ^yH$ ^mJod `mgmR>r AoYH$ CÀ[mXZ X{UmË`m OmVtMr gVV JaO
AgV{. gwYmab{Î`m OmVr, IV{, [mUr, H$sQ>H$ZmeH{$ dm[a `m¿`m ZdrZ VßÃmßMm C[`m{J
H$Í$Z o[H$mßM{ CÀ[mXZ dmT> `mMr g‹`m [nagr_m JmR>b{br Amh{, Ag{ H$mhr emÛkmßM{
_V Amh{. hr H$m|S>r \$m{S> `mH$naVm BVa _mJm™Mm Adbß] H{$bm [mohO{. À`mVrb EH$
_mJ© ÂhUO{ e{Vr_‹`{ dmT> oZ`ßÃH$mßMm (flb±Q> J´m{W a{Ω`wb{Q>g©) C[`m{J H$Í$Z o[H$mßM{
CÀ[mXZ dmT>odU{ AmoU _mbmMr ‡V gwYmaU{ hm hm{`.
gßOrdH{$ ÂhUO{ H$m` V{ _mhrV hm{B©b.
gßOrdH$mßM{ ‡H$ma g_OVrb.
\$i]mJmß_‹`{ gßOrdH$mßMm dm[a H$aVm `{B©b.
3.2 odf`-odd{MZ
3.2.1 gßOrdH{$ AmoU À`mßM{ ‡H$ma
dZÒ[Vr_‹`{ H$mhr Z°goJ©H$ agm`Z{ AgVmV. À`m_wi{ dZÒ[Vr¿`m dmT>rM{ oZ`ßÃU
hm{V{. hrM agm`Z{ AmVm ‡`m{Jemi{V H•$oÃ_[U{ V`ma H$aVm `{VmV. À`mßMm AÀ`Î[
‡_mUmV C[`m{J H{$Î`mg ]r AßHw$a `mMr oH´$`m Wmß]odVm `{V{ qH$dm oVbm MmbZmhr
X{Vm `{V{. À`moedm` ¯m agm`ZmMm C[`m{J \w$cYmaUm AmoU \$iYmaUm, \$imßMr dmT>,
\$i{ o[H$U{ d BVa emarnaH$ oH´$`mß_‹`{ hm{Vm{. _wª`V: `m agm`Zm_wi{ CÀ[mXZ dmT>V{
AmoU \$imßMr ‡V gwYmaV{. \$i{ EH$mM d{ir [∑d PmÎ`m_wi{ \$imßMr Vm{S>Ur EH$mM
d{ir H$aVm `{V{. ode{fV: À`mgmR>r `mßoÃH$ AdOmamßMm C[`m{J H$aVm `{Vm{.
gßOrdH$mßM{ ‡H$ma
gßOrdH$mßMr dJ©dmar [wT>rb ghm ‡H$mamßV H$aVm `{V{.
(1) Am∞o∑PZ : Am∞p∑PZ ‡H$mamVrb gßOrdH{$ dZÒ[Vr_‹`{ Z°goJ©H$naÀ`m V`ma
hm{VmV qH$dm H•$oÃ_[U{ V`ma H$aVm `{VmV. `m gßOrdH$mß_wi{ o[H$mßMr Om{aXma dmT> hm{V{.
¯m ‡H$mamV BßS>m∞b „`woQ>naH$ A∞ogS> (IBA), Z∞flW∞brZ A∞g{oQ>H$ A∞ogS> (NAA), BßS>m∞b
Ag{oQ>H$ A∞ogS> (IAA) AmoU ]rEZAm{E (BNOA) `mßMm g_md{e hm{Vm{. ¯mßoedm`
2, 4-S>r AmoU 2, 4, 5-Q>r hr \$ma eo∑V_mZ H•$oÃ_ Am∞p∑P›g Amh{V. À`mßMm OmÒV
_mÃ{V C[`m{J H{$Î`mg o¤Xb o[H{$ (CXmhaUmW©, H$m[yg, _yJ, CS>rX, BÀ`mXr) _aVmV.
[U À`mß¿`m_wi{ V•UYm›` o[H$mßM{ (CXmhaUmW©, ¡dmar, ]mOar, ^mV, BÀ`mXr) ZwH$gmZ
hm{ V Zmhr. ÂhUy Z ¯m Am∞ p ∑P›gMm C[`m{ J VUZmeH$ ÂhUy Z oZdS> H $ VUmß ¿ `m
oZ`ßÃUmgmR>r H$aVmV. À`mßMm [naUm_ Oo_ZrV H$mhr _ohZ{ oQ>Hy$Z amhVm{. [U hrM
Am∞o∑P›g AoVe` H$_r Vrd´V{Z{ dm[abr AgVm \$iYmaUm dmT>V{ AmoU \$imßMr
odaiUrgw’m Am[m{Am[ hm{V{. oedm` À`mß¿`m_wi{ ]Q>mQ>{, _H$m, ewJa ]rQ>, H$S>Ym›`{
¯mßVrb ewÓH$ (S≠>m` _∞Q>a d{Q>) [XmWm©M{ ‡_mU dmT>V{. Z∞flW∞ocZ A∞g{oQ>H$ A∞ogS> (NAA)
¯m gßOrdH$m_wi{ o]Zo]`mßMr \$i{ V`ma hm{VmV. Q>m{_∞Q>m{Mr \$iYmaUm dmT> `mH$naVm
¯m gßOrdH$mMm _m{R>Ám ‡_mUmV C[`m{J H$aVmV.
Am∞p∑P›g_wi{ dZÒ[Vr¿mr [mZJi Wmß]V{. H•$oÃ_ EZEE_wi{ g\$aMßX AmoU [rAa
¯m \$imßMr AH$mbr hm{Umar Ji Wmß]V{. \w$bmß¿`m [mH$iÁm JiVmV V{Ïhm ¯m gßOrdH$mMm
dm[a H{$Î`mg \$imßMr odaiUr hm{V{ AmoU PmS>mdarb \$imßMm ^ma H$_r H$aVm `{Vm{.
AZZg AmoU H$m[yg ¯m o[H$mßV EZEEMm C[`m{J H{$Î`mg \w$bYmaU{bm CŒm{OZ o_iV{.
\$iPmS>mßMßr N>mQ>Ur H{$b{Î`m OI_{da Am∞p∑P›gMm b{[ oXÎ`mg À`m oR>H$mUr ZdrZ
\y$Q> dmT> `mg ‡oV]ßY hm{Vm{.
(2) oO]a{brZ : `m agm`Zm_wi{X{Irb dZÒ[VrMr dmT> hm{V{. o]Zo]`mß¿`m
–mjm¿`m _ `mßMm (\$imßMm) AmH$ma dmT>od `mgmR>r (H$maU oO]a{brZ_wi{ [{etMr
bmß]r dmT>V{) AmoU Ym›`mbm _m{S> AmU `mMr oH´$`m ObX hm{ `mgmRr ¯mMm C[`m{J
hm{Vm{. _mpÎQ>®JgmR>r (]rAa V`ma H$a `mgmR>r) _m{S> Amb{b{ Ym›` (]mbu) bmJV{.
oO]a{obH$ A∞ogS>_‹`{ oO]a{brZ ZmdmM{ –Ï` AgV{.
`m gßOrdH$m_wi{ dZÒ[Vr¿`m Im{S>mMr bmß]r dmT>V{ (CXmhaUmW©, D$g). CgmM{
CÀ[mXZ dmT>V{. AmZwdßoeH$ R>|JUm JwUY_© Agbm Var Im{S>mMr bmß]r dmT>V{. \w$bm{am
`{ `mBVH$s [∑dVm Z Amb{Î`m PmS>mda ¯m gßOrdH$m¿`m dm[am_wi{ \w$b{ `{VmV.
À`moedm` ¯m gßOrdH$m_wi{ \$iYmaUm hm{D$Z \$imßMm CŒm_ odH$mg hm{Vm{. À`m_wi{
Wm∞Â[gZ grS>b{g –mjmH$naVm ¯m gßOrdH$mMm OJâ _m{R>Ám ‡_mUmV C[`m{J H$aVmV.
–mjm¿`m _ `mßMm AmoU KS>mßMm AmH$ma dmT>Vm{. g\$aMßX, [rAa AmoU flb_ ¯m
\$iPmS>mßda oO]a{brZ h{ Am∞p∑PZgm{]V dm[aÎ`mg o]Zo]`mßMr \$i{ oZ[OVmV.
oO]a{brZ_wi{ o]`mßMßr CJdU MmßJbr hm{V{, gwflVmdÒW{Vrb S>m{i{ \w$Q>VmV (CXmhaUmW©,
]Q>mQ>Ámdarb S>m{i{). g{b{arM{ CÀ[mXZ dmT>V{. H$mH$S>rdJu` d{brdarb Za \w$bmßM{ CÀ[mXZ
dmT>V{. `mMm \$m`Xm gßH$amH$naVm hm{Vm{.
(3) gm`Q>m{H$m`ZrZ : ¯m agm`Zm¿`m dm[am_wi{ dZÒ[Vr¿`m [{er od^mOZm¿`m
oH´$`{bm MmbZm o_iV{. ¯m ‡H$maMr dmT>oZ`ßÃH{$ dZÒ[VrV Z°goJ©H$[U{ V`ma hm{VmV.
H$m`Z{Q>rZ h{ H•$oÃ_ dmT>oZ`ßÃH$ Amh{ Va A∞S>{ZrZ d gm`Q>rZ hr Z°goJ©H$ dmT>oZ`ßÃH$
–Ï`{ Amh{V. `rÒQ>¿`m AH$m©V d ZmaimVrb XwYmV h{ gßOrdH$ AgV{. gm`Q>m{H$m`ZrZ_wi{
\$iYmaUm MmßJbr hm{D$Z \$imMm AmH$ma dmT>Vm{. H$mT>UrZßVa ^m¡`m AmoU \w$b{
¯mßMr Iam]r H$_r hm{V{. ‡oVHy$b [napÒWVrV o]`mßMr CJdU hm{V{ AmoU o[H$mßMm
MmßJbm O_ ]gVm{. PmS>mß¿`m D$VtVrb Am∞o∑PZ AmoU gm`Q>m{H$m`ZrZM{ JwUm{Œma _hŒdmM{
AgV{. À`m_wi{ AZ{H$ PmS>mßMr dmT> AmoU odH$mg ¯mßM{ oZ`ßÃU hm{V{. ¯m gßOrdH$mMm
C[`m{J D$oVgßdY©Z [’VrZ{ PmS>mßMr Ao^d•’r H$a `mgmR>r hm{Vm{.
(4) BoWbrZ : hm aßJhrZ, ObX [{Q> K{Umam, AV•flV hm`S≠>m{H$m]©Z dm`y AgVm{.
PmS>mdÍ$Z H$mT>b{br \$i{ - H{$ir, gßÃr, H$qbJS>, Q>m{_∞Q>m{ AmoU AZZg o[H$od `mgmR>r
À`mMm C[`m{J hm{Vm{. ¯m JQ>mVrb BWa{b h{ H•$oÃ_ dmT>oZ`ßÃH$ Amh{. BW{\$m∞Z h{ Xwga{
H•$oÃ_ dmT>oZ`ßÃH$ e{VmVrb o[H$mda dm[aVm `{V{. À`m_wi{ \$i{ EH$mM d{ir o[H$VmV.
gmhoOH$ EH$mM d{ir À`mßMr H$mT>Ur H$aVm `{V{.
PmS>m¿`m AZ{H$ D$Vt_‹`{ BoWbrZ oZ_m©U hm{V{. BoWbrZ dm`y¿`m gmo›Z‹`m_wi{
o[H$m_‹`{ [napÒWVrMm VmU, PmS>m¿`m \w$bmßMr-\$imßMr Ji qH$dm \$i{ o[H$U{ `m
oH´$`m KS>V AgVmV. ohdmiÁmV WßS>r¿`m bmQ>{[mgyZ o[H$mM{ gßajU H$a `mgmR>r
(CXmhaUmW©, H{$ir) ]mJ{V e{H$m{Q>Ám [{Q>odVmV. ¯m AmJrVyZ BoWbrZ dm`y oZKVm{.
À`mZ{ g_mZ \w$bYmaUm hm{V{ AmoU g_mZ \$i{ o[H$VmV. Q≠>H$_‹`{ AoVWßS> Vm[_mZmbm
\$i{ AmoU ^mOr[mÎ`mgm{]V H$mZ}eZMr H$m[b{br \w$b{ [mR>odbr Va o[H$UmË`m \$imVyZ
BoWbrZ dm`y oZKVm{. À`m_wi{ H$mZ}eZ \w$bmß¿`m H$iÁm C_b `mg ‡oV]ßY hm{Vm{.
(5) dmT>‡oV]ßYH$ (J´m{W BZoho]Q>g©) : hr dZÒ[VrMr AmßVnaH$ emarnaH$ oH´$`m
Wmß]odUmar agm`Z{ Amh{V. À`mß[°H$s Z°goJ©H$[U{ AmT>iUmar A∞p„gogH$ A∞ogS>, ]{›Pm{BH$
A∞ogS>, og›Zmo_H$ A∞ogS> AmoU _∞obH$ A∞ogS> hr Amh{V. _∞obH$ hm`S≠>∞PmB©S> h{ H•$oÃ_
agm`Z Amh{.
hr gßOrdH{$ H$iÁmßMr dmT> Wmß]odU{, [mZmßMr P[mQ>ÁmZ{ Ji H$aU{ AmoU o]`mß¿`m
gwflVmdÒW{H$naVm O]m]Xma AgVmV. A∞p„gogH$ A∞ogS> PmS>m_‹`{ OmÒV oXdg oQ>Hy$Z
amhV Zmhr.
(6) AS>Wim AmUUmar gßOrdH{$ (J´m{W naQ>mS>™Q≤>g≤) : ¯m gßOrdH$mß_wi{
oO]a{brZ¿`m EH$sH$aUmbm ‡oV]ßY hm{Vm{. H$mhr gßOrdH{$ H$ir¿`m odH$mgmV AS>Wim
AmUVmV Va BVa H$iÁmß¿`m oH´$`{bm MmbZm X{VmV qH$dm ‡oV]ßY H$aVmV. ]hmambm
CŒm{OZ o_iV{. N>mQ> H$b_mda C[Mma H{$Î`m_wi{ _wiÁm \w$Q>VmV.
_∞obH$ hm`S≠>∞PmB©S> `m agm`Zm_wi{ bmH$S>r PmS>mß_‹`{ [{er¿`m od^mOZmbm AmoU
AßHw$aUmbm ‡oV]ßY hm{Vm{. [U ]h˛Xm À`m¿`m C[MmamZ{ BOm hm{V AgÎ`m_wi{ À`mMm
_`m©oXV C[`m{J hm{Vm{.
gßOrdH$mßM{ C[`m{J
dmT>oZ`ßÃH$m¿`m C[`m{Jm_wi{ o[H$mßM{ CÀ[mXZ dmT>V{. oedm` [wT>rb \$m`X{
o_iVmV :
(1) [rH$ Oo_Zrda bm{iV Zmhr.
(2) H$S>H$ WßS>r AWdm Adf©UmMm ‡oVH$ma H$a `mMm H$mQ>H$[Um o[H$mß_‹`{
`{Vm{.
(3) o[H$mßMr \$iYmaUm bdH$a hm{V{.
(4) \$imßZm [mohO{ Vgm AmH$ma AmUVm `{Vm{. À`m_wi{ `mßoÃH$ AdOmamZ{ \$imßMr
H$mT>Ur H$aVm `{V{.
(5) EH$ dfm©AmS> \$iYmaUm hm{UmË`m PmS>mßZm Xadfu \$i{ AmUVm `{VmV.
(6) \$i{ AmH$f©H$ aßJmMr ]ZodVm `{VmV. CXmhaUmW©, JX© bmb Q>m{_∞Q>m{,
Vß]mIyMr gm{Z{ar [mZ{.
(7) \w$bmVrb [wßH{$ga oZ]©b (ÒQ>amB©b) ]ZodVm `{VmV. À`mMm C[`m{J Jhˇ `m
o[H$mM{ gßH$naV dmU oZ_m©U H$a `mgmR>r hm{Vm{.
(8) PmS>mVrb ‡oWZ{ qH$dm AmdÌ`H$ A∞o_Zm{ A∞ogS>M{ ‡_mU dmT>odVm `{V{.
(9) ]rOoZo_©Vr Wmß]odVm `{V{. VUmßM{ ]r V`ma Z PmÎ`m_wi{ VUmßMm ghO
Zme H$aVm `{Vm{.
dmT>oZ`ßÃH$mMm [wa{[ya \$m`Xm o_i `mgmR>r [napÒWVr AZwHy$b Agbr [mohO{.
Oo_ZrV Vg{M dmVmdaUmV [wa{gm Am{bmdm Agbm [mohO{. VUmßMm Zme H{$bm [mohO{.
o[H$mßZm g_Vm{b [m{fH$ –Ï`{ o_imbr [mohO{V AmoU dmT>oZ`ßÃH$ `m{Ω` d{irM dm[ab{
[mohO{.
]mOmamV o_iUmar H$mhr dmT>oZ`ßÃH{$ AmoU À`mßMm C[`m{J [wT>{ oXbm Amh{.
(1) BW{\$m∞Z
BWa{b, ‚bm{a{b AmoU g{\{$ ¯m ZmdmZ{ ]mOmamV o_iV{. Q>m{_∞Q>m{, o_aMr, AßOra,
g\$aMßX, H$m∞\$s ¯mß¿`m \$imßZm CŒm_ aßJ `{D$Z Vr bdH$a o[H$VmV. \$i{ bdH$a V`ma
PmÎ`m_wi{ À`mßMr Vm{S>Ur bdH$a H$aVm `{V{. qb]y AmoU _m{gß]r AoYH$ H$mi[`™V
ohadr amhVmV. g\$aMßXm¿`m PmS>mßZm bdH$a \w$bYmaUm hm{V{. AZZg EH$mMd{ir [∑d
hm{VmV. À`mßZm MmßJbm aßJ `{Vm{. À`m_wi{ Vr EH$mM d{ir Vm{S>Vm `{VmV AmoU À`mßda
‡oH´$`m (∑`wna®J) H$aVm `{V{. gßH$naV ]rOoZo_©VrgmR>r C[`m{J hm{Vm{. –mjmßZm MmßJbm
aßJ `{Vm{. CgmM{ CÀ[mXZ AmoU gmIa{Mm CVmam dmT>Vm{.
(2) gm`H$m{ogb
A_{naH{$V gm`Zm_rS>, hm`H$m{ AmoU ]r.E.Eg.E\$. Hß$[Zr gm`H$m{ogb V`ma
H$aV{. gm`H$m{ogb grgrgr ZmdmZ{hr Am{iIb{ OmV{. gm`H$m{ogb¿`m dm[am_wi{ PmS>
S>{a{Xma ]ZV{. gm`H$m{ogb H$m[gm¿`m o[H$mgmR>r C[`w∑V Amh{. V•UYm›` o[H$mV C[`m{J
H{$Î`mg \w$Q>Ï`mßMr gßª`m dmT>V{ AmoU [rH$ Oo_Zrda bm{iV Zmhr. Cgm¿`m H$mßS>ÁmßMr
bmß]r dmT>od `mgmR>r gm`H$m{ogb C[`w∑V Amh{.
(3) _∞obH$ hm`S≠>∞PmB©S>
_∞obH$ hm`S≠>∞PmB©S> h{ agm`Z AZ{H$ ZmdmßZr ]mOmamV o_iV{. H$mßX{ d ]Q>mQ>{
gmR>odVmZm À`mMm C[`m{J H{$Î`mg À`mßZm H$m|] ([m|Jm qH$dm S>m{i{) \w$Q>V ZmhrV.
Vß]mIy¿`m o[H$mV o[bmßMr (gH$g©) dmT> hm{V Zmhr. Zg©arVrb gßÕ`mß¿`m am{[mßM{ H$S>H$
WßS>r[mgyZ gßajU hm{V{. VUZmeH$ ÂhUyZ _∞obH$ hm`S≠>∞PmB©S>Mm C[`m{J H{$Î`mg VUmß¿`m
Hß$XmßMr dmT> hm{V Zmhr. \w$bYmaUm AmoU o]`mßMr CJdU hm{V Zmhr. dmT> ‡oV]ßYH$
ÂhUyZ C[`m{J H{$Î`mg AßHw$a \w$Q>V Zmhr. e|S>ÁmßMr dmT> Wmß]V{. CgmVrb gmIa{Mm
CVmam dmT>Vm{. JdVmVrb ‡oWZmßM{ ‡_mU dmT>V{.
(4) oO]a{obH$ A∞ogS>
oO]a{obH$ A∞ogS> h{ AZ{H$ Ï`m[mar ZmdmßZr ]mOmamV o_iV{. oO]a{brZ¿`m
dm[am_wi{ –mjm¿`m _ `mßMm AmH$ma dmTy>Z _m{R>Ám AmH$mamM{ –mjmM{ KS> o_iVmV.
qb]mbm Coeam o[dim aßJ `{Vm{. Vr ]a{M oXdg ohadr R>{dVm `{VmV. `m agm`ZmMm
C[`m{J ]Q>mQ>ÁmM{ ]{U{, b{Q>Áyg, em{^{Mr PmS>{, _m{gß]r, ogb{ar, ]mbu, M{ar, ]r›g,
Am{Q>, dmQ>mUm, H$m[yg, am`, gm{`m]rZ, Jhˇ, H$mH$S>r, gßÃr, D$g, BÀ`mXr o[H$mßgmR>r
H$aVm `{Vm{.
3.2.2 gßOrdH$mßM{ –mdU V`ma H$aU{ d dm[a `m¿`m [’Vr
(1) [r[rE_ = 10 bmI ^mJ [m `mV 1 ^mJ agm`Z
(2) 10 [r[rE_ = 1 brQ>a [mUr + 10 o_obJ´∞_ agm`Z
3.2.3 gßOrdH{$ dm[aVmZm ø`md`mMr H$miOr
(1) H$mhr gßOrdH{$ [m `mV odaKiVmV AmoU H$mhr [m `mV odaKiV ZmhrV.
Or gßOrdH{$ [m `mV o_giV ZmhrV Vr ‡W_ 10 o_obbrQ>a AÎH$m{hm{b
qH$dm A∞ o gQ> m { Z _‹`{ odaKidmdr. À`mZß V a ¯m –mdUmV _m{ O y Z [mUr
Am{Vmd{.
(2) gß O rdH$m¿`m \$dmaUrMm [ß [ d{ J im R> { d mdm. H$sQ> H $ZmeH$m¿`m qH$dm
VUZmeH$m¿`m \$dmaUrgmR>r dm[a `mMm [ß[ (Ò‡{Aa) gßOrdH$mgmR>r dm[Í$ Z`{.
[ß[mV VUZmeH$mM{ (CXmhaUmW©, 2, 4-S>r) Ade{f oeÎbH$ amohÎ`mg o[H$mda
(CXmhaUmW©, H$m[yg) XwÓ[naUm_ hm{Vm{.
(3) gß O rdH$mM{ –mdU V`ma H$a `mH$naVm H$mM{ M r qH$dm flbmpÒQ> H $Mr ^mß S > r
dm[amdr.
(4) gßOrdH$mM{ –mdU V`ma PmÎ`mZßVa bJ{M dm[amd{. gmR>dyZ R>{dy Z`{.
(5) o[H$mda \$dmaÎ`mZßVa ¡`m gßOrdH$mM{ bJ{M ]mÓ[r^dZ hm{V{ (CXmhaUmW©,
BWa{b) Aer gßOrdH{$ e∑`Vm{ gH$mir 10 dmO{[`™V qH$dm Xw[mar 4 dmOÎ`mZßVa
dm[amdr.
(6) gßOrdH$m¿`m –mdUmV oMH$Q> [XmW© (CXmhaUmW©, Q>r[m∞, g±S>m{ÏhrQ>, Q≤>od>Z-20,
Q>≤odZ-80) o_giÎ`mg V{ PmS>mßda oMH$Q>yZ amhV{.
(7) gß O rdH{ $ AoVe` H$_r gy ˙ _ ‡_mUmV bmJVmV. oe\$maerodÈ’ Wm{ S > m
Oar ]Xb –mdUm¿`m Vrd´ V { V Pmbm Va d{ J i{ [naUm_ hm{ V mV. Zw H $gmZ
hm{V{.
(8) gßOrdH{$ odaKi `mgmR>r gwÈdmVrbm ew’ [mUr (oS>pÒQ>ÎS> dm∞Q>a) dm[amd{. À`mZßVa
Jm{S>{ [mUr dm[amd{. Ima{ [mUr _wirM dm[Í$ Z`{.
Am∞p∑PZ : PmS>m¿`m e|S>Ám_‹`{ V`ma hm{Uma{ AmoU dZÒ[Vr¿`m dmT>rbm
CŒm{OZ X{Uma{ gßOrdH$.
oO]a{brZ : ¯m JQ>mVrb agm`Zmß_wi{ dZÒ[Vt¿`m dmT>rbm CŒm{OZ o_iV{.
\$mß⁄mßMr bmß]r dmT>V{, \w$bmßMm AmoU \$imßMm AmH$ma dmT>Vm{,
CÀ[mXZ dmT>V{.
oO]a{obH$ A∞ogS> : Q≠ > { Q ≠ > m -gm`p∑bH$-S> m `hmS≠ > m ∞ ∑ gr-b∞ ∑ Q> m { o ZH$ A∞ o gS> ;
oO]a{brZMm hm ‡H$ma dZÒ[Vt¿`m dmT>rgmR>r dm[aVmV.
gm`Q>m{H$m`ZrZ : ¯m JQ>mVrb gß`w∑Vm_wi{ [{etM{ od^mOZ hm{V{ AmoU \w$b{
AmoU \$imßMr JiVr Coeam hm{V{.
BoWbrZ : PmS>mß¿`m AZ{H$ D$Vt_‹`{ oZ_m©U hm{Umam dm`y, ode{fV:
H{$irgmaIr \$i{ o[H$VmZm oZKVm{.
dmT>‡oV]ßYH$ : ¡`m [XmWm™_wi{ XwgË`m [XmWm™¿`m qH$dm earam¿`m dmT>r¿`m
oH´$`{bm ‡oV]ßY hm{Vm{.
3.4 gmamße
gßOrdH{$ (PmS>mßMr dmT>oZ`ßÃH{$) hr hm_m}ZgmaIr agm`Z{ PmS>mß_‹`{ Z°goJ©H$naÀ`m
AmT>iVmV AmoU PmS>mßMr dmT> AmoU odH$mgm¿`m ‡oH´$`{V À`mßM{ _hŒdmM{ H$m`© AgV{.
gßOrdH$mßM{ [mM ‡H$ma [wT>rb‡_mU{ Amh{V : Am∞p∑PZ, oO]a{brZ, gm`Q>m{H$m`ZrZ,
BoWbrZ> AmoU A∞p„gogH$ A∞ogS. À`mß¿`m EH$oÃV C[`m{JmZ{ PmS>mMr dmT> AmoU
odH$mg `mßM{ oZ`ßÃU hm{V{. ¯m_‹`{ o]`mßMr CJdU, _wiÁmßMr dmT>, Im{S>mMr bmß]r
dmT>U{, [mZmßMm AmH$ma dmT>U{, ]hma, o]`mßMm odH$mg, \$i{ o[H$U{ AmoU [mZmßMr
AmoU \$imßMr Ji `mßMm g_md{e hm{Vm{. ¯m gd© ‡oH´$`mßMm ‡À`j gß]ßY e{Vrer Amh{.
H$maU ¯m ‡oH´$`mß_wi{ A›Z, d°aU qH$dm YmJm o_iVm{. ¯m ‡oH´$`m g_OÎ`m Va À`mßMm
C[`m{J e{VrM{ CÀ[mXZ dmT>od `mgmR>r H$Í$Z K{Vm `{Vm{. [`m©daUmMmhr ¯m ‡oH´$`mßer
gß]ßY AgVm{. H$maU ‡H$me, Am{bmdm AmoU Vm[_mZ `mßMm [naUm_ ]r CJdU{, \$mß⁄mßMr
dmT> AmoU \w$bYmaUm (]hma) `mß¿`mda hm{Vm{.
(1) gßOrdH$ ÂhUO{ H$m` ? gm`H$m{Q>m`ZrZ d BoWbrZ `mßodf`r godÒVa
_mohVr obhm.
(2) Am∞p∑PZ d oO]a{brZ `m gßOrdH$mßodf`r godÒVa odd{MZ H$am.
(3) gßOrdH$mßM{ C[`m{J obhm.
(4) gßOrdH$ ÂhUO{ H$m` ? gßOrdH{$ dm[aVmZm H$m{UVr H$miOr ø`mdr ?
(1) Am∞p∑PZ `m gßOrdH$mM{ H$m`© d C[`m{J obhm.
(2) oO]a{brZ `m gßOrdH$mM{ H$m`© d C[`m{J obhm.
(3) gm`Q>m{H$m`ZrZ `m gßOrdH$mM{ H$m`© d C[`m{J obhm.
(4) BoWbrZ `m gßOrdH$mM{ H$m`© d C[`m{J obhm.
(5) dmT>‡oV]ßYH$ gßOrdH{$ `mßodf`r _mohVr obhm.
(6) gßOrdH$mM{ C[`m{J obhm.
(7) BW{\$m∞Z d _∞obH$ hm`S≠>∞PmB©S> `m dmT>oZ`ßÃH$mßM{ H$m`© d C[`m{J obhm.
(8) gßOrdH{$ dm[aVmZm H$mUVr H$miOr ø`mdr ?
(1) –mjm¿`m _ `mßMm (\$imßMm) AmH$ma dmT>od `mgmR>r H$m{UV{ agm`Z
dm[aVmV ?
(A) Am∞p∑PZ (B) oO]a{brZ (C) gm`Q>m{H$m`ZrZ (D) BoWbrZ
(2) CgmMm AmZwdmßoeH$ R>|JUm JwUY_© Agbm Var H$m{UV{ agm`Z dm[Í$Z Im{S>mMr
bmß]r dmT>odVm `{V{ ?
(3) H$m{UÀ`m agm`Zm¿`m dm[am_wi{ dZÒ[Vr¿`m [{er od^mOZm¿`m oH´$`{g
MmbZm o_iV{ ?
(4) \$i{ o[H$ `mgmR>r H$m{UÀ`m agm`ZmMm C[`m{J H$aVmV ?
(5) Imbrb[°H$s H$m{UV{ agm`Z dmT>‡oV]ßYH$ (J´m{W BZoho]Q>a) Zmhr ?
(A) A∞p„gogH$ A∞ogS> (B) ]{›Pm{BH$ A∞ogS>
(C) _∞obH$ A∞ogS> (D) oO]a{obH$ A∞ogS>
(6) H$mßX{ d ]Q>mQ>{ gmR>odVmZm À`mßZm H$m|] \w$Qy> Z`{ ÂhUyZ H$m{UV{ agm`Z
dm[aVmV ?
(A) BW{\$m∞Z (B) gm`H$m{ogb
(C) _∞obH$ hm`S≠>∞PmB©S> (D) oO]a{obH$ A∞ogS>
(7) oH$Vr bmI ^mJ [m `mV 1 ^mJ agm`Z o_iodÎ`mg 1 [r[rE_ –mdU
V`ma hm{V{ ?
(A) 1 (B) 10 (C) 100 (D) 1000
(8) 1 brQ>a [mUr + 10 o_obJ´∞_ agm`Z = oH$Vr [r[rE_
(A) 1 (B) 10 (C) 100 (D) 1000
(9) "2-4 S>r' h{ H$m` Amh{ ?
(10) H$m{UÀ`m agm`Zm¿`m dm[am_wi{ \$imßMr AH$mbr Ji Wmß]V{ d \$imßMr
odaiUrhr hm{V{ ?
(A) oO]a{brZ (B) gm`Q>m{H$m`ZrZ (C) Am∞p∑PZ (D) BoWbrZ
(11) ohdmiÁmV WßS>r¿`m bmQ>{[mgyZ o[H$mßM{ gßajU H$a `mgmR>r ]mJ{V e{H$m{Q>Ám
[{Q>dVmV. ¯m AmJrVyZ H$m{UVm dm`y oZKVm{ ?
(A) hm`S≠>m{OZ (B) Am∞p∑gOZ (C) Zm`Q≠>m{OZ (D) BoWbrZ
(12) H$m{UÀ`m agm`ZmMm V•UYm›` o[H$mV C[`m{J H{$Î`mg \w$Q>Ï`mßMr gßª`m
dmT>V{ AmoU [rH$ Oo_Zrda bm{iV Zmhr ?
(A) BW{\$m∞Z (B) gm`H$m{ogb
(C) _∞obH$ hm`S≠>∞PmB©S> (D) oO]a{obH$ A∞ogS>

KQ>H$ 4 : ]mJ{Vrb AmßVao[H{$ AmoU AmßVa_emJV
AZwH´$_oUH$m
4.1 ‡mÒVmodH$
4.2 odf`-odd{MZ
4.2.1 ]mJ{Vrb AmßVao[H$mßM{ _hŒd
4.2.2 gm[im o[H$mßM{ _hŒd
4.2.3 ]mJ{Vrb AmßVa_emJVrMr H$m_{
4.4 gmamße
4.1 ‡mÒVmodH$
]mJ{Vrb PmS>mß_‹`{ ]a{M AßVa gm{S>b{b{ AgÎ`m_wi{ gwÈdmVr¿`m H$mimV ]mJ{_‹`{
â[ya naH$m_r OmJm AgV{. PmS>mßZm \$i{ AmÎ`moedm` \$iPmS>mß[mgyZ CÀflm›Z o_iV
Zmhr. [U ]mJ{Mm IM© _mÃ Mmby amhVm{. `m IMm©Mr AßeV: â[mB© H$a `mgmR>r gwÈdmVrMr
H$mhr df} naH$mÂ`m OmJ{V AmßVao[H{$ K{Vm `{VmV qH$dm BVa hßJm_r o[H{$ K{Vm `{VmV.
AmßVao[H$mßMr oZdS> Aem ‡H$ma{ H{$br [mohO{ H$s, À`mßMm \$iPmS>mß¿`m dmT>rda od[arV
[naUm_ hm{Uma Zmhr; Va H$mhr ‡_mUmV \$m`XmM hm{B©b.
Am[Î`mH$S>¿`m Oo_ZrV ZÃmMr AmoU g|o–` [XmWm™Mr H$_VaVm AgV{. Aem
[napÒWVrV gm{ZVmJmgmaI{ ohadir¿`m IVmM{ [rH$ K{D$Z V{ Oo_ZrV JmS>md{. ÂhUO{
VUmßM{hr oZ`ßÃU hm{V{ [U ¯mß[mgyZ ‡À`j AmoW©H$ bm^ o_iV Zmhr. À`mgmR>r e|JdJu`
hßJm_r o[H{$ ø`mdrV. À`m_wi{ Oo_ZrVrb ZÃmMm gmR>m dmTy>Z \$iPmS>mßZm bm^ o_iVm{.
[hmS>r ‡X{emVrb Oo_ZrV Ò\w$aXmMm VwQ>dS>m AgVm{. V{Ïhm Aem Oo_ZrVrb o[H$mßZm
Ò\w$aX IV{ ⁄mdrV. _mÃ \$iPmS>mß¿`m ]mJ{V ¡dmar, ]mOar, _H$m, Jhˇ, D$g AWdm
^mV Aer CßM dmT>Umar o[H{$ K{D$ Z`{V. hr Amir _m{H$ir AmoU Òd¿N> R>{dmdrV.
AmßVao[H$mßZm ÒdVßÃ[U{ IV-[mUr ⁄md{ AmoU ÒdVßÃ[U{ _emJV H$amdr. hr o[H{$
AÎ[_wXVrMr d CWi _wiÁmßMr AgmdrV. ]mOma^md [mhˇZ ]Q>mQ>{, o_aMr, H$mßXm,
[mZH$m{]r, Q>m{_∞Q>m{, dmQ>mUm, dmb, BÀ`mXr ^mOro[H{$ K{Vm `{VmV qH$dm Mdir, _yJ,
CS>rX, gm{`m]rZ, ^wB©_yJ, ]agr_ Aer e|JdJu` hßJm_r AmßVao[H{$ K{Vm `{VmV.
]mJ{Vrb AmßVao[H$mßMr _mohVr hm{B©b.
]mJ{V ododY AmßVao[H{$ K{ `mM{ \$m`X{ g_OVrb.
]mJ{Vrb AmßVa_emJVr¿`m H$m_mßMr _mohVr hm{B©b.
4.2 odf`-odd{MZ
4.2.1 ]mJ{Vrb AmßVao[H$mM{ _hŒd
AmßVao[H$mßZm "ghMa o[H{$' (Hß$[∞oZ`Z H´$m∞[) Ag{hr ÂhUVmV. ¯m [’VrV Xm{Z
qH$dm AoYH$ o[H{$ EH$Ã EH$mM Oo_ZrV K{VmV. ¯m o[H$mß¿`m [∑dV{Mm H$mbmdYr
o^›Z AgVm{. À`m_wi{ ¯m o[H$mß¿`m dmT>rMm [aÒ[amßda od[arV [naUm_ hm{V Zmhr. _wª`
o[H$mß¿`m dmT>rMm C¿MmßH$ gwÍ$ hm{Vm{, V{Ïhm AmßVao[H$mßMr H$mT>Ur Pmb{br AgV{.
À`m_wi{ _wª` o[H$m¿`m dmT>rH$naVm â[ya OmJm C[b„Y hm{V{. ¯m gYZ e{Vr[’VrV
d{i{Mm AmoU OmJ{Mm OmÒVrV OmÒV dm[a hm{Vm{.
]mJ{Vrb AmßVao[H$mM{ _hŒd Imbrb‡_mU{ gmßJVm `{B©b :
(1) \$iPmS>{ bhmZ AgVmZm À`mßMm odÒVma H$_r AgVm{ AmoU PmS>mß_‹`{
]arM OmJm naH$m_r AgV{. gm_m›`[U{ [ohbr Xm{Z qH$dm VrZ df} ¯m
naH$mÂ`m OmJ{V AmßVao[H{$ K{Vm `{VmV. ¯m AmßVao[H$mß[mgyZ Om{ AmoW©H$
bm^ o_iVm{ Vm{ \$iPmS>mß¿`m X{I^mbrH$naVm IM© H$aVm `{Vm{. ]mJ{Vrb
PmS>mßMr oZJmhr H$_r IMm©V hm{V{.
(2) ]mJ{Vrb naH$mÂ`m OmJ{V VU{ dmT>VmV. V{W{ AmßVao[H{$ K{D$Z À`m o[H$mßV
AmßVa_emJV AZm`mg{ PmÎ`mZ{ VUmßM{ oZ`ßÃU hm{V{.
(3) ohadir¿`m AmßVao[H$mß_wi{ Oo_ZrVrb ZÃmM{ AmoU g|o–` [XmWm™M{ ‡_mU
]a{M dmT>V{. `moedm` gy˙_ A›Z–Ï`mßM{ ‡_mUhr dmT>V{. Oo_ZrVrb IoZO{
\$iPmS>mß¿`m _wiÁmßZm C[b„Y hm{VmV.
(4) e|JdJu` AmßVao[H{$ hd{Vrb ZÃmM{ Oo_ZrV pÒWarH$aU H$aVmV. À`m_wi{
Oo_ZrVrb ZÃmM{ ‡_mU dmT>V{. À`mMm \$m`Xm \$iPmS>mßZm o_iVm{.
(5) AmßVao[H$mß_wi{ ]mJ{V oH$S>r AmoU am{JmßMm ‡mXw^m©d H$_r hm{Vm{.
4.2.2 gm[im o[H$mßM{ _hŒd

H$mhr odoeÓQ> o[H$mß M { oH$S> t Zm \$ma AmH$f© U AgV{ . À`m_w i { BVa o[H{ $
gm{ Sy > Z oH$S> r ¯m odoeÓQ> o[H$mßda Jm{im hm{VmV, V{Ï hm ¯m o[H$mßdarb oH$S>tM{
ghO oZ`ßÃU H$aVm `{V{. À`m_wi{ BVa o[H$mßM{ oH$S>t[mgyZ Z°goJ©H$[U{ gßajU hm{V{.
CXmhaUmW©, A_{naH$s ]m|S>AiÁmß_wi{ H$m[gmM{ \$ma _m{R>Ám ‡_mUmV ZwH$gmZ hmV{.
hrM H$sS> haâm, gy`©\y$b, Q>m{_∞Q>m{, _H$m, BÀ`mXr o[H$mßM{ ZwH$gmZ H$aV{. H$m[gm¿`m
o[H$m_‹`{ Xm{Z Am{ir _∑`m¿`m [{aÎ`mg oH$S>rM{ _mXr [VßJ _∑`m¿`m o[H$mda
AßS>r KmbVmV. _∑`mda oH$S>rMm ‡mXw^m©d amhVm{ V{Ïhm ¯m o[H$mda H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mMr
\$dmaUr H$Í$Z oH$S>rMm Zme H$aVm `{Vm{. H$m[gm¿`m o[H$mda \$dmaUr H$a `mMr
JaO [S>V Zmhr. IMm©Mr ]MV hm{V{. ¯m AmßVa[’VrV _∑`m¿`m o[H$mbm "gm[im
[rH$' (Q≠>∞[ H´$m∞[) Ag{ ÂhUVmV.
\$iPmS>mß¿`m _wiÁmßda gyÃH•$_r JmR>r H$aVmV. À`m_wi{ _wiÁmß_YyZ PmS>mbm
hm{UmË`m A›Z[wadR>ÁmV AS>Wim `{Vm{. PmS>mßMr dmT> IwaQ>r amhV{. Aem [napÒWVrV
gm[im o[H{$ C[`m{Jr [S>VmV. À`m_wi{ gyÃH•$_tM{ oZ`ßÃU hm{V{. CXmhaUmW©, AZZgm¿`m
o[H$mV Q>m{_∞Q>m{M{ AmßVa[rH$ K{VmV. gyÃH•$_r Q>m{_∞Q>m{¿`m _wiÁmßda Jm{im hm{VmV. À`mßZr
AßS>r Kmb `mg gwÈdmV H$a `m[ydu Q>m{_∞Q>m{Mr PmS>{ C[Qy>Z À`mßMm Zme H$aVmV. gyÃH•$_t¿`m
oZ`ßÃUmgmR>r YZ{ (H$m{qW]ra), P|Sy>, Vri, e{dßVr, J{bmoS>©`m, h{b{oZ`_ (\w$bPmS>{),
_H$m, A∞Ò[amJg hr AmßVao[H{$ C[`m{Jr [S>VmV.
4.2.3 ]mJ{Vrb AmßVa_emJVrMr H$m_{
(A) ]mJ{Vrb VUmßM{ oZ`ßÃU
\$i]mJ{V \$iPmS>{ AmoU AmßVao[H{$ `mßoedm` ¡`m dZÒ[Vr dmT>VmV, Aem
dZÒ[VtZm VU{ Ag{ ÂhUVmV. `m dZÒ[VtMr OmUrd[yd©H$ bmJdS> AWdm [{aUr H{$b{br
ZgV{. \$i]mJ{V AmYmamgmR>r, diU X{ `mgmR>r AWdm AmS>m{emgmR>r BVa dZÒ[VtMr
\$i]mJ{V AWdm ]mJ{^m{dVr bmJdS> H{$br OmV{; Aem dZÒ[VtMm VUmß¿`m `mXrV
g_md{e hm{V Zmhr. \$i]mJmßVrb VUmßMr hßJm_r VU{ AmoU ]h˛dfm©`w VU{ Aem Xm{Z
JQ>mßV od^mJUr H$aVmV.
A.H´$. hßJm_r VU{ A.H´$. ]h˛dfm©`w VU{
(01) JmOa JdV (01) hair
(02) qe[r JdV (02) bÏhmim
(03) H$mQ>{ _mR> (03) Amß]wer
(04) Km{iy (04) Q>UQ>Ur
(05) XwYUr (05) Q>mH$im
(06) H$Sy>qMM (06) Hwß$Xm
(07) ]mdMr (07) [mUH$Urg
(08) Hw$Sy>© (08) A_ad{b
(09) odbm`Vr Ym{Vam (09) [m{[Q>d{b
(10) Ym{Vam (10) ]mßS>Jyi
(11) MmßXd{b
(12) Mw]yH$ H$mQ>m
(13) O_©Z H$mQ>m
(14) H$mQ>{na®JUr
]mJ{Vrb PmS>mßM{ hm{Uma{ ZwH$gmZ
H$m{UÀ`mhr ]mJ{V, H$m{UVrhr VU{ dmT>br Va [wT>rb‡_mU{ ZwH$gmZ hm{V{ :
(1) C[b„Y Am{bmÏ`mgmR>r PmS>mß¿`m _wimer VUmßMr _wi{ Ò[Ym© H$aVmV.
(2) C[b„Y A›Z–Ï`{ AmoU BVa AmdÌ`H$ A›ZKQ>H$mß¿`m em{fUmgmR>r
PmS>mß¿`m _wimßer VUmßMr _wi{ Ò[Ym© H$aVmV.
(3) H$mhr [am{[Ordr VU{ PmS>mßdaM [m{gVmV d À`mßM{ ZwH$gmZ H$aVmV.
(4) VUmß_wi{ Oo_ZrV AmoU VUmßda oZaoZami{ am{J, oH$S>r, gyÃH•$_r dmT>VmV d
ZßVa À`mßMm ‡gma PmS>mßda hm{Vm{.
(5) CßM dmT>Umar Vg{M PmS>mßda [gaUmar VU{, PmS>mß¿`m dmT>rg AS>Wim
AmUVmV.
(6) VUmß_wi{ ]mJ{V _emJVrMr H$m_{, Am°fY \$dmaUr, ]mJ{Mr oZJm amI `mMr
H$m_{, \$imßMr H$mT>Ur H$aU{ `m H$m_mßV AS>Wi{ oZ_m©U hm{VmV.
(7) VUmßMr JXu dmT>Î`m_wi{ ]mJ{V hdm I{iVr amh `mg Vg{M [wa{gm gy`©‡H$me
o_i `mV AS>Wim `{Vm{.
VUoZ`ßÃUm¿`m [’Vr
\$i]mJ{V VUmß_wi{ hm{Uma{ PmS>mßM{ ZwH$gmZ Q>mi `mgmR>r VUmßM{ oZ`ßÃU H$aU{
AmdÌ`H$ Amh{. VUmßM{ oZ`ßÃU H$a `mgmR>r [wT>rb [’Vr dm[aVm `{VmV ï
(1) Òd¿N> _emJV : VU{ H$mTy>Z Q>mH$U{, Iwa[Ur H$aU{, _emJV H$aU{ hr
H$m_{ H$Í$Z AmoU ]mJ{Vrb O_rZ Òd¿N> R>{dyZ VUmßMm ]ßXm{]ÒV H$aVm
`{Vm{.
(2) Am¿N>mXZ [’V : `m [’Vr_‹`{ PmS>mß¿`m Im{S>m^m{dVr, _m{H$iÁm OmJ{V
Am¿N>mXZ H$Í$Z VUmßMm ]ßXm{]ÒV H{$bm OmVm{. Am¿N>mXZ H$a `mgmR>r
H$mS>rH$Mam, ^mVmMm [|T>m, [m∞obWrZMm [mßT>am AJa H$mim H$mJX dm[abm
OmVm{. Am¿N>mXZ H{$Î`m_wi{ VUmßMr CJdU AmoU dmT> Wmß]V{ AmoU H$mhr
H$mimZßVa VUmßMm ]ßXm{]ÒV hm{Vm{.
(3) AmßVa[rH$ [’V : `m [’Vr_‹`{ PmS>mß_Yrb _m{H$iÁm OmJ{V BVa o[H$mßMr
bmJdS> H{$br OmV{. h{ AmßVa[rH$ ohadirM{ [rH$ ÂhUyZ dmT>odVm `{V{.
qH$dm À`m[mgyZ H$mhr CÀ[mXZhr o_iodVm `{V{. o¤Xb dJm©Vrb AmoU
H$_r CßMr Agb{br odÒV•V [gaUmar o[H{$ oZdS>Î`mg, ]mJ{Vrb VUmßMm
]ßXm{]ÒV [naUm_H$maH$ hm{D$ eH$Vm{.
(4) VUZmeH$mßMm dm[a : amgmòZH$ VUZmeH{$ dm[Í$Z VUmßMm ]ßXm{]ÒV
H$aVm `{Vm{. amgmòZH$ VUZmeH$mßM{ Xm{Z ‡H$ma Amh{V. EH$ ‡H$ma ÂhUO{
AoZdS>H$ VUZmeH{$ (Zm∞Z-ogb{p∑Q>Ïh drS>rgmB©S>). `m ‡H$mamVrb
VUZmeH$mß_wi{ gagH$Q> gd©M dZÒ[Vr _maÎ`m OmVmV. ÂhUO{ VUmß]am{]a
o[H$mßM{hhr ZwH$gmZ hm{V{. Xwgam ‡H$ma ÂhUO{ oZdS>H$ VUZmeH{$ (ogb{p∑Q>Ïh
odS>rgmB©S>). `mß¿`m dm[am_wi{ R>a>mdrH$ ‡H$ma¿`m dZÒ[Vr ÂhUO{M VUmßMm
Zme H$aVm `{Vm{. amgmòZH$ VUZmeH{$ dm[a `m¿`m Xm{Z ‡_wI [’Vr
Amh{. EH$m [’VrV VU{ CJd `m[ydu VUZmeH$mMm dm[a H{$bm OmVm{. `m
‡H$ma¿`m VUZmeH$mßZm VU{ CJdUr[ydu _ma `mMr VUZmeH{$ (‡r-B_O©›g
drS>rgmB©S>) Ag{ ÂhUVmV AmoU `m [’Vrg CJdUr[ydu VUmßMm ]ßXm{]ÒV
(‡r-B_O©›g Hß$Q≠>m{b) Ag{ ÂhUVmV. XwgË`m [’Vr_‹`{ VU{ CJdyZ
AmÎ`mZßVa À`mß¿`m [mZmßda VUZmeH{$ \$dmÍ$Z VU{ _mabr OmVmV. `m
‡H$mamVrb VUZmeH$mßZm VU{ CJdÎ`mZßVa _ma `mMr VUZmeH{$ ([m{ÒQ>
B_O© › g odS> r gmB© S > ) Ag{ ÂhUVmV AmoU Aem [’Vr¿`m dm[amg
CJdUrZßVa VUmßMm ]ßXm{]ÒV ([m{ÒQ> B_O©›g Hß$Q≠>m{b) Ag{ ÂhUVmV.
amgmòZH$ VUZmeH{$ ÂhUyZ H$m_}∑g, J´m_m{∑Pm{Z, ]mgmbrZ, Ωbm`grb,
AQ≠>mQ>m∞[, 2-4 S>r, BÀ`mXr VUZmeH{$ dm[amV Amh{V. VUZmeH$mßMm dm[a
H$aVmZm VUZmeH{$ oH$Vr ‡_mUmV, H$Yr dm[amd`mMr Vg{M dm[aVmZm
H$m{ U Vr H$miOr ø`mdr `m]m]VMr _mohVr AgU{ AmdÌ`H$ Amh{ .
VUZmeH$mß¿`m ododY [’Vt_YyZ gm{`rÒH$a [’V oZdSy>Z VUmßMm bdH$amV
bdH$a ]ßXm{]ÒV H{$Î`mg VUmß[mgyZ hm{Uma{ ZwH$gmZ Q>miVm `{V{. C[b„Y
gmYZ{, _ZwÓ`]i, VU{ AmoU VUmßMr ]ßXm{]ÒV H$a `mMr [’Vr `mßMr
gmßJS> KmbyZ H$_r IMm©Mr o]ZYm{H$ AmoU [naUm_H$maH$ C[m``m{OZm
H$amdr.
(Am) odaiUr AmoU ZmßJ{ âU{ (oWqZJ AmoU J∞[ o\$qbJ)
‡À`{H$ dZÒ[Vr¿`m dmT>rH$naVm R>amdrH$ OmJ{Mr JaO AgV{. ÂhUyZM PmS>mMm
AmH$ma, [mZmßMr aMZm, dmT>rMm ‡H$ma `mßMm odMma H$Í$Z ]mJ{Vrb PmS>mß¿`m bmJdS>rM{
AßVa R>aodb{ OmV{ AmoU À`m¿`m d{im{d{ir oe\$maer H{$Î`m OmVmV. bmJdS>r¿`m
AßVamMr oe\$mag H$Í$Z EH$ EH$a qH$dm EH$ h{∑Q>a j{Ãm_‹`{ PmS>mßMr R>amdrH$ gßª`m
amIU{ AmdÌ`H$ AgV{. H$maU R>amdrH$ j{ÃmV OÈar[{jm OmÒV PmS>{ bmdÎ`mg PmS>mßMr
[mUr, Afi–Ï`{ AmoU gy`©‡H$me `mßgmR>r Ò[Ym© oZ_m©U hm{V{. [naUm_r PmS>{ CßM dmT>VmV.
`mCbQ> R>amdrH$ j{ÃmV PmS>mßMr gßª`m H$_r Ag{b Va CÀ[mXZ H$_r o_iV{. Vg{M
[mUr, OmJm, Afi–Ï`{ AmoU _Owar dm`m OmV{. R>amdrH$ j{ÃmV PmS>mßMr AWdm am{[mßMr
odoeÓQ> gßª`m amI `mgmR>r odaiUr AmoU ZmßJ{ âU{ hr H$m_{ AÀ`ßV _hŒdmMr Amh{V.
Om{_Xma am{[{ o_iod `mgmR>r am{[dmoQ>H{$_‹`{ XmQ> Pmb{Î`m am{[mßMr odaiUr H$aU{
AmdÌ`H$ AgV{.
R>amdrH$ j{Ãm_‹`{ PmS>mßMr AmdÌ`H$ V{dT>r gßª`m amIbr VaM A[{ojV CÀ[mXZ
o_iy eH$V{. ÂhUyZ R>amdrH$ j{ÃmV OmÒV PmS>{ PmÎ`mg odaiUr AmoU ZmßJ{ [S>b{
AgÎ`mg À`mßMr gmßYUr H$aU{ AmdÌ`H$ AgV{.
(B) _mVrMr â X{U{ (AoW™J A[)
]mJ{V ^mOr[mbm o[H$mßZm _mVrMr â X{U{ \$ma AmdÌ`H$ R>aV{. o_aMr, Q>m{_∞Q>m{,
dmßJr, K{dS>m `mßgmaIr ^mOr[mbm o[H{$ garda bmdbr OmVmV. o[H$mbm [mUr X{V
AgVmZm am{[mOdiMr _mVr dmhˇZ OmV{ AmoU À`mßMr _wi{ CKS>r [S>VmV. PmS>m¿`m
Im{S>mßZm _mVrMm AmYma Z amohÎ`mZ{ am[{ H$m{b_S>VmV. ÂhUyZ am{[mß¿`m bmJdS>rZßVa
EH$ V{ XrS> _oh›`mZ{ am{[mß¿`m g_m{arb garMm AYm© ^mJ Im{Ë`mZ{ Vm{Sy>Z PmS>mßZm â
⁄mdr. _mVrMr â X{VmZmM am{[mßZm daIVmßMr _mÃm oXbr Va À`mMm PmS>mßZm MmßJbm
C[`m{J hm{Vm{. ]Q>mQ>Ám_‹`{ â X{U{ AoVe` AmdÌ`H$ Amh{. H$maU V`ma hm{V Amb{b{
]Q>mQ>{ CKS>{ [S>b{ AmoU À`mßMm gy`©‡H$memer ‡À`j gß]ßY Ambm Va ]Q>mQ>{ ohad{ [S>VmV.
ohad{ ]Q>mQ>{ Im `m`m{Ω` amhV ZmhrV. ÂhUyZM _mVrMr â X{D$Z CKS>{ [S>b{b{ ]Q>mQ>{
PmHy$Z K{U{ AmdÌ`H$ AgV{.
â X{ `mMm AmUIr EH$ \$m`Xm Agm hm{Vm{, H$s am{[m¿`m _wim^m{dVr ^wg^werV
_mVr O_m PmÎ`mZ{ hdm I{iVr amhV{. Oo_ZrVrb Am{bmdm OmÒV H$mi oQ>H$dyZ R>{dbm
OmVm{. `moedm` am{[mßZm _mVrMr â X{VmZm VUmßMmhr H$mhr ‡_mUmV ]ßXm{]ÒV H$aVm
`{Vm{. d{b{dJu` ^m¡`mßMr bmJdS> ÈßX AßVamda gË`m [mSy>Z À`mß¿`m EH$m ]mOyda H{$br
OmV{. Aem d{ir d{btZm 3 V{ 4 [mZ{ AmÎ`mZßVa garMm ^mJ Vm{Sy>Z d{btZm â oXbr Va
d{br gar_‹`{ Z dmT>Vm Xm{Z gË`mß¿`m _m{H$iÁm OmJ{V bdH$a [gaVmV.
(B©) Am¿N>mXZ H$aU{ (_pÎM®J)
PmS>mß¿`m Xm{Z Am{it_Yrb _m{H$ir O_rZ, dmib{bm [mbm[mMm{im, JdV,
bmH$S>mMm ^wgm, e|JmßMr Q>a\$b{ qH$dm H$miÁm AWdm [mßT>Ë`m [m∞obWrZ¿`m H$mJXmZ{
PmHy$Z K{U{ `mbm Am¿N>mXZ Ag{ ÂhUVmV. PmS>mVrb Am¿N>mXZm_wi{ bÏhmim, hair
AmoU BVa VUmßMm ]ßXm{]ÒV H$aVm `{Vm{. Oo_ZrVrb Am{bmdm OmÒV H$mi oQ>H$dyZ
R>{dVm `{Vm{. Oo_ZrM{ Vm[_mZ H$_r amIVm `{V{. À`m_wi{ \w$bmßMr Ji Wmß]yZ \$imßMm
bmJ dmT>Vm{. Oo_ZrVrb Am{bmdm OmÒV H$mi oQ>Hy$Z amohÎ`m_wi{ [m `m¿`m [miÁm
H$_r H$aVm `{VmV. g|o–` [XmWm™M{ Am¿N>mXZ dm[ab{ Ag{b Va Oo_ZrMm [m{V gwYma `mg
_XV hm{V{. Am¿N>mXZmMm dm[a \$iPmS>mß_‹`{ oOV∑`m MmßJÎ`m naVrZ{ H$aVm `{Vm{ oVV∑`m
‡^mdr[U{ À`mMm dm[a ^mOr[mÎ`m_‹`{ H$aVm `{V Zmhr. H$maU ]Ë`mM ^mOr[mbm
o[H$mß¿`m am{[mß_Yrb bmJdS>rM{ AßVa H$_r AgV{, À`m_wi{ Am¿N>mXZmMm dm[a H$aU{
AdKS> OmV{. [aßVw Vmß]S>m ^m{[im, XwYr ^m{[im, H$mabr, Vm|S>br, BÀ`mXr d{bdJu`
^m¡`m Xya AßVamda bmdÎ`m OmVmV. À`m_wi{ Aem ^mOr[mbm o[H$mß_‹`{ Am¿N>mXZmMm
dm[a C[`w∑V R>Í$ eH$Vm{. e{dJm, hmXJm, H$T>r[Œmm, Amß]m, oMHy$, BÀ`mXr ]h˛dfu`
PmS>mß^m{dVr¿`m AmiÁmV Am¿N>mXZmMm dm[a H$aVm `{Vm{. Am¿N>mXZmgmR>r CgmM{ [mMQ>,
dmib{b{ JdV, ]mOar¿`m ]UΩ`m qH$dm JÏhmM{ H$mS>, ^mVmMm [|T>m Vg{M H$miÁm
AWdm [mßT>Ë`m [m∞obWrZMm dm[a H$aVm `{Vm{.

AmßVao[H{$ : (BßQ>a H´$m∞[) _wª` o[H$m_Yrb _m{H$iÁm OmJ{V K{Vb{b{ XwÊ`_
[rH$.
gm[im o[H{$ : (Q≠>∞[ H´$m∞[) ¡`m o[H$mßda oH$S>r AmH$of©V hm{VmV Aer o[H{$.
gyÃH•$_r : (oZ_∞Q>m{S>) Oo_Zr¿`m Am{bga [•ÓR>^mJm¿`m WamV YmΩ`m‡_mU{
AgUma{ gy˙_ ‡mUr.
4.4 gmamße
]mJ{Vrb \$iPmS>mß_Yrb AßVa OmÒV AgÎ`m_wi{ PmS>mßMr [yU© dmT> hm{B©[`™V
]mJ{V ]arM _m{H$ir OmJm AgV{. `m OmJ{Mm MmßJbm C[`m{J H$Í$Z K{ `mgmR>r
AmßVao[H$mßMr bmJdS> H$aVmV. \$imßM{ CÀ[›Z o_i{[`™V AmßVao[H$mß¿`m CÀ[›ZmVyZ
]mJ{Mm IM© H$mhr ‡_mUmV ^mJodVm `{Vm{. \$i]mJ{Vrb AmßVao[H{$ AÎ[ _wXVrMr,
CWi _wiÁmßMr AmoU e∑`Vm{ e|JdJu` AgmdrV. AmßVao[H{$ CßM dmT>Umar ZgmdrV.
AmßVao[H$mß_wi{ \$iPmS>mßM{ ZwH$gmZ Z hm{Vm \$m`Xm Pmbm [mohO{. AmßVao[H$mßZr A›Z
AmoU [m `mgmR>r \$iPmS>mßer Ò[Ym© H$Í$ Z`{. AmßVao[H$mßMr _emJV, IV-[mUr
o[H$mZw g ma d{ J d{ J i{ H$amd{ . gm_m›`[U{ \$i]mJ{ V ^mOro[H{ $ AWdm H$S> Y m›`{
AmßVao[H$mgmR>r oZdS>VmV. À`mM‡_mU{ S>mqi], [[`m, H{$ir, H$m{H$m{, Om`\$i, H$mir
o_ar hrX{Irb AmßVao[H$mßgmR>r oZdS>VmV. AmßVa_emJVrMr H$m_{ gd©M o[H$mß¿`m
bmJdS>rZßVa H$mhr H$mimVM gwÍ$ hm{VmV AmoU Vr o[H$mMr H$mT>Ur hm{B©[`™V Mmby
amhVmV.

(1) AmßVao[H{$ ÂhUO{ H$m` ? AmßVao[H$mßM{ \$m`X{ AmoU Vm{Q>{ obhm.
(2) gm[im [rH$ ÂhUO{ H$m` ? gm[im o[H$mßM{ _hŒd Ò[ÓQ> H$am.
(3) VUoZ`ßÃUm¿`m [’VtMr Zmd{ obhˇZ VUZmeH$mßMm dm[a H$Í$Z VUmßM{
oZ`ßÃU `modf`r godÒVa _mohVr obhm.
(4) AmßVa_emJVr¿`m Imbrb _w⁄mßda godÒVa Q>r[ obhm.
(i) A¿N>mXZ H$aU{
(ii) _mVrMr â X{U{
(1) "odaiUr AmoU ZmßJ{ âU{' `m AmßVa_emJVr¿`m [’Vrodf`r godÒVa
_mohVr obhm.
(2) "_mVrMr â X{U{' `m AmßVa_emJVr¿`m [’Vrodf`r godÒVa _mohVr
obhm.
(3) "PmS>mßZm Am¿N>mXZ H$aU{' `m AmßVa_emJVr¿`m [’Vrodf`r godÒVa
_mohVr obhm.
(4) ]mJ{Vrb AmßVao[H$mßM{ _hŒd Ò[ÓQ> H$am.
(5) ]mJ{Vrb gm[im o[H$mßM{ _hŒd Ò[ÓQ> H$am.>
(6) ]mJ{Vrb PmS>mßM{ VUmß_wi{ H$m{UV{ ZwH$gmZ hm{V{ ?
(7) VUZmeH$mßMm dm[a H$Í$Z VUmßM{ oZ`ßÃU H$g{ H$amd{ ?
(8) hßJm_r d ]h˛dfm©`w VUmßMr ‡À`{H$s [mM Zmd{ obhm.
(1) AmßVao[H$mßZm H$m` ÂhUVmV ?
(A) ghMa o[H{$ (B) [aOrdr o[H{$
(C) _wª` o[H{$ (D) gm[im o[H{$
(2) AZZgm¿`m o[H$mV H$m{UV{ AmßVa[rH$ K{VÎ`mg gyÃH•$_r À`m AmßVao[H$m¿`m
_wiÁmßda Jm{im hm{VmV d AZZgmM{ gyÃH•$_t[mgyZ gßajU H$aVm `{V{ ?
(A) ]mOar (B) Jhˇ (C) Q>m{_∞Q>m{ (D) ^mV
(3) A_{naH$s ]m|S>AiÁmß[mgyZ H$m[gm¿`m ]MmdmgmR>r H$m[gmV H$m{UV{ gm[im
[rH$ AmßVa[rH$ ÂhUyZ bmdmd{ ?
(A) ]mOar (B) Jhˇ (C) ^mV (D) _H$m
(4) Imbrb[°H$s H$m{UV{ VU ]h˛dfm©`w Zmhr ?
(A) hair (B) bÏhmim (C) Q>UQ>Ur (D) JmOaJdV

(5) Imbrb[°H$s H$m{UV{ VU ]h˛dfm©`w Amh{ ?
(A) XwYUr (B) JmOaJdV (C) Hwß$Xm> (D) Ym{Vam
(6) \$i]mJ{V \$iPmS>{ AmoU AmßVao[H{$ `mßoedm` ¡`m dZÒ[Vr dmT>VmV
À`mßZm H$m` ÂhUVmV ?
(A) ghMa o[H{$ (B) VU{ (C) gm[im o[H{$> (D) [am{[Ordr PmS>{
(7) VU{ CJd `m[ydu _ma `m¿`m VUZmeH$mßZm H$m` ÂhUVmV ?
(A) ‡r-B_O©›g drS>rgmB©S> (B) [m{ÒQ>-B_O©›g drS>rgmB©S>
(C) Zm∞b-ogb{p∑Q>Ïh drS>rgmB©S> (D) ogb{p∑Q>Ïh drS>rgmB©S>
(8) Imbrb[°H$s H$m{UV{ VUZmeH$ Zmhr ?
(A) J´m_m{∑Pm{Z (B) ]mgmbrZ (C) ]m{Zo_b (D) Ωbm`grb
(9) AmßVao[H$mß_‹`{ Imbrb[°H$s H$m{UVm JwU Zgmdm ?
(A) PmS>{ CWi _wiÁmßMr AgmdrV
(B) PmS>{ Im{b _wiÁmßMr AgmdrV
(C) PmS>{ CßM dmT>Umar AgmdrV
(D) PmS>{ H$sS>am{JmßZm ]ir [S>Umar ZgmdrV
(10) Imbrb[°H$s H$m{UV{ VU [am{[Ordr Amh{ ?
(A) hair (B) bÏhmim (C) Q>UQ>Ur (D) ]mßS>Jyi

KQ>H$ 5 : VU{ AmoU VUmßM{ oZ`ßÃU
AZwH´$_oUH$m
5.1 ‡mÒVmodH$
5.2 odf`-odd{MZ
5.2.1 VUZmeH$mßMr AmdÌ`H$Vm AmoU À`mßM{ ododY ‡H$ma
5.2.2 ododY o[H$mßVrb VUmßM{ oZ`ßÃU
5.2.3 VUoZ`ßÃUm¿`m ododY [’Vr
5.4 gmamße
5.1 ‡mÒVmodH$
o[H$mßM{ CÀ[mXZ dmT>od `mgmR>r Am[U gwYmnaV o]`mU{, IV{, [mUr[wadR>m, [rH$
gßajU, BÀ`mXtMm dm[a H$aVm{. À`m_wi{ o[H$mß¿`m dmT>r]am{]a VUmßMr dmT>hr MmßJbr
hm{V{. hr VU{ A›Z, [mUr AmoU gy`©‡H$memgmR>r dmT>UmË`m o[H$mßer Ò[Ym© H$aVmV. [U
oH$S>r AmoU am{Jmß_wi{ hm{Uma{ o[H$mM{ ZwH$gmZ Og{ R>iH$[U{ oXgV{ Vg{ VUm_wi{ hm{Uma{
ZwH$gmZ bjmV `{V Zmhr. o[H$mMr ]mJ{V bmdUr H{$Î`mZßVa gwÈdmVrM{ VrZ V{ Mma
AmR>dS>{ o[H$mM{ gdm™V OmÒV ZwH$gmZ hm{V{. À`mZßVa PmS>m¿`m _wiÁm Oo_ZrV MmßJÎ`m
dmT>VmV. PmS>m¿`m [mZm{iÁmMm odÒVma hm{Vm{. PmS>mMr gmdbr Oo_Zrda [S>V{ AmoU
À`m gmdbrV VUmßMr dmT> hm{V Zmhr. ÂhUO{M ZßVa¿`m AdÒW{V VUm[mgyZ o[H$mM{
\$mag{ ZwH$gmZ hm{V Zmhr. ÂhUZy o[H$m¿`m gwÈdmVr¿`m AdÒW{V VUmßM{ oZ`ßÃU Iwa[Ur,
S>daUr (H$m{i[Ur) qH$dm amgmòZH$ VUZmeH{$ dm[Í$Z H$amd{ bmJV{.
]mJ{Vrb VUmß]m]V _mohVr hm{B©b.
VUZmeH$mßM{ ‡H$ma _mohVr hm{Vrb.
]mJ{Vrb VUmßM{ oZ`ßÃU H$aVm `{B©b.
5.2 odf`-odd{MZ
5.2.1 VUZmeH$mßMr AmdÌ`H$Vm AmoU À`mßM{ ododY ‡H$ma
¡`m d{ir Oo_ZrV [{ab{b{ ]r CJd `mMr AmoU am{[ dmT> `mMr YS>[S> H$arV
AgV{, À`m d{ir VUmßM{ ]r bdH$a CJdyZ da `{V{. VU{ Oo_ZrVrb A›Z–Ï`{ AmoU
[mUr em{fyZ K{D$Z Om{_mZ{ dmT>VmV. EH$Xm Oo_ZrV o[H$m¿`m _wiÁm dmTy> bmJÎ`m
AmoU o[H$mMr dmT> â[ya Pmbr H$s, Oo_Zrda o[H$mMr gmdbr [S>V{ AmoU _J VUmßMr
o[H$mer Ò[Ym© H$_r hm{V OmV{. AZ{H$ ]m]VrV Or VU{ o[H$mZßVa Xm{Z qH$dm VrZ
AmR>dS>ÁmßZßVa CJdVmV, Aem VUmß_wi{ o[H$mM{ ode{f ZwH$gmZ hm{V Zmhr. ÂhUyZ
e{VH$Ë`mßZr o[H$m¿`m gwÈdmVr¿`m AdÒW{V hmVmZ{ qZXUr H$Í$Z qH$dm AdOmamZ{ _emJV
H$Í$Z qH$dm VUZmeH$ dm[Í$Z VUmßM{ oZ`ßÃU H{$b{ [mohO{. o[H$mß¿`m gwÈdmVr¿`m
H$mimV hmVmZ{ qZXUr H{$Î`mg VUZmeH$m[{jm AoYH$ \$m`Xm hm{Vm{. H$maU VUmß¿`m
oZ`ßÃUmgm{]V Iwa[Ur H{$Î`mg [mdgmZ{ Q>UH$ Pmb{bm Oo_ZrMm [•ÓR>^mJ _m{H$im
hm{Vm{. [aßVw O{W{ _OwarM{ Xa OmÒV AgVmV, V{W{ qZXUr[{jm VUZmeH$mßMm dm[a H$Í$Z
VUmßM{ oZ`ßÃU H$a `mMm IM© H$_r `{Vm{. O{W{ qZXUr¿`m hßJm_mV â[ya _Oya o_iy
eH$VmV AmoU _OwarM{ Xa H$_r AgVmV, V{W{ VUZmeH$mß[{jm qZXUrMm IM© H$_r
`{Vm{. ÂhUyZ VUmßM{ oZ`ßÃU qZXUrZ{ H$amd{ H$s VUZmeH$mZ{ H$amd{, `mMm oZU©`
e{VH$Ë`mßZrM K{Vbm [mohO{.
g‹`m ZdZdrZ VUZmeH{$ ]mOmamV odH´$sbm `{VmV. ¯m VUZmeH$mß_wi{ o[H$mßZm
A[m` hm{D$ Z`{, o[H$mßM{ ZwH$gmZ hm{D$ Z`{, Vr Oo_ZrV H$m`_ amhˇZ ZßVa¿`m o[H$mM{
Zw H $gmZ hm{ D $ Z`{ , ¯m ]m]tH$S> { bj X{ U { AmdÌ`H$ Amh{ . H$mhr VU{ EIm⁄m
VUZmeH$m¿`m dm[am_wi{ _aVmV, [U À`mß¿`mda XwgË`m VUZmeH$mMm H$mhrM [naUm_
hm{V Zmhr. O{Ïhm e{VmV AZ{H$ ‡H$maMr VU{ AgVmV V{Ïhm VUZmeH$mßM{ o_lU dm[aU{
bm^Xm`H$ AgV{. _mÃ À`m o_lUmMm o[H$mda A[m`H$maH$ [naUm_ hm{Uma Zmhr, ¯mMm

odMma H$aU{ AmdÌ`H$ Amh{.
VUmßM{ oZ`ßÃU H{$Î`mg o[H$mßM{ ZwH$gmZ Q>miVm `{V{M, [U VUmßMm Zme PmÎ`mg
À`mßda [°Xm hm{UmË`m oH$S>tMm AmoU am{JmßMmhr Zme hm{Vm{. [m `mV dmT>UmË`m VUmß_wi{
[m `mM{ [mQ> AmoU [m `mMm oZMam hm{UmË`m ZmÎ`mß_‹`{ AS>Wim hm{Vm{. VbmdmVrb
_mg{ [H$S> `mV AS>Wim `{Vm{. MamD$ Hw$aUmV JmOa JdVmgmaI{ C[–dr VU dmT>Î`mg
MamD$ amZmM{ j{Ã\$iM H$_r hm{V{. V{W{ VUZmeH$mßMm dm[a H$aU{ C[`w∑V AgV{.
VUmß_wi{ hm{Uma{ o[H$mßM{ ZwH$gmZ
gm_m›`[U{ EH$Xb VU{ Oo_ZrVrb JmR>r (CXmhaUmW©, bÏhmim) qH$dm Oo_ZrV
dmT>UmË`m Im{S>m[mgyZ dmT>VmV AmoU o¤Xb VU{ o]`mß[mgyZ CÀ[›Z hm{VmV. ¯m VUmß_wi{
o[H$mßM{ CÀ[mXZ [wT>rb‡_mU{ KQ>V{ : ohdmir hßJm_mVrb [mZH$m{]r 66%, \w$cH$m{]r
36 V{ 51%, dmQ>mUm 40 V{ 70%, ^|S>r 40%, Q>m{_∞Q>m{ 60%, ]Q>mQ>{ 82%, ]rQ>Í$Q>
30 V{ 95%, JmOa 67 V{ 78%, H$mßXm 42% AmoU bgyU 60%.
gm_m›`[U{ VUmßM{ oZ`ßÃU Iwa[rZ{ qZXUr H$Í$Z, ]°bmß¿`m AdOmamZ{ (S>dam
qH$dm H$m{i[{), g|o–` qH$dm Ag|o–` Am¿N>mXZ Oo_Zrda [gÍ$Z qH$dm o[H$mßMm \{$a[mbQ>
H$Í$Z H$aVmV. H$mßXm, ]Q>mQ>m, o_aMr, `mßgmaª`m o[H$mßVrb VUmßM{ oZ`ßÃU H$a `mgmR>r
VUZmeH{$ dm[aVmV.
VUZmeH$mßM{ ‡H$ma
VUZmeH$mß¿`m VUmda hm{UmË`m oH´$`{Zwgma À`mßM{ Xm{Z JQ>mßV dJuH$aU H$aVmV ï
(1) [mZmßda oH´$`m H$aUmar VUZmeH{$,
(2) Oo_ZrV oH´$`m H$aUmar VUZmeH{$.
[mZmßda oH´$`m H$aUmË`m VUZmeH$mßMr dJ©dmar AmUIr Xm{Z JQ>mßV H$aVmV :
(1) Ò[e© VUZmeH{$ - `m ‡H$mamVrc VUZmeH{$ VUm¿`m [mZmßda [S>VmV. V{W{
À`mßMr oH´$`m KS>V{.
(2) AmßVa‡dmhr VUZmeH{$ - ¯m VUZmeH$mßM{ VUmß¿`m earam_‹`{ em{fU
hm{D$Z À`mßM{ VUm¿`m A›Zdmoh›`m (‚bm{E_) qH$dm agdmoh›`mß_YyZ (Pm`b{_)dhZ
hm{D$Z À`mßMr oH´$`m VUmß¿`m dmT>r¿`m oR>H$mUr hm{V{.
[mZmßda oH´$`m hm{UmË`m ¯m Xm{›hr ‡H$ma¿`m VUZmeH$mßM{ \$m`X{ AmoU Vm{Q>{ Amh{V.
Ò[e© VUZmeH{$ (CXmhaUmW©, [∞am∑dm∞Q>) À`mß¿`m ÀdnaV VU _ma `m¿`m JwUm_wi{
oZdS>VmV. hr VUZmeH{$ oMH$Qy>Z amhV ZgÎ`m_wi{ VUZmeH$m¿`m \$dmaUrZßVa À`m
e{VmV [rH$ K{Vm `{V{. _mÃ ¯m VUZmeH$mMr \$dmaUr H$aVmZm VUmM{ PmS> [yU©[U{ Am{b{
H$aU{ AmdÌ`H$ AgV{. ¯m VUZmeH$m_wi{ gm_m›`V: dmof©H$ VU{ _aVmV AmoU Im{b
_wimß¿`m ]h˛dmof©H$ VUmßMr dmT> IwßQ>V{; [aßVw À`mßM{ H$m`_ÒdÍ$[r oZ`ßÃU hm{V Zmhr.
AmßVa‡dmhr VUZmeH$mMm (CXmhaUmW©, 2, 4-S>r) \$m`Xm Agm Amh{ H$s, oH´$`m hm{UmË`m
oR>H$mUr VUZmeH$ agm`Z O_m hm{V AgÎ`mZ{ gß[yU©[U{ VU{ oÔ `mMr JaO ZgV{.
VUmß¿`m earamV h{ agm`Z o^ZV AgÎ`m_wi{ ]h˛dmof©H$ VUmßM{hr oZ`ßÃU hm{V{. _mÃ ¯m
VUZmeH$mßMr \$dmaUr H$aVmZm À`mßM{ Vwfma dmË`mZ{ e{Oma¿`m ]m¯ o[H$mda [Sy>Z À`mßM{
ZwH$gmZ hm{V{. oedm` VUmß¿`m OmÒVrV OmÒV oZ`ßÃUmgmR>r \$dmaUrMr `m{Ω` d{i
gmYU{ AmdÌ`H$ AgV{. _mÃ VUmßM{ H$m`_ÒdÍ$[r oZ`ßÃU hm{V Zmhr. H$maU \$dmaUrZßVa
Oo_ZrV [S>b{Î`m o]`mß[mgyZ qH$dm Ad`dmß[mgyZ VUmßMr dmaßdma dmT> hm{V AgV{.
Oo_ZrV oH´$`m hm{Uma{ qH$dm Oo_Zrda \$dmaUr H$amd`mMr VUZmeH{$ VUmßMr
_wi{ Oo_ZrVyZ em{fyZ K{VmV AmoU À`mßM{ dhZ oH´$`{¿`m OmJ{[`™V hm{V{. ¯m VUZmeH$mßMm
_wª` \$m`Xm ÂhUO{ À`mßMm [naUm_ XrK© H$mi[`™V oQ>H$Vm{. À`mM{ odKQ>Z hm{B©[`™V
qH$dm Oo_ZrVyZ Yw[yZ OmB©[`™V Vr H$m`©erb amhVmV. À`mßMm ghO C[`m{{J H$aVm `{Vm{.
XmU{Xma qH$dm –mdUm¿`m ÒdÍ$[mV Vr dm[aVm `{VmV. XmU{Xma VUZmeH{$ Oo_ZrV
[{Í$Z X{Vm `{VmV. ÂhUO{ O{W{ À`mß¿`m H$m`m©Mr JaO AgV{ V{W{M Vr Oo_ZrV [{aVm
`{VmV.
Oo_ZrVrb [m `m¿`m ‡_mUmda ¯m VUZmeH$mßM{ H$m`© Adbß]yZ AgV{. O_rZ
H$m{aS>r AgÎ`mg VUZmeH{$ [m `mV odaKiV ZmhrV AmoU À`mßMm [naUm_ hm{V Zmhr.
¯m¿`m CbQ> O_rZ Iy[ Am{br AgÎ`mg o[H$mßM{ ZwH$gmZ hm{V{. H$maU Oo_ZrVrb
[m `mV odaKiyZ Vr Oo_ZrV Im{b oeaVmV AmoU o[H$mß¿`m _wimdmQ>{ em{fbr OmVmV.
oedm` Oo_ZrV oH´$`m hm{UmË`m VUZmeH$mßMm H$YrH$Yr VUmß]am{]a o[H$mdahr [naUm_
hmVm{. ¡`m VUZmeH$mßM{ gy`©‡H$memV odKQ>Z hm{V{ Vr Oo_ZrV [{Í$Z oXbr [mohO{V.
Oo_Zr¿`m ‡H$mamZwgma VUZmeH$mMr _mÃm R>aodbr [mohO{. Vg{ H{$b{ Zmhr Va
hb∑`m Oo_ZrVrb o[H$mßM{ ZwH$gmZ hm{V{. V{dT>ÁmM _mÃ{¿`m VUZmeH$m¿`m dm[am_wi{
^mar Oo_ZrVrb VUmßM{ MmßJÎ`m ‡H$ma{ oZ`ßÃU hm{V Zmhr.
VUZmeH$mßM{ AmUIr Xm{Z _wª` ‡H$ma Amh{V :
(1) gd© VUmßM{ oZ`ßÃU H$aUmar VUZmeH{$ (Zm∞Zogb{p∑Q>Ïh odS>rgmB©S≤>g≤)
(2) oZdS>H$ VUmßM{ oZ`ßÃU H$aUmar VUZmeH{$ (ogb{p∑Q>Ïh odS>rgmB©S>≤g≤)
gd© VUmß M { oZ`ß Ã U H$aUmar VUZmeH{ $ aÒÀ`m¿`m, bm{ h _mJm© ¿ `m AWdm
H$maIm›`m¿`m [nagamVrb VUmßM{ oZ`ßÃU H$a `mgmR>r dm[aVmV; Va o[H$mbm A[m` Z
hm{D$ X{Vm o[H$mVrb VUmßMm Zme H$a `mgmR>r oZdS>H$ VUmßM{ oZ`ßÃU H$aUmar oZdS>H$
VUZmeH{$ dm[aVmV. CXmhaUmW©, 2, 4-S>r.
¯moedm` VUmßßM{ dJuH$aU [wT>rb‡_mU{ H$aVmV :
(1) [{aUr[ydu dm[a `mMr VUZmeH{$ (‡r-gm{BßJ h]ugmB©S>≤g≤) : hr VUZmeH{$
e{VmV o[H$mßM{ ]r [{a `m[ydu dm[abr OmVmV.
(2) ]r CJd `m[ydu dm[a `mMr VUZmeH{$ (‡r-B_O©›g h]ugmB©S≤>g≤) : hr
VUZmeH{$ e{VmV o[H$mM{ ]r [{ab{b{ AgV{, [U V{ CJdyZ Oo_Zrda Amb{b{
ZgV{; Aem d{ir dm[aVmV.
(3) ]r CJdÎ`mZßVa dm[a `mMr VUZmeH{$ ([m{ÒQ> B_O©›g h]ugmB©S≤g≤) : hr
VUZmeH{$ o[H$mßM{ ]r CJdyZ Oo_Zrda Amb{b{ AgV{, Aem d{ir dm[aVmV.
VUZmeH$mMr oZdS> H$aVmZm - (1) e{VmV H$m{UV{ [rH$ Amh{{, (2) VUmßMr
CJdU Pmb{br Amh{ qH$dm Zmhr, AmoU (3) e{VmV H$m{UÀ`m ‡H$maM{ VU Amh{, ¯m
]m]tMm odMma H$amdm bmJVm{. VUZmeH$ _hmJ Ag{b AmoU VU e{Vm¿`m odoeÓQ>
^mJmVM dmT>b{b{ Ag{b Va À`m ^mJm[waVrM VUZmeH$mMr \$dmaUr H$amdr. gß[yU©
e{VmV \$dmaUr H$a `mMr JaO ZgV{. [rH$ CßM dmT>b{b{ Ag{b AmoU PmS>mßVrb AßVa
H$_r Ag{b Va À`m o[H$mV o[H$m¿`m gmdbr_wi{ VU dmT>V Zmhr; V{Ïhm VUZmeH$mMr
JaO [S> V Zmhr. o[H$m¿`m Am{ i tVrc Aß V a OmÒV AgÎ`mg VUZmeH$mMr
\$dmaUr VUmda AmoU Oo_Zrda H$amdr, o[H$mda H$Í$ Z`{. o[H$mM{ ]r CJd `m[ydu
VUZmeH$mMr \$dmaUr ]r [{ab{Î`m Am{irda H$amdr. H$maU o[H$m¿`m PmS>mße{Omar dmT>b{b{
VU ]°bmß¿`m AdOmamZ{ oZKV Zmhr. Iwa[Ur H$Í$Z H$mT>b{ Va o[H$m¿`m PmS>mßZm BOm
hm{ `mMm gß^d AgVm{.
V∑Vm 5.1 : H$mhr C[–dr VU{ AmoU À`mßM{ oZ`ßÃU
VU{ oZ`ßÃUmM{ C[m`

1. [mWaH$mQ>m [|S>r_{Wmb Xa h{∑Q>ar 0.75 V{
(oQ≠>A∞p›W_m [m{Mw©bmH∞$ÒQ≠>_) 1.5 oH$bm{
2. oZir oH$Zma Ωbm`\$m{g{Q> h{∑Q>ar 1.6 oH$bm{{
(`w[∞Q>m{na`_[ Am{S>m{a∞Q>_) qH$dm [∞am∞∑dm∞Q> Xa h{∑Q>ar 1 oH$bm{
3. Cby Ωbm`\$m{g{Q> Xa h{∑Q>ar 1 oH$bm{ +
(BÂ[{a∞Q>m ogqbS≠>rH$m) 2% A_m{oZ`_ gÎ\{$Q>
4. Om∞›gZ JdV (H$mem) Ωbm\$m{g{Q> Xa h{∑Q>ar 1.2 oH$bm{,
(g∞H∞$a_ Ò[m{›Q>∞Z_) VUmda 6 [mZ{ AgVmZm dm[amd{.
À`mZßVa 9 _ohZ{ [w›hm JdV dmT>V Zmhr.
5. [{oZg{Q>_ Ωbm`\$m{g{Q> Xa h{∑Q>ar 1.2 oH$bm{ qH$dm
([{oZg{Q>_ [{S>rogb∞Q>_) [∞am∑dm∞Q> Xa h{∑Q>ar 0.6 oH$bm{ + S>m`-
`wam∞Z Xa h{∑Q>ar 1 oH$bm{. OwZ{ JdV 2-3
_oh›`mßV [yU©[U{ _aV{.
6. ‚b∞nag (‚b∞nag _m`Za) Am`gm{‡m{Qw>am∞Z Xa h{∑Q>ar 1 oH$bm{
7. hair Ωbm`\$m{g{Q> Xa h{∑Q>ar 0.3 V{ 1.6 oH$bm{
(gm`Zm{S>m∞Z S>{p∑Q>bm∞Z)
8. bÏhmim Ωbm`\$m{g{Q> Xa h{∑Q>ar 0.8 V{ 1.5 oH$bm{,

(gm`[ag am{Q>›S>g) VUmda AZ{H$Xm \$dmaUr H$amdr bmJV{.
9. KmU{ar qH$dm Q>UQ>Ur Am∞JÒQ> V{ Am∞∑Q>m{]a_‹`{ PmS>mßMr N>mQ>Ur
(b∞›Q>∞Zm H$∞_am) H{$Î`mZßVa ZdrZ \w$Q>rda Xa h{∑Q>ar 0.75
V{ 1 oH$bm{ Ωbm`\$m∞g{Q>
5.2.2 ododY o[H$mßVrb VUmßM{ oZ`ßÃU

(1) H{$ir : Xa h{∑Q>ar 2 oH$bm{ goH´$` S>m``wam∞ZMr EH$Xm \$dmaUr H{$Î`mZßVa, H{$irMr
bmJdS> H{$Î`mZßVa 6 _oh›`mßZr Xa h{∑Q>ar 2 brQ>a J´m_m{∑Pm{Z¿`m Xm{Z \$dma `m
3 _oh›`mß¿`m AßVamZ{ H$amÏ`mV, ÂhUO{ df©â VUmßM{ oZ`ßÃU hm{V{.
(2) qb]ydJr©` \$iPmS>{ : Xa h{∑Q>ar 3 oH$bm{ S>{bm[m∞Z AoYH$ 1.8 brQ>a J´m_m{∑Pm{Z
`mß¿`m \$dmaUr_wi{ qH$dm AmQ≠>∞PrZ¿`m \$dmaUr_wi{ 45 oXdgmß[`™V VUmßM{ oZ`ßÃU
hm{V{.
(3) –mj{ : Xa h{∑Q>ar 3 oH$bm{ goH´$` gr_mPrZ qH$dm AmQ≠>∞PrZMr \$dmaUr H{$Î`mZßVa
ghm _oh›`mßZr J´m_m{∑Pm{ZMr Xm{Z d{im VrZ _oh›`mß¿`m AßVamZ{ \$dmaUr H$amdr.
À`m_wi{ df©â VUmßM{ oZ`ßÃU hm{V{.
(4) AZZg : Xa h{∑Q>ar 2 oH$bm{ goH´$` S>m``wam∞Z AoYH$ ]´m{_mgrb¿`m \$dmaUr_wi{
ÈßX [mZmß¿`m VUmßM{ AmoU hairM{ 12 V{ 15 _oh›`mß[`™V oZ`ßÃU hm{V{.
V∑Vm 5.2 : ^mOro[H$mVrb VUmß¿`m oZ`ßÃUmgmR>r VUZmeH{$
[rH$ VUZmeH$ Xa h{∑Q>ar qZXUr[{jm

‡_mU oH$bm{ \$m`Xm
(goH´$`) h{∑Q>ar (È.)
Q>m{_∞Q>m{ Abm∑bm{a qH$dm ]wQ>m∑bm{a 2.0 225

^|S>r Abm∑bm{a qH$dm ]wQ>m∑bm{a 2.0 225
[mZH$m{]r, \w$bH$m{]r ‚bw∑bm{a∞brZ 1.1 185
d ZdbH$m{b
_wim (bmb d [mßT>am) Abm∑bm{a qH$dm ]wQ>m- 1.5 300
∑bm{a qH$dm ‚bw∑bm{a∞brZ 1.0 234
Vmß]S>m ^m{[im, Ò∑d∞e, Abm∑bm{a qH$dm ]wQ>m∑bm{a 2.0 200
H$qbJS>, Ia]yO, XwYr
^m{[im, Xm{S>H$m, H$mabr
e|J^m¡`m Abm∑bm{a qH$dm ]wQ>m∑bm{a 2.0 300
(lmdU K{dS>m d dmb)
]rQ>Í$Q> Abm∑bm{a qH$dm ]wQ>m∑bm{a 1.5 300
qH$dm ‚bw∑bm{a∞brZ 1.0 ---
darb ‡`m{JmM{ oZÓH$f© ^maVr` ]mJdmZr gßem{YZ gßÒWm, ]ßJbm{a `{Wrb Amh{V.
‡À`{H$ o[H$mV hmVmZ{ Xm{Z d{im qZXUr H{$Î`mMm Xa h{∑Q>ar IM© - 50 _OwamßMr _Owar
‡À`{H$s 11.25 È[`{ Yabr Amh{. o[H$mßMr [{aUr H{$Î`mg AmXÎ`m oXder qH$dm am{[mßMr
bmdUr H$a `m¿`m AmXÎ`m oXder VUZmeH$mßMr EH$XmM \$dmaUr H{$br hm{Vr. V{Ïhm
qZXUr[{jm VUZmeH{$ bm^Xm`H$ AgÎ`mM{ AmT>ib{. Abm∑bm{a, ]wQ>m∑bm{a AmoU
Am∞p∑g‚bwAm{a\{$Z `m VUZmeH$mßZr gd© ‡_wI EH$Xb VUmßM{ (hair d bÏhmim) Q>m{_∞Q>m{,
e|J^m¡`m, ^|S>r, _wim AmoU ]rQ>Í$Q> ¯m o[H$mßV 60 oXdgmß[`™V oZ`ßÃU hm{V{. `moedm`
ÈßX [mZmß¿`m VUmßM{ 60 V{ 65 oXdgmß[`™V oZ`ßÃU hm{V{. [mZH$m{]r AmoU \w$bH$m{]r `m
o[H$mVrb ÈßX [mZmß¿`m VUmß¿`m oZ`ßÃUmgmR>r ‚bw∑bm{a∞brZ \$ma [naUm_H$maH$ Amh{.
e|J^m¡`m, dmQ>mUm, amOoJam `mßgmaª`m AÎ[ _wXVr¿`m o[H$mßVrb JdVr Vg{M ÈßX
[mZmß¿`m VUmßM{ [|S>r_{WmbrZ AmoU ‚bwAmPr\$m`]wQ>rb `mß¿`m gmhmÊ`mZ{ 30 oXdgmß[`™V
oZ`ßÃU hm{V{. VUZmeH$mß_wi{ Q>m{_∞Q>m{, ^|S>r, dmQ>mUm AmoU amOoJam `m o[H$mßM{ CÀ[mXZ
dmT>V{. AÎ[ _wXVr¿`m o[H$mßgmR>r VUZmeH$mßMr EH$ \$dmaUr [wa{er AgV{. XrK© _wXVr¿`m
o[H$mgmR>r [ohÎ`m \$dmaUrZßVa Xwgar \$dmaUr 40 oXdgmßZr _mVrMr â Kmb `m¿`m

d{ir H$amdr.
`moedm` Q>m{_∞Q>m{, lmdU K{dS>m AmoU ^|S>r `m o[H$mßM{ ]r CJd `m[ydu Xa h{∑Q>ar
2 oH$bm{ goH´$` bmgm{ `m VUZmeH$mMr \$dmaUr H{$Î`mg 45 V{ 50 oXdgmß[`™V VUmßM{
oZ`ßÃU hm{V{. h{∑Q>ar 1 oH$bm{ goH´$` Q>{Zm{am∞Z AmoU Q>m{H$-B©-25 `m VUZmeH$mß_wi{
H$mß⁄mVrb VUmßM{ oZ`ßÃU 50 V{ 60 oXdgmß[`™V hm{V{.
lmdU K{dS>m, H$mH$S>r AmoU _{Wr hr o[H{$ ]´m{_mgrb `m VUZmeH$mbm AoVe`
gßd{XZerb Amh{V. _m{har, H$mH$S>r, Q>m{_∞Q>m{ AmoU Mdir hr o[H{$ S>m``wam∞Zbm AmoU
_m{har AmoU _yJ hr o[H{$ A∞Q≠>∞PrZbm gßd{XZerb Amh{V. ÂhUyZ `m o[H$mßH$naVm hr
VUZmeH{$ dm[Í$ Z`{V. o[dim Ym{Vam `m VUm_wi{ _m{har, _{Wr AmoU Jhˇ `m o[H$mßM{ ]r
CJd `mg AmoU am{[mß¿`m dmT>rbm ‡oV]ßY hm{Vm{.
5.2.3 VUoZ`ßÃUm¿`m ododY [’Vr
[ydu oZdSw>ßJmM{ (ZmJ\$Ur) amZ _mOb{ hm{V{. À`m¿`m AUHw$MrXma _m{R>Ám H$mQ>Ámß_wi{
`m VUmMm Zme H$aU{ AdKS> hm{V{. V{Ïhm Am∞ÒQ≠>{ob`mVyZ H$m{oMoZ`b H$sQ>H$ AmUyZ
À`mda gm{S>b{. `m H$sQ>H$mßZr \$∑V ZmJ\$UrMm Zme H{$bm. `moedm` H$mQ>{ar oZdSw>ßJmMm
Zme H$a `mgmR>r A_{naH$m AmoU ]´mPrb_YyZ AmUb{b{ o_ob]J C[`m{Jr [S>VmV.
JmOaVUmMm ([mW}oZ`_) C[–d AbrH$S>{ \$ma dmT>bm Amh{. À`m¿`m Ò[em©_wi{
H$mVS>rM{ am{J AmoU X_m hm{V AgÎ`m_wi{ h{ VU C[Q> `mg _Oya o_iV ZmhrV.
V{ Ïhm XojU A_{ naH{ $ Vy Z ^w ßJ{a{ (Pm`Jm{J´m_m ]m`H$m{bm{a∞Q>m) AmUyZ ¯m VUmda
gm{S>b{ AgVm H$Zm©Q>H$, H{$ai, Vmo_iZmSy> AmoU _hmamÓQ≠> am¡`mVrb `m VUmßM{
oZ`ß Ã U Pmb{ . [mdgmim gß [ Î`mZß V a ZdrZ dmT> U mË`m VUmda h{ ∑ Q> a r 2,000
^wßJ{a{ gm{S>md{ bmJVmV. JmOa JdVm¿`m EH$m PmS>m[mgyZ 630 H$m`©j_ o]`m V`ma
hm{VmV. H∞$oe`m `woZ‚bm{am `m JdVmMr bmJdS> H{$Î`mg JmOa JdVmMm C[–d 93%
H$_r hm{Vm{. `m PmS>m¿`m WßS> [m `mVrb AH$m©_‹`{ JmOa VUmM{ ]r ]wS>dyZ H$mT>Î`mg
o]`mMr CJdU H$_r hm{V{.

VU : (drS>) OmJm MwH$b{b{ e{VmVrb PmS>.
VUZmeH{$ : (h]ugmB© S ≤ > g ≤ / drS> r gmB© S ≤ > g ≤ ) VUmß M m Zme H$a `mgmR> r
dm[a `mMr agm`Z{. CXmhaUmW©, 2, 4-S>r.
VUmßM{ oZ`ßÃU : (drS> Hß$Q≠>m{b) VUmßMm Zme, VUmßMr dmT> d VUmßMm ‡gma
Wmß]od `mgmR>r H$a `mM{ C[m`.
VUoZ`ßÃUmM{ hÀ`ma : (odS>a) ¡`m_wi{ e{VmVrb VU C[Qy>Z H$mT>b{ OmV{ Ag{ hÀ`ma
qH$dm AdOma. CXmhaUmW©, Iwa[{, S>dam qH$dm H$m{i[{, XmV{ar
Hw$id, dIa, BÀ`mXr.
_ßH$s-O∞H$ : e{VmVrb VU{ AWdm bhmZ PmS>{ C[Q> `mM{ gmYZ.
5.4 gmamße
VUmMr Ï`mª`m "e{VmV OmJm MwH$b{b{ PmS>' Aer H$aVmV. CO{S>, OmJm (O_rZ),
[mUr AmoU A›ZKQ>H$mßgmR>r VUmßMr o[H$mer Ò[Ym© hm{V AgÎ`m_wi{ o[H$mßM{ CÀ[mXZ
]a{M KQ>V{. ÂhUyZ o[H$mVrb VUmßM{ oZ`ßÃU qZXUr-Iwa[Ur, S>daUr-H$m{i[Ur
(AmßVa_emJV), g|o–` [XmWm™M{ Am¿N>mXZ, amgmòZH$ VUZmeH$mßMm dm[a qH$dm O°odH$
C[m``m{OZm H$Í$Z H$aVmV. [U À`m_wi{ o[H$m¿`m bmJdS>rMm IM© dmT>Vm{. oedm`
YaUmVrb, H$mbÏ`mVrb AmoU [mQ>m¿`m [m `mV AmoU [mUr oZMË`m¿`m ZmÎ`mV VU
dmT>V{. VUmß[mgyZ Zmbm Òd¿N> R>{d `mMm IM© dmT>Vm{. VUmß_wi{ e{V_mbmMr ‡V ImbmdV{.
CXmhaUmW©, Ym›`mV AWdm o]`m `mV VUmM{ ]r Agb{ H$s ]mOma^md H$_r o_iVm{.
VUmda AZ{H$ am{J AmoU oH$S>rßMr [°Xmg hm{V{ AmoU À`mßMm o[H$mbm C[–d hm{Vm{. ÂhUyZ
e{VmVrb AWdm ]mßYmdarb VUmßMm Zme H$amdm bmJVm{ qH$dm À`mßMr dmT> Wmß]od `mgmR>r
C[m``m{OZm H$amdr bmJV{. g‹`m O{W{ e{V_OwamßMr Q>ßMmB© AgV{ qH$dm _OwarM{ Xa OmÒV
AgVmV V{W{ hmVmZ{ VUmßMm Zme H$a `m[{jm VUZmeH{$ dm[a `mMm C[m` ÒdÒV [S>Vm{.
ododY o[H$mßVrb VUmßM{ oZ`ßÃU H$a `mgmR>r odoeÓQ> VUZmeH{$ dm[amdr bmJVmV.
À`mßMm o[H$mda H$_r-AoYH$ [naUm_ hm{Vm{. H$maU H$mhr VUZmeH$mßM{ Ade{f Oo_ZrV
]amM H$mi oQ>Hy$Z amhVmV. VUmß¿`m oZ`ßÃUmM{ O°odH$ C[m` g‹`m Var odoeÓQ>
VUmßH$naVmM C[`m{Jr [S>VmV. g|o–` (Z°goJ©H$) e{Vr [’VrV VU{ C[Qy>Z qH$dm H$m[yZ
`m VUmßM{ o[H$mV Am¿N>mXZ KmbVmV. À`m_wi{ VUmßMr dmT> hm{V Zmhr. Oo_ZrVrb
oOdmUyßZm AmoU JmßSw>imßZm Im `mg g|o–` [XmW© o_iVmV. g|o–` [XmW© Hw$OÎ`mZßVa
o[H$mßZm VUmß[mgyZ A›Z o_iV{.

(1) VUZmeH$mßMr AmdÌ`H$Vm Ò[ÓQ> H$am.
(2) Ò[e© d AmßVa‡dmhr VUZmeH$mßMm VUmßda H$m{UVm [naUm_ hm{Vm{ ? godÒVa
_mohVr obhm.
(3) ododY \$iPmS>{ d ^mOr[mbm o[H$mßVrb VUmßM{ oZ`ßÃU H$g{ H$amd{ ?
VUZmeH$mM{ h{∑Q>ar ‡_mU oH$Vr Agmd{ ?
(4) VUoZ`ßÃUm¿`m ododY [’Vr H$m{UÀ`m ? VUZmeH$mßMr oZdS> H$aVmZm
H$m{UVr H$miOr ø`mdr ?
(1) VUmß_wi{ ^mOr[mbm o[H$mßM{ H$g{ d oH$Vr ZwH$gmZ hm{V{ ?
(2) AmßVa‡dmhr VUZmeH$mßMm VUmßda H$m{UVm [naUm_ hm{Vm{ ?
(3) VUZmeH{$ oZdS>VmZm H$m{UVr H$miOr ø`mdr ?
(4) H$m{UÀ`mhr [mM C[–dr VUmßMr Zmd{ d À`mßM{ oZ`ßÃU H$g{ H$amd{, `modf`r
_mohVr obhm.
(5) H$m{UÀ`mhr [mM ^mOro[H$mßVrb VUoZ`ßÃUmgmR>r VUZmeH$mßMr Zmd{ d
À`mßM{ h{∑Q>ar ‡_mU obhm.

(6) VUoZ`ßÃUm¿`m ododY [’Vr H$m{UÀ`m ?
(7) VUZmeH$mßMr AmdÌ`H$Vm Wm{S>∑`mV Ò[ÓQ> H$am.
(8) Ò[e© VUZmeH$mß M { H$m`© , \$dmaUr H$aVmZm ø`md`mMr H$miOr d
VUZmeH$mßM{ \$m`X{ obhm.
(1) bÏhmim (ZmJa_m{Wm) h{ H$m{UÀ`m ‡H$mamVrb VU Amh{ ?
(A) hßJm_r (B) dmof©H$ (C) ]h˛dmof©H$ (D) C›hmir
(2) [∞am∑dmQ> h{ H$m{UÀ`m ‡H$mamVrb VUZmeH$ Amh{ ?
(A) Ò[e© (B) Oo_ZrV oH´$`m H$aUma{
(C) AmßVa‡dmhr (D) Zm∞Z-ogb{p∑Q>Ïh
(3) H$m{UÀ`m ‡H$mamVrb VUZmeH{$ VUmß¿`m [mZmßda [S>Î`mda V{W{ À`mßMr oH´$`m
KS>V{ ?
(A) Ò[e© (B) Oo_ZrV oH´$`m H$aUma{
(C) AmßVa‡dmhr (D) Zm∞Z-ogb{p∑Q>Ïh
(4) o¤Xb VU{ H$em[mgyZ CÀ[›Z hm{VmV ?
(A) Oo_ZrVrb JmR>r[mgyZ (B) o]`mß[mgyZ
(C) VwH$S>{ H$Í$Z (D) `mß[°H$s Zmhr
(5) gd© ‡H$ma¿`m VUmß M { oZ`ß Ã U H$aUmË`m VUZmeH$mß Z m H$m`
ÂhUVmV ?
(A) ogb{p∑Q>Ïh (B) Zm∞Z-ogb{p∑Q>Ïh (C) Ò[e© (D) AmßVa‡dmhr
(6) bÏhmim `m VUm¿`m oZ`ßÃUmgmR>r Imbrb[°H$s H$m{UV{ VUZmeH$ dm[aU{
AoYH$ gm{`rÒH$a R>aV{ ?
(A) Ωbm`\$m{g{Q> (B) [|S>r_{Wmb (C) Am`gm{‡m{Qw>am∞Z (D) S>m``wam∞Z
(7) Q>m{_∞Q>m{ o[H$mVrb VUmß¿`m oZ`ßÃUmgmR>r Xa h{∑Q>ar oH$Vr oH$bm{ ]wQ>m∑bm{a
dm[amd{ ?
(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 6 (D) 8

(8) oZdSw > ß J m¿`m (ZmJ\$Ur) oZ`ß Ã UmgmR> r H$m{ U Vm H$sQ> H $ C[`m{ J r
[S>Vm{ ?
(A) o_ob]J (B) ^wßJ{a{ (C) H$m{oMoZ`b (D) J|S>Ám ^wßJm
(9) H$m{UÀ`m VUm_wi{ _m{har, _{Wr d Jhˇ `m o[H$mßM{ ]r CJd `mg AmoU
am{[mß¿`m dmT>rbm ‡oV]ßY hm{Vm{ ?
(A) hair (B) bÏhmim (C) Q>UQ>Ur (D) o[dim Ym{Vam
(10) Q>m{_∞Q>m{ h{ [rH$ H$m{UÀ`m VUZmeH$mbm gßd{XZerb Amh{ ?
(A) Abm∑bm{a (B) S>m``wam∞Z (C) ]wQ>m∑bm{a (D) ]´m{_mgrb
(11) H$m{UÀ`m VUm¿`m Ò[em©_wi{ _mZdmbm H$mVS>rM{ am{J, X_m `mßgmaI{ am{J
hm{VmV ?
(A) bÏhmim (B) hair (C) JmOaJdV (D) Q>UQ>Ur
(12) H$m{UÀ`m H$sQ>H$m_wi{ ^maVmVrb ]Ë`mM am¡`mV JmOaJdVmM{ oZ`ßÃU
Pmb{ ?
(A) ^wßJ{a{ (Pm`Jm{J´m_ ]m`H$m{bm{ a∞Q>m) (B) H$m{oMoZ`b
(C) o_oc]J (D) J|S>Ám ^wßJm.

KQ>H$ 6 : ]mJ{Vrb am{J AmoU À`mßM{ oZ`ßÃU
AZwH´$_oUH$m
6.1 ‡mÒVmodH$
6.2 odf`-odd{MZ
6.2.1 am{JmßM{ ‡H$ma
6.2.2 am{JZmeH$mßM{ ‡_wI ‡H$ma
6.2.3 \$iPmS>{ d ^mOr[mbm o[H$mßdarb _hŒdmM{ am{J d À`mß¿`m oZ`ßÃUmM{
C[m`
6.2.4 am{JoZ`ßÃUmM{ Z°goJ©H$ C[m`
6.4 gmamße
6.1 ‡mÒVmodH$
hdm_mZ, oH$S>r AmoU am{J `mßMm KoZÓQ> gß]ßY Amh{. hdm_mZ oH$S>t¿`m [°XmgrH$naVm
AZwHy$b AgÎ`mg qH$dm am{Jm¿`m ‡gmambm AZwHy$b AgÎ`mg oH$S>r AWdm am{JmßMm
C[X´d dmT>Vm{. H$mhr am{JmßMm ‡gma oH$S>t_wi{ hm{Vm{. CXmhaUmW©, ^|S>r¿`m [diÁm oeamß¿`m
_m{PmB©H$ Zmdm¿`m odfmUwam{JmMm ‡gma [mßT>Ë`m _memr_wi{ hm{Vm{. `mMmM AW© oH$S>rMm
C[–d dmT>bm H$s, am{JmßMm ‡gma dmT>Vm{. À`mbm ‡oV]ßY H$a `mgmR>r `m oH$S>rM{ oZ`ßÃU
H$sQ>H$ZmeH$¿`m gm¯mZ{ H$amd{ bmJV{. am{JmMr H$maU{ ]h˛Xm CKS>Ám S>m{iÁmßZr oXgV
ZgÎ`m_wi{ o[H$mß¿`m ZwH$gmZrM{ Xm{f hdm_mZ AmoU oH$S>tZm oXbm OmVm{.
am{J H$embm ÂhUVmV h{ ]h˛V{H$mßZm _mhrV Amh{; [U À`mMr Ï`mª`m H$aU{ AdKS>
Amh{. T>m{]i _mZmZ{ Ï`mª`m H$am`Mr PmÎ`mg, ¡`m_wi{ PmS>m¿`m (o[H$m¿`m) dmT>r_‹`{
AmoU H$m`m©_‹`{ AS>Wim oZ_m©U hm{Vm{ À`mbm am{J ÂhUVm `{B©b. am{Jm¿`m PmS>m¿`m
CÀ[mXZmda Vg{M CÀ[mXZm¿`m ‡Vrda hm{UmË`m [naUm_mZwgma Vm{ am{J Am[Umßg _hŒdmMm
dmQ>Vm{. ]h˛V{H$ am{JmßMr H$maU{ AmoU bjU{ emÛkmßZr AmVm[`™V em{YyZ H$mT>br Amh{V.
[U À`m[ydu o[H$mda am{J [S>bm H$s, Vm{ X{dmMm H$m{[ _mZbm OmV Ag{. H$maU am{JmMr
H$maU{ À`m d{i¿`m bm{H$mßZm _mhrV ZÏhVr. CXmhaUmW©, Jhˇ o[H$mda Vmß]{am (J{adm)
[S>V Ag{. am{_Z bm{H$ À`mbm "am{]rJm{' ÂhUV AgV AmoU Vm{ "am{]rJg' Zmdm¿`m
X{dm¿`m H$m{[m_wi{ hm{Vm{ Aer À`mßMr g_OyV hm{Vr. `m am{Jmdarb C[m` _mhrV ZgÎ`m_wi{
bm{H$mßZm hm X°dr M_ÀH$ma dmQ>V Ag{. o[H$mßdarb am{Jmß_wi{ o[H{$ ZÓQ> Pmbr. XwÓH$mi
[S>bm. ‡MßS> _ZwÓ`hmZr Pmbr. H$mhr X{emßVrb gm_moOH$ AmoU amOH$s` [napÒWVr
]Xbbr. CXmhaUmW©, Am`b™S>_‹`{ ]Q>mQ>m h{ ‡_wI [rH$ hm{V{. 1845-46 gmbr gVV
Xm{Z df} [S>UmË`m H$a[m am{Jm_wi{ ]Q>mQ>ÁmM{ gß[yU© [rH$ ZÓQ> Pmb{ hm{V{. C[mg_marZ{ À`m
X{emMr OdiOdi 30% bm{H$gßª`m H$_r Pmbr AmoU 15 bmI bm{H$ X{e gm{Sy>Z
oZKyZ J{b{. `m ]Q>mQ>Ám¿`m am{Jm_wi{M 1917 gmb¿`m _hm`w’mV O_©ZrMm [am^d
Pmbm hm{Vm. H$maU bm{H$mßZm Im`bm o_iV Zg{. 1870 gmbr lrbßH{$M{ ‡_wI [rH$
Agb{Î`m H$m∞\$s o[H$mda Vmß]{am am{J [S>bm. lrbßH{$Vrb ZJXr [rH$ ZÓQ> Pmb{. V{Ïhm
H$m∞\$sE{dOr MhmMr bmJdS> H$a `mV Ambr. AmO H$m∞\$s¿`m CÀ[mXZmV lrbßH{$¿`m
oR>H$mUr ]´mPrb OJmV AmKmS>rda Amh{.
Am[Î`mbm AbrH$S>{ am{JmßMr H$maU{ _mhrV Pmbr Amh{V. Am[Î`m‡_mU{M
PmS>mßZmhr g_Vm{b A›ZmMr JaO AgV{. PmS>mß¿`m dmT>rH$naVm Oo_ZrVrb A›Z–Ï`{
e{mfbr OmVmV. PmS>mßM{ Ade{f Hw$OÎ`mZßVa hr A›Z–Ï`{ [aV Oo_Zrbm o_iVmV. [U
o[H$mßMr bmJdS> H{$Î`mZßVa o[H$mßM{ gd© Ade{f Hw$OyZ Oo_Zrbm o_iV ZmhrV. À`m_wi{
Oo_ZrV H$mhr A›Z–Ï`mßMr CUrd oZ_m©U hm{V{. PmS>mßZm g_Vm{b A›Z Z o_imÎ`m_wi{
À`mßM{ ZrQ> [m{fU hm{V Zmhr AmoU PmS>mßda am{J oZ_m©U hm{VmV. ode{fV: amgmòZH$
IVmß_YyZ R>amdrH$ A›Z–Ï`mßMm (ZÃ, Ò\w$aX AmoU [mbme) PmS>mßZm [wadR>m hm{Vm{.
g|o–` IVmß_YyZ gy˙_ A›Z–Ï`mßMmhr [wadR>m hm{Vm{.
g|o–` [XmW© Oo_Zrbm o_imb{ H$s, JmßSy>i AmoU gy˙_ oOdmUyßZm À`mVyZ
A›Z[wadR>m hm{Vm{. À`mßMr dmT> hm{D$Z O_rZ oZam{Jr amhV{. oZam{Jr Oo_ZrV dmT>Umar
o[H{$ oZam{Jr amhVmV. H$maU gy˙_ oOdmUy ]Ë`mM am{JOßVyßZm Oo_ZrV dmTy> X{V ZmhrV.
PmS>mßZm g_Vm{b A›Z[wadR>m Pmbm Zmhr Va À`mßMr H$m`©j_Vm H$_r hm{V{. PmS>mßMr
dmT> AmoU PmS>mß¿`m Ad`dmß¿`m H$m`m©V AS>Wim oZ_m©U hm{Vm{. PmS>{ IwaQ>r dmT>VmV.
CÀ[mXZmV KQ> `{V{. H$_Om{a Pmb{br PmS>{ am{JmßZm bdH$a ]ir [S>VmV. ododY am{JmßMr
bjU{ Am[Î`mbm oXgVmV. CXmhaUmW©, _a (odÎQ>), e|S>{ dmiU{ (S>m`]∞H$), am{[ _aU{
(S>∞pÂ[®J Am∞\$), I°Ë`m (H∞$›H$a), IwaQ>U{ (ÒQ>ßqQ>J), H$a[U{ („bmB©Q>), \$i{ gS>U{, ]r
gwaHw$VU{, [mZmßdarb oR>[H{$, [mZ{ o[dir qH$dm [mßT>ar hm{U{, [mZ{ odH•$V dmT>U{, CÀ[mXZ
KQ>U{, BÀ`mXr AZ{H$ odH•$Vr PmS>mß_‹`{ AmT>iVmV. odH•$VrZwgma ¯m am{JmßZm Zmd{ oXbr
Amh{V. CXmhaUmW©, qb]ydJu` \$iPmS>mß¿`m Im{S>mbm Pmb{Î`m OI_mßVyZ ag [mPaVm{.
Vm{ qS>H$mgmaIm K≈> ]ZVm{. À`mbm "oS>ß∑`m am{J' Ag{ ÂhUVmV.
H{$di X°d`m{JmZ{ qH$dm X{dm¿`m H$m{[m_wi{ PmS>mßZm am{J hm{V ZmhrV, h{ AmVm og’
Pmb{ Amh{. o[H$mßZm qH$dm PmS>mßZm am{JOßVyß_wi{ AmoU A›Z–Ï`mß¿`m H$_VaV{_wi{ Aem
Xm{Z H$maUmß_wi{ ododY am{J hm{VmV.
am{JZmeH$mßM{ [´H$ma _mohVr hm{Vrb.
am{JZmeH$mßMm dm[a H$Í$Z am{JmßM{ oZ`ßÃU H$aVm `{B©b.
am{JoZ`ßÃUmM{ Z°goJ©H$ C[m` _mohVr hm{Vrb.
6.2 odf`-odd{MZ
6.2.1 am{JmßM{ ‡H$ma
(A) am{JOßVyß_wi{ hm{Uma{ am{J
_mUg{ AmoU OZmda{ `mßZm OJ `mH$naVm ohaÏ`m dZÒ[Vr bmJVmV. À`mM‡_mU{
gy˙_OßVyßZm OJ `mgmR>r oOdßV qH$dm _•V dZÒ[VtMr JaO AgV{. À`m_wi{ gy˙_ oOdmUy
ohaÏ`m PmS>mßda hÎbm H$aVmV. PmS>mß¿`m D$Vt_‹`{ dmT>VmV AmoU À`mßVyZ A›Z em{fyZ
K{VmV. H$YrH$Yr PmS> hm C[–d ghZ H$Í$ eH$V{ AmoU À`m_wi{ À`m C[–dmMr bjU{
Am[Î`mbm oXgV ZmhrV. H$YrH$Yr À`mßMm [aÒ[amßZm bm^hr hm{Vm{. CXmhaUmW©, H$mhr
gy˙_ oOdmUy (]∞∑Q>{na`m) e|JmdJu` PmS>mß¿`m _wiÁmßda hÎbm H$aVmV. V{W{ JmR>r
(Zm{S>ÁyÎg) V`ma H$Í$Z À`m JmR>t_‹`{ amhVmV AmoU _wiÁmßVrb A›Zagmda OJVmV.
_mÃ À`mM d{ir h{ gy˙_ oOdmUy hd{Vrb ZÃmM{ pÒWarH$aU H$Í$Z PmS>mßZm ZÃmMm [wadR>m
H$aVmV. [aßVw O{Ïhm [aOrdr oOdmUy PmS>m¿`m H$m`©j_V{_‹`{ AS>Wim oZ_m©U H$aVmV
V{Ïhm À`m PmS>mbm am{J hm{Vm{. À`m_wi{ À`m PmS>mMr hmZr hm{V{. dmÒVodH$ h{ [aOrdr
oOdmUy Am[Î`m AmYr ohaÏ`m PmS>mßVyZ A›Zag e{fyZ K{V AgVmV. am{JOßVyß¿`m
hÎÎ`mß_YyZ O{ A›Z oeÎbH$ amhV{ V{ Am[Umg o_iV{. H$Yr H$Yr Am[Î`mH$naVm
H$mhrM oeÎbH$ amhV Zmhr. ÂhUZy Am[U ¯m [aOrdr am{JOßVyßMm AZ{H$ C[m`mßZr Zme
H$arV AgVm{.
O{ gy˙_ [aOrd dZÒ[Vr_‹`{ dmT>VmV AmoU V{W{ am{J oZ_m©U H$aVmV, À`mßZm
"am{JOßVy' ([∞Wm{OZ) Ag{ ÂhUVmV. À`mß¿`m[mgyZ hm{UmË`m am{Jmbm "[aOrdr am{J'
([∞amogoQ>H$ oS>grO) Ag{ ÂhUVmV.
`m am{JOßVyßMr EIm⁄m PmS>mbm ]mYm hm{V{. À`m PmS>m[mgyZ BVa PmS>mßZm À`mM
‡H$ma¿`m am{JOßVyßMr ]mYm hm{V{ AmoU `m‡_mU{ am{JmMm ‡gma hm{Vm{. Aem d{ir `m
am{JmßZm "gßH´$_U am{J' (B›\{$p∑eAg oS>grO) Ag{ ÂhUVmV.
gy˙_ am{JOßVyßM{ oOdmUy, odfmUy, ]waer, _m`H$m{flcm¬_m AmoU gyÃH•$_r Ag{
oZaoZami{ ‡H$ma Amh{V.
(1) oOdmUy (]∞∑Q>{na`m) : gdm™V bhmZ dZÒ[Vr Ordmbm oOdmUy Ag{ ÂhUVmV.
oOdmUy EH$[{er` AgVmV. À`mß_‹`{ hnaV–Ï` ZgV{. oOdmUyßMr bmß]r 0.001 o_ob_rQ>a
BVH$s AgV{. À`m_wi{ oOdmUy CKS>Ám S>m{iÁmßZr oXgV ZmhrV. À`mßMm AmH$ma Jm{bmH$ma,
MH´$mH$ma, ZmJ_m{S>r, dH´$mH$ma qH$dm XßS>mH$ma AgVm{. dmT>rgmR>r AZwHy$b [napÒWVr
AgVmZm EH$m gy˙_ oOdmUy[mgyZ 15 V{ 20 o_oZQ>mßV od^mOZ hm{D$Z Xm{Z oOdmUy
V`ma hm{VmV. oOdmUyß¿`m AZ{H$ [{er EH$_{H$mßZm oMH$Qy>Z amhVmV. [U ‡À`{H$ [{er
ÒdVßÃ[U{ H$m`© H$aV{. PmS>m¿`m OI_{VyZ, Z°goJ©H$ oN>–mß_YyZ AmoU D$Vt_YyZ h{ oOdmUy
PmS>m¿`m earam_‹`{ oeaVmV. V{W{ À`mßMr gßª`m dmT>V{. À`mß¿`mH$Sy>Z odH$a (E›PmB©_)
AmoU odfmar [XmWm™Mm (Q>m∞p∑P›g) Úmd hm{Vm{. À`m_wi{ dZÒ[Vr¿`m D$Vr _aVmV.
gy˙_ oOdmUy oZOud g|o–` [XmWm™dahr dmT>VmV. À`mßMm ‡gma [mD$g, dmam qH$dm
H$sQ>H$mß_m\©$V hm{Vm{. gy˙_ oOdmUyß¿`m hÎÎ`mbm PmS>mH$Sy>Z ododY _mJm™Zr ‡oVgmX
o_iVm{ AmoU PmS>mßda oOdmUyßMr ]mYm PmÎ`mMr bjU{ oXgVmV. CXmhaUmW©, JmR>r
(Jm∞Îg), _a (odÎQ>), hiy dmT>, IwaQ>{[Um, \$imVrb AWdm H$UgmVrb odH•$Vr,
gS>, PmS>m¿`m Ad`dmß¿`m aßJmVrb ]Xb, \$i{ Coeam o[H$U{, [mZmßMm odH•$V AmH$ma,
I°Ë`m (H±$H$a), [mZmdarb oR>[H{$, BÀ`mXr. gy˙_ oOdmUyß_wi{ _mUgmßZm d OZmdamßZm-
X{Irb am{J hm{VmV.
H$mhr gy˙_ oOdmUy _mUgmH$naVm C[H$maH$ AgVmV. A›Z[XmWm©¿`m oZo_©Vr_‹`{
À`mßMm C[`m{J hm{Vm{. g|o–` [XmW© gS> `mH$naVm (IV ]Zod `mgmR>r) gy˙_ oOdmUyßMr
_XV hm{V{ AmoU Oo_ZrMr gw[rH$Vm dmT>V{. H$mhr gy˙_ oOdmUy hd{Vrb ZÃmM{ Oo_ZrV
oÒWarH$aU H$Í$Z Oo_ZrMr gw[rH$Vm dmT>odVmV.
(2) odfmUy (Ïhmàg) : odfmUy AoVgy˙_ AgÎ`m_wi{ eo∑V_mZ gy˙_Xe©H$
`ßÃmVyZM oXgVmV. odfmUy oOdßV AgÎ`m]m]V emÛkmß_‹`{ dmX Amh{V. H$maU
À`mß¿`m_‹`{ gOrd AmoU oZOud Xm{›hr JwUY_© AgVmV. À`mßM{ eara ‡oWZmßM{ ]Zb{b{
AgV{. oOdßV D$Vt_‹`{ À`mßMr gßª`m dmT>V{. ÂhUO{ oOdßV Ordmß‡_mU{ À`mßM{ H$m`©
hm{V{. odfmUyß_wi{ _mUgmßZm, OZmdamßZm AmoU PmS>mßZm AZ{H$ am{J hm{VmV. CXmhaUmW©,
o_aMrMm MwaS>m_waS>m (]m{H$S>Ám), ^|S>r, [[B©, Q>m{_∞Q>m{, o_aMr, K{dS>m, H$mH$S>r, H$qbJS>
`mßMm _m{PmB©H$ am{J, BÀ`mXr. odfmUwam{JmßMm ‡gma am{JmMr ]mYm Pmb{Î`m dÒVy, hÀ`ma{
qH$dm H$b_m¿`m H$mS>Ám `mß¿`m_YyZ hm{Vm{. `m ‡gmambm H$mhr H$sQ>H$ CXmhaUmW©,
_mdm, [mßT>ar _mer, VwS>VwS>{ hmV^ma bmdVmV. o]`mß_m\©$V ∑doMVM odfmUwam{JmßMm
‡gma hm{Vm{.
(3) ]waer (\ß$Jg) : dZÒ[oVOrdZmMm hm H$oZÓR> ‡H$ma Amh{. ]waer_‹`{
hnaV–Ï` ZgÎ`m_wi{ À`mßZm ÒdVßÃ[U{ A›Z V`ma H$aVm `{V Zmhr. A›ZmgmR>r oOdßV
qH$dm _•V PmS>mda AWdm ‡m `mda Adbß]yZ amhmd{ bmJV{. Amqi]r (_eÍ$_) hm
]waerMm EH$ ‡H$ma Amh{. ]waerMr Ao^d•’r ]rOmUy (Ò[m{Aa) [mgyZ hm{V{. `m{Ω` [napÒWVr
AgÎ`mg hd{Vrb ]rOmUy PmS>mda ÈOVmV AmoU V{W{ ]waerMr dmT> hm{V{. ]rOmUyßMm
‡gma dmam, [mUr, H$sQ>H$, _mUg{, [jr, OZmda{ d AdOma{ `mß¿`m_m\©$V hm{Vm{. H$mhr
]waer ]rOmUyßMr oZo_©Vr H$arV ZmhrV. ]waer_wi{ _mUgmßZm, OZmdamßZm AmoU PmS>mßZm
am{J hm{VmV. PmS>mß¿`m AZ{H$ am{JmßM{ H$maU ododY ‡H$ma¿`m ]waer AgVmV. _a, ^war,
Vmß]{am, A±W´∞∑Zm{O, H$a[m, [mZmdarb oR>[H{$, gS>, S>m`]∞H$, H{$dS>m, BÀ`mXr am{J ]waer_wi{
hm{VmV. ]waeram{JmMr ]mYm o]`mß[mgyZ hm{V{ qH$dm Oo_ZrVyZ hm{V{. H$mhr ]waer C[`w∑V
AgVmV. À`m_wi{ H$sQ>H$ _aVmV. Oo_ZrVrb _m`H$m{am`Pm `m ]waer_wi{ o[H$mßZm Ò\w$aX
h{ A›Z–Ï` C[b„Y hm{V{. Oo_ZrV _m`H$m{am`Pm ZgÎ`mg H$mhr PmS>mßMr gm_m›` dmT>
hm{V Zmhr.
(4) _m`H$m{flbm¬_m : ÒdVßÃ[U{ amhUmam hm gOrd ‡H$ma AgyZ Vm{ Z°goJ©H$[U{
AmT>iVm{ AmoU PmS>mßZm am{JmMr ]mYm H$aVm{. CXmhaUmW©, dmßΩ`mMm ]marH$ [mZmßMm am{J.
`moedm` gyÃH•$_r AmoU H$mhr [aOrdr dZÒ[Vr PmS>mßda am{J oZ_m©U H$aVmV.
gyÃH•$_r Oo_ZrV AgVmV. À`mßMm PmS>mß¿`m _wiÁmßZm C[–d hm{Vm{. oedm` Amß„`m¿`m
PmS>mda "]mßS>Jyi' AmoU ]m{ar¿`m PmS>mda "A_ad{b' dmT>V{. h{ PmS>mM{ A›Zem{fU
H$arV AgÎ`m_wi{ PmS>mßMr dmT> IwaQ>r hm{V{.
(Am) A›Z–Ï`m¿`m H$_VaV{_wi{ hm{Uma{ am{J
XwÓH$mir hdm_mZmV [m `mMm VwQ>dS>m [S>Î`mg qH$dm Hw$[m{fU PmÎ`mg qH$dm
PmS>m_‹`{ AmßVnaH$ o]KmS> PmÎ`mg O{ am{J hm{VmV À`mßZm "A-[aOrdr am{J' Ag{ ÂhUVmV.
Oo_ZrVyZ PmS>mbm A›ZmMm g_Vm{b [wadR>m hm{V Zmhr, EIm⁄m A›Z–Ï`mMm Oo_Zr_‹`{
A^md AgVm{, V{Ïhm À`m PmS>mbm À`m A›Z–Ï`m¿`m A^mdr Hw$[m{fUmMm am{J hm{Vm{.
gm_m›`[U{ Hw$[m{fUmM{ am{J dZÒ[Vr_‹`{ Z{h{_r AmT>iVmV.
6.2.2 am{JZmeH$mßM{ ‡_wI ‡H$ma
(1) oOdmUwZmeH{$ : gy˙_ oOdmUyß_wi{ hm{UmË`m am{Jmß¿`m oZ`ßÃUmgmR>r
oOdmUwZmeH$mßMm C[`m{J hm{Vm{. CXmhaUmW©, A∞oJ´_m`grZ.
(2) ]waerZmeH{$ : o[H$mß¿`m _hŒdm¿`m am{Jmß[°H$s Odi Odi 50% [{jm
AoYH$ am{J ]waer_wi{ hm{VmV. À`m_wi{ [rH$ gßajUmV ]waerZmeH$mßMm AoYH$ C[`m{J
H{$bm OmVm{. ododY ]waerZmeH$mßM{ dJuH$aU Xm{Z ‡H$mamßZr H$a `mV `{V{ :
(A) am{Jmda hm{UmË`m [naUm_mZwgma, Amo m
(Am) ]waerZmeH$m_Yrb oH´$`merb KQ>H$mZwgma.
[ohÎ`m dJm©_‹`{ [wT>rb ‡H$ma¿`m ]waerZmeH$mßMm g_md{e hm{Vm{ :
(1) gßajH$ ]waerZmeH{$ (‡m{Q>{∑Q>ßQ> \ß$oOgmB©S≤>g≤) : hr agm`Z{ am{JmMr ]mYm
PmÎ`mZßVa am{Jm¿`m oZ`ßÃUmgmR>r dm[aVmV. CXmhaUmW©, Am∞na\ß$JrZ.
(2) AmßVa‡dmhr ]waerZmeH{$ (ogÒQ>{o_H$ \ß$oOgmB©S>≤g≤) : hr agm`Z{ dm[abr
AgVm Vr dZÒ[Vr_‹`{ em{fbr OmD$Z dZÒ[Vr¿`m [{oeagmV [gaVmV. [{oeag
]waerZme_` PmÎ`m_wi{ Aem dZÒ[Vrda am{JmMr bmJU hm{ `mg ‡oV]ßY hm{Vm{.
CXmhaUmW©, ]{Zb{Q>, pÏhQ>mÏh∞∑g, BÀ`mXr.
]waerZmeH$mVrb oH´$`merb KQ>H$mßZwgma ]waerZmeH$mM{ Imbrb‡_mU{ dJuH$aU
H$aVmV :
(1) JßYH$`w∑V ]waerZmeH{$ (gÎ\$a \ß$oOgmB©S≤>g≤) : `m ]waerZmeH$mM{ Xm{Z
‡H$ma Amh{V : (A) Ag|o–` JßYH$`w∑V ]waerZmeH{$ - CXmhaUmW©, JßYH$mMr [m `mV Z
o_giUmar ^wH$Q>r YwairH$naVm dm[aVmV AmoU [m `mV o_giUmar ^wH$Q>r [m `mV
o_giyZ \$dmaVmV. MwZm-JßYH$ o_lU, BÀ`mXr. AmoU (Am) g|o–` JßYH$`w∑V
]waerZmeH{$ - CXmhaUmW©, \$a]m_, Pmà_, Wmà_, Pm`Z{], _∞Z{], Zm]m_, Ïhm[m_,
BÀ`mXr.
(2) Vm_´`w∑V ]waerZmeH{$ (H$m∞[a \ß$oOgmB©S>≤g≤) : `mß_‹`{ Vmß„`m¿`m agm`ZmßMm
g_md{e AgVm{. CXmhaUmW©, ]m{S>m} o_lU, H$m∞[a Am∞p∑g∑bm{amB©S>, ∑`w‡g Am∞∑gmB©S>,
BÀ`mXr.
(3) [mam`w∑V ]waerZmeH{$ (_∑`w©ar \ß$oOgmB©S≤>g≤) : `mßM{ Xm{Z ‡H$ma AgVmV :
(A) Ag|o–` [mam`w∑V ]waerZmeH{$ - CXmhaUmW©, _∑`w©naH$ ∑bm{amB©S>, _∑`w©ag ∑bm{amB©S>,
AmoU (Am) g|o–` [mam`w∑V ]waerZmeH{$ - CXmhaUmW©, \{$Zrb _∑`w©ar A∞ogQ>{Q>,
o_Wmp∑gBWmB©b _∑`w©ar ∑bm{amB©S>, Q>m∞br _∑`w©ar A∞ogg{Q,> BÀ`mXr.
(4) p∑dZm{Z`w∑V ]waerZmeH{$ : CXmhaUmW©, ∑bm{a∞Zrb, S>m`∑bm{Z.
(5) \{$Zm∞b`w∑V ]waerZmeH{$ : S>m`Zm`Q≠>m{g{H$ „`wQ>mB©b \{$Zm∞b.
(6) ZÃ`w∑V ]waerZmeH{$ : H∞$[Q>mZ, H∞$flQ>m\$m∞b, BÀ`mXr.
(7) Am∞∑gmWrZ`w∑V ]waerZmeH{$ : CXmhaUmW©, S>rE_Am{gr, S>rgrE_Am{S>r.
(8) ‡oVO°odH$ ]waerZmeH{$ (A±oQ>]m`m{oQ>∑g) : CXmhaUmW©, pΩbAm{Q>m∞oZ∑g,
Am∞naAm{\ß$JrZ.
(9) BVa ]waerZmeH{$ : CXmhaUmW©, oS>Zm{H∞$[ (H∞$amW{Z d A∞amW{Z), [rgrEZ]r.
6.2.3 \$iPmS>{ d ^mOr[mbm o[H$mßdarb ‡_wI am{J d À`mß¿`m oZ`ßÃUmM{
C[m`
V∑Vm 6.1 : ]mOmamV o_iUmar H$mhr _hŒdmMr ]waerZmeH{$
A.H´$. _yi agm`Z Ï`m[mar Zmd{ H$m{UÀ`m

am{{JmgmR>r
dm[amdrV
01 JßYH$ (H$m{aS>r [mdS>a) gÎ\$a S>ÒQ> ]rO‡oH´$`m,

95% [`™V ^war, Vmß]{am,
H$m{irZmeH$
JßYH$ ([m `mV H$m{gmZ, d{Q>{]b gÎ\$a, ]rO‡oH´$`m,
o_giUmar) 30 V{ oWAm{pÏhQ>, _mm`H´$m{gwb, ^war, Vmß]{am,
90% [mdS>a gbHw$b, gÒQ>m\$, h{∑gmgwb, H$m{irZmeH$
gm{b]a, Ò[agwb, pÒ[Q>m∞∑g,
gÎ\{$∑g, Ïh{JgÎ\$, ÒQ>∞ZpÏhQ>,
gÎ\$m{amZ, Wm`m{b∑g
02 MwZm - JßYH$ o_lU Am∞W´m{na∑g, `yJ´rgZ \$imßM{ am{J
(–mdU 17 V{ 31% H$m{irZmeH$
(^wH$Q>r 65 V{ 70%) H$sQ>H$ZmeH$
03 Pmà_ - [m `mV Hw$_mZ Eb. H$m{am{P{Q>, \w$H$bmgrZ, H$a[m, H{$dS>m
o_giUmar [mdS>a h{∑gmPra, H$mX]m_, o_b]m_, _{PrZ, H$mim H$a[m
30 V{ 96%, H$m{aS>r Q≠>m`H$m]m©_rZ, Q≠>m`ÒH$m]{b, Ïh∞Z≤gmB©S>
[mdS>a 35 V{ 75%, 51 P{S>, Ïh∞Z≤gmB©S> E_ P{S> 96,
X´mdU 80% PramZ, PrQ>m∞∑g Pab{Q>, Pa]H©$
04 Wmà_ EgS>r 60% AmamgmZ EgS>r, h{∑gmWra, Zm{_agmZ, ]rO‡oH´$`m
am{{JmgmR>r
dm[amdrV
H$m{aS>r [mdS>a 75% [mZm{am_ 75, [m{_mgmb, Ò[m{Q≠>rQ> 75, Oo_ZrgmR>r

[`™V, XmU{Xma 5% WmàmB©S>, Wm{`m{Q>m∑g, Wm`b{Q>, ]waerZmeH$
[m `mV o_giUmar Wram_rS>, WrXmgmZ, Wm`m{gmZ, Q>{amgmZ
[mdS>a 3 V{ 90% 75, \$Zm©gmZ, \$a_mB©S>, \$Zm©H$m{b,
oQ≠>[m{_mb, Q≠>m_{Q>mZ, Q>rE_Q>rS>r
05 Wmà_+Pm`Z{] ]rgS>rW{Z [mZmdarb
]waerZmeH$
06 Wmà_+_{Wm∞∑gr∑bm{a AmamgmZ EgS>r ]rO‡oH´$`m
07 \$a]m_ H$m{am{_{Q>, \{$amS>m{, \$a]H©$ \$_m}gmB©S> H$a[m,
68, oZAmgmB©S> h{∑gm\$]©, H$ma]m_ A±W´∞∑Zm{O
„b∞H$, Q≠>m`\$Jmb
08 \$a]m_+Pmà_+_mZ{] Q≠>m`H$m]m©o_∑g [mZmßdarb
am{J
09 Zm]m_ H{$_]m_, S>m`W{Z E 40, S>m`W{Z H$a[m,
S>r 14 Eb, [P}Q> Eb, Zm]mgmZ A±W´∞∑Zm{O
Oo_ZrH$naVm
10 Pm`Z{] S>m`W{Z P{S> 78, A∞Q≠>m{H$m{b, A∞Ò[ma, [mZmßdarb
bm{ZmH$mb, [P}Q> Eb, Pm`Z{], `wZrP{] oR>[H{$,
am{[_a, H$a[m
11 Pm`Z{]+H$m∞[a o_ÎQ>m∞∑g [mZmdarb
oR>[H{$,
am{[_a, H$a[m

am{{JmgmR>r
dm[amdrV
12 _mZ{] S>m`W{Z E_-22, _mZP{Q>, Q≠>m{_mJmb, \$iPmS>{ d

Q>]}a _mZ{] ^mOro[H$mßM{
am{J
13 _∞›H$m{P{] S>m`W{Z E_-45, \$m∞_m©›P, g±S>m{P{] ]r, O_rZ d
Q≠>rWH$ [mZ{ `mßdarb
am{J
14 _∞›H$m{P{] + S>m`Zm{H$m[© ]{H$m∞a, oS>H$ma, Z{_rÒ[m{a ^war AmoU
Vmß]{am
15 H$m∞[a Am∞p∑g∑bm{amB©S> „bm`Q>m∞∑g, „Î`y H$m∞[a, ]´m∞ÒH$m[, H$a[m d
[m `mV o_giUmar ∑`w‡mÏhrQ>, ∑`w‡m{H$sÎQ>, H$m∞[a [mZmßdarb
[mdS>a 50%, H$m{aS>r g±S>m{P, H$m∞[{gmZ, H∞$‡m{gmZ EM, oR>[H{$
[mdS>a 10 V{ 25% ∑`w‡m_ma, ∑`w‡m›Q>mb, \$m`Q>m{bm∞Z,
H$m{[{∑g, _m`H$m∞[, [∞arH$m∞[
16 ∑`w‡g Am∞∑gmB©S> H$m∞[a g±S>m{P S>ÒQ>, H$m∞fl[{gmZ, \ß$Jr_ma, H$a[m d
\$m`Q>m{o_∑g [mZmßdarb
oR>[H{$
17 H∞$[Q>mZ AmoU \{$b[{Q> H∞$[Q>mZ, H∞$[Q>m\$ 75, h{∑gmH∞$[, gm_m›`
([m `mV o_giUmar AmWm}gmB©S>, ]∞JQ>mZ, H∞$[Q>mZ dm[amgmR>r
AmoU H$m{aS>r [mdS>a) ‚bm{, H∞$[Q>mZ 300, H∞$[Q>mZ Or, ]waerZmeH$
\$mÎQ>m∞Z, \$m{b[mZ, _Xm©Z
18 oS>ZmH∞$[ [m `mV H∞$amW{Z, H´$m{Q>m{W{Z 25, o_ÎS>{∑g, gm_m›`
o_giUmar [mdS>a H∞$‡r, Q>]}a S>m`Zm{H∞$[ dm[amgmR>r
]waerZmeH$
am{{JmgmR>r
dm[amdrV
19 H∞$flQ>m\$m∞b S>m`\$m{ÎQ>m∞Z, \$m{ÎQ>m∞\$, gmZÒ[m∞a, gm_m›`

gm›Q>ma, S>m`\$m{gmZ dm[amgmR>r
]waerZmeH$
20 _{Q>mb∞∑grb naS>m{_rb, A∞[AmZ, A∞‡mZ EgS>r, H{$dS>m
A∞grbm∞b
21 naS>m{_rb+Pmà_ naS>m{_rb P{S> E_ _wiÁm AmoU
Im{S>mM{ am{J
22 ]{Zm{_rb [m `mV ]{Zb{Q>, Q>gm©Z 1991 [m `mV AZ{H$ am{Jmßda
o_giUmar [mdS>a o_giUmar [mdS>a, J´{∑g dm[a
23 H$m]}›S>∞Pr_ [m `mV ]modÒQ>rZ, ]m≈>mb, H$m]}Q>, ÒQ>{_[m{a AZ{H$
o_giUmar [mdS>a S>rOr, O{H{$ÒQ>rZ, S>{am{gm∞b am{Jmßda dm[a
24 Q≠>m`S>r_{Zmb ]{Q>mZ ]rO‡oH´$`m
25 [rgrEZ]r ]´mgrH$m∞b ]´rO‡oH´$`m
26 Am∞∑gmWrZ pÏhQ>mÏh∞∑g 75 ]rO‡oH´$`m
H$ma]m∑grZ H$mOir, H$mUr
27 _m\$m}brZ Q≠>m`S>r_m∞\©$ 75 Bgr, H∞$br∑grZ ^war
28 ‡oVO°odH{$ A∞oJ´_m`grZ 100, ÒQ≠>{flQ>m{gm`∑brZ gy˙_ oOdmUy
am{J
29 Am∞naAm{\ß$JrZ Am∞naAm{\ß$JrZ ]waerO›` am{J
30 ---- gm`pÏhpÒQ>Z ]waerO›` am{J

6.2.4 am{JoZ`ßÃUmM{ Z°goJ©H$ C[m`
[rH$gßajUmM{ Z°goJ©H$ C[m` Imbrb‡_mU{ Amh{V :
(1) ]mJ{Mr Òd¿N>Vm : am{J‡oVH$maH$ OmVrM{ ]r dm[aU{, Òd¿N> H{$b{b{ ]r
dm[aU{, oZam{Jr am{[{, H$b_{ AmoU Hß$X bmJdS>rgmR>r dm[aU{, Òd¿N> AdOma{ AmoU
hÀ`ma{ dm[aU{, am{JmMr ]mYm hm{Umar OmJm Òd¿N> R>{dU{.
(2) ]h˛odY [rH$[’Vr (_pÎQ>ÒQ>m{ar H´$m∞q[J ogÒQ>r_) : o[H$mßMr \{$a[mbQ>,
AmßVao[H{$, o_lo[H{$, gm[im o[H{$, gmdbrMr PmS>{.
(3) _emJVr¿`m [’Vr : g|o–` IV{, d{i{da _emJV, _m{H$mQ> [mUr, d{i{da
[{ a Ur, PmS> m ß M r `m{ Ω ` Aß V a, am{ J Q> PmS> { C[Qy > Z À`mß M m Zme, Zmß J aUr, S> d aUr
(AmßVa_emJV) H$amdr.
(4) O°odH$ C[m` : dZÒ[oVO›` ]waerZmeH{$ Oo_ZrV â[ya g|o–` [XmW©
AgÎ`mg oOdmUyßZm â[ya Im⁄ o_iV{. À`mßMr gßª`m P[mQ>ÁmZ{ dmT>V{. h{ oOdmUy
am{JOßVyßM{ oZ`ßÃU H$aVmV. Oo_ZrVrb am{JOßVy PmS>m¿`m bhmZ bhmZ _wimßVyZ PmS>mV
oea `mMm ‡`ÀZ H$aVmV, V{Ïhm Aem am{JOßVyßZm _m`H$m{am`Pm Zmdm¿`m C[`w∑V ]waer
AS>Wim AmUVmV. ÂhUyZ PmS>m¿`m _wiÁmßda _m`H$m{am`PmMr dmT> H$Í$Z K{ `mgmR>r
Oo_ZrV â[ya g|o–` [XmW© KmbU{ AmdÌ`H$ AgV{. oZam{Jr Oo_ZrV dmT>UmË`m o[H$m_‹`{
oH$S>r AmoU am{JmßMm gm_Zm H$a `mgmR>r Z°goJ©H$ Om{_ AgVm{. o[H$mdarb [m `mMm
VmU, ‡oVHy$b hdm_mZ, A›ZKQ>H$mßMm Ag_Vm{b qH$dm EIm⁄m A›ZKQ>H$mMm A^md,
BÀ`mXr H$maUmßZr o[H$mdarb oH$S>r AmoU am{JmßMm ‡mXw^m©d dmT>Vm{. e{VmV _m{H$mQ> [mUr
gm{Sy>Z H$mhr H$mi[`™V O_rZ [m `mImbr R>{dÎ`mg VU{, oH$S>r AmoU am{JOßVy _aVmV.
ohadirM{ XmQ> [rH$ K{D$Z V{ Oo_ZrV JmS>Î`m_wi{X{Irb hm \$m`Xm hm{Vm{. gVV EH$M
[rH$ À`mM Oo_ZrV K{VÎ`mg oH$S>r AmoU am{JmßMm C[–d dmT>Vm{. ÂhUyZ o[H$mßMr
\{$a[mbQ> H$amdr. ¡`m o[H$mda am{JmMm Xadfu C[–d hm{Vm{, V{ [rH$ À`mM Oo_ZrV 3 df}
Var K{D$ Z`{. À`m_wi{ gyÃH•$_tMm C[–d H$_r hm{Vm{.
`m{Ω` d{ir AmoU `m{Ω` [’VrZ{ ]r Oo_ZrV [{aÎ`mg am{JOßVyß[mgyZ o[H$mMm ]Mmd
hm{Vm{. Oo_ZrV H$m{UV{ [yaH$ [XmW© o_giÎ`mg H$m{UÀ`m am{JmM{ oZ`ßÃU hm{V{ h{ [wT>{ oXb{
Amh{.
V∑Vm 2.2 : o[H$mdarb am{Jmß¿`m oZ`ßÃUmgmR>r [yaH$ g|o–` [XmW©
o[H$mdarb am{J [yaH$ g|o–` [XmW©
]Q>mQ>ÁmMm _a am{J ]mbr©M{ H$mS>

]Q>mQ>ÁmMm H$mim ÒH$\©$ JÏhmM{ H$mS>
H$S>Ym›`m¿`m _wiÁm gS>U{ Am{Q> AWdm _∑`mM{ H$mS>, Î`wgZ©
dmQ>m `m¿`m _wiÁm gS>U{ _m{harMr PmS>{
Y `mMm _a am{J V{bo]`mßMr [|S>
H$m{]rMm _a am{J CgmM{ [mMQ>
em{o^dßV PmS>mß¿`m _wiÁm gS>U{ PmS>mß¿`m gmbtM{ H$Â[m{ÒQ>
Imbrb ohadir¿`m IVmß_wi{ Oo_ZrVrb ]waerO›` am{JOßVy H$_r hm{VmV.
[rH$ am{J ohadirM{ [rH$ ]waerdarb [naUm_
]Q>mQ>m ÒH∞$] gm{`m]rZ ]waer dmT> `mg ‡oV]ßY

]Q>mQ>m H$mim ÒH$\©$ ]mbu d Am{Q> ]waer Wm{S>r H$_r hmV{
[w T > r c [y a H$ g| o –` [XmW© Oo_ZrV o_giÎ`m_w i { Oo_ZrVrb gy Ã H• $ _tMr

gßª`m H$_r hm{V{. gmßS>[m `mM{ ÒbO, Î`wgZ©M{ H$mS>, OdgmM{ H$mS>, bmH$S>mMm
^wgm, H$mJXmM{ VwH$S>{, [mZmßM{ IV + A_m{oZ`_ gÎ\{$Q>, H$mJX C⁄m{JmVrb Q>mH$mD$
g{Î`ybm{O, _m{harMr [|S>, qZ]m{irMr [|S>, EaßS>rMr [|S>, H$Sy>qZ]mMr Hw$Ob{br [mZ{,
gwXmZ JdV.
V∑Vm 6.3 : \$dmaUrgmR>r ]m{S>m} o_lU V`ma H$aU{
]m{S>m} _m{aMyX [mUr MwZm [mUr –mjmda C[`m{J

o_lUmMr (brQ>a) (H$irMm) (brQ>a)
Vrd´Vm
(%)
0.4 400 J´∞_ 50 400 J´∞_ 50 XwgË`m \$dmaUrgmR>r

0.6 600 J´∞_ 50 600 J´∞_ 50 oVgË`m \$dmaUrgmR>r
0.8 800 J´∞_ 50 800 J´∞_ 50 Mm°œ`m \$dmaUrgmR>r
1.0 1 oH$bm{ 50 1 oH$bm{ 50 N>mQ>ZßVaMr \$dmaUrgmR>r
]m{S>m©{ o_lU V`ma H$a `mMr [’Vr

(1) flbmpÒQ>H$¿`m S≠>__‹`{ qH$dm _mVr¿`m amßOUmV _m{aMyX AmoU MwZm `mßMr d{Jd{Jir
V`ma H{$b{br –mdU{ JmiyZ ø`mdrV.
(2) Xm{›hr –mdU{ oVgË`m _m{R>Ám flbmpÒQH$¿`m S≠>__‹`{ Q>mHy$Z g_‡_mUmV V`ma
hm{Uma{ o_lU H$mR>rZ{ gmaI{ T>dimd{.
(3) V`ma Pmc{c{ o_lU 100 brQ>a hmB©b.
h{ o_lU amgmòZH$ —ÓQ>rZ{ AmÂb ([rEM 7 [{jm H$_r) Zgmd{. Vg{ AgÎ`mg
AmUIr Mw›`mMr oZdir o_lUmV Kmbmdr.

am{JOßVy : ([∞Wm{OZ) gy˙_OßVy (_m`H´$m{Am∞aJ∞oZP_), o[H$mda OJVmV. À`mß¿`m
Im `m_wi{ o[H$mßZm BOm hm{V{. o[H$mßZm am{J hm{VmV.
oOdmUy : (]∞∑Q>{na`m) EH$[{er oOdmUy, gy˙_Xe©H$ `ßÃmVyZ oXgy eH$VmV. H$mhr oOdmUy
C[`w ∑ V AgVmV. oOdmUy ß _ w i { g| o –` [XmW© Hw $ Oy Z IV V`ma hm{ V { .
OZmdamß¿`m MmË`mVrb g{Î`ybm{OM{ odKQ>Z hm{D$Z Vm{ Mmam OZmdamßZm
[ModVm `{Vm{. H$mhr oOdmUy o[H$mß¿`m am{JmßZm H$maUr^yV AgVmV.
]waer : (\ß$Jg) gdm™V H$oZÓR> dZÒ[Vr OrdZ. ]waer hr oOdßV qH$dm _•V g|o–`
[XmWm©da OJV{. H$maU ]waer¿`m earam_‹`{ A›ZoZo_©Vr H$aUma{ hnaV–Ï`
ZgV{. ]rOmUy[mgyZ ]waerMr dmT> hm{V{. Amqi]r (_eÍ$_) hm ]waerMm
EH$ ‡H$ma Amh{. o[H$mßM{ 500 [{jm AoYH$ am{J ]waer_wi{ hm{VmV.
odfmUy : (Ïhmàg) H{$di Bb{∑Q≠>m∞Z gy˙_Xe©H$ `ßÃmVyZ oXgUma{, ‡oWZm¿`m earamM{
AmoU oOdßV D$Vr_‹`{ P[mQ>ÁmZ{ ‡OZZ hm{Uma{ am{JOßVy Amh{V. odfmUyßMm
‡gma H$sQ>H$mß_m\©$V hm{Vm{.
hnaVbm{[ : (∑bm{am∞ogg) [mZmßVrb Z°goJ©H$ ohaÏ`m aßJmMm Zme hm{Vm{ AmoU [mZ{ o[dir
oXgVmV. Oo_ZrVrb bm{h `m A›ZKQ>H$m¿`m A^mdm_wi{ hm am{J hm{Vm{.
6.4 gmamße
hdm_mZ, oH$S>r AmoU am{J `mßMm [aÒ[agß]ßY AgVm{. CÓU AmoU X_Q> hdm_mZ
oH$S>r AmoU am{Jmß¿`m ‡gmambm AZwHy$b AgV{. hdm_mZ, oH$S>r AmoU am{Jmß_wi{ o[H$mßM{
ZwH$gmZ hm{V{. am{Jm¿`m bjUmdÍ$Z am{JmMr H$maU{ AmoU am{JmM{ Zmd R>aodVm `{V{.
o[H$mßM{ am{Jmß[mgyZ gßajU H$a `mgmR>r 100% ZwH$gmZ Q>miVm `{V Zmhr. am{Jm[mgyZ
gßajU H$a `mgmR>r ‡oV]ßYH$ C[m` _hŒdmM{ AgVmV. H$maU am{JZmeH$m_wi{ 100%
ZwH$gmZ Q>miVm `{V Zmhr. am{Jm[mgyZ gßajU H$a `mgmR>r am{J‡oVH$maH$ OmVtMm dm[a
H$aU{ hm gdm™V ÒdÒV C[m` Amh{. g|o–` IV{ qH$dm ohadirMr IV{ KmVÎ`m_wi{
Oo_ZrVrb C[`w∑V oOdmUyßMr gßª`m dmT>V{ AmoU V{ am{JOßVyßM{ oZ`ßÃU H$aVmV. ÂhUyZ
oZam{Jr Oo_ZrVrb o[H{$hr oZam{Jr AgVmV. o[H$mda C[OrodH$m H$aUmË`m [aOrdr
am{JOßVyß_wi{ (oOdmUy, ]waer, odfmUy) am{J CX≤^dVmV. Aa[Ordr am{JmMr H$maU{ Oo_ZrVrb
A›Z–Ï`mßMm Ag_Vm{b AWdm EIm⁄m A›Z–Ï`mMr (CXmhaUmW©, bm{h, OÒV) H$_VaVm
hr AgVmV. ]waerZmeH$mßM{ AZ{H$ ‡H$ma AgyZ Vr ]mOmamV ododY ZmdmßZr odH$V
o_iVmV. \$iPmS>{ AmoU ^mOro[H{$ `mßda ododY am{J AmT>iVmV. À`mßMr bjU{ o^›Z
AgÎ`m_wi{ am{Jm¿`m bjUmßdÍ$Z oZXmZ H$aVm `{V{ AmoU À`m‡_mU{ C[m``m{OZm H$Í$Z
o[H$mßM{ gßajU H$aVm `{V{. [rH$ gßajUmgmR>r odfmar Am°fYmßMm C[`m{J H$_rV H$_r
H$amdm. H$maU À`mßM{ odfmar Ade{f \$i{ AmoU ^m¡`mßda amhVmV.

(1) oOdmUyßMr JwUd°oeÓQ>Á{ d oOdmUyß_wi{ dZÒ[VtZm hm{Uma{ am{J `mßodf`r
(2) odfmUy d ]waer `mßM{ JwUd°oeÓQ>Á{ d À`mß_wi{ dZÒ[VtZm hm{Uma{ am{J `mßodf`r
(3) am{Jmda hm{UmË`m [naUm_mZwgma ]waerZmeH$mM{ ‡H$ma obhˇZ ‡À`{H$s EH$m
]waerZmeH$mM{ Zmd obhm.
(4) am{JoZ`ßÃUmM{ Z°goJ©H$ C[m` H$m{UV{ ? am{JoZ`ßÃUm¿`m O°odH$ C[m`mß]‘b
(1) oOdmUyß_wi{ PmS>mßZm hm{UmË`m [mM am{JmßMr Zmd{ obhm.
(2) odfmUyß_wi{ dZÒ[VtZm hm{UmË`m am{Jmßodf`r _mohVr obhm.
(3) ]waerZmeH$mßM{ ‡H$ma obhm.
(4) H$m{UÀ`mhr [mM ]waerZmeH$mßM{ ‡H$ma gm{XmhaU obhm.
(5) ‡À`{H$s 3 CXmhaU{ obhm.
(i) JßYH$`w∑V ]waerZmeH{$
(ii) Vm_´`w∑V ]waerZmeH{$
(6) "am{JoZ`ßÃUmgmR>r O°odH$ C[m`' `mßodf`r _mohVr obhm.
(7) [rH$gßajUmM{ Z°goJ©H$ C[m` obhm. ]m{S>m}o_lU V`ma H$a `mMr [’Vr
obhm.
(8) H$m{UV{hr [mM am{J d À`mß¿`m oZ`ßÃUmM{ C[m` obhm.
6.5.3 Imbrb ‡ÌZmßMr CŒma{ À`mImbrb [`m©`mß_YyZ oZdSy>Z obhm.
(1) Imbrb[°H$s H$m{UVm gy˙_ Ord gOrd H$s oZOud `m]m]V emÒÃkmß_‹`{
dmX Amh{ ?
(A) oOdmUy (B) odfmUy (C) ]waer (D) _m`H$m{flbm¬_m
(2) "A[aOrdr am{J' H$em_wi{ hmVm{ ?
(A) oOdmUy (B) odfmUy
(C) ]waer (D) A›Z–Ï`m¿`m H$_VaV{_wi{
(3) o_aMrMm MwaS>m_waS>m (]m{H$S>Ám) am{J H$em_wi{ hm{Vm{ ?
(4) H$m{UV{ gy˙_Ord hd{Vrb ZÃmM{ Oo_ZrV pÒWarH$aU H$aVmV ?
(5) Vmß]{am am{J H$em_wi{ hm{Vm{ ?
(6) A∞oJ´_m`grZ h{ H$m{UÀ`m gy˙_OrdmMm Zme H$aV{ ?
(7) o[H$mß¿`m _hŒdm¿`m am{Jmß[°H$s 50% [{jm AoYH$ am{J H$em_wi{ hm{VmV ?
(8) Pmà_, Wmà_ d Pm`Z{] h{ H$m{UV{ ]waerZmeH$ Amh{ ?
(A) JßYH$`w∑V (B) Vm_´`w∑V (C) [mam`w∑V (D) ZÃ`w∑V
(9) Imbrb[°H$s H$m{UV{ [mam`w∑V ]waerZmeH$ Amh{ ?
(A) Pmà_, Wmà_
(B) \{$Zrb _∑`w©ar A∞ogQ>{Q>, Q>m∞br _∑`w©ar A∞ogg{Q>
(C) ∑bm{a∞Zrb, S>m`∑bm{Z
(D) ]m{S>m} o_lU, ∑`w‡g Am∞∑gmB©S>
(10) ]m{S>m} o_lU h{ H$m{UÀ`m ‡H$ma¿`m ]waerZmeH$mV _m{S>V{ ?
(A) JßYH$`w∑V (B) Vm_´`w∑V (C) [mam`w∑V (D) ZÃ`w∑V

(11) _m{aMyX d MwZm `mßM{ o_lU amgmòZH$—ÓQ>Ám AmÂb ([rEM 7 [{jm H$_r)
AgÎ`mg o_lUmV H$m{UVm [XmW© o_giÎ`mg [rEM dmT>Vm{ ?
(A) _m{aMyX (B) MwZm (C) [mUr (D) `mß[°H$s Zmhr
(12) ^war am{J H$em_wi{ hm{Vm{ ?

KQ>H$ 7 : ]mJ{Vrb oH$S>r AmoU À`mßM{ oZ`ßÃU
AZwH´$_oUH$m
7.1 ‡mÒVmodH$
7.2 odf`-odd{MZ
7.2.1 oH$S>tM{ ‡H$ma
7.2.2 H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mßM{ ‡H$ma
7.2.3 _hŒdm¿`m oH$S>r AmoU À`mßM{ oZ`ßÃU
7.2.4 O°odH$ H$sS>oZ`ßÃU
7.4 gmamße
7.1 ‡mÒVmodH$
o[H$mßM{ ZwH$gmZ H$aUmË`m oH$S>r, am{J, VU qH$dm ‡mUr `mßMm Zme H$a `mgmR>r
amgmòZH$ qH$dm Z°goJ©H$ [XmWm™Mm C[`m{J H{$cm OmVm{. 1985 gmcr oH$S>r d am{Jmß¿`m
oZ`ßÃUmgmR>r OJâ gw_ma{ 230 H$m{Q>r agm`ZmßMm dm[a H{$cm hm{Vm. `mß[°H$s 10%
agm`Z{ oVgË`m OJmV (WS>© dÎS>© Hß$Q≠>rO) dm[a `mV Amcr. `m gd© ‡H$ma¿`m agm`Zmß_‹`{
H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mßMm dmQ>m 30% hm{Vm. oVgË`m OJmV Xa dfu H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mßMm AmoU
]waerZmeH$mßMm I[ dmT>V Amh{. H$maU [rH$gßajUmMm hm gm{[m AmoU ‡^mdr C[m`
_mZ `mV `{Vm{. À`m_wi{ À`mß¿`m dm[amgmR>r emgZmM{ ‡m{ÀgmhZ AgV{ AmoU e{VH$Ë`mßZm
`m agm`Zmß¿`m dm[amgmR>r gdcVrhr o_iVmV.
VWmo[, amgmòZH$ H$sQ>H$ZmeH{$ odfmar AgÎ`m_wi{ À`mßMm dm[a H$a `mV \$ma
_m{R>m Ym{H$m AmoU Vm{Q>{ AgVmV, `mMr OmUrd AmVm e{VH$Ë`mßZm hm{D$ cmJcr Amh{.
(1) amgmòZH$ H$sQ>H$ZmeH{$ dm[aÎ`m_wi{ _mUgmßZm AmoU OZmdamßZm odf]mYm
hm{V{. 1983 gmcr gw_ma{ 20 cmI _mUgmßZm odf]mYm Pmcr hm{Vr. À`mß[°H$s 40,000
_mUg{ _{cr. H$mhr H$sQ>H$ZmeH{$ BVH$s odfmar AgVmV H$s, À`mß¿`m dm[amda Am°⁄m{oJH$
X{emß_‹`{ ]ßXr KmVc{cr Amh{; CXmhaUmW©, S>rS>rQ>r. [aßVw odH$gZerc X{emß_‹`{ AOyZhr
À`mßMm dm[a hm{V Amh{
(2) amgmòZH$ H$sQ> H $ZmeH{ $ dm[aÎ`m_w i { À`mß ¿ `modÈ’ H$sQ> H $mß _ ‹`{
‡oVH$maj_Vm (a{oOÒQ>›g) oZ_m©U hm{V{. Aem d{ir e{VH$ar H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mßMr Vrd´Vm
dmT>odVmV qH$dm AmUIr Ohmc H$sQ>H$ZmeH{$ dm[a `mMr oe\$mag H$a `mV `{V{.
g_erVm{ÓU H$oQ>]ßYm[{jm CÓU H$oQ>]ßYmV oH$S>t_‹`{ ‡oVH$maj_Vm cdH$a oZ_m©U hm{V{.
1984 gmcr OJmVrc 447 H$sQ>H$ AmoU H$m{ir, 100 o[H{$, 55 ‡H$maMr VU{, 2
‡H$ma¿`m gyÃH•$_r AmoU 5 ‡H$maM{ CßXra `mß¿`m_‹`{ amgmòZH$ Am°fYmodÈ’
‡oVH$maj_Vm oZ_m©U Pmcr Amh{. AmO[`™V darc AmH$S>Ámß_‹`{ ]arM dmT> Pmc{cr
Amh{.
(3) amgmòZH Am°fY{ ([{pÒQ>gmB©S≤>g≤) dm[aÎ`m_wi{ H{$di hmZrH$maH$ Ord _aVmV
Ag{ Zmhr, Va C[`w∑V OrdX{Irc _aVmV. `mß_‹`{ H$sQ>H$mß¿`m Z°goJ©H$ eÃyßMm
(CXmhaUmW©, [aOrdr AmoU ^jH$ H$sQ>H$, [jr, ]{Sy>H$, gaS>{, [mcr, BÀ`mXtMm) g_md{h
hm{Vm{. À`m_wi{ oH$S>tMm C[–d [w›hm dmT>Vm{.
(4) ¡`m hmZrH$maH$ oH$S>tMm Am[Umcm Zme H$amd`mMm AgVm{. À`mß¿`m[`™V
H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mßMm \$ma Wm{S>m Aße [m{hm{MVm{. H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mßMm ]h˛V{H$ ^mJ hdm, O_rZ
AmoU [m `mV o_giVm{. H$sQ>H$ZmeH{$ [m `mV J{Î`m_wi{ [m `mVrc _mg{ _aVmV. ÂhUO{
^mV dmMod `mgmR>r Am[U _mg{ _maV AgVm{.
(5) ¡`m amgmòZH$ Am°fYmßM{ ghO[U{ odKQ>Z hm{V Zmhr, À`mßM{ Ade{f A›Zm_‹`{
amhVmV AmoU h{ A›Z ImÎÎ`m_wi{ _mUg{, OZmda{, [jr, d›` ‡mUr `mß¿`m Amam{Ω`mda
XwÓ[naUm_ hm{VmV. [`m©daUmM{ ‡XyfU hm{V{.
EH$mpÀ_H$ H$sS> Ï`dÒWm[Z (BßoQ>J´{Q>{S> [{ÒQ> _∞Z{O_|Q>) ï OJmVrc H$m{UÀ`mhr
amgmòZH$ H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mMm dm[a H{$cm Var o[H$mdarc 100% H$sQ>H$ _aV ZmhrV;
[aßVw [`m©daUmM{ ‡XyfU _mÃ hm{V{ AmoU _mUgmßZm AmoU OZmdamßZm odf]mYm hm{V{.
ÂhUyZ AmdÌ`H$ Ag{c V{ÏhmM amgmòZH$ H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mßMm H$_rV H$_r dm[a H$am`Mm
AmoU o[H$mßM{ oH$S>r[mgyZ A›` C[m`mßZr (O°odH$, AmZwdmßoeH$ AWdm _emJV H$Í$Z)
H$sQ>H$mßMr gßª`m BVH$s _`m©oXV R>{dm`Mr H$s, À`m[mgyZ o[H$mßM{ AmoW©H$ ZwH$gmZ hm{Uma
Zmhr. g‹`m hr [’V gd©_m›` Pmc{cr Amh{.
[rH$ gßajUmMr amgmòZH$ Am°fY{ J{Î`m H$mhr dfm™V C[c„Y Pmc{cr Amh{V.
[U À`m[ydu hOmam{ df} e{VH$ar Z°goJ©H$ C[m`mßZr Am[Î`m o[H$mßM{ oH$S>r AmoU am{Jmß[mgyZ
gßajU H$arV AgV. h{ C[m` (CXmhaUmW© Jm{_yÃ, XyY, amI, IoZO{, dZÒ[VtMm AH©$)
"d•jm`wd}X' Zmdm¿`m ‡mMrZ gßÒH•$V J´ßWm_‹`{ oXc{ Amh{V; [aßVw AmYwoZH$ H•$ofemÒÃkmßZr
À`mH$S>{ Xwc©j H{$c{ Amh{. `modf`r ZÏ`mZ{ gßem{YZ H$a `mMr JaO Amh{. À`m_wi{ [aX{emVyZ
Am`mV H{$c{Î`m amgmòZH$ Am°fYmßda Am[Umßg Adcß]yZ amhmd{ cmJUma Zmhr. [aH$s`
McZmMr ]MV hm{B©c.
H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mßM{ [´H$ma _mohVr hm{Vrb.
H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mßMm dm[a H$Í$Z oH$S>rM{ oZ`ßÃU H$aVm `{B©b.
H$sQ>H$oZ`ßÃUmM{ Z°goJ©H$ C[m` _mohVr hm{Vrb.
7.2 odf`-odd{MZ
7.2.1 oH$S>tM{ ‡H$ma
Am[Umßg oXgyZ `{V{ H$s, H$m{UV{hr [rH$ oH$S>r[mgyZ _w∑V amhmV Zmhr. o[H$m¿`m
‡À`{H$ ^mJmda ÂhUO{ _yi, Im{S>, [mZ{, \w$b{ d o[H{$ `mßda oH$S>tMm ‡mXw^m©d oXgyZ `{Vm{.
À`m_wi{ À`m ^mJmM{ ZwH$gmZ Pmb{b{ AmT>iV{. À`mM‡_mU{ oH$S>r ‡À`j AmoU A‡À`j[U{
o[H$mßM{ ZwH$gmZ H$aVmV. oH$S>tM{ _wª`Àd{H$Í$Z Xm{Z ‡H$ma [S>VmV. CXmhaUmW©, A›Z
Vm{Sy>Z ImUma{ H$sQ>H$ AmoU ag em{fUma{ H$sQ>H$.
PmS>mg ‡À`j BOm H$aUmË`m oH$S>r
(A) Vm{Sy>Z ImUmË`m oH$S>r
`m_‹`{ oH$S>r PmS>mMm darb ^mJ Hw$aVS>VmV AmoU À`mM{ bhmZ-bhmZ VwH$S>{
H$Í$Z oJiyZ K{VmV. `m Hw$aVS> `m_wi{ PmS>mg Imbrb ‡H$ma{ BOm hm{V{ ï
(01) PmS>mßMm dmT>Umam H$m|] Hw$aVS>Î`m_wi{ PmS>mßMr dmT> Wmß]V{. CXmhmaUmW©,
–mjmdarb CS>⁄m ^wßJ{am.
(02) [mZ{ Hw$aVS>Î`m_wi{ PmS>mßMr [mZ{ H$_r hm{VmV, À`m_wi{ H$]©J´hU oH´$`m
H$_r hm{D$Z PmS>mßMr dmT> IwßQ>V{. CXmhaUmW©, EaßS>rdarb CßQ> Air,
^wB©_wJmdarb H{$gmi Air.
(03) [mZmMr Q>m{H{$ Hw$aVS>U{, CXmhaUmW©, ^mV AmoU Cgmdarb ZmH$Vm{S>{, H$[mer,
dmßJr, e{dJm `mßdarb amIr aßJmM{ gm|S>{ oH$S>{.
(04) [mZmßZm bhmZ oN>–{ [mS>U{. CXmhaUmW©, _wim, ¡dmar d VmJmdarb o[gy
AmoU ^wßJ{a{.
(05) [mZmMm [m[w–m IaMQy>Z ImU{, CXmhaUmW©, H$m{]r AmoU ‚bm∞dadarb
fQ> H $m{ Z r [Vß J m¿`m AiÁm, dmß J r AmoU H$maÎ`mdarb Eo[bmMZm
^wßJ{Ë`m¿`m AiÁm AmoU ^wßJ{a{.
(06) [mZ{ JwßS>miyZ AmVrb ^mJ ImU{. CXmhaUmW©, H$[mer, –mj{, ^wB©_yJ, `mdarb
[mZ{ JwßS>miUmar Air.
(07) [mZmg d{S>rdmH$S>r _m{R>r oN>–{ [mS>U{. CXmhaUmW©, H$m{]rdarb Air.
(08) PmS>mMr gmb IaMQy>Z ImU{ AmoU a{e_r Omir H$Í$Z À`mV amhU{.
CXmhaUmW©, S>mqi] AmoU ]m{amdarb gmb [m{IaUmar Air.
(09) am{[ CJdUr¿`m d{ir dmT>Vm H$m|] Hw$aVS>U{. CXmhaUmW©, H$[merdarb
gm|S>Ám.
(10) oH$S>tZr H$ir qH$dm \y$b ImÎÎ`m_wi{ ]rOYmaUm hm{V Zmhr.
(11) ^mVm¿`m Am|„`m Hw$aVS>U{, CXmhaUmW©, ZmH$Vm{S>{.
(12) H$UgmVrb XmU{ ImU{. CXmhaUmW©, ¡dmar AmoU ]mOardarb KmQ>{Air.
(Am) ag em{fUmË`m oH$S>r
`m oH$S>r PmS>mda ]gyZ À`mßMr gm|S> [mZm¿`m AmVrb [{et_‹`{ Iw[gVmV AmoU
AmVrb A›Zag em{fyZ K{VmV. À`mAmYr A›Zm¿`m oR>H$mUr gm|S>{_YyZ bmi Q>mH$VmV.
À`m_wi{ PmS>mg BOm hm{V{. ag em{fUmË`m oH$S>r ‡m_wª`mZ{ [mZmßda AmT>iVmV. À`m
oH$S>t_wi{ [wT>rb ‡H$ma{ BOm hm{VmV.
(1) [mZ{ o[dir [S>VmV AmoU gwH$VmV, ZßVa [mZmß¿`m H$S>m dmiVmV.
CXmhaUmW©, ^wB©_yJ, dmbmdarb _mdm.
(2) [mZm¿`m _wª` oea{OdiMm ^mJ o[dim [S>Vm{. CXmhaUmW©, VmJmdarb
T>{H$ `m.
(3) [mZmßVrb ag em{fÎ`m_wi{ [mZmß¿`m H$S>m, e|S>m AWdm darb ^mJ [mßT>am
hm{Vm{. CXmhaUmW©, H$mß⁄mdarb AmoU ^wB©_wJmdarb \w$boH$S>{.
(4) [mZmda [mßT>a{ oR>[H{$ [S>VmV. CXmhaUmW©, Zmaim¿`m AmoU H{$ir¿`m
[mZmdarb T>{H$ `m.
(5) [mZm¿`m H$S>m darb ]mOyg diVmV AmoU bmb hm{VmV. CXmhaUmW©,
dmßJr, ^|S>r, EaßS>rdarb VwS>VwS>{.
(6) [mZmßZm MwaS>m_waS>m hm{Vm{, [mZ{ ]m{H$S>VmV. CXmhaUmW©, o_aMrdarb \w$boH$S>{.
(7) H$m{diÁm \$imßMr Ji hm{V{. CXmhaUmW©, ]m{amdarb \$i_mer, _m{gß]r¿`m
\$imVrb ag em{fUma{ [VßJ.
(B) AmVrb ^mJ ImUmË`m oH$S>r
`m ‡H$mamVrb oH$S>r PmS>m¿`m AmVrb ^mJmV AmT>iVmV. `m oH$S>rMr BOm H$a `mMr
AdÒWm AmV amhˇZ [{er ImVmV. H$sQ>H$mMr _mXr o[H$m¿`m [{et_‹`{ AßS>r KmbV{ qH$dm
AßS>r C]dÎ`mZßVa À`m_Yrb Air o[H$m_‹`{ oeaV{.
(1) Im{S> [m{IaUmË`m oH$S>r : AiÁm PmS>mß¿`m AmV oeÍ$Z AmVrb ^mJ
[m{IÍ$Z ImVmV. H$mhr AiÁm PmS>m¿`m e|S>ÁmV oeÍ$Z PmS>mM{ e|S>{ ImVmV. À`mg
e|S>{_a Ag{ ÂhUVmV. CXmhaUmW©, ¡dmardarb Im{S>_mer AmoU Im{S>oH$S>m, ^mVmdarb
Im{S>oH$S>m, Cgmdarb Im{S>oH$S>m, H$[mer, ^|S>r, dmßJr `mßdarb e|S>m [m{IaUmar Air.
ode{fH$Í$Z Zmaimdarb J|Sm>-^wßJ{am hm ‡m°T> AdÒW{V Zmaim¿`m e|S>ÁmV oeÍ$Z
AmVrb ^mJ ImVm{.
(2) gm|S>{ qH$dm AiÁm : AiÁm \w$bmß¿`m H$iÁmßV oeÍ$Z H$iÁmßMr Ji
H$aVmV. CXmhaUmW©, e{dΩ`mdarb H$iÁm ImUmar Air. `m AiÁm \w$b{, H$iÁm, ]m|S>{
qH$dm \$i `mß_‹`{ oeÍ$Z ZwH$gmZ H$aVmV. CXmhaUmW©, H$[merdarb ]m|S>Air, dmßJr,
Q>m{_∞Q>m{, S>mqi], ^|S>r `mßdarb \$i [m{IaUmË`m AiÁm, Amß„`m¿`m \$imVrb gm|S>Ám.
(3) [mZ{ [m{IaUmË`m AiÁm : `m ‡H$mamVrb AiÁm \$maM bhmZ AgVmV.
`m AiÁm [ohÎ`m [mZm¿`m Xm{Z [m[w–ÁmßV oeaVmV AmoU AmVrb [{er ImVmV.
À`m_wi{ [mZmda ZmJ_m{S>r AmH$mam¿`m a{fm [S>VmV. CXmhaUmW©, _m{gß]r, H$mOy, Amß]m
`mßdarb [mZ{ [m{IaUmË`m AiÁm; H$m{]r, dmQ>mUm, Q>m{_∞Q>m{, Xm{S>H$m, Km{gmir `mßdarb
[mZ{ [m{IaUmË`m AiÁm.
(4) \w$Jra ^mJ H$aUmË`m oH$S>r : H$mhr oH$S>t¿`m AdÒWm PmS>m¿`m H$mhr
^mJmMm AmH$ma _m{R>m H$Í$Z À`m \w$Jra ^mJm¿`m AmVrb [m{H$irV amhˇZ A›Z ImVmV.
oH$S>tZm `m \w$Jra ^mJmMm C[`m{J Ka ÂhUyZ amh `mg hm{Vm{. `m \w$Jra ^mJm_wi{
PmS>mMr dmT> IwßQ>V{. \$bYmaUm d ]rOYmaUm `mßda AoZÓQ> [naUm_ hm{Vm{. \w$Jra ^mJm_wi{
H$mhr d{im PmS>mda H$mhrhr [naUm_ oXgV Zmhr. H$mhr \w$Jra ^mJ [mZmßda `{VmV, Aem
d{ir [mZ{ diVmV. \w$Jra ^mJ H$sS>J´ÒV PmS>m¿`m H$m{UÀ`mhr ^mJmda `{D$ eH$VmV.
^mVmdarb JmX_mer ^mVmV "ogÎÏha ewQ>' ÂhUO{ MßX{ar Jm^m V`ma H$aV{. H$[mer
AmoU ]m{am¿`m dmT>UmË`m \$imM{ Í$[mßVa gm|S>Ám oH$S>r_wi{ \$m{S>mV hm{V{. Amß]m AmoU
¡dmardarb o_O_mer \$m{S> V`ma H$aVmV.
(B©) Oo_Zr_Yrb oH$S>r
`m oH$S>r Oo_ZrV amhˇZ PmS>m¿`m _wimßda C[OrodH$m H$aVmV. _yi Hw$aVS>U{,
_wimVrb ag em{fU{ AWdm _wimda \$m{S> V`ma H$aU{ `m ‡H$ma{ _wimßM{ ZwH$gmZ H$aVmV.
H$mhr oH$S>r odoeÓQ> o[H$mßM{M ZwH$gmZ H$aVmV. CXmhaUmW©, X{R> Hw$aVS>Umar Air,
o[gy, ^wßJ{a{, Mm\$a ^wßJ{a{ Vg{M `m oH$S>t¿`m H$mhr AdÒWm H$mhr H$mbmdYrgR>r Oo_ZrV
AgVmV. H$mhr oH$S>tMr AirAdÒWm Oo_Zr¿`m oZaoZamiÁm WamßV AgV{. _wimßM{
ZwH$gmZ h{ À`m oH$S>t¿`m AmoU o[H$m¿`m ‡H$mamda Adbß]yZ Agb{ Var gmYmaU[U{
PmS>mMr dmT> IwßQ>U{, PmS> o[di{ [S>U{, gwH$U{, dmiU{ Aem ‡H$maM{ ZwH$gmZ hm{V{.
dmàd_©, gm|S>{ AmoU h˛_Ur `mß¿`m AiÁm _wimMm darb ^mJ ImVmV Va VmJmdarb
o[gy ^wßJ{a{¿`m AiÁm _wim¿`m AmV oeÍ$Z _wimV bhmZ ZobH$m V`ma H$aVmV. _mdm,
¡dmar, ]mOar `mß¿`m _wimdarb ag em{fyZ K{Vm{. Oo_ZrV [{ab{b{ ]r _wßΩ`m ImVmV.
e{VmVrb aVmiÁmßZm gm|S>ÁmMr Air Va ]Q>mQ>ÁmßZm ]Q>mQ>{ [m{IaUmar Air oN>– [mS>VmV.
(C) gmR>dUrVrb _mbmbm BOm H$aUmË`m Air
e{V_mbm¿`m gmR>dUr_‹`{ oH$S>r VrZ ‡H$ma{ ZwH$gmZ H$aVmV :
(1) e{Vm_YyZ Amb{Î`m oH$S>r. CXmhaUmW©, aVmirdarb gm|S>{, ]Q>mQ>m [m{IaUmar
Air.
(2) e{Vm_‹`{ AßS>r KmbU{ AmoU À`mVyZ V`ma hm{UmË`m AdÒWm ZwH$gmZ H$aVmV.
CXmhaUmW©, Vwardarb ^wßJ{a{.
(3) gmR>dUr¿`m oR>H$mUr AJm{XaM oH$S>tMm ‡mXw^m©d AgÎ`mg ZdrZ _mbmbm
H$sS> bmJV{. CXmhaUmW©, Ym›`mVrb oZaoZami{ ^wßJ{a{, gm|S>{, [VßJ, gwagm,
BÀ`mXr. `m oH$S>r Ym›`mM{ ZwH$gmZ H$aVmV.
(D$) A‡À`j ZwH$gmZ H$aUmË`m oH$S>r
(1) H$mT>Ur AS>MUrMr H$aU{ : H$m{]rdarb _mdm, dmbm¿`m e|Jmßdarb _mdm
Vg{M H$[merdarb ]m|S>AiÁm AgUmË`m oR>H$mUr o[H$mMr H$mT>Ur H$aVmZm
Ãmg hm{Vm{.
(2) PmS>mdarb ^mJmV ‡mXw^m©d hm{D$Z _mbmMr ‡V H$_r H$aVmV. aVmiÁmdarb
gm|S>{, Q>m{_∞Q>m{, dmßJr, ^|S>r, S>mqi] `mß¿`m \$i [m{IaUmË`m AiÁm;
amOoJË`mMr [mZ{ ImUmar Air, H$m{]r¿`m [mZmdarb CßQ>Air, BÀ`mXr.
(3) H$mhr oH$S>r o[H$mdarb ]waer AmoU odfmUwO›` am{J [gaodVmV. CXmhaUmW©,
Q>m{_∞Q>m{darb ]m{H$S>Ám hm odfmUy am{J [mßT>Ë`m _mer_wi{ Va ^wB©_wJmdarb
]S> Z{H´$m∞ogg hm odfmUwO›` am{J \w$boH$S>Ámß_wi{ [gaVm{.
7.2.2 H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mßM{ ‡H$ma
H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mßM{ - (A) amgmòZH$ H$sQ>H$ZmeH{$, (Am) Z°goJ©H$ H$sQ>H$ZmeH{$,
AmoU (B) O°odH$ H$sQ>H$ZmeH{$ Ag{ VrZ _wª` ‡H$ma Amh{V.
(A) amgmòZH$ H$sQ>H$ZmeH{$
hr agm`ZmßMr gß`w∑V{ AgVmV. À`mßMm [naUm_ oH$S>tda ÀdnaV oXgyZ `{Vm{, ÂhUyZ
Vr dm[a `mMr e{VH$Ë`mß_‹`{ AoYH$ ‡d•Œmr AgV{. Vr dm[a `mg gm{[r AgVmV. VWmo[,
Vr dm[aÎ`m_wi{ AZ{H$ Vm{Q>{ hm{VmV. _wª` ÂhUO{ Vr odfmar AgÎ`m_wi{ _mUgmßZm d
OZmdamßZm odf]mYm hm{V{. d{irM BcmO H{$cm Zmhr Va _•À`y Am{T>dVm{. Vr _hmJ AgÎ`mZ{
Jar] e{VH$Ë`mßZm [adS>V ZmhrV. oe\$mag H{$c{cr H$sQ>H$ZmeH{$ C[c„Y ZgÎ`m_wi{
odH´{$V{ d{JirM H$sQ>H$ZmeH{$ AS>mUr e{VH$Ë`mßZm odH$V X{VmV. `mß[°H$s 12 H$sQ>H$ZmeH{$
AoVYm{∑`mMr AgÎ`m_wi{ À`mß¿`m dm[amda odH$ogV X{emß_⁄{ ]ßXr Amh{. g‹`m ^maV
gaH$mahr AoVYm{∑`mMm H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mßda ]ßXr Kmc `m¿`m odMmamV Amh{.
amgmòZH$ H$sQ>H$ZmeH{$ AoVe` gmdYoJarZ{ hmVmimdr cmJVmV. Vem gyMZm
H$sQ>H$ZmeH$m¿`m [∞qH$Jda ocohc{Î`m AgVmV. [U `m gyMZm gm_m›` e{VH$Ë`mßZm
dmMVm `{V ZmhrV qH$dm g_OV ZmhrV. gd©M H$sQ>H$ hmZrH$maH$ ZgVmV AmoU
hmZrH$maH$ H$sQ>H$mßMr gßª`m odoeÓQ> _`m©X{]mh{a J{cr VaM o[H$mßM{ AmoW©H$ ZwH$gmZ
hm{V{. hr _`m©Xm (BH$m∞Zm∞o_H$ S>∞_{O W´{em{ÎS> c{Ïhc) gm_m›` e{VH$Ë`mßZm g_OV Zmhr.
H$YrH$Yr ‡_wI oH$S>tM{ oZ`ßÃU EIm⁄m H$sQ>H$ZmeH$m_m\©$V H{$c{ Var XwgarM H$sS>
CX≤^dV{ AmoU ZwH$gmZ H$aV{. CXmhaUmW©, qgW{oQ>H$ [mà{W´m∞B©S> KmQ>{AiÁmß¿`m
oZ`ßÃUmgmR>r dm[ac{ AgVm _mdm AmoU [mßT>Ë`m _mÌ`m `mßMm C[–d AmUIr dmT>Vm{.
amgmòZH$ H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mßM{ dJuH$aU H$sQ>H$mdarc À`mß¿`m [naUm_mßZwgma
Imcrc‡_mU{ H$aVmV.
(1) [m{Q> odf{ (ÒQ>_H$ [m∞BPZ) ï hr H$sQ>H$ZmeH{$ H$sQ>H$mß¿`m A›Zm]am{]a
H$sQ>H$mß¿`m [m{Q>mV OmVmV. [m{Q>mV J{Î`mda À`mßMr oH´$`m gwÍ$ hm{V{. hr [m{Q>odf{ ^wH$Q>r
qH$dm –d ÒdÍ$[mV odH$V o_iVmV. Amo_fm¿`m ([m∞BPZ ]{Q>) ÒdÍ$[mVhr À`mßMm
C[`m{J hm{Vm{. O{ H$sQ>H$ A›Z MmdyZ ImVmV (CXmhaUmW©, AiÁm, ^wßJ{, JdVr Q>m{i)
À`mß¿`mda `m H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mßMm MmßJcm [naUm_ hm{Vm{.
(2) Ò[e© odf{ (H$m±Q>∞∑Q> [m∞BPZ) ï hr H$sQ>H$ZmeH{$ H$sQ>H$mß¿`m earamV À`mß¿`m
ÀdM{dmQ>{ ‡d{e H$aVmV. `r H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mßZm H$sQ>H$mßMm Ò[e© hm{U{ AmdÌ`H$ AgV{
qH$dm hr H$sQ>H$ZmeH{$ H$sQ>H$mß¿`m earamda [S>cr [mohO{V. Vr ^wH$Q>r qH$dm –d ÒdÍ$[mV
dm[aVmV. ¡`m oH$S>r o[H$m_YyZ A›Z em{fyZ K{VmV (CXmhaUmW© _mdm, VwS>VwS>{, \w$coH$S>{)
À`mß¿`m oZ`ßÃUmgmR>r hr odf{ C[`m{Jr [S>VmV.
(3) AmßVa‡dmhr odf{ (ogÒQ>{o_H$ [m∞BPZ) ï hr H$sQ>H$ZmeH{$ o[H$mßda dm[acr
AgVm qH$dm o]`m `mg Mm{icr AgVm qH$dm Oo_ZrV o_gicr AgVm Vr PmS>m_‹`{
em{fcr OmVmV AmoU PmS>m¿`m gd© ^mJmßV [gaVmV. À`m_wi{ PmS>mMm [{oeag
H$sQ>H$mßH$naVm odfmar ]ZVm{. H$mhr oH$S>r PmS>m¿`m ododY ^mJmßV amhˇZ PmS>mM{ ^mJ
ImVmV (CXmhaUmW©, Im{S>oH$S>r, ]m|S>AiÁm, \$i_mer¿`m AiÁm, e|Jm [m{IaUmË`m
AiÁm), À`m_wi{ [m{Q>odfmMm qH$dm Ò[e©odfmMm À`mß¿`mda [naUm_ hm{V Zmhr. Aem
oH$S>r¿`m oZ`ßÃUmgmR>r AmßVa‡dmhr H$sQ>H$ZmeH{$ C[`m{Jr [S>VmV.
(4) YwarO›` odf{ (‚`wq_JßQ≤>g≤) ï hr H$sQ>H$ZmeH{$ H$sQ>H$mß¿`m earamV À`mß¿`m
ÌdgZmgmR>r Agc{Î`m oN>–mVyZ AmV oeÍ$Z H$sQ>H$mßMm Zme H$aVmV. `m H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mßMm
Yya odfmar AgÎ`m_wi{ Vr hdm]ßX OmJ{VM dm[amdr cmJVmV. ÂhUyZ _wª`Vï À`mßMm
dm[a Jm{Xm_mVrc Ym›`mM{ oH$S>r[mgyZ gßajU H$a `mH$naVm hm{Vm{.
AmYwoZH$ g|o–` H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mßMm [naUm_ darc[°H$s EH$m[{jm AoYH$ ‡H$mamßZr
hm{Vm{ ÂhUyZ amgmòZH$ KQ>H$mßZwgma À`mßM{ dJuH$aU H$aVmV.
(1) ∑cm{arZ`w∑V H$sQ>H$ZmeH{$ (Am∞aJ∞Zm{∑cm{ar›g≤) ï `mß_‹`{ AmÎS≠>rZ,
SmÀmÎS≠>rZ, h{flQ>m∑cm{a, Q>m∞∑g\$sZ, E›S>m{gÎ\$m∞Z, BÀ`mXr H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mßMm g_md{e
hm{Vm{. hr H$sQ>H$ZmeH{$ [m{Q>odf{ AmoU Ò[e©odf{ ÂhUyZ H$sQ>H$mda oH´$`m H$aVmV. EH$Xm
dm[aÎ`mZßVa o[H$mda À`mßMm [naUm_ XrK© H$mi oQ>Hy$Z amhVm{. VWmo[, À`mßMm H$m{ir
oH$S>rda [naUm_ hm{V ZgÎ`m_wi{ JßYH$ o_giVmV. `m H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mßMm Aße XwYmV
CVaVm{. `m‡_mU{ _mV{¿`m XwYmVyZ ]rEMgr `m H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mM{ Aße chmZ _wcmß¿`m
[m{Q>mV OmVmV. OmJoVH$ Amam{Ω` gßKQ>Z{Z{ KmVc{Î`m _`m©X{[{jm OmÒV Aße AgÎ`mg
À`mMm _wcm¿`m _|Xyda dmB©Q> [naUm_ hm{Vm{. hr H$sQ>H$ZmeH{$ XrK© H$mi oQ>H$Umar
AgÎ`m_wi{ [`m©daUmM{ ‡XyfU OmÒV hm{V{, ÂhUyZ À`mß¿`m dm[amda H$mhr X{emß_‹`{ ]ßXr
KmVc{cr Amh{.
(2) \$m∞Ò\$ag`w∑V H$sQ>H$ZmeH{$ (Am∞aJ∞Zm{\$m∞Ò\{$Q≤>g≤) ï `mß_‹`{ o_WmB©c
[∞amoWAmZ, o_WmB©c oS>_{Q>m∞Z, \$m{a{Q>, \{$›WrAm∞Z, p∑dZmc\$m∞g, \$m∞Ò\$mo_S>m∞Z,
_mZm{H´$m{Q>m{\$m∞g, BoWAm∞Z, S>mòPZm∞Z, _∞> Q>mogAm∞Z, S>m`_{Wm{EQ>, \{$oZQ≠>m{oZWAmZ,
∑cm{a[màr\$m∞g, BÀ`mXr H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mßMm g_md{e hm{Vm{. hr H$sQ>H$ZmeH{$ AÎ[ H$mi
oQ>H$Umar AgÎ`m_wi{ Vg{M `m H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mßV H$m{irZmeH$ JwUY_© AgÎ`m_wi{ Vr
gd©Ã cm{H$o‡` Pmcr Amh{V, oedm` Vr earamVrc Ma]r_‹`{ gmRy>Z amhV ZmhrV.
hr H$sQ>H$ZmeH{$ _mUgmß¿`m A›ZmVyZ, ÌdmgmVyZ AmoU H$mVS>rVyZ earamV oeaVmV
AmoU a∑Vmda [naUm_ H$aVmV. ÂhUyZ odf]mYm PmÎ`mg ÀdnaV C[Mma H$aU{ AmdÌ`H$
AgV{. `m H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mß_wi{ hm{UmË`m odf]mY{Mr cjU{ gwÒVr `{U{, S>m{H{$XwIr, _i_i,
[m{Q>XwIr, hJdU AmoU Ìdmgm{¿N≤>dmgmcm Ãmg hm{U{ hr AgVmV.
(3) H$m]m©_{Q> H$sQ>H$ZmeH{$ ï `mß_‹`{ H$m]m©nac, H$m]m}‚`wam∞Z, AmÎS>rH$m]©,
‡m{[m{∑gya, BÀ`mXr H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mßMm g_md{e hm{Vm{. H$m]m©nac Ò[e©odf Amh{. H$m]m}‚`wam∞Z
AmoU AmÎS>rH$m]© hr AmßVa‡dmhr odf{ Amh{V. À`mß¿`m_wi{ H$m{ir AmoU gyÃH•$_tM{
oZ`ßÃU hm{V{. _mÃ H$m]m©nac_‹`{ H$m{irZmeH$ JwUY_© ZgÎ`m_wi{ À`m_‹`{ g_‡_mUmV
JßYH$ o_gimd{ cmJV{. hr H$sQ>H$ZmeH{$ _mUgm¿`m AWdm OZmdamß¿`m Ma]r_‹`{ gmR>cr
OmV ZmhrV. `m H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mß¿`m odf]mY{Mr cjU{ Am∞aJ∞Zm{\$m∞Ò\{$Q> H$sQ>H$ZmeH$m‡_mU{
AgVmV; [aßVw odf]mY{Mm [naUm_ cdH$a hm{Vm{.
(4) qgW{oQ>H$ [mà{W´mB©S> H$sQ>H$ZmeH{$ ï `mß_‹`{ gm`[a_{W´rZ, \{$ZÏhca{Q>,
S>{ÎQ>m_{W´rZ, [_}W´rZ, BÀ`mXr H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mßMm g_md{e hm{Vm{. Vr H$_r ‡_mUmV cmJVmV;
[U _hmJ AgVmV. À`mßMr odf]mYm BVa H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mß[{jm H$_r AgV{. _mÃ M{hË`mda
gyO `{V{; [U Vr C[Mma Z H$aVm H$mhr d{imZ{ Am[m{Am[ H$_r hm{V{.
H$sQ>H$ZmeH{$ oe\$mag H{$c{Î`m Vrd´V{¿`m –mdUmV V`ma H$Í$ZM \$dmaUr
H$amd`mMr AgV{. ¯mcm A[dmX ÂhUO{ dm[amgmR>r V`ma ^wH$Q>r AmoU XmU{Xma ‡mÍ$[{
Amh{V. hr ‡mÍ$[{ _mÃ oZ_m©À`mZ{ C[c„Y H$Í$Z oXc{Î`m ÒdÍ$[mV dm[amd`mMr AgVmV.
H$sQ>H$ZmeH{$ C[c„Y Agc{cr oZaoZamir ‡mÍ$[{ ï
(1) AoYH$ Vrd´V{M{ [m `mV o_gic{c{ –mdU (B_pÎg\$m`{]c H$m∞›g{›Q≠>{Q>-
B.gr.) gmYmaU[U{ 10%,25%, 30%, 50%, 85% B.gr.
(2) [m `mV o_giUmar ^wH$Q>r (S>„Î`y[r AJa S>„Î`yS>r[r) gmYmaU[U{
25%, 50%.
(3) Ywai `mgmR>r ^wH$Q>r (S>ÒQ>). gmYmaU[U{ 2%, 5%, 10%.
(4) XmU{Xma ÒdÍ$[ (J´∞›`wAÎg). gmYmaU[U{ 3%, 4%, 10%.
(5) ]rO‡oH´$`m H$a `mgmR>r ÒdÍ$[. gm∞ÎÏhßQ> [mdS>a (Eg[r), grS>S≠>{ga
(EgS>r).
(6) AoVe` H$_r [m `mV dm[amd`mM{ ÒdÍ$[ (AÎQ≠>m cm{ Ïhm∞Î`y_ H$m∞›g|Q≠>{Q>Áwc
Ïhrgr).
(7) AoVgy˙_ H$U dm\{$¿`m ÒdÍ$[mV ]mh{a [S>Uma{ ÒdÍ$[ (Eam{Pm∞c)
(8) YwarO›` H$sQ>H$ZmeH{$. ew’ ÒdÍ$[mV –mdU AWdm Iy[ Xm]m_Yrc –mdU;
¡`mVyZ dm`yÍ$[mV ]mh{a [S>Umar H$sQ>H$ZmeH{$.
V∑Vm 7.1 ï ]mOmamV C[c„Y Agc{cr ododY H$sS>ZmeH{$ AmoU À`mßM{ JwUY_©
A. H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mM{ Ï`m[mar Zmd C[c„Y amgmòZH$ oH$S>rdarc

H´$. gd©gmYmaU Zmd (Hß$[ZrZ{ oXc{c{) ÒdÍ$[ dJuH$aU oH´$`m
01 A∞g{\{$Q> Am∞aW{Z, AgmQ>m[ 75% Eg. Ò\w$aX`w∑V AmßVa‡dmhr
02 AÎS>rH$m]© Q>{_rH$ 10% XmU{Xma H$m]m©nac AmßVa‡dmhr AmoU

AmÂc gß`wJ Ò[e©H$sQ>H$ZmeH$
d gyÃH•$o_ZmeH$
03 AmÎS≠>rZ AmÎS≠>rZ, H•$ofAmÎS≠>rZ 5% ^wH$Q>r, ∑cm{arZ`w∑V Ò[e©odf, 1-1-94

AmcS≠>{∑g, CÀH$c 30% ‡dmhr [mgyZ h{ H$sQ>H$-
AmÎS≠>rZ ZmeH$ ]ßX H$a `mV
Amc{ Amh{.
04 A∞Î`wo_oZ`_ g{Î\$m∞g, \$m∞g\w$_, Jm{iÁm Ag|o–` Yyaodf, h{ H$sQ>H$-

\$m∞gQ>m∞∑grZ, ZmeH$ \$∑V V¡kmß-
p∑dH≤$\$m∞g≤, ZmM C[c„Y AgV{.
Ac\$m∞g
05 H$m]m©nac g{]rZ, oH$c{∑g, 85% Eg.[r. H$m]m©o_H$ Ò[e©odf

H∞$amÏh{Q>, H$maÏhm{Z, 50% S>„Î`y. [r. AmÂc gß`wJ{
h{{∑PmÏhrZ 10% ^wH$Q>r
40% S>„Î`y Eggr

06 H$m]m}‚`wam∞Z ‚`wamS>m∞Z, H$ma]m{S>m∞Z, 50% Eg.[r. H$m]m©o_H$ Ò[e© d AmßVa‡dmhr

S>m`‚`wam∞Z, S>{∑Pm‚`wam∞Z 3% XmU{Xma AmÂc`w∑V H$sQ>H$ZmeH$ AmoU
gyÃH•$o_ZmeH$
07 ∑cm{aS>{Z ∑cm{aS>{Z, Q>a_{∑g 20% ‡dmhr ∑cm{arZ`w∑V Ò[e©odf, h{ H$sQ>H$-
ZmeH$ ]ßX H$a `mV
Amc{ Amh{.
08 ∑cm{a\{$Z- o]ac{Z 5% ‡dmhr Ò\w$aX`w∑V Ò[e© AmoU AmßVa-
ÏhrZ\$m∞g ‡dmhr
09 ∑cm{a\$màr\$m∞g S>g©]mZ, H$m{am{]mZ 10% ‡dmhr Ò\w$aX`w∑V Ò[e©odf
10 gm`[a_{oW´Z A∞J´m{gm`[a, E_H$m{- AJa gßÌc{ofV Ò[e©odf
gm`[a, ]∞gmoW´Z, 12% ‡dmhr [mà{W´m∞B©S>
ÒQ>magmò‡Z, o]cog[,
]wc{Q>, CÒVmX, H$m{ÎQ>,
o_g]we, odH$m∞S>©, gm`-
_{Q>, gm`[aoH$c, gm`-
[a_ma, gm`[a_{oW´Z,
gmà∑g, gmòW´Z, e∑Vr.
11 oS>H$m_{oW´Z S>{grg 2.5% ‡dmhr gßÌc{ofV Ò[e©odf
(S>{ÎQ>m_{oW´Z) [mà{W´mB©S>
12 S>mòPZm∞Z S>m`Q>\$, ]mgwoXZ 20% ‡dmhr Ò\w$aX`w∑V Ò[e©
5% XmU{Xma
13 S>m`∑cm{aÏhmg S>r.S>r.Ïhr.[r., ZwdmZ, 100% ‡dmhr Ò\w$aX`w∑V Ò[e© AmoU Yyaodf
Ïh∞[m{Zm, oS>Ïhr[mZ

14 S>m`H´$m{Q>m{\$m∞g o]S≠>rZ Ò\w$aX`w∑V AmßVa‡dmhr, ¯m
H$sQ>H$ZmeH$m¿`m
dm[amg _m›`Vm Zmhr.
15 S>m`‚Î`w]{ZPwamZ oS>o_crZ - - Ò[e©odf
16 S>m`_{Wm{EQ> am{Jm{a, h{∑PmJm∞a, gm`Jm∞Z, 30% ‡dmhr Ò\w$aX`w∑V Ò[e© AmoU AmßVa-
X{drJm∞a, odO`Jm∞a, H$m{am{W{Q>, ‡dmhr
Vmam, H´$m∞[Jm∞a, S≠>m`_m∞W,
ohcWm{EQ>, [{arS>m`_{Q>
17 S>m`gÎ\$m∞Q>m∞Z S>mògÒQ>m∞Z, gm∞pÎda{∑g 5% XmU{Xma Ò\w$aX`w∑V AmßVa‡dmhr H$sQ>H$-
ZmeH$, H$m{irZmeH$
AmoU gyÃH•$o_ZmeH$
¯m H$sQ>H$ZmeH$m¿`m
dm[amg _m›`Vm Zmhr.
18 \∞$oZQ≠>m{oWAm∞Z gwo_oWAm∞Z, \$m∞croWAm∞Z, 50% ‡dmhr Ò\w$aX`w∑V Ò[e©odf
A∞H$m{oWAm∞Z, CÀH$c, 5% ^wH$Q>r
h{∑Pm\{$Z
19 E›S>m{gÎ\$m∞Z Wm`m{S>mZ, ohÎS>mZ, h{∑Pm- 35% ‡dmhr ∑cm{arZ`w∑V Ò[e©odf
gÎ\$m∞Z, EßS>m{gm∞c, EßS>m{o[W, 4% XmU{Xma
EßS>m{gm∞c, EßS>m{ÒQ>ma, EßS>m{-
Q>m\$, EZ\∞$Z, J`mS>mZ,
cwgmgÎ\$mZ, _m`H$m{gÎ\$mZ,
[∞am{gÎ\$mZ, [{ÒQ>rg{c,
oWAm{oH$c, Wm`m{Z{c,
Wm`m{Z{∑g, Wmam{Q>m∑g
20 \{$oZoWAm∞Z c{]∞grS>, ]{Q>{∑g 100% ‡dmhr Ò\w$aX`w∑V Ò[e©odf
21 \{$ZgÎ\$m∞oWAmZ S>∞g∞ZrQ> 5% XmU{Xma Ò\w$aX`w∑V Ò[e©odf

22 \{$ZÏh∞c{a{Q> gw_rogS>m{Z, [m`S≠>rZ, 20% ‡dmhr gßÌc{ofV Ò[e©odf
]{c_mH©$, A∞J\{$Z, A∞J´m{\{$Z, [ma{W´m∞B©S>
]∞J\{$Z, H∞$[Ïh∞c{a{Q>, X{dm{-
\{$Z Ïh∞c{a{Q>, \{$Z\{$Z, \{$Z-
\{$ZH{$_, \{$ZoH$c, \{$Zm{_,
\{$Zdmc, \$m`Q>a, J`m\{$Z,
J´m\{$Z, Î`\{$Z, o_c\{$Z,
[∞amQ>{_, [∞ar\{$Z, ÒQ>ma\{$Z,
d{cm{a, dm`\{$Z.
23 \$m∞a_m{oWAm∞Z A∞ZoWAm{ 25% ‡dmhr Ò\w$aX`w∑V Ò[e© AmoU
AmßVa‡dmhr
24 h{flQ>∞∑cm{a h{[Q>m\$, h{[Q>m∞∑g 20% ‡dmhr ∑cm{arZ`w∑V Ò[e©odf, h{ H$sQ>H$-
5% ^wH$Q>r ZmeH$ ]ßX H$a `mV
Amc{ Amh{.
25 _∞cmoWAm∞Z gmòWAm∞Z, _∞cmoWAm∞Z, 50% ‡dmhr Ò\w$aX`w∑V Ò[e©odf
ohoWAm∞Z, _mcQ>m∞∑g, 5% ^wH$Q>r
_∞cmoWAm∞Z, g∞ZS>m{P 50,
H•$fr _∞cmoWAm∞Z, _∞cm_ma,
H$m{am{oWAm∞Z, _∞cmQ>m∞∑g,
A∞J´m{_mcm
26 _{oWc [∞amoWAm∞Z _{Q>mogS>, [∞amQ>m\$, 50% ‡dmhr Ò\w$aX`w∑V Ò[e©odf
\$m∞crS>m∞c-E_, [∞am_ma, 2% ^wH$Q>r
[∞am∞Q>m∞∑g, A∞J´r_{Wrc,
Î`woWAm∞Z, odH$m{_{Wrc,
H$m{am{ogS>, X{droWAm∞Z,
BH$mQ>m∞∑g, \$m{crÏhr_,
\$m{crS>{∑g, oH$Ïhm{\$m∞g,
∑cm{\$m∞g, oH$cg{H$,
_{Q>m[ma, [∞amS>mc.

27 _m{Zm{H´$m{Q>m{\$m∞g ZwdmH´$m∞Z, A∞Pm{oS≠>Z, _m{Zm{- 40% ‡dmhr Ò\w$aX`w∑V Ò[e© AmoU AmßVa-
ogc, Jm`\$m∞g, _m{Zm{H´$m∞Z, ‡dmhr
_m{Zm{\$m∞g, H$m{am{\$m∞g, EßS>m{-
\$m∞g, \∞$[Q>m{\$m∞g, Î`w\$m∞g,
\$m∞gH$sc, od\$m∞g, A∞J´m{-
_m{ZmH©$, ]cdmZ, ]Zdm-
Zm{Q>m{\$m∞g, hmH´$m{\$m∞g,
h{∑P∞\$m∞g, ohcH´$m∞Z, H∞$S>{Q>,
_m∞ZrQma, _m{Zm{H{$_, _m{Zm{-
ÒQ>ma, [∞ar\$m∞g, gw[am{Q>m{-
\$m∞g, gw\$mg, gVwa
28 Am∞p∑PoS>_{Q>m∞Z _{Q>mogÒQ>∞m∑g, 25% ‡dmhr Ò\w$aX`w∑V Ò[e© AmoU AmßVa-
_{Wrc h{∑PmogÒQ>m∞∑g ‡dmhr
29 [a_{oW´Z AmÂ]we, [m°Xwg, 50% ‡dmhr gßÌc{ofV Ò[e©odf
[a_mg{∑Q> [mà{W´m∞B©S>
30 \{$ZWm{EQ> EcÒVmZ, ogS>rEc, 50% ‡dmhr Ò\w$aX`w∑V Ò[e©
\{$ZS>mc, S>{gcmZ,
AmÎ_gmZ
31 \$m∞Ò\$mo_S>m∞Z S>m`_{H´$m∞Z, gw_rS>m∞Z 100% ‡dmhr Ò\w$aX`w∑V Ò\w$aX`w∑V Ò[e©odf
32 \$m{g∞cm∞Z Pmcm{Z 35% ‡dmhr Ò\w$aX`w∑V Ò[e©odf
4% ^wH$Q>r
33 p∑dZm∞c\$m∞g BH$mc∑g, oH$Zmc∑g, 25% ‡dmhr Ò\w$aX`w∑V Ò[e©odf
p∑dZmQ>m∞∑g, YmZwc∑g, 5% XmU{Xma
hm`∑drZ, ohc∑drZ, 1.5% ^wH$Q>r
EM EcE∑g-35,
p∑dZmQ>m\$, gwp∑dZ
34 Wm`m{_{Q>m∞Z BH$mQ>rZ 25% ‡dmhr Ò\w$aX`w∑V Ò[e© AmoU AmßVa-
‡dmhr

35 Q>m∞∑gm\{$Z A∞ZmQ>m∞∑g 80% ‡dmhr ∑cm{arZ`w∑V Ò[e©odf, h{ H$sQ>H$-
10% ^wH$Q>r ZmeH$ ]ßX H$a `mV
Amc{ Amh{.
36 Q≠>m`∑cm{a\$m∞Z oS>‚Q≠>{∑g, S>∞Z{∑g 50% S>„Î`y.[r. Ò\w$aX`w∑V Ò[e©odf
5% ^wH$Q>r
37 BoWcrZ S>m`- B.S>r.]r. H$mM{Mr oeer - Yyaodf, \$∑V V¡kmß-
]´m{_mB©S> (A∞Â[wc) ZmM dm[a H$aVm `{Vm{.
38 _{ZmPm∞Z g{\$m∞g 70% S>„Î`y. [r. Ò\w$aX`w∑V AmßVa‡dmhr
H$m{irZmeH{$
1 ∑cm{a]{ZPrc{Q> AmH$ma, ]{ZPm{cmZ 50% ‡dmhr ∑cm{arZ`w∑V Ò[e©odf, H•$ofj{ÃmV
25% ‡dmhr dm[a H$aVm `{V Zmhr.
5% S>„Î`y. [r.
2 S>m`H$m{\$m∞c H{$cW{Z, oS>H$m{\$sc, 18.5% ‡dmhr ∑cm{arZ`w∑V Ò[e©odf
S>{cH$m{\$m∞c h{∑gmH{$c,
ohc\$m∞c, o_Q>rJZ
3 p∑dZm{_{WrAm{Z{Q> _m{a{ÒQ>mZ 25% ‡dmhr - Ò[e©odf dm[amg
_m›`Vm Zmhr.
4 Q>{Q≠moS>\$m∞Z Q>{S>rAm∞Z S>„Î`y. [r. AmoU ∑cm{arZ`w∑V Ò[e©odf
‡dmhr
5 gÎ\$a gc≤Q>m[, gÎ\{$∑g, JßYH$ Ò[e©odf
gm∞c\∞$Q>, oWAm{]rQ>,
d{Q>gÎ\$, gÎ\$m{Q>m∞∑g
CßXraZmeH{$
1 qPH$ \$m∞Ò\$mB©S> a{Q>m∞c, oPßH$-Q>m∞∑g - qPH$`w∑V [m{Q>odf
2 dma\$marZ - - - [m{Q>odf
3 ]´m{_m{oS>Am{cm∞Z _we-_we - - [m{Q>odf

(Am) Z°goJ©H$ H$sQ>H$ZmeH{$
‡mMrZ H$mim[mgyZ o[H$mdarc oH$S>t¿`m oZ`ßÃUmgmR>r Jm{_yÃ, e{U, Jm{darMr
amI AWdm IoZO{ `mßMm C[`m{J hm{V Amcm Amh{. g‹`mX{Irc AZ{H$ e{VH$ar oH$S>r
AmoU odfmUwam{Jm¿`m oZ`ßÃUmgmR>r Jm{_yÃmMm C[`m{J H$aVmV. 10 crQ>a [m `mV 4
crQ>a Jm{_yÃ AmoU 10 J´∞_ qhJ o_giVmV. Jm{dar¿`m amI{_‹`{ [mUr em{f `mMm JwUY_©
AgVm{. _D$ earam¿`m H$sQ>H$mVrc (CXmhaUmW©, _mdm) [mUr amI{_m\©$V em{fyZ K{Vc{
J{Î`mZ{ H$sQ>H$ _aVmV. H$mhr IoZOmß¿`m ^wH$Q>r_‹`{ hm JwUY_© AgVm{. AZ{H$ dZÒ[VtMr
\w$c{, ]r, \$i{, [mZ{, gmc AmoU _wiÁm `mß_‹`{ H$sQ>H$ZmeH$ JwUY_© AgVmV. ÂhUyZ
`m dZÒ[VtMm AH©$ oH$S>t¿`m oZ`ßÃUmgmR>r dm[aVmV. CXmhaUmW©, [mà{W´_ (\w$c{),
Vß]mIy ([mZ{), H$Sy>qZ] (]r) AmoU am{Q>m{Zm{Z (_wiÁm) hr H$sQ>H$ZmeH{$ AmOhr cm{H$o‡`
Amh{V. `moedm` Ym{Vam, o[dim Ym{Vam, d{IßS>, o_aMr, cgyU, _m{har, Q>m{_∞Q>m{ ([mZ{),
[[B© ([mZ{) amZVwig, H•$ÓUVwig, JßJm Vwig, JdVr Mhm, _m{h qH$dm _h˛dm, ogQ≠>m{Z{cm
JdV, _{p∑gH$Z gy`©\y$c, gm{ZVmJ, Jwid{c, Amo\´$H$Z P|Sy>, BÀ`mXr dZÒ[Vt_‹`{
H$sQ>H$ZmeH$ JwUY_© Amh{V AmoU À`mß¿`m AH$m©M{ [m `mVrc –mdU oH$S>t¿`m
oZ`ßÃUmgmR>r C[`m{Jr [S>V{. `mß[°H$s H$mhr dZÒ[Vr _mUgmßZm AmoU OZmdamßZm odfmar
ZgVmV, Va H$mhr odfmar AgVmV. `m Z°goJ©H$ H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mßodÈ’ oH$S>t_‹`{
‡oVH$maj_Vm oZ_m©U hm{V Zmhr AmoU Vr oH$S>t¿`m eÃyH$naVm A[m`H$maH$ ZgVmV.
Ia{ [mhVm dZÒ[Vr_‹`{ ÒdgßajUmgmR>r hr agm`Z{ V`ma Pmc{cr AgVmV. Aem
dZÒ[VtMmM Am[U H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mgmR>r C[`m{J H$aVm{.
H$Sy>qZ]m¿`m H$sQ>H$ZmeH$ JwUY_m©odf`r ^maV, O_©Zr, BßΩcßS> AmoU A_{naH$m
`m X{emßV ]a{M gßem{YZ Pmc{ Amh{ AmoU H$Sy>qZ] gdm©{ÀH•$ÓQ> o]Zodfmar H$sQ>H$ZmeH$
AgÎ`mM{ og’ Pmc{ Amh{. ^maVmV H$_r [mdgm¿`m ‡X{emV [S>rV, IS>H$mi d gw[rH$
Oo_ZrV H$Sy>oZß]mMr PmS>{ gd©Ã â[ya dmT>c{cr oXgVmV. ]mJ{¿`m ]mßYmßda hr PmS>{
dmT>odÎ`mg À`mßMm dmaKQ> (qdS> ]´{H$) Vg{M H$sQ>H$ZmeH$ V`ma H$a `mgmR>r C[`m{J
hm{Vm{. qc]m{ir V{c AmoU [|S> `mß_‹`{ H$sQ>H$ZmeH$ JwUY_© hm{Vm{. qZ]m{ir [|S>rMm C[`m{J
IVmgmR>r hm{Vm{. Vg{M hr [|S> Oo_ZrV o_giÎ`mg gyÃH•$_rM{ oZ`ßÃU hm{V{.
H$Sy>qZ]m_‹`{ "APmoS>am∑Q>rZ' ZmdmM{ H$sQ>H$ZmeH$ –Ï` AgV{. `moedm`
gmcm›VrZ, oZÂ]rZ, oZÂ]rS>rZ, _{oc`m›Q≠>rAmc hr H$sQ>H$ZmeH$ –Ï`{ AgVmV. À`mßM{
‡_mU o]`mß_‹`{ gdm©oYH$ AgV{. [mZmß_‹`{ H$_r AgV{. o]`mßMm AH©$, qZ]m{ir V{c
AmoU [mZmßMm ag H$sQ>H$mß¿`m oZ`ßÃUmgmR>r dm[aVmV. Ym›`mcm H$sS> cmJy Z`{ ÂhUyZ
H$Sy > q Z]mMr [mZ{ Ym›`mV o_giVmV. H$S> y q Z] AoVe` H$Sy > AgÎ`m_w i { `m
H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mMr \$dmaUr H{$c{c{ [rH$ oH$S>r ImV ZmhrV. À`m o[H$m[mgyZ Xyada amhVmV.
H$mhr H$sQ>H$mß¿`m dmT>rcm ‡oV]ßY hm{Vm{. Va H$mhr H$sQ>H$mßZm dß‹`Àd (ÒQ>naocQ>r) `{V{.
À`mMm [naUm_ gyÃH•$_r AmoU ]waerdaX{Irc hm{Vm{. `m H$sQ>H$ZmeH$m_wi{ O[mZr ^wßJ{a{,
H$mH$S>rdarc ^wßJ{a{, dmcmdarc _{p∑gH$Z ^wßJ{a{, _mdm, Vß]mIy¿`m AiÁm, ]m|S>AiÁm,
KmQ>{AiÁm, o[R>mVrc ^wßJ{a{, [mZ{ [m{IaUmË`m AiÁm Aem 45 ‡H$ma¿`m H$sQ>H$mßM{
oZ`ßÃU hm{V{. h{ H$sQ>H$ZmeH$ AmßVa‡dmhr AgÎ`m_wi{ _wiÁmßVyZ [mZmßH$S>{ em{fc{ OmV{.
À`m_wi{ _wgiYma [mD$g [S>cm Var o[H$mM{ oH$S>r[mgyZ ]amM H$mi gßajU hm{V{. Xhm
cmI ^mJmV EH$ ^mJ (1 [r.[r.E_.) APmoS>am∑Q>rZ H$sQ>H$ZmeH$ Agc{ Var V{ [rH$
oH$S>r ImV ZmhrV. e{VH$Ë`mßZm H$Sy>qZ]mMr H$sQ>H$ZmeH{$ À`mß¿`m e{Vmda V`ma H$aVm
`{VmV. hr H$sQ>H$ZmeH{$ V`ma H$a `mgmR>r \$magm IM© `{V Zmhr. g‹`m ^maVmV
H$Sy>qZ]mMr H$sQ>H$ZmeH{$ Zr_mH©$, Zr_JmS>©, _mJm}gmZ, Zr_Jm{ÎS>, AMyH$, oZ_arM,
na[{crZ, BÀ`mXr ZmdmZ{ odH$V o_iVmV.
S>m∞. dm. ]. amh˛S>H$a `mßZr gßem{YZ H$Í$Z dZÒ[oVO›` H$sQ>H$ZmeH$ V`ma H{$c{
Amh{. e{VH$Ë`mßZm À`mß¿`m e{VmVrc o_aMr AmoU cgyU `mß[mgyZ h{ H$sQ>H$ZmeH$ Ka¿`m
Kar V`ma H$aVm `{V{.
ZdrZ H$sQ>H$ZmeH$ H$g{ ]Zdmd{ ?

(1) 500 J´∞_ cgyU gm{cyZ [mH$iÁm XJS>r [mQ>Ámda ]marH$ dmQy>Z ø`mÏ`mV.
Vm{ cgUmMm Jm{im ]wSy>Z amhrc BV∑`m am∞H{$c_‹`{ amÃâ oÔV R>{dmdm.
^mßS>{ [gaQ> AgÎ`mg am∞H{$c OmÒV cmJV{. ^mßS>{ Im{cJQ> AgÎ`mg am∞H{$c
H$_r cmJV{. ÂhUyZ am∞H{$cM{ ‡_mU oZpÌMV[U{ gmßoJVc{ Zmhr. cgUmMm
Jm{im H$_rVH$_r am∞H{$c_‹`{ ]wS>U{ _hŒdmM{ Amh{. cgUm_‹`{ ghO
]mÓ[erb (Ïhm{b∞Q>mB©b) V{b AgV{ AmoU V{ am∞H{$b_‹`{ odaKiV{. [m `mV
odaKiV Zmhr. `m V{bmV JßYH$ AgÎ`m_wi{ bgUmMm AoVe` CJ´ dmg
`{Vm{. XwgË`m oXder gH$mir bgUmMm AH©$ H$m[S>mVyZ JmiyZ ø`mdm.
(2) 50 J´∞_ oVIQ> ohaÏ`m o_a¿`m [mQ>Ámda dmQy>Z V`ma H{$b{bm Jm{im EH$
brQ>a [m `mV MmßJbm o_gimdm. o_aMrMm oVIQ>[Um [m `mV odaKiVm{.
o_aMrMm AH©$ H$m[S>mVyZ JmiyZ ø`mdm.
(3) oZa_m qH$dm H$m{UÀ`mhr gm]UmMr [mdS>a 100 J´∞_ [yU©[U{ odaKi{b BV∑`m
[m `mV –mdU V`ma H$amd{. Am[Î`m [m `mV OmÒV jma AgÎ`mg
–mdUmgmR>r OmÒV [mUr bmJV{. [m `mV jma H$_r AgÎ`mg –mdUmgmR>r
[mUr H$_r bmJV{. ÂhUyZ [m `mM{ oZpÌMV ‡_mU X{Vm `{V Zmhr. h{ –mdU
H$m[S>mVyZ JmiyZ ø`md{. ÂhUO{ gm]UmM{ H$U Ò‡{Aa¿`m Zm{Pb_‹`{ AS>Hy$Z
Zm{Pb ]ßX hm{Uma Zmhr.
(4) bgUmMm AH©$, o_aMrMm AH©$ AmoU gm]UmM{ –mdU 100 brQ>a [m `mV
EH$Ã H$Í$Z MmßJb{ o_gimd{, MmßJb{ T>dimd{. `m o_lUmMr H$m{UÀ`mhr
oH$S>rda gH$mi¿`m d{ir \$dmaUr H$amdr.
o_aMr, bgyU AmoU gm]UmMr [mdS>a odfmar ZmhrV. o_aMr d bgyU am{O¿`m
O{dUmV Am[U ImVm{. V{Ïhm `m H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mß¿`m H$m`©j_V{odf`r AZ{H$mß¿`m _ZmV
eßH$m oZ_m©U hm{V{. ÂhUyZ `m H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mß¿`m [naUm_mMr emÒÃr` H$maU{ `{W{ gmßoJVbr
[mohO{V. o[H$mßdarb ]h˛V{H$ oH$S>r C›hm[mgyZ AWdm eÃy[mgyZ gßajU H$a `mH$naVm
oXdgm [mZmAmS> b[yZ amhVmV AmoU amÃr o[H{$ ImVmV. Vwar¿`m e|JmßVrb AiÁm
amÃßoXdg e|JmßVrb XmU{ ImVmV. [U À`m e|Jmß_‹`{ gwaojV amhVmV. amgmòZH$
H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mßMm À`mßZm _wirM Ò[e© hm{V Zmhr. ÂhUyZ À`mßMm Zme hm{V Zmhr. OJmVrb
H$m{UÀ`mhr amgmòZH$ H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mMm dm[a H$Í$Z oH$S>tMm 100% Zme hm{V Zmhr.
H$mhr oOdßV amhˇZ ‡Om{À[mXZ H$aVmV. ÂhUyZ Xa 15 oXdgmßZr o[H$mßda \$dmaUr H$a `mMr
oe\$mag H{$br OmV{.
darb H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mMr gH$mir \$dmaUr H{$Î`m_wi{ À`mZßVa 11-12 dmOVm
[S>b{Î`m C›hmVrb CÓUV{Z{ am∞H{$b AmoU bgUm¿`m V{bmM{ ]mÓ[r^dZ hm{V{. hr dm\$
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ZmhrV. `mbm H$sQ>H$emÒÃmV "na[{bßQ>' Ag{ ÂhUVmV. oVIQ> o_aMr¿`m AH$m©Z{ ZmOyH$
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H$sQ>H$ZmeH$ Agbm Var À`m¿`m_wi{ H$sQ>H$ZmeH$ g_mZ [ga `mg AmoU o[H$mda
oMH$Qy>Z amh `mg _XV hm{V{. Aem ‡H$ma{ `m H$sQ>H$ZmeH$m_wi{ b[yZ amohb{Î`m AmoU
CKS>Ámdarb oH$S>tMm Zme hm{Vm{ AmoU _ohZmâ ]mh{a¿`m oH$S>t[mgyZ [rH$ gwaojV
amhV{. [w›hm EH$m _oh›`mZßVa o[H$mda \$dmaUr H$a `mMr ∑doMVM JaO [S>V{. H$maU
oH$S>tMm OrdZH´$_ EH$m _oh›`m[{jm H$_r AgVm{.
_hmamÓQ≠>mVrb Agßª` e{VH$Ë`mßZm `m H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mMm CŒm_ AZw^d Amb{bm
Amh{. Xm{Z oXdgmßV À`mß¿`m o[H$mßdarb oH$S>r ZÓQ> PmÎ`m Amh{V. o[H$mdarb _mdm,
Vw S > V w S > { , \w $ boH$S> { , KmQ> { A iÁm, e| J m [m{ I aUmË`m AiÁm, –mjmdarb CS> ⁄ m,
Idb{H$sQ>H$, H$m{ir, ]m|S>AiÁm, BÀ`mXr oH$S>tM{ ‡^mdr oZ`ßÃU hm{V{. BH´$sg∞Q> `m
gßÒW{Vrb ‡`m{JmV EH$ brQ>a [m `mV 100 o_obbrQ>a Vrd´V{¿`m `m H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mZ{
90% bhmZ, 42% _‹`_ AmoU 25% _m{R>Ám KmQ>{AiÁm _{Î`mM{ AmT>ib{.
(B) O°odH$ H$sQ>H$ZmeH{$
_mUgmßZm AmoU OZmdamßZm am{J hm{VmV, À`m‡_mU{ H$sQ>H$mßZmhr am{J hm{D$Z H$sQ>H$
_aVmV. H$sQ>H$mßZm oOdmUy, ]waer, ‡m{Q>m{Pm{Am qH$dm odfmUyß_wi{ am{J hm{VmV. H$sQ>H$mßZm
am{J PmÎ`m_wi{ H$sQ>H$mß¿`m earamV oZ_m©U Pmb{Î`m odfmar [XmWm™_wi{ H$sQ>H$ _aVmV.
VWmo[, `m am{Jmß_wi{ odoeÓQ> ‡H$ma¿`m H$sQ>H$mßM{M oZ`ßÃU hm{V{. BVa H$sQ>H$mßda À`mßMm
[naUm_ hm{V Zmhr. [`m©daUmM{ ‡XyfU hm{V Zmhr. amgmòZH$ H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mß[{jm O°odH$
H$sQ>H$ZmeH{$ ÒdÒV AgVmV.
(1) oOdmUy`w∑V H$sQ>H$ZmeH$ (]∞ogbg Wwna®OrE›grg) : h{ H$sQ>H$ZmeH$
A_{ naH{ $ V _m{ R> Ám ‡_mUmV [VßJ dJm©Vrb (b{[rS>m{flQ>{am{) oH$S>t¿`m
ZmemH$naVm dm[aVmV. À`mMm [naUm_ a{er_ AiÁmßda hm{ `mMm gß^d
AgÎ`m_wi{ `m H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mMm _`m©oXV C[`m{J ^maVmV H{$bm OmVm{.
g±S>m{P Hß$[Zr "S>{Î\$sZ' `m ZmdmZ{ `m H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mMr odH´$s H$aV{. h{
H$sQ>H$ZmeH$ _mUg{, [mird ‡mUr, d›`‡mUr, _mg{, _Y_mÌ`mßgmaI{ C[`w∑V
H$sQ>H$ `mßZm A[m`H$maH$ Zmhr. h{ H$sQ>H$ZmeH$ AiÁmß¿`m [m{Q>mV J{Î`mZßVa
odfmar [XmW© gm{S>VmV. À`m_wi{ AiÁm C[mer amhVmV AmoU 3 V{ 5
oXdgmßV _aVmV. H$mhr AiÁm oOdßV amohÎ`m Var À`m odfmUy, ]waer,
[aOrdr H$sQ>H$ AmoU hdm_mZmVrb ]Xbm_wi{ _aVmV. À`mßM{ H$m{e AmoU
‡m°T> H$sQ>H$ bhmZ, odH•$V AmH$mamM{ AmoU dß‹` AgVmV. "S>{pÎ\$Z' h{
H$sQ>H$ZmeH$ ^mOro[H$mdarb Imbrb oH$S>t¿`m oZ`ßÃUmgmR>r 500 brQ>a
[m `mV o_giyZ dm[aVmV.
V∑Vm 7.2 : ^mOr[mbm o[H$mßdarb H$sS>oZ`ßÃUmgmR>r
S>{pÎ\$Z `m H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mMm dm[a
A.H´$. o[H{$ oH$S>r dm[a `mM{ ‡_mU

(oH$bm{/h{∑Q>a)
1 gd© o[H{$ bÓH$ar AiÁm, am{[mßM{ Im{S>, 1.0 V{ 1.5
H$mVaUmË`m AiÁm
2 H$m{]rdJu` o[H{$ [mR>rdarb Mm°H$m{Zr oR>[∑`mßM{ [VßJ 0.5 V{ 1.0
H$m{]rMr [mZ{ ImUmË`m AiÁm 0.25 V{ 0.5
H$m{]rdarb CßQ> AiÁm 0.25 V{ 0.5
H$m{]rdarb bÓH$ar AiÁm 1 V{ 2
3 Q>m{_∞Q>m{ \$i{ [m{IaUmË`m AiÁm, H$iÁm 0.25 V{ 0.5
ImUmË`m AiÁm, ]Q>mQ>Ámdarb
[mH$m{ir, CßQ> AiÁm
4 –mj{ [VßJ 0.5 V{ 1.0
(2) odfmUy`w∑V H$sQ>H$ZmeH{$ : Q>m{_∞Q>m{Mr \$i{ [m{IaUmË`m AiÁm, A_{naH$Z

]m|S>AiÁm, ha^Ë`mdarb KmQ>{AiÁm hr EH$mM oH$S>rMr d{Jd{Jir Zmd{ Amh{V. `m
AiÁmßM{ oZ`ßÃU ›`wp∑bAa [m∞obhm`S≠>mogg Ïhmàg (EZ.[r.Ïhr.) `m odfmUy_wi{
hm{V{. A›Zmgm{]V hm odfmUy AiÁmß¿`m [m{Q>mV J{Î`mZßVa 2-3 oXdgmßV AiÁmßZm odfmUy
am{J hm{Vm{. Aem AiÁm XwYmgmaª`m [mßT>Ë`m aßJm¿`m oXgVmV. ZßVa À`m qH$oMV Jwbm]r
oXgVmV. À`mß¿`m Vm|S>mVyZ o[diga H$aS>m ag [mPaVm{ AmoU 3 V{ 7 oXdgmßV AiÁm
_aVmV. _{b{Î`m [mßT>Ë`m AiÁm PmS>mda CbQ>Ám (Imbr S>m{H{$ da [m`) Q>mßJb{Î`m
oXgVmV. oZam{Jr AiÁm ohadQ> o[diÁm aßJm¿`m AgVmV. am{JJ´ÒV AiÁmß[mgyZ
H$sQ>H$ZmeH$ ]ZndVmV. ÂhUyZ Aem AiÁmß¿`m gßª`{dÍ$Z H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mMr _mÃm
gmßJ `mMr [’V Amh{. Q>m{_∞Q>m{Mr \$i{ [m{IaUmË`m AiÁmß¿`m oZ`ßÃUmgmR>r Xa h{∑Q>ar
250 am{JJ´ÒV AiÁmßM{ H$sQ>H$ZmeH$ À`m_‹`{ 1% gm{`m]rZM{ [rR> AmoU 0.01%
gm{`m]rZM{ V{b o_giyZ o[H$mda \$dmamd{. hr \$dmaUr gß‹`mH$mir EH$m AmR>dS>Ám¿`m
AßVamZ{ VrZ d{im H$amdr. \$dmaUrMr gwÈdmV Q>m{_∞Q>m{¿`m PmS>mßda oH$S>rMr H$mhr AßS>r
oXgVmM H$amdr.
Zmaim¿`m PmS>mßM{ J|S>Ám ^wßJm \$ma ZwH$gmZ H$aVm{. e|S>Ám_‹`{ ZdrZ `{Umam H$m|]
ImVm{. ZdrZ `{Umar [mZ{ oÃH$m{Ur AmH$mamV H$m[b{br AmT>iVmV. C[–d Jß^ra ÒdÍ$[mMm
AgÎ`mg ZmaimM{ PmS> gwH$V{ AmoU _aV{. J|S>Ám ^wßΩ`m¿`m oZ`ßÃUmMr g‹`mMr oe\$mag
Ï`mdhmnaH$ Zmhr. À`mß¿`m oZ`ßÃUmgmR>r "]∞Hw$bm{Ïhmàg' (odfmUy) hm ÒdÒV, ‡^mdr
AmoU gm{[m C[m` Amh{. ]mJ{Vrb EH$ J|S>Ám ^wßJm [H$Sy>Z À`m¿`m Vm|S>mV S≠>m∞[a¿`m
gm¯mZ{ "]∞Hw$bm{Ïhmàg' bgrM{ Xm{Z W|] Q>mH$VmV AmoU À`mbm ]mJ{V gm{Sy>Z X{VmV.
À`mbm odfmUwam{J hm{Vm{ AmoU Vm{ _a{[`™V C[mer amhVm{. À`m¿`m[mgyZ BVa oZam{Jr
J|S>Ám^wßΩ`mßZm `m am{JmMr ]mYm hm{V{ AmoU V{ _aVmV.
(3) ]waer`w∑V H$sQ>H$ZmeH{$ : H$sQ>H$mßZm AZ{H$ ]waet[mgyZ am{J hm{VmV.
CXmhaUmW©, _{Q>mam`Pr`_ A∞oZgm{flbr`m `m ]waerM{ ]rOmUy Agb{b{ –mdU KmQ>{AiÁmßda
\$dmab{ AgVm 2 V{ 14 oXdgmßV 80 V{ 100% AiÁm _aVmV. `moedm` H$mhr
‡H$ma¿`m ]waer H$sQ>H$mßZm hmZrH$maH$ AgVmV.
(4) ‡m{Q>m{Pm{Am`w∑V H$sQ>H$ZmeH{$ : Zm{og_m, _∞Q>{oP`m, Ïhmàr_m∞aH$m AmoU
\∞$naZm{grpÒQ>g h{ ‡m{Q>m{Pm{Am A›Zmgm{]V H$sQ>H$mß¿`m [m{Q>mV OmVmV AmoU À`mßMm Zme
H$aVmV. CXmhaUmW©, Ïhmàr_m∞aH$m hm ‡m{Q>m{Pm{Am KmQ>{Air¿`m [m{Q>mV J{Î`mZßVa Air
o\$H$Q> [mßT>ar ]ZV{.
(5) gyÃH•$_r : _a_rWrS> AmoU Ëh∞]S>rQ>rg `m JQ>mVrb gyÃH•$_r KmQ>{Air¿`m
[m{Q>mV AmT>iVmV. À`m_wi{ 6 V{ 8 oXdgmßV KmQ>{Air _aV{. `m gyÃH•$_t_wi{ KmQ>{AiÁm
Vg{M p„bÒQ>a ^wßJ{ _aVmV.
7.2.3 _hŒdm¿`m oH$S>r AmoU À`mßM{ oZ`ßÃU
^maVr` ]mJdmZr gßem{YZ gßÒWm, ]ßJbm{a `mßZr H{$b{Î`m H$sS> oZ`ßÃUm¿`m oe\$maer
[wT>rb‡_mU{ Amh{V :
(A) \$iPmS>{
Amß]m : (1) \$i_mer¿`m oZ`ßÃUmgmR>r 15 oXdgmß¿`m AßVamZ{ 0.025%
S>{ÎQ>m_{W´rZ qH$dm 0.05% \{$›WrAm∞Z `mMr \$dmaUr H$amdr. `m \$dmaUrMr gwÈdmV
\$i_merZ{ AßS>r Kmb `m[ydu H$amdr. Oo_Zrdarb oH$S>b{br \$i{ d{MyZ À`mßMm Zme
H$amdm. C›hmiÁmV AmoU ohdmiÁmV AmiÁmVrb Oo_ZrMr ZmßJaUr H$amdr. (2)
Amß„`m¿`m H$m{`rVrb ^wßΩ`mß¿`m oZ`ßÃUmgmR>r PmS>mß¿`m Im{S>mda 0.05% S>mòPZm∞ZMr
\$dmaUr H$amdr. PmS>mdÍ$Z Jimb{br \$i{ d{MyZ À`mßMm Zme H$amdm. Im{S>m^m{dVrMr
Amir Òd¿N> R>{dmdrV. (3) \$i_mer d H$m{`rVrb ^wßJ{ `m oH$S>tZm Xe{ar d bßJS>m `m
Amß„`m¿`m OmVtMr \$i{ H$_r ‡_mUmV ]ir [S>VmV.
qb]ydJu` \$i{ : (1) [mZ{ [m{IaUmË`m AiÁmß¿`m oZ`ßÃUmgmR>r ZÏ`m [mbdrda
H$Sy>qZ] AmoU H$aßO `mß¿`m o]`mß¿`m 2% AH$m©Mr \$dmaUr H$amdr. (2) bmb Idb{
H$sQ>H$mß¿`m oZ`ßÃUmgmR>r 2% H$aßO V{b AmoU qZ]m{ir V{bmMr \$dmaUr H$amdr. (3)
H$miÁm _mdm H$sQ>H$mß¿`m oZ`ßÃUmgmR>r 2% _m{hm¿`m V{bmMr \$dmaUr EH$XmM H$amdr
bmJV{. (4) ohad{ Idb{ H$sQ>H$ Agb{Î`m \$mß⁄mßMr N>mQ>Ur H$Í$Z ÒQ>mM©Mr \$dmaUr
H{$Î`mg _wßJiÁmßMmhr C[–d H$_r hm{Vm{. (5) o[R>Ám T>{Hy$U (o_ob]J) `mß¿`m
oZ`ßÃUmgmR>r Xa h{∑Q>ar 1,000 V{ 1,500 flb∞Zm{H$m∞H$g ogQ≠>r qH$dm b{flQ>m{_{pÒQ>∑g
ZmdmM{ [aOrdr H$sQ>H$ ]mJ{V gm{S>md{V.
–mj{ : –mjd{btda 2% qZ]m{ir V{b, 2% H$aßO V{b AmoU 1% H•$fr V{b `mßMr
\$dmaUr H{ $ Î`mg 100% o[R> Á m T> { H y $ U (o_ob]J) _aVmV qH$dm o_ob]J¿`m
oZ`ßÃUmgmR>r ]mJ{V Xa h{∑Q>ar 1,000 V{ 1,500 b{S>r]S>© ]rQ>b (^wßJ{a{) gm{S>md{V.
[{Í$ : _mdm H$sQ>H$mßM{ Z°goJ©H$ oZ`ßÃU H$m∞∑grZ{brS> d og\$s©S> h{ ^jH$ H$sQ>H$
CŒm_ ‡H$ma{ H$aVmV. o[R>Ám T>{Hy$U AmoU ohaÏ`m [mR>r¿`m Idb{ H$sQ>H$mß¿`m oZ`ßÃUmgmR>r
‡À`{H$ PmS>mda 15 b{S>r]S>© ^wßJ{a{ gm{S>md{V.
(Am) ^mOro[H{$
H$m{]r : H$m{]r¿`m ‡À`{H$s 25 Am{itZßVa _m{har¿`m 2 Am{ir (AmßVa[rH$) [{amÏ`mV.
`m 2 Am{it[°H$s EH$ Am{i H$m{]rMr am{[bmdUr H$a `m¿`m 15 oXdg AmYr [{amdr
AmoU Xwgar Am{i am{[bmdUr PmÎ`mZßVa 25 oXdgmßZr [{amdr. _m{har¿`m PmS>mßda Mm°H$m{Zr
oR>[∑`mM{ [VßJ, [mZmßda Omir H$aUmË`m AiÁm AmoU _mdm H$sQ>H$ AmH$of©V hm{VmV.
_m{har¿`m [{aUr[mgyZ 15 oXdgmßZr 10 qH$dm 15 oXdgmß¿`m AßVamZ{ _m{har¿`m
PmS>mßda 0.1% S>m`∑bmam{ÏhmgMr \$dmaUr H$amdr. H$m{]rbm J»>{ YaVmZm o[H$mda
0.5% H$maQ>m[ hm`S≠>m{∑bm{amB©S>Mr \$dmaUr H$amdr qH$dm 250 Eb.B©.EZ.[r.Ïhr. (odfmUy
H$sQ>H$ZmeH$) AmoU 0.05% E›S>m{gÎ\$m∞ZMr \$dmaUr H$amdr.
Q>m{_∞Q>m{ : \$i{ [m{IaUmË`m AiÁmß¿`m oZ`ßÃUmgmR>r Xa h{∑Q>ar 1,000 V{ 1,500
‡m°T> Q≠>m`H$m{J´m_m _mÌ`m o[H$mda gm{S>mÏ`mV.
dmßJr : \$i{ [m{IaUmË`m AiÁmß¿`m oZ`ßÃUmgmR>r Xa h{∑Q>ar AZwH´$_{ 100, 30
AmoU 15 J´∞_ \{$ZÏhmb{a{Q>, gm`[a_{W´rZ d S>{ÎQ>m_{W´rZ `m qgW{oQ>H$ [mà{W´mB©S>
H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mßMr \$dmaUr 20 oXdgmß¿`m AßVamZ{ H$amdr.
^|S>r : [mZmdarb VwS>VwS>{ d _mdm oH$S>t¿`m oZ`ßÃUmgmR>r ^|S>rM{ ]r CJdÎ`mZßVa
3 d 5 AmR>dS>ÁmßZr 0.05% _m{Zm{H´$m{Q>m{\$m∞gMr \$dmaUr H$amdr. \$i{ [m{IaUmË`m
AiÁmß¿`m oZ`ßÃUmgmR>r \w$b{ YaÎ`m[mgyZ 25 oXdgmß¿`m AßVamZ{ qgW{oQ>H$ [mà{W´m∞B©S>Mr
\$dmaUr H$amdr.
(B) \w$bPmS>{
Mm`Zm A∞ÒQ>a : _mdm, [mZ{ ImUma{ ^wßJ{ AmoU AiÁm `mß¿`m oZ`ßÃUmgmR>r
0.05% _m{Zm{H´$m{Q>m{\$m∞gMr \$dmaUr H$amdr.
OÒ_rZ : H$m{ir oH$S>r¿`m oZ`ßÃUmgmR>r Xa h{∑Q>ar 500 J´∞_ _m{Zm{H´$m{Q>m{\$m∞g
qH$dm 700 J´∞_ \$m{gmbm{Z qH$dm 1 oH$bm{ [m `mV o_giUma{ JßYH$ `mMr \$dmaUr
H$amdr.
H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mßM{ Ade{f
Amß]m, qb]ydJu` \$i{ d –mj{ `m \$imßda H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mßM{ Ade{f 10 V{ 30
oXdgmß[`™V amhVmV. AmßVa‡dmhr H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mßM{ Ade{f \$imß¿`m agm_‹`{ amhVmV.
H$m]m©nab, \{$›WrAm∞Z, p∑dZmb\$m∞g d _m{Zm{H´$m{Q>m{\$m∞g `m H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mßMr \$dmaUr
H{$Î`mZßVa Vr \$i{ 7 V{ 15 oXdgmß[`™V ImD$ Z`{V. Amß]m, –mj{ d qb]ydJu` \$imßda
qgW{oQ>H$ [mà{W´mB©S>Mr \$dmaUr H{$Î`mZßVa 10 oXdgmß[`™V ImD$ Z`{V.
^mOro[H$m¿`m [mZmßda E›S>m{gÎ\$m∞Z, H$m]m©nab, _∞bmoWAm∞Z, _m{Zm{H´$m{Q>m{\$m∞g,
p∑dZmb\$m∞g, \$m{gmbm{Z, \{$›WrAm∞Z, \{$oZQ≠>m{oWAmZ d qgW{oQ>H$ [mà{W´mB©S> `m
H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mßMr \$dmaUr H$aVmV. Aer \$dmaUr H{$Î`mZßVa 3 V{ 7 oXdgmß[`™V Q>m{_∞Q>m{
d dmßJr, 3 V{ 10 oXdgmß[`™V lmdU K{dS>m d Mdir, 7 V{ 12 oXdgmß[`™V o_aMr d
T>m{]ir o_aMr AmoU 5 V{ 12 oXdgmß[`™V [mb{^m¡`m ImD$ Z`{V.
H$m]m}‚`wam∞Z, AmÎS>rH$m]©, \$m{a{Q> AmoU p∑dZmb\$m∞g hr XmU{Xma H$sQ>H$ZmeH{$
Oo_ZrV KmVbr AgÎ`mg À`m _iÁmVrb ^|S>r, dmßJr, Q>m{_∞Q>m{ d H$mßX{ 45 V{ 70
oXdgmß[`™V ImD$ Z`{V.
\$i{ d ^m¡`m Zim¿`m Òd¿N> [m `mZ{ Yw V Î`mg À`mdarb 20 V{ 25%
H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mßM{ Ade{f YwD$Z OmVmV. [m{Q>∞oe`_ [a_±JZ{Q>¿`m –mdUmV YwVÎ`mg 25
V{ 35% Ade{f Zmhrg{ hm{VmV. oS>Q>O™Q>¿`m –mdUmZ{ YwVÎ`mg 40 V{ 60% Ade{f
Zmhrg{ hm{VmV AmoU gmb H$mTy>Z Q>mH$Î`mg 100% Ade{f Zmhrg{ hm{VmV.
7.2.4 O°odH$ H$sS>oZ`ßÃU
O°odH$ H$sS> oZ`ßÃU [’Vr_‹`{ O°odH$ H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mßMm C[`m{J H$aVmV AWdm
oH$S>t¿`m Z°goJ©H$ eÃyßH$Sy>Z (^jH$ AmoU [aOrdr H$sQ>H$, [jr, ]{Sy>H$, H$m{ir, BÀ`mXr)
À`mßMm Zme H$aVmV. hr [’V ÒdÒV, ‡^mdr, H$sQ>H$mßMr oZdS> H$aUmar, [`m©daUmM{
‡XyfU Z H$aUmar AmoU _mUgmßZm o]ZYm{H$ AgV{. `m_wi{ H$sQ>H$m_‹`{ ‡oVH$maj_Vm
oZ_m©U hm{V Zmhr. oZdS>H$ H$sQ>H$mßdaM `m H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mßMm [naUm_ hm{Vm{. ÂhUO{
C[`w∑V H$sQ>H$mßMr (CXmhaUmW©, _Y_mÌ`m) hmZr hm{V Zmhr. _mUgmßZm AmoU OZmdamßZm
Ym{H$m ZgVm{. O°odH$ [’VrZ{ Zmaimdarb J|S>Ám ^wßΩ`mßM{ oZ`ßÃU H$aVm `{V{.
]±Hw$bm{Ïhmàg `m odfmUy_wi{ _{b{b{ ^wßJ{ [m `mV ]marH$ H$Í$Z Q>mH$VmV. À`mV
5% gmIa o_giVmV. À`m o_lUmV ]mJ{VyZ [H$S>b{b{ oZam{Jr J|S>{ ^wßJ{ 10 V{ 30
o_oZQ>{ [m{h `mg gm{S>VmV. À`mZßVa V{ ^wßJ{ 24 Vmg ]ßoXÒV OmJ{V darb odfmUw–mdU
o_gib{Î`m bmH$S>m¿`m ^wemda R>{dVmV. À`mZßVa h{ ^wßJ{ Zmaim¿`m ]mJ{V d{Jd{JiÁm
oR>H$mUr amÃr gm{Sy>Z X{VmV. ÂhUO{ À`mß¿`m[mgyZ BVa oZam{Jr J|S>Ám ^wßΩ`mßZm odfmUw-
am{JmMr ]mYm hm{D$Z V{ _aVmV.
V∑Vm H´$. 7.3 : oH$S>t¿`m O°odH$ AmoU amgmòZH$ oZ`ßÃU [’VrßMr VwbZm
A.H´$. V[erb O°odH$ oZ`ßÃU amgmòZH$ oZ`ßÃU
1. [`m©daUmM{ ‡XyfU _mUgmßZm AmoU d›` _wirM Zmhr gdm™V OmÒV

‡m `mßZm Ym{H$m; hmZrH$maH$ ZgUmË`m BVa
‡m `mßda AmoU Oo_Zrda XwÓ[naUm_
2. Z°goJ©H$ g_Vm{b o]KS>Vm{; Z°goJ©H$ H$m`m©V _wirM Zmhr gm_m›`
AS>Wi{ oZ_m©U hm{VmV.
3. oH$S>tM{ H$m`_M{ oZ`ßÃU H$m`_ ]ßXm{]ÒV VmÀ[waV{; Xadfu AZ{H$
d{im \$dmamd{ bmJV{.
4. oH$S>t_‹`{ ‡oVH$maj_Vm AgÎ`mg AoVe` gm_m›`; gVV dmT>V
H$_r Amh{.
5. AZ{H$ ‡H$ma¿`m oH$S>tM{ EH$mM d{ir oZ`ßÃU A_`m©oXV; [U gd© oH$S>t-
H$naVm dm[aVm `{V Zmhr.
gwÈdmVrbm oZ`ßÃUmgmR>r
102 df} dmQ> [mhmdr
bmJV{. À`mZßVa oH$S>r
H$_r hm{VmV.
H$sS> oZ`ßÃUm¿`m O°odH$ [’Vr_‹`{ _wª`V: ^jH$ (‡rS>{Q>a) AmoU [aOrdr

([∞amgmB©Q>) H$sQ>H$mßMm C[`m{J H$aVmV.
^jH$ H$sQ>H$ (‡rS>{Q>a) : H$sQ>H$mßZm ImUma{ h{ dmK-qgh AgVmV.V{ _w∑V[U{
oZgJm©V amhVmV AmoU ]h˛Xm Am[Î`m ^˙`m[{jm earamZ{ _m{R>{ AgVmV. V{ H$sQ>H$mßZm
_mÍ$Z ImVmV. CXmhaUmW©, IßS>m{]mMm Km{S>m qH$dm ‡mW©Zm H$sQ>H$ (‡{q`J _±Q>rS>), MVwa
(S≠>∞JZ d S>∞Âg{b _mÌ`m), JmßYrb _mÌ`m, _mdm H$sQ>H$ ImUmam qgh (A∞o\$g bm`Z),
b{S>r]S>© ^wßJ{a{, Oo_Zrdarb ^wßJ{a{, oM_Q>m qH$dm ]°amJr (BàqdJ), ogo\©$S> _mÌ`m h{
^jH$ H$sQ>H$ Amh{V. H$m{ir Am[Î`m OmiÁmV H$sQ>H$mßZm [H$Sy>Z ImVmV. H$m{iÁmßMr
Omir Am[Î`m KamV qH$dm e{VmV oXgVmV. AZ{H$ [jr o[H$mdarb H$sQ>H$ ImD$Z
OJVmV. CXmaUmW©, oM_ `m, H$mdi{, ZriHß$R>, H$m{Vdmb, gm_m›` _°Zm, Jm`]Ji{,
amZImQ>rH$, gwVma, ÒQ>ob™J, am{Pr _mÒQ>a, BÀ`mXr [jr ]mJ{Vrb H$sQ>H$ ImVmV. H$mhr
e{VH$ar KÍ$Z oeOdb{bm ^mV AmUVmV AmoU ]mJ{V odIÍ$Z Q>mH$VmV. ^mVmMr oeV{
Im `mgmR>r [jr ]mJ{V Jm{im hmVmV AmoU ^mVm]am{]a H$sQ>H$hr ImVmV. o[H$m_‹`{
S>mß] am{dyZ R>{dÎ`mg amÃr À`mda Kw]S> ]gVmV AmoU CßXra [H$Sy>Z ImVmV. `moedm`
]{Sy>H$, gaS>{, [mbr, Jm{_ AmoU dmZa h{hr H$sQ>H$ ImVmV.
[aOrdr H$sQ>H$ ([∞amgmB©Q>) : ]h˛Xm h{ H$sQ>H$mß¿`m AmH$mamEdT>{ qH$dm bhmZ
AgVmV. odoeÓQ> H$sQ>H$mßdaM odoeÓQ> [aOrdr H$sQ>H$ OJVmV. ]h˛V{H$ [aOrdr H$sQ>H$
H$sQ>H$m¿`m AiÁmß¿`m qH$dm AßS>Ámß¿`m Odi[mg Am[br AßS>r KmbVmV. À`mVyZ
oZKmb{Î`m AiÁm H$sQ>H$mM{ eara [m{IÍ$Z OJVmV. H$sQ>H$ _a{[`™V [aOrdr H$sQ>H$mßMr
‡m° T > m dÒWm [y U © hm{ V { AmoU _J h{ [aOrdr H$sQ> H $ CSy > Z Xw g a{ ^˙` em{ Y VmV.
Q≠>m`H$m{J´m_mQ>rS>, BZr_m{ZrS>, e{brAm{ZrS>, ]´∞H$m{ZrS>, E›grQ>uS>, `wam{\$sS>, EZmÎgrS>
(JmßYrb _mÌ`m) AmoU Q>∞H$sZrS> _mÌ`m h{ [aOrdr H$sQ>H$ Amh{V. [aOrdr H$sQ>H$
oZgJm©V AmT>iVmV; [aßVw amgmòZH$ H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mß¿`m dm[am_wi{ À`mßMr hÀ`m hm{V{.
À`mßMr gßª`m dmT> `mH$naVm [m{fH$ dmVmdaU bmJV{. CXmhaUmW©, o_lo[H{$, AmßVao[H{$,
H$mhr VU{ dmTy> X{U{, Hwß$[UmMr PmS>{, amZQ>r dZÒ[Vr, Am¿NmXZ [rH$ qH$dm Oo_Zrdarb
g|o–` [XmWm™M{ Am¿N>mXZ, Hß$[m{ÒQ> IVm_wi{ oH$S>tM{ eÃy Oo_ZrV amhVmV. [aßVw e{VmV
VU dmT>Î`m_wi{ [aOrdr H$sQ>H$mß‡_mU{M oH$S>tZmhr [`m©`r A›Z o_iV{. [aOrdr
H$sQ>H$mßMr gßª`m ]mJ{V H$_r AgÎ`mg H$sQ>H$-‡`m{Jemi{V À`mßMr _m{R>Ám gßª`{Z{
[°Xmg H$Í$Z À`mßZm ]mJ{V `m{Ω` d{ir gm{Sy>Z ⁄md{ bmJV{. À`mMr H$mhr CXmhaU{ Imbr
oXbr Amh{V.
(1) Q≠>m`H$m{J´m_m : hr AoVe` bhmZ AmH$mamMr _mer AgyZ gwB©¿`m Q>m{H$mda
8-10 _mÌ`m _mdVmV. Aer hr AoVe` bhmZ AmH$mamMr [´m°T> _mer oH$S>r¿`m
AßS>Ámß_‹`{ ÒdV:Mr AßS>r KmbV{. AßS>ÁmßVyZ ]mh{a [S>Î`mZßVa Q≠>m`H$m{J´m_m _mer¿`m
AiÁm oH$S>r¿`m AßS>ÁmVrb ^ýUmda C[OrodH$m H$aVmV. Aem ‡H$ma{ oH$S>r¿`m
AßS>ÁmVrb ^ýU ZÓQ> hm{Vm{. Q≠>m`H$m{J´m_m h{ oH$S>r¿`m AßS>Ámßdarb [aOrdr H$sQ>H$ Amh{V.
EH$ [aOrdr H$sQ>H$ oH$S>r¿`m 100 [{jm AoYH$ AßS>ÁmßMm Zme H$aVm{. ÂhUO{ AßS>ÁmßVyZ
]mh{a [S> `m[yduM oH$S>tMm Zme hm{V AgÎ`m_wi{ o[H$mM{ ZwH$gmZ hm{V Zmhr.
KmQ>{Air¿`m oZ`ßÃUmgmR>r Q≠>m`H$m{J´m_m C[`m{Jr [S>VmV. EH$m H$mS>m©da Q≠>m`H$m{J´m_mMr
20,000 AßS>r AgVmV. EH$m EH$amV Aer 40,000 V{ 1,00,000 AßS>r R>{dmdr
bmJVmV.
(2) Zmaimdarb H$miÁm S>m{∑`m¿`m AiÁmß¿`m oZ`ßÃUmgmR>r [aOrdr
H$sQ>H$ (Jm{oZAm{Pg Z{\∞$›Q>rS>rg) : H$miÁm S>m{∑`m¿`m AiÁm Zmaim¿`m [mZmßMm
ImbMm ohadm ^mJ ImVmV. a{e_r OmiÁm_‹`{ amhVmV. À`m_wi{ [mZ{ dmiVmV. PmS>
H$_Om{a ]ZV{ AmoU ZmaimM{ CÀ[mXZ KQ>V{. Jm{oZAm{Pg Z{\∞$›Q>rS>rg h{ [aOrdr H$sQ>H$
¯m AiÁm em{YyZ H$mT>VmV AmoU À`mßZm Xße H$Í$Z ]{ew’ H$aVmV. EH$m ]{ew’
Pmb{Î`m Air¿`m earamda gw_ma{ 12 AßS>r KmbVmV. EH$ _mXr gw_ma{ 120 AßS>r
KmbV{. AßS>ÁmßVyZ oZKmb{Î`m AiÁm oH$S>r¿`m AiÁm ImVmV AmoU À`m_wi{ oH$S>r¿`m
AiÁm _aVmV. Xa EH$ar EH$m hßJm_mV 1,200 V{ 1,800 [aOrdr H$sQ>H$ Zmaim¿`m
]mJ{V gm{S>md{ bmJVmV.
(3) b{S>r]S>© ^wßJ{a{ (b{S>r]S>© ]rQ>b) : Idb{ H$sQ>H$ AmoU o[R>Ám T>{Hy$U
(o_ob]J) \$iPmS>mßM{ \$ma _m{R>Ám ‡_mUmda ZwH$gmZ H$aVmV. `m oH$S>t¿`m earamda
_{UmM{ AmdaU AgÎ`m_wi{ amgmòZH$ H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mßMm À`mß¿`mda [naUm_ hmV{ Zmhr.
`m H$sQ>H$mß¿`m XmQ> dgmhVr \$iPmS>mß¿`m [mZmßda, Im{S>mßda, \$imßda AmoU e|S>Ámßda
AmT>iVmV. `m H$sQ>H$m¿`m earamVyZ [mPab{bm Jm{S> ag Imb¿`m [mZmda [gaVm{
AmoU À`mda H$mir ]waer (H$m{ier) dmT>V{. À`m_wi{ [mZmß¿`m A›ZoZo_©Vr_‹`{ AS>Wim
`{Vm{. b{S>r]S>© ^wßJ{a{ AYmer[U{ _mdm, Idb{ H$sQ>H$ AmoU o[R>Ám T>{Hy$U ImVmV.
Amß]m, X´mj{, qb]ydJu` \$iPmS>{, H$m∞\$s `m PmS>mßda o[R>Ám T>{Hy$U AmoU oMHy$ Vg{M
H$m∞\$s¿`m PmS>mßda Idb{ H$sQ>H$ AmT>iyZ `{VmV. `m \$iPmS>mß¿`m ]mJ{V Xa EH$ar
600 b{S>r]S>© ^wßJ{a{ gm{S>md{ bmJVmV.
(4) o[R>Ám T>{H$Umß¿`m oZ`ßÃUmgmR>r [aOrdr H$sQ>H$ (b{flQ>m{_∞pÒQ≠>∑g
S>∞∑Q>m`bm{[r) : qb]ydJu` \$iPmS>mßdarb o[R>Ám T>{Hy$U (o_ob]J) `m oH$S>r¿`m
oZ`ßÃUmH$naVm EH$m hßJm_mV Xa EH$ar 2,000 [aOrdr H$sQ>H$ gm{S>md{ bmJVmV.
oH$S>t¿`m O°odH$ oZ`ßÃU [’VrM{ \$m`X{
(1) [aOrdr AmoU ^jH$ H$sQ>H$ qH$dm ‡mUr Am[br oeH$ma (oH$S>r) em{YyZ
À`mda C[OrodH$m H$aVmV.
(2) ]mJ{_‹`{ oH$S>tM{ Z°goJ©H$ eÃy gm{S>Î`mZßVa V{ ]mJ{V ÒdV: odIwaVmV.
À`mßMr [°Xmg hm{D$Z gßª`m dmT>V{. À`m_wi{ AoYH$ bm^ o_iVm{.
(3) oZgJm©Mm g_Vm{b o]KS>V Zmhr. [`m©daUmM{ ‡XyfU hm{V Zmhr.
(4) [aOrdr H$sQ>H$mß[mgyZ o[H$mM{ H$m{UV{hr ZwH$gmZ hm{V Zmhr.
(5) H$sS>oZ`ßÃUm¿`m BVa [’Vtgm{]V O°odH$ [’VrMm C[`m{J H$aVm `{Vm{.
(6) O° o dH$ [’Vr[mgy Z _mUgmß Z m AWdm BVa ‡m `mß Z m Ym{ H $m [m{ h m{ M V
Zmhr.

‡oVH$ma j_Vm : (a{oOÒQ>›g) H$sQ>H$ZmeH{$, oH$S>tM{ am{J, Adf©U `mß_wi{
gm_m›`[U{ H$sQ>H$ _aVmV; [aßVw H$mhr H$sQ>H$ À`mßMm
‡oVH$ma H$aVmV AmoU oOdß V amhVmV.
H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mVrb odf [Mod `mMr j_Vm À`mß¿`mV
oZ_m©U hm{V{. hr j_Vm À`mß¿`m [wT>¿`m o[T>r_‹`{
AgV{. À`m_wi{ amgmòZH$ H$sQ>H$ZmeH{$ oZÈ[`m{Jr
R>aVmV. hr ‡oVH$maj_Vm oH$S>r_‹`{ Z°goJ©H$ d O°odH$
H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mß_wi{ oZ_m©U hm{V Zmhr. o[H$mßM{ H$mhr
dmU oH$S>rbm ‡oVam{YH$ AgVmV.
^jH$ : (o‡S>{Q>a) H$sQ>H$mßMm gßhma H$aUma{ H$sQ>H$ qH$dm BVa ‡mUr.
[aOrdr : ([∞amgmB©Q>) H$sQ>H$mß¿`m earamV qH$dm earamda amhˇZ
AfiJ´hU H$Í$Z OJUma{ Ord qH$dm H$sQ>H$.
O°odH$ oZ`ßÃU : (]m`m{bm∞oOH$b Hß$Q≠>m{b) H$sQ>H$mß¿`m Z°goJ©H$ eÃyß[mgyZ
oH$S>tM{ oZ`ßÃU.
dZÒ[oVO›` H$sQ>H$ZmeH{ : (]m{Q>∞oZH$b B›g{p∑Q>gmB©S>) dZÒ[Vr[mgyZ V`ma
H{$b{br H$sQ>H$ZmeH{$.
7.4 gmamße
g‹`m oH$S>t¿`m oZ`ßÃUmgmR>r _m{R>Ám ‡_mUmda e{VH$ar AZ{H$ amgmòZH$
H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mßMm C[`m{J H$aVmV. À`mßM{ XwÓ[naUm_ oXgyZ AmÎ`mZ{ AbrH$S>{ EH$mpÀ_H$
H$sS> Ï`dÒWm[Z [’Vr gd©_m›` Pmbr Amh{. `m [’VrV amgmòZH$ H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mßMm
H$_rV H$_r C[`m{J H$Í$Z O°odH$ AmoU `mßoÃH$ [’Vrda ode{f â X{VmV. ¯m [’Vr
_mUgmßZm, C[`w∑V H$sQ>H$mßZm AmoU BVa ‡m `mßZm Ym{H$mXm`H$ ZmhrV. À`m_wi{ [`m©daUmM{
‡XyfU hm{V Zmhr AmoU [rH$gßajUmMm IM© H$_r hm{Vm{. Z°goJ©H$ AmoU O°odH$
H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mßM{ [naUm_ Coeam oXgVmV. [aßVw amgmòZH$ H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mßM{ [naUm_ ÀdnaV
oXgVmV. VWmo[, amgmòZH$ H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mßM{ Ade{f XrK© H$mi \$i{ d ^m¡`mßda amhV
AgÎ`mZ{ AbrH$S>{ A›` C[m`mßMr oe\$mag H{$br Amh{.

(1) Vm{Sy>Z ImUmË`m oH$S>t_wi{ PmS>mg H$m{UÀ`m BOm hm{VmV ?
(2) PmS>m¿`m AmVrc ^mJ ImUmË`m oH$S>tM{ ‡H$ma ochˇZ À`m PmS>mcm H$m{UVr
BOm [m{hm{ModVmV V{ ochm.
(3) amgmòZH$ H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mßM{ dJuH$aU H$sQ>H$mdarc À`mß¿`m [naUm_mßZwgma
H$am.
(4) Z°goJ©H$ H$sQ>H$ZmeH{$ H$m{UVr ? V{ oH$S>tda H$m{UVm [naUm_ H$aVmV ?
(5) S>m∞. dm. ]. amhwS>H$a `mßZr oe\$mag H{$c{c{ ZdrZ H$sQ>H$ZmeH$ H$g{
]Zdmd{ ?
(6) odfmUy`w∑V H$sQ>H$ZmeH{$ H$m{UVr ? Vr H$m{UÀ`m oH$S>tda H$gm [naUm_
H$aVmV ?
(1) ag em{fUmË`m oH$S>t_wi{ PmS>mcm H$m{UÀ`m ‡H$ma¿`m BOm hm{VmV ?
(2) Oo_Zr_Yrc oH$S>r PmS>mcm H$m{UÀ`m BOm [m{hm{ModVmV ?
(3) Z°goJ©H$ H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mßM{ \$m`X{ gmßJm.
(4) oOdmUy`w∑V H$sQ>H$ZmeH{$ oH$S>tZm H$g{ _maVmV ?
(5) Amß„`mdarc ‡_wI oH$S>r d À`mßM{ oZ`ßÃU H$g{ H$amc V{ ochm.
(6) O°odH$ H$sS> oZ`ßÃUmM{ \$m`X{ ochm.
(7) ^jH$ H$sQ>H$ H$m{UV{ ? V{ H$m{UÀ`m H$sQ>H$mßM{ ^jU H$aVmV ?
(8) [aOrdr H$sQ>H$ C[`w∑V H$g{ ?
(9) Qr>[ ochm- "Q≠>m`H$m{J´m_m'
(10) Q>r[ ochm- "c{S>r]S>© ^wßJ{a{'
(11) oH$S>t¿`m O°odH$ AmoU amgmòZH$ oZ`ßÃU [’VtMr VwcZm ochm.
7.5.3 [wT>rb ‡ÌZmßMr CŒma{ À`mßImbrb oXb{Î`m [`m©`mß_YyZ oZdSy>Z obhm.
(1) –mjmdarc CS>⁄m ^wßJ{a{ `m oH$S>rMm Imcrc[°H$s H$emV g_md{e hm{Vm{ ?
(A) Vm{Sy>Z ImUmË`m oH$S>r$ (B) ag em{fUmË`m oH$S>r
(C) AmVrc ^mJ ImUmË`m oH$S>r (D) Oo_Zr_Yrc oH$S>r
(2) hOmam{ df} e{VH$ar Z°goJ©H$ C[m`mßZr Am[Î`m o[H$mßM{ oH$S>r AmoU am{Jmß[mgyZ
gßajU H$arV Amh{V. h{ C[m` (Jm{_yÃ, XyY, amI, BÀ`mXr.) H$m{UÀ`m
J´ßWmV oXc{ Amh{V ?
(A) Òwd}X (B) F$Ωd{X (C) d•jm`wd}X (D) AWd©d{X
(3) ^yB©_wJmdarc \w$coH$S>{, EaßS>rdarc VwS>VwS>{ h{ Imcrc[°H$s H$m{UÀ`m dJm©V
_m{S>VmV $?
(4) Zmaimdarc J|S>m ^wßJ{am, Cgmdarc Im{S>oH$S>m h{ Imcrc[°H$s H$m{UÀ`m dJm©V
_m{S>VmV ?
(5) O{ H$sQ>H$ A›Z MmdyZ ImVmV À`mß¿`mda H$m{UÀ`m H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mßMm MmßJcm
[naUm_ hm{Vm{ ?
(A) [m{Q> odf{ (B) Ò[e© odf{
(C) AmßVa‡dmhr odf{ (D) YwarO›` odf{
(6) ¡`m oH$S>r o[H$m_YyZ A›Z em{fyZ K{VmV À`mß¿`m oZ`ßÃUmgmR>r H$m{UVr
odf{ AoYH$ [naUm_H$maH$ R>aVmV ?
(7) H$m{UÀ`m H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mßMm dm[a _ycVï Jm{Xm_mVrc Ym›`mM{ oH$S>t[mgyZ
gßajU H$a `mH$naVm hm{V{ ?
(8) H$m{UVr H$sQ>H$ZmeH{$ _mZdmcm AoYH$ KmVH$ Amh{V ?
(A) ∑cm{arZ`w∑V (B) \$m∞Ò\$ag`w∑V
(C) H$m]m©_{Q> (D) qgW{oQ>H$ [mà{W´mB©S>
(9) H$Sy>qZ]m_‹`{ H$m{UV{ H$sQ>H$ZmeH$ –Ï` AgV{ ?
(A) ‡m{Q>{∑Q>rZ (B) APmoS>am∑Q>rZ
(C) [mà{W´rZ (D) `mß[°H$s Zmhr
(10) S>m∞. dm. ]. amhwS>H$a `mßZr gßem{YZ H$Í$Z H$em[mgyZ dZÒ[oVO›`
H$sQ>H$ZmeH$ V`ma H{$c{ Amh{ ?
(A) o_aMr d cgyU (B) Amc{ d H$mßX{
(C) qZ]m{ir (D) Vß]mIy

(11) EZ. [r. Ïhr h{ H$m{UÀ`m ‡H$maM{ H$sQ>H$ZmeH$ Amh{ ?
(A) oOdmUy`w∑V (B) odfmUy`w∑V
(C) ]waer`w∑V (D) ‡m{Q>m{Pm{Am`w∑V
(12) EZ. [r. Ïhr `m odfmUy`w∑V H$sQ>H$ZmeH$m_wi{ _{c{Î`m AiÁm H$m{UÀ`m
pÒWVrV AmT>iVmV?
(A) PmS>mda CcQ>Ám Q>mßJc{Î`m
(B) PmS>mda gwcQ>Ám Q>mßJc{Î`m
(C) Oo_Zrda d{Q>m{i{ H$Í$Z [S>c{Î`m
(D) Oo_Zrda gwÒVmdc{Î`m
(13) Zmaimdarc J|S>Ám ^wßΩ`m¿`m oZ`ßÃUmgmR>r H$m{UVr cg hr ÒdÒV d ‡^mdr
Amh{?
(A) EZ. Ïhr. [r. (B) ]∞Hw$cm{Ïhmàg
(C) _{Q>mam`Pr`_ (D) \∞$arZm{ogpÒQ>_
(14) Imcrc[°H$s H$m{UVm EH$ C[`w∑V ^jH$ H$sQ>H$ Zmhr ?
(A) ‡mW©Zm H$sQ>H$ (B) c{S>r]S>© ^wßJ{a{
(C) J|S>Ám ^wßJm (D) ogo\©$S> _mÌ`m
(15) Imcrc[°H$s H$m{UVm EH$ [aOrdr H$sQ>H$ Zmhr ?
(A) Q≠>m`H$m{J´m_mQ>rS> (B) c{S>r]S>© ^wßJ{a{
(C) `wam{o\$ÎS> (D) ]∞´H$m{ZrS>

KQ>H$ 8 : \$imßMr H$mT>Ur d hmVmiUr
AZwH´$_oUH$m
8.1 ‡mÒVmodH$
8.2 odf`-odd{MZ
8.2.1 \$imßMr H$mT>Ur
8.2.2 \$imßMr hmVmiUr
8.2.3 \$imßMr ‡Vdmar d odH´$sÏ`dÒWm
8.4 gmamße
8.1 ‡mÒVmodH$
]mJ{Vrb V`ma \$i{ H{$Ïhm, H$m{UÀ`m [’VrZ{ AmoU H$er H$mT>mdrV AmoU
H$mT>b{Î`m _mbmMr `m{Ω` Aer ‡Vdmar H$Í$Z _mb [{Q>ÁmßV â{[`™V H$m{UVr H$miOr
ø`mdr `mM{ AZ{H$ _hŒdmM{ AmoU ]marH$gmarH$ V[erb \$i CÀ[mXH$mg _mhrV Agmd{
bmJVmV. `m]m]VrV hm{UmË`m MwH$m hm _mbmMr ‡V o]KS>od `mg, _mbmMm oQ>H$mD$[Um
H$_r H$a `mg AmoU [∞qH$J¿`m H$m_mV AS>MUr oZ_m©U H$aUmË`m R>Í$ eH$VmV.
PmS>mdÍ$Z H$mT>b{bm _mb [{Q>ÁmßV ^Í$Z ]mOmamV [m{hm{MyZ À`mMr odH´$s hm{D$Z _mb
oJËhmBH$mß¿`m hmVmV [S>{[`™V À`m _mbmMr X{I^mb H$aU{ AmdÌ`H$ AgV{. À`mMm
gß[yU© odMma \$i CÀ[mXH$mßZr H$aU{ AmdÌ`H$ AgV{.
\$imß¿`m H$mT>UrZßVa¿`m Ï`dÒWm[Zm_Yrb [wT>Mm _hŒdmMm Q>fl[m ÂhUO{ \$imßMr
odH´$s AmoU ]mOma[{R> h{ hm{V. AZ{H$ AS>MUtZm AmoU Ym{∑`mßZm Vm|S> X{D$Z \$imßM{
CÀ[mXZ H{$Î`mda À`mMr `m{Ω` ^mdmZ{ odH´$s Pmbr Zmhr Va _m{R>{ ZwH$gmZ hm{ `mMm gß^d
AgVm{.
\$imßMr H$mT>Ur d hmVmiUrodf`r _mohVr hm{B©b.
\$imßMr ‡Vdmar d odH´$sÏ`dÒWm H$aVm `{B©b.
8.2 odf`-odd{MZ
8.2.1 \$imßMr H$mT>Ur
\$imß¿`m [na[∑dV{¿`m _m[XßS>mdÍ$Z \$imßMr [na[∑dVm g_OmdyZ K{U{ AmdÌ`H$
AgV{. [na[∑dV{¿`m _m[XßS>mZwgma d ]mOma[{R>{Zwgma ZßVa \$im¿`m H$mT>Urg gwÈdmV
H$amdr.
\$imßMr [na[∑dVm
\$imßMr H$mT>UrZßVaMr JwUdŒmm AmoU À`mßM{ Am`wÓ` `m Xm{Z Jm{ÓQ>r ‡m_wª`mZ{
\$imß¿`m [na[∑dV{da Adbß]yZ AgVmV. \$i{ `m{Ω` Vr [na[∑dVm AmÎ`mZßVa H$mT>br
Va À`mßMr ‡V MmßJbr AgV{. \$i{ [na[∑d hm{ `m[yduM H$mT>br Va À`mßMr ‡V Iam]
hm{V{ AmoU Vr Ï`dpÒWV o[H$V ZmhrV. \$i{ ‡_mUm[{jm OmÒV [∑d PmÎ`mda CoeamZ{
H$mT>br Va Aem \$imßZm H$_r Am`wÓ` bm^V{. ÂhUyZM \$i{ `m{Ω` Vr [na[∑dVm
AmÎ`mZßVa H$mT>br [mohO{V AmoU \$i{ H$mT>VmZm À`mßZm Hw$R>brhr BOm hm{D$ Z`{.
[wÓH$i d{im ]Ë`mMOUmßMm \$imßMr [na[∑dVm (_∞¿`wnaQ>r) AmoU \$imß¿`m o[H$ `mMr
oH´$`m (am`[qZJ) `m Xm{Z Jm{ÓQ>t]m]V Jm|Yi hm{Vm{. \$i{ AmH$mamZ{ [yU©[U{ dmTy>Z \$imß¿`m
o[H$ `mMr ‡oH´$`m gwÍ$ hm{D$ bmJV{. Aem Q>flfl`mbm "\$imßMr [na[∑dVm' Ag{ ÂhUVmV
Va \$imß¿`m [na[∑dV{ZßVa \$imß_‹`{ H$mhr O°damgmòZH$ ]Xb hm{D$Z Vr Im `mg
`m{Ω` hm{D$ bmJVmV V{Ïhm \$i{ o[H$m`bm bmJbr Ag{ ÂhUVmV.
\$imß¿`m [na[∑dV{M{ _mZXßS>
\$i [na[∑d Pmb{ Amh{ qH$dm Zmhr h{ Am{iI `mgmR>r AZ{H$ _mZXßS> Amh{V.
`mßV \$iYmaU{[mgyZ \$i V`ma hm{B©[`™V bmJb{bm H$mbmdYr, —Ì` gßH{$V, dmT>,
AmH$ma, aßJ, ÒdÍ$[, drU, KZVm, gmIa, o[ÓQ>_` [XmW©, gm_y, AmÂbVm, Q>∞ZrZ h{
H$mhr _mZXßS> Amh{V. [aßVw \$i CÀ[mXH$mbm ]mJ{V AWdm e{VmV C^{ amhˇZ H$mT>UrgmR>r
[na[∑dVm Am{iI `mgmR>r `mßVrb ]a{M _mZXßS> \$mag{ C[`m{Jr [S>V ZmhrV. ode{fH$Í$Z
\$imßMm aßJ, \$imßMr Pmb{br dmT>, AmH$ma AmoU —Ì` gßH{$V `mßdÍ$ZM \$imßMr
[na[∑dVm ghO[U{ Am{iIVm Ambr [mohO{. AWm©V \$imß¿`m [∑dV{]m]V [yduMm
oHß$dm Z{h_rMm AZw^d hmX{Irb \$i CÀ[mXH$mbm _mhrV AgU{ AÀ`ßV AmdÌ`H$
Amh{. CXmhaUmW©, Amß„`m¿`m ]m]VrV Amß„`mMr EH$-Xm{Z [∑d Pmb{br \$i{ PmS>mdÍ$Z
Am[m{Am[ Imbr [S>br H$s Am[U Amß„`mbm [mS> bmJbm Ag{ ÂhUVm{. `m d{ir
Amß„`m¿`m \$imßMr dmT> [yU©[U{ Pmb{br AgV{. \$imMm ohadm aßJ ]XbyZ \$im¿`m
gmbrda o[diga N>Q>m `m`bm gwÈdmV Pmb{br AgV{. S>mqi]m¿`m ]m]VrV \$imßMm
Jm{bga[Um H$_r hm{D$Z Vr M[Q>r oXgm`bm bmJVmV. Vr hmVmZ{ Oamer Xm]br H$s
H$aH$a Agm AmdmO `{Vm{. À`md{ir \$imßMm ohadm aßJ ]Xbm`bm gwÍ$dmV Pmb{br
AgV{. Aem naVrZ{ À`m À`m \$imß¿`m [na[∑dV{Mr bjU{ hr d{Jd{Jir AgVmV AmoU
À`m‡_mU{ Vr Am{iIyZM CÀ[mXH$mbm ]mJ{V C^{ amhˇZ \$imß¿`m H$mT>UrMm oZU©` K{U{
AmdÌ`H$ AgV{.
\$imßMr H$mT>Ur
[∑d Pmb{br \$i{ PmS>m[mgyZ d{Jir H$aU{ `mbm \$imßMr H$mT>Ur qH$dm Vm{S>Ur
Ag{ ÂhUVmV. _mÃ Amß]m \$imß¿`m ]mJ{V ]Ë`mM d{im [∑d Pmb{br Amß„`mMr \$i{
PmS>mdÍ$Z Oo_Zrda Am[m{Am[ JiyZ [S>b{br AgVmV. `m oH´$`{bm H$mT>Ur ÂhUV
ZmhrV.
[na[∑dV{¿`m]m]V gmßoJVb{Î`m AmoU Am[Î`mbm gm{fl`m AmoU gm{`r¿`m
dmQ>UmË`m _mZXßS>mdÍ$Z \$imß¿`m H$mT>Urg gwÈdmV H$amdr. Amß]m AmoU S>mqi]mMr
\$i{ Oamer o[idyZ PmS>m[mer Am{T>br H$s bJ{M VwQ>VmV. Amß„`m¿`m \$imßMr H$mT>Ur
P{Î`m¿`m gmhmÊ`mZ{ H$amdr ÂhUO{ \$i{ EH$_{H$mßer KmgyZ À`mßZm BOm hm{V Zmhr.
Wm{S>{g{ X{R> R>{dyZM Amß„`mMr \$i{ H$mT>mdrV. `mM{ AZ{H$ \$m`X{ Amh{V. X{R> Oa
R>{db{ Zmhr Va X{R>m¿`m oR>H$mUr ZßVa \$imßda H$mi{ S>mJ [S>VmV. ÂhUO{M À`m
oR> H $mUmß [ mgy Z am{ J Oß V y ß M r bmJU Pmb{ b r AgV{ . [w T > { h{ S> m J _m{ R > { hm{ D $Z \$i{
gS>m`bm bmJVmV. \$imßZm X{R> R>{dÎ`mZßVa am{JOßVyßMm gßgJ© hm{V Zmhr AmoU \$i{
oZam{Jr amhVmV. \$imßZm X{R> R>{dÎ`m_wi{ gmR>dUrV \$imßda gwaHw$À`m [S>V ZmhrV.
\$i{ EH$g_mZ o[H$m`bm bmJVmV AmoU VwbZmÀ_H$—ÓQ>Ám \$imß¿`m dOZmV H$_r
KQ> `{V{. ÂhUyZ Vem —ÓQ>rZ{ Amß„`m¿`m H$mT>Urg gwÈdmV H$amdr. \$imßMr H$mT>Ur
hr C›hm¿`m d{ir AoO]mV H$Í$ Z`{. \$imßMr H$mT>Ur hr oXdgm¿`m WßS> d{ir
ÂhUO{ EH$X_ gH$mir H$amdr. À`m_wi{ \$imVrb CÓUVm H$_r hm{ `mg _XV hm{V{.
H$mT>UrZßVa \$i{ e∑`Vm{ Oo_Zrda Z R>{dVm H$aßS>Ám, Q>m{[Î`m qH$dm flbmpÒQ>H$¿`m
H´{$Q≤>g≤_‹`{ R>{dmdrV. H$mT>UrZßVa \$i{ C›hmV R>{dy Z`{V. C›hmV \$i{ R>{dÎ`mZ{ \$imßM{
Vm[_mZ dmTy>Z À`mßM{ Am`wÓ`_mZ H$_r hm{V{. ÂhUyZ H$mT>UrZßVa \$i{ gmdbrV AWdm
N>[amImbr R>{dmdrV. H$mT>UrZßVa \$i{ e∑`Vm{ EH$_{H$mbm Kmgbr OmUma ZmhrV `mMr
H$miOr K{D$Z \$imßMr H$mT>Ur H$amdr.
8.2.2 \$imßMr hmVmiUr
\$imß¿`m hmVmiUrda \$imM{ [wT>rb Am`wÓ` d JwUdŒmm Adbß]yZ AgV{.
H$mT>Ur¿`m d{ir \$i{ e∑`Vm{ EH$_{H$mbm Kmgbr OmUma ZmhrV, IaMQ>br OmUma
ZmhrV `mMr H$miOr ø`mdr. H$mT>b{br \$i{ e{Vmda AgVmZm \$ma H$miOr[yd©H$
hmVmimdrV. H$mT>b{br \$i{ Q>m{[Î`m, H$aßS>{ AWdm flbmpÒQ>H$¿`m H´{$Q>≤g≤_‹`{ R>{dyZ gmdbrV
AmUmdrV.
8.2.3 \$imßMr ‡Vdmar d odH´$sÏ`dÒWm
H$mT>UrZßVa \$imßMr ‡Vdmar H$aU{ AÀ`ßV AmdÌ`H$ Amh{. oH$S>b{br, Zmgb{br,
\w$Q>b{br, IaMQ>b{br, Xm]b{br \$i{ MmßJÎ`m \$imß[mgyZ d{Jir H$amdrV. À`mZßVa
MmßJÎ`m \$imß_YyZ AmH$ma_mZ, aßJ, dOZ, OmVr, AmH$f©H$[Um AmoU J´mhH$mßMr [gßVr
bjmV K{D$Z \$imßMr ‡Vdmar H$amdr. ‡W_ XOm©Mr, _m{R>Ám AmH$mamMr AmoU AmH$f©H$
\$i{ _m{R>Ám AmoU Xya¿`m ]mOma[{R>mßgmR>r - _wß]B©, _–mg, oXÎbr AmoU H$bH$Œmm,
BÀ`mXr oR>H$mUr [mR>dmdrV. XwÊ`_ XOm©Mr \$i{ ÒWmoZH$ AmoU BVa ]mOma[{R>mßgmR>r
[mR>dmdrV. Va Or \$i{ o[H$ `mg gwÈdmV Pmbr Amh{ qH$dm \$imßMr ZmgmS>r Ïhm`bm
gwÈdmV Pmbr Amh{ Aer \$i{ ‡oH´$`m C⁄m{JmßgmR>r [mR>dmdrV AmoU Aem [’VrZ{
\$imßMr ‡Vdmar H$amdr.
\$imßMr odH´$sÏ`dÒWm
\$imß¿`m H$mT>UrZßVa¿`m Ï`dÒWm[Zm_‹`{ \$imßMr oH$\$m`Vera odH´$s H$aU{ hm
AÀ`ßV _hŒdmMm ^mJ Amh{. AZ{H$ AS>MUtZm AmoU Ym{∑`mßZm Vm|S> X{D$Z \$imßM{
CÀ[mXZ H{$Î`mda À`mßMr `m{Ω` ^mdmZ{ odH´$s Pmbr Zmhr Va _m{R>{ ZwH$gmZ hm{ `mMm gß^d
AgVm{. \$i{ ZmedßV AgÎ`m_wi{ H$mT>UrZßVa À`mßMr bdH$a odH´$s H$aU{ hr AmdÌ`H$
]m] Amh{. grVm\$i, ]m{a, Omß^yi, \$mbgm, BÀ`mXr H$mhr \$i{ Va H$mT>UrZßVa H$mhr
VmgmßVM odH$br J{br [mohO{V. \$imßM{ CÀ[mXZ K{U{ e{VH$Ë`mß¿`m hmVmV AgV{; [aßVw
odH´$sÏ`dÒWm _mÃ Xbmbmß¿`m hmVmV AgV{. À`m_wi{ `m{Ω` AmoU CŒm_ ‡VrMm _mb
o[H$dyZ Vm{ MmßJÎ`m ]mOma^mdmZ{ odH$bm OmB©b `mMr e{VH$Ë`mbm e{dQ>[`™V ImÃr
ZgV{. ÂhUyZM e{VH$Ë`mßZr `m ]m]VrV gVV Xj amhˇZ oZaoZamiÁm ]mOmamV _mb
H{$Ïhm AgVm{, H$m{UÀ`m \$imßMr _mJUr OmÒV AgV{, BÀ`mXr ]marH$gmarH$ V[erb
o_iodbm [mohO{. À`mZwgma odH´$sM{ oZ`m{OZ H{$b{ [mohO{.
gd© gmYmaU[U{ ]mOmamV \$imßMr AmdH$ dmT>br H$s \$imßM{ ^md Imbr
`{ D $ bmJVmV. Aem d{ i r \$imßM{ ^md JS>JS>VmV. V{Ï hm e{VH$Ë`mbm Am[bm
_mb [S> { b À`m oH$_VrZ{ odH$ `moedm` Xw g am [`m© ` ZgVm{ AmoU ÂhUy Z M
]mOma[{R>{Mm AmoU odH´$sÏ`dÒW{Mm [napÒWVrZwgma A‰`mg H$aU{ \$ma AmdÌ`H$
Amh{.
\$imß¿`m odH´$s_‹`{ e{VH$ar, ÒWmoZH$ Ï`m[mar, KmD$H$ odH´{$V{, Xbmb qH$dm AS>V{
AmoU ghH$mar gßÒWm, BÀ`mXtMm g_md{e hm{Vm{. ]h˛V{H$ d{im _mbm¿`m oH$_VrVrb ]amMgm
_m{R>m ^mJ Xbmb qH$dm AS>À`mM C[Q>Vm{ AmoU e{VH$Ë`mßMr \$gdUyH$ hm{V{. emgZmZ{
À`mgmR>r H•$fr CÀ[›Z ]mOma go_À`m ÒWm[Z H{$b{Î`m Amh{V. À`m oR>H$mUr _mbmMm CKS>CKS>
obbmd hm{Vm{. ghH$mar VŒdmda \$iodH´$s¿`m gßÒWm ÒWm[Z hm{U{ e{VH$Ë`mß¿`m —ÓQ>rZ{
OmÒV \$m`X{era Amh{.
\$imß¿`m odH´$sÏ`dÒW{]m]V gyMZm
\$imßMr odH´$sÏ`dÒWm hm odf` H$mhr g_Ò`mß_wi{ oH$MH$Q> ]Zbm Amh{.
Am[Î`m AW© Ï `dÒW{ V rb H• $ of_mbm¿`m ‡oVHy $ b Ï`m[ma eVu h{ EH$ _hŒdmM{
H$maU Amh{. _hmamÓQ≠>mV \$imßMr odH´$sÏ`dÒWm hr ]h˛Vmßer Xbmbmß¿`m hmVmV
Amh{.
e{VH$Ë`mß¿`m ghH$mar gßÒWmß¿`m _m‹`_mVyZ ^∑H$_ odH´$sÏ`dÒWm Agmdr. `m
EH$mpÀ_H$ odH´$sÏ`dÒW{_‹`{ emÒÃr` [’VrMr H$mT>Ur, \$imßM{ H|$–mda gßH$bZ, emÒÃr`
[’VrMr ‡Vdmar AmoU [´_mUrH$aU, gwYmnaV ]mßYUr, `m{Ω` Aer gmR>dU AmoU odH´$s
IM©, dmhVyH$ `mßMm g_md{e Agmdm. erVgmIir¿`m _m‹`_mVyZ Vm[_mZ Ï`dÒWm[Z h{
_hŒdmM{ H$m`© e{VH$Ë`mß¿`m gßÒWmß_m\©$V H$a `mV `md{. `m gßÒWmßZr ÒdV:hˇZ qH$dm gß`w∑V
‡H$Î[m¿`m gh^mJmVyZ À`mßM{ ÒdV:M{ ]´±S> AmoU Ï`m[maoM›h À`mß¿`m CÀ[mXZm¿`m
odH´$sÏ`dÒW{gmR>r odH$ogV H$amd{. h{ Co‘ÓQ> gm‹` H$a `mgmR>r À`m ^mJmVrb \$imßM{ j{Ã
bjmV K{D$Z ‡H$Î[ Ahdmbm¿`m AmYma{ ‡H$Î[mMr H$m`©j_Vm AmoU gwgm‹`Vm og’
PmÎ`mg À`m À`m ^mJmgmR>r e{VH$Ë`mß¿`m ghH$mar gßÒWm ÒWm[Z H$a `mV `mÏ`mV. Aem
ghH$mar gßÒWmßZr BVa ghH$mar gßÒWm, ImOJr qH$dm emgH$s` gßÒWmß¿`m ]am{]a EH$Ã
`{D$Z Vm¡`m qH$dm ‡oH´$`m H{$b{Î`m \$imß¿`m odH´$sÏ`dÒW{gmR>r gß`w∑V ‡H$Î[ qH$dm
gh`m{J ‡ÒWmo[V H$amdm.
]mOma[{R>mßer oZJoS>V CÀ[mXZ H$m`©H´$_mbm ]iH$Q>r AmU `mgmR>r [rH$dma CÀ[mXH$
gßÒWm ÒWm[Z H$amÏ`mV. Aem ‡H$ma¿`m [rH$dma gßÒWm À`m À`m o[H$mßM{ oZ`m{OZ AmoU
CÀ[mXZ H$m`©H´$_ Aß_b]OmdUrgmR>r O]m]Xma AgmÏ`mV. Aem [rH$oZhm` gßÒWmßZr
am¡`ÒVamda EH$Ã `{D$Z [rH$ CÀ[mXH$ _hmgßK ÒWm[Z H$amdm AmoU emgZmbm Ym{aUmÀ_H$
oZU©` qH$dm VÀg_ ]m]t]m]V gÎbm ⁄mdm. eharH$aU, Amhma gd`Vrb ]Xb,
amhUr_mZm¿`m XOm©V hm{V Agb{br dmT> bjmV K{Vm \$imßda ‡oH´$`m H{$b{Î`m [XmWm™¿`m
odH´$sbm MmßJbm dmd Amh{. [aX{er ]mOma[{R>mß_‹`{ Ò[Ym© H$a `mgmR>r CÀ[mXZIM© H$_r
H{$Î`mg \$imß¿`m ‡oH´$`m`w∑V [XmWm™¿`m oZo_©Vrbm MmßJbm dmd Amh{. `m gßYrMm \$m`Xm
K{ `mgmR>r AÀ`ßV ‡^mdr Aer \$imßMr odH´$sÏ`dÒWm Ym{aU{ AmImdr bmJVrb. gßKQ>ZmÀ_H$
J´mhH$ Og{ H$s gßajU od^mJ AmoU BVa emgH$s`, oZ_emgH$s` gßÒWmßZr À`mß¿`m H•$of-
CÀ[mXZm¿`m JaOm `m ghH$mar gßÒWmßH$Sy>Z Ia{Xr H$Í$Z ^mJodU{ AmdÌ`H$ Amh{. Am[Î`m
am¡`mVrb aMZm AmoU H$m`©[’Vrbm ]iH$Q>rH$aU AmoU AmYwoZH$sH$aU H$a `mMr JaO

Amh{. À`m_wi{ \$imß¿`m odH´$sM{ oZ`_Z AmoU oZ`ßoÃV ]mOma[{R>mßMm odH$mg hm{B©b. hÀVm
obbmdmMr odH´$s[’V H$Í$Z Omhra obbmd qH$dm _w∑V odH´$sgmR>r Xwgar Ï`dÒWm Agmdr.
H$m`⁄mVrb VaVwXr‡_mU{ Mm{drg Vmgmß¿`m AmV X{` a∑H$_ AXm H$a `mMr Ï`dÒWm
Agmdr. `mßoÃH$ dOZ_m[ [’Vr, `mßoÃH$s ‡Vdmar, gwH$odU{, Òd¿N> H$aU{ `m [’Vr
A_bmV AmUmÏ`mV. oZ`ßoÃV ]mOma[{R>mß¿`m oZ`ßÃUmgmR>r gßJUH$ VWm XiUdiU
Ï`dÒWm AmoU BVa AmYwoZH$ [’VtMm dm[a H$a `mV `mdm. `m gd© Jm{ÓQ>tMm odMma
\$imß¿`m odH´$sÏ`dÒW{gmR>r H$a `mV `mdm.

—Ì` gßH{$V : S>m{iÁmßZm oXgUma{, —ÓQ>rg [S>Uma{.
‡Vdmar : \$imß¿`m JwUdŒm{Zwgma XOm© R>aodU{.
8.4 gmamße
\$imßMr H$mT>Ur H$a `m[ydu \$imß¿`m [na[∑dV{M{ _mZXßS> g_OmdyZ K{D$Z
H$mT>UrMm oZU©` K{U{ `m{Ω` R>aV{. \$imßZm BOm hm{Uma Zmhr, Vr EH$_{H$mßZm Kmgbr OmUma
ZmhrV, hr H$miOr K{D$Z \$imßMr H$mT>Ur AJXr gH$mir qH$dm gm`ßH$mir H$amdr.
\$imßMr H$mT>Ur C›hm¿`m d{ir H$Í$ Z`{. H$mT>UrZßVa \$i{ H$miOr[yd©H$ hmVmimdrV.
_mbmMm aßJ, AmH$ma_mZ, dOZ, AmH$f©H$[Um, OmVrZwgma AmoU ]mOma[{R>{‡_mU{
\$imßMr ‡Vdmar H$amdr.

(1) \$imßMr [na[∑dVm ÂhUO{ H$m` ? \$imß¿`m [na[∑dV{M{ _mZXßS> H$m{UV{
Amh{V ?
(2) \$imßMr H$mT>Ur ÂhUO{ H$m` ? \$imßMr H$mT>Ur H$aVmZm H$m` H$miOr
ø`mdr ?
(3) \$imßMr ‡Vdmar H$er H$amdr ? \$imß¿`m odH´$sÏ`dÒW{]m]V godÒVa
_mohVr ochm.
(4) \$imß¿`m odH´$sÏ`dÒW{]m]V H$m{UÀ`m gyMZm H$a `mV `{VmV ?
(1) \$imßMr [na[∑dVm ÂhUO{ H$m` ?
(2) \$imß¿`m [na[∑dV{M{ _m[XßS> ochm.
(3) \$imßMr H$mT>Ur H{$Ïhm d H$er H$amdr ?
(4) \$imß¿`m odH´$sÏ`dÒW{M{ Ï`dÒWm[Z H$g{ H$amd{ ?
(5) \$imßMr ‡Vdmar H$aVmZm H$m{UÀ`m Jm{ÓQr ‹`mZmV K{U{ AmdÌ`H$ AgV{ ?
(6) \$imß¿`m odH´$sÏ`dÒW{]m]V H$m{UÀ`m gyMZmßM{ [mcZ H$aU{ OÈarM{ R>aV{ V{
Wm{S>∑`mV ochm.>

(1) \$imßMr H$mT>UrZßVaMr JwUdŒmm AmoU À`mßM{ Am`wÓ` `m Xm{Z Jm{ÓQ>r ‡m_wª`mZ{
H$emda Adcß]yZ AgVmV ?
(A) H$mT>Urda (B) [na[∑dV{da
(C) ‡Vdmarda (D) hmVmiUrda
(2) \$imMm ohadm aßJ ]XcyZ \$im¿`m gmcrda o[diga N>Q>m `m`cm gwÈdmV
Pmc{cr AgV{. `mcm [na[∑dV{Mm H$m{UVm _mZXßS> ÂhUVmV ?
(A) —Ì` gßH{$V (B) AmÂcVm (C) Q>∞oZZ (D) KZVm
(3) [∑d Pmc{cr Amß„`mMr \$i{ PmS>mdÍ$Z Oo_Zrda Am[m{Am[ JiyZ [S>VmV
`mcm H$m` ÂhUVmV ?
(A) \$imßMr H$mT>Ur (B) \$imßMr [na[∑dVm
(C) \$imßMr ‡Vdmar (D) `mß[°H$s Zmhr

(4) oH$S>c{cr, Zmgc{cr, \w$Q>c{cr, IaMQ>c{cr, Xm]c{cr \$i{ MmßJÎ`m
\$imß[mgyZ d{Jir H$aU{ `mcm H$m` ÂhUVmV ?
(A) \$imßMr H$mT>Ur (B) \$imßMr [na[∑dVm
(C) \$imßMr ‡Vdmar (D) \$imßMr hmVmiUr
(5) _hmamÓQ≠>mV \$imßMr odH´$sÏ`dÒWm ]h˛Vmßer H$m{Um¿`m hmVmV Amh{ ?
(A) ghH$mar gßÒWm (B) e{VH$ar
(C) Xcmc (D) ÒWmoZH$ Ï`m[mar
(6) Imcrc[°H$s H$m{UÀ`m KQ>H$mMm \$imß¿`m [na[∑dV{¿`m _m[XßS>mV g_md{e
hm{V Zmhr ?
(A) —Ì` gßH{$V (B) \$imßMm aßJ
(C) \$imßMm AmH$ma (D) \$imßMr ‡Vdmar
(7) "[na[∑dVm ( Maturity ) ÂhUO{ M o[H$c{ c { ( Ripened ) \$i' h{
odYmZ ......
(A) gÀ` Amh{ (B) AgÀ` Amh{
(C) AY©gÀ` Amh{ (D) gmßJVm `{V Zmhr
(8) Amß„`m¿`m \$imcm X{R> R>{dc{ ZmhrV Va-
(A) \$imßZm gwaHw$À`m [S>V ZmhrV
(B) \$i{ oZam{Jr amhVmV
(C) \$imßZm am{JOßVyßMm gßgJ© hm{V Zmhr
(D) \$i{ gS>m`cm cmJVmV

KQ>H$ 9 : ^mOr[mbm H$mT>Ur d hmVmiUr
AZwH´$_oUH$m
9.1 ‡mÒVmodH$
9.2 odf`-odd{MZ
9.2.1 ^mOr[mbm H$mT>Ur
9.2.2 ^mOr[mbm hmVmiUr
9.2.3 ^m¡`mßMr ‡Vdmar d odH´$sÏ`dÒWm
9.4 gmamße
9.1 ‡mÒVmodH$
e{VmVrb V`ma ^mOr[mbm H{$Ïhm, H$m{UÀ`m [’VrZ{ H$gm H$mT>mdm AmoU H$mT>b{Î`m
_mbmMr `m{Ω` Vr ‡Vdmar H$Í$Z _mb [{Q>ÁmßV â{[`™V H$m{UVr H$miOr ø`mdr ¯mM{
AZ{H$ _hŒdmM{ AmoU ]marH$gmarH$ V[erb ^mOr[mbm CÀ[mXH$mbm _mhrV AgU{
AmdÌ`H$ Amh{. ¯m]m]VrV hm{UmË`m MwH$m _mbmMr ‡V o]KS>od `mg, _mbmMm
oQ>H$mD$[Um H$_r H$a `mg AmoU [∞qH$J¿`m H$m_mV AS>MUr oZ_m©U H$aUmË`m R>Í$
eH$VmV. H$mT>b{bm _mb [{Q>ÁmßV ^Í$Z ]mOmamV [m{hm{MyZ odH´$s hm{D$Z oJËhmBH$mß¿`m
hmVmV [S>{[`™V À`m _mbmMr Or X{I^mb AmdÌ`H$ AgV{, À`mMm gß[yU© odMma ^mOr[mbm
CÀ[mXH$mßZr H$aU{ AmdÌ`H$ Amh{.
^mOr[mbm H$mT>UrZßVa¿`m Ï`dÒWm[Zm_Yrb [wT>Mm _hŒdmMm Q>fl[m ÂhUO{
^mOr[mÎ`mMr odH´$s AmoU ]mOma[{R> h{ hm{V. AZ{H$ AS>MUtZm AmoU Ym{∑`mßZm Vm|S>
X{D$Z ^m¡`mßM{ CÀ[mXZ H{$Î`mda À`mßMr `m{Ω` ^mdmZ{ odH´$s Pmbr Zmhr Va _m{R>{ ZwH$gmZ
hm{ `mMm gß^d AgVm{.
^mOr[mbm H$mT>Ur d hmVmiUr `modf`r _mohVr hm{B©b.
^m¡`mßMr ‡Vdmar d odH´$sÏ`dÒWm H$aVm `{B©b.
9.2 odf`-odd{MZ
9.2.1 ^mOr[mbm H$mT>Ur
^mOr[mÎ`mMr H$mT>Ur H$a `mAJm{Xa ^mOr[mÎ`mMr [na[∑dVm Am{iIU{ AoVe`
_hŒdmM{ AgV{. ^mOr[mÎ`mMr [na[∑dVm Am{iI `mgmR>r [na[∑dV{M{ _m[XßS> _mhrV
AgU{ h{ JaO{M{ Amh{. [na[∑dV{¿`m _m[XßS>mdÍ$Z ZßVa ^mOr[mÎ`m¿`m H$mT>Urg gwÈdmV
H$amdr.
^mOr[mÎ`mMr [na[∑dVm
earaodkmZemÒÃm¿`m —oÓQ>H$m{ZmVyZ [na[∑dVm ÂhUO{ dZÒ[Vr AWdm oV¿`m
earam¿`m EIm⁄m ^mJmMm OrdemÒÃr` H$m`m© V bm Aß o V_ Q> fl [m AgVm{ .
earaodkmZemÒÃm¿`m [na[∑dV{¿`m ¯m Ï`mª`{Zwgma lmdUK{dS>ÁmMr e|J AWdm ^|S>r
hr V{ÏhmM [na[∑d hm{V{ O{Ïhm À`m e|J{Vrb, ^|S>rVrb ]r [yU©[U{ odH$ogV Pmb{b{
AgV{. Vg{M V{ Wm{S>{g{ Q>UH$ hm{D$Z qH$oMV Xm] oXbm, Var e|J qH$dm ^|S>r \w$Q>V{. O{Ïhm
lmdUK{dS>ÁmMr e|J qH$dm ^|S>r CÀ[mXH$mbm Vm¡`m ^mOr¿`m ÒdÍ$[mV odH´$sgmR>r
AmUmd`mMr AgV{ V{Ïhm [na[∑dV{Mr Ï`mª`m `{W{ _mÃ Oer¿`m Ver bmJy [S>V Zmhr.
CÀ[mXH$m¿`m qH$dm J´mhH$mß¿`m —pÓQ>H$m{ZmVyZ O{Ïhm hr e|J qH$dm ^|S>r hmVmbm _D$
qH$dm H$m{dir bmJV{ AmoU [yU© dmT> hm{D$Z AmH$mamZ{ _m{R>r Pmb{br AgV{ V{ÏhmM Vr
H$mT>UrgmR>r [na[∑d Pmbr Ag{ g_Ob{ OmV{. ¯m_YyZ Am[U earaodkmZemÒÃm¿`m
[na[∑dV{¿`m Ï`mª`{Vbm AmoU H$mT>Ur¿`m [na[∑dV{¿`m Ï`mª`{Vbm \$aH$ bjmV
ø`m`bm hdm.
H$mT>UrgmR>r J•hrV Yab{br [na[∑dVm hr H$m{UÀ`m h{VygmR>r ^m¡`mßMr H$mT>Ur
H{$br Amh{, ¯mdagw’m Adbß]yZ AgV{. CXmhaUmW©, ÒWmoZH$ ]mOmamgmR>r qH$dm ‡oH´$`m
C⁄m{JmgmR>r Q>m{_∞Q>m{ [yU© o[H$b{b{ AmoU Vmß]S>Ám aßJmM{ PmÎ`mdaM H$mT>md{ bmJVmV.
[aßVw Xya¿`m AmoU _m{R>Ám ]mOma[{R>mßgmR>r ÂhUO{ _wß]B©, M{›ZB©, oXÎbr, H$bH$Œmm ¯m
]mOma[{R>mßV Q>m{_∞Q>m{ [mR>odVmZm \$i{ Wm{S>rer H$Ér AgVmZm AmoU ¡`m Q>m{_∞Q>m{¿`m
\$imßda ZwH$VmM aßJ `m`bm gwÈdmV Pmbr Amh{, AerM \$i{ Vm{S>mdr bmJVmV.
[na[∑dV{M{ _m[XßS>
EImX{ \$i qH$dm ^mOr [∑d Pmbr Amh{, h{ Am{iI `mgmR>r AZ{H$ _m[XßS>
Amh{V. À`mß[°H$s \$iYmaU{[mgyZ \$i V`ma hm{B©[`™V bmJb{b{ oXdg, S>m{iÁmßZm oXgUma{
gßH{$V, dmT>, AmH$ma, aßJ, ÒdÍ$[, drU, KZVm, gmIa, o[ÓQ>_` [XmW©, gm_y, AmÂbVm,
Q>∞ZrZ h{ H$mhr _m[XßS> Amh{V. [aßVw CÀ[mXH$mbm e{VmV C^{ amhˇZ H$mT>UrgmR>r [na[∑dVm
Am{iI `mgmR>r `mVrb H$mhr _m[XßS> oVVH{$g{ C[`w∑V ZmhrV. ode{fH$Í$Z \$imßMm
qH$dm ^mOrMm aßJ, À`mßMr Pmb{br dmT>, AmH$ma AmoU —Ì` gßH{$V ¯mdÍ$ZM [na[∑dVm
Am{iIm`Mr AgV{. Vg{M [yduMm AZw^d hmX{Irb CÀ[mXH$mbm _mhrV AgU{ AoVe`
_hŒdmM{ Amh{. CXmhaUmW©, ]Q>mQ>Ám¿`m PmS>mMr [mZ{ o[dir Pmbr ÂhUO{ Oo_ZrVrb
]Q>mQ>ÁmMr dmT> [yU© Pmb{br AgV{, Ag{ g_Om`bm haH$V Zmhr AmoU À`m‡_mU{
]Q>mQ>ÁmMr H$mT>Ur H$amdr. Vg{M dmßΩ`mMr \$i{ Q>dQ>drV, AmH$f©H$ AmoU MH$MH$sV
AgVmZmM À`mßMr H$mT>Ur H$amdr. ÂhUO{ À`mVrb o]`m OaS> hm{V ZmhrV.
^mOr[mÎ`mMr H$mT>Ur
dZÒ[Vr[mgyZ oVMm EImXm ^mJ qH$dm [yU© dZÒ[VrM Oo_Zr[mgyZ d{JiÁm
H$a `m¿`m H•$Vrbm H$mT>Ur Ag{ ÂhUVmV. Wm{S>∑`mV, dmßΩ`m¿`m PmS>m[mgyZ dmßΩ`mMr
\$i{ Vm{S>U{ qH$dm H$m{qWo]arM{ am{[ [yU©[U{ EH$XmM C[Q>U{ ¯m Jm{ÓQ>rbm H$mT>Ur AWdm
Vm{S>Ur Ag{ ÂhUVmV. H$mT>b{bm AWdm Vm{S>b{bm ^mJ [w›hm dZÒ[Vrbm Om{S>Vm `{V
Zmhr. e{VmV ]Ë`mM d{im PmS>mdÍ$Z Q>m{_∞Q>m{ Oo_Zrda Am[m{Am[ JiyZ [S>VmV. ¯m
oH´$`{bm H$mT>Ur ÂhUV ZmhrV.
[na[∑dV{¿`m AJm{Xa gmßoJVb{Î`m AmoU Am[Î`mbm gm{fl`m AmoU gm{`r¿`m
dmQ>b{Î`m _m[XßS>mßdÍ$Z ^m¡`mß¿`m H$mT>Urg gwÈdmV H$amdr. dmßΩ`mMr \$i{ PmS>m[mgyZ
Oamer Am{T>br H$s oZKVmV. Vg{M ]Q>mQ>m H$mT>Ur¿`m oZaoZamiÁm [’Vr Amh{V. Hw$XirZ{
Im{XyZ, ZmßJaUr H$Í$Z AWdm oZaoZamiÁm ‡H$ma¿`m `ßÃmß¿`m gmhmÊ`mZ{hr ]Q>mQ>ÁmMr
H$mT>Ur H$aVmV. _hmamÓQ≠>mV gmYmaU[U{ bmH$S>r ZmßJamZ{ ]Q>mQ>ÁmMr H$mT>Ur H$aVmV.
ZmßJaVmZm CKS>{ [S>b{b{ ]Q>mQ>{ d{MyZ ø`md{V. [aV AmS>dr ZmßJaUr H$Í$Z gd© ]Q>mQ>{
d{MyZ ø`md{V. Aem naVrZ{ ]Q>mQÁmMr H$mT>Ur [yU© H$aVmV. ‡JV X{emß_‹`{ ^m¡`mß¿`m
H$mT>UrgmR>r AmYwoZH$ [’Vr¿`m `ßÃmßMm dm[a H$aVmV. ^m¡`mßMr H$mT>Ur hr C›hm¿`m
d{ir H$Í$ Z`{. oXdgmVrb WßS> d{ir H$mT>UrMr oH´$`m [yU© H$amdr. ÂhUO{ EH$X_ gH$mir
qH$dm gm`ßH$mir ^m¡`mßMr H$mT>Ur H$amdr. ¯m_wi{ ^m¡`mßVrb CÓUVm H$_r hm{ `mg
_XV hm{V{. EH$X_ gH$mir ^m¡`mßMr H$mT>Ur H{$Î`m_wi{ ^m¡`m gwH$V ZmhrV qH$dm
À`mßda gwaHw$À`m [S>V ZmhrV. ^m¡`mß¿`m H$mT>UrgmR>r H$m{`À`mgmaª`m gmohÀ`mMm dm[a
H$amdm bmJVm{. H$mT>UrZßVa ^m¡`m Oo_Zrda qH$dm _mVrda R>{dy Z`{V. À`m Q>m{[br,
H$aßS>r qH$dm flbmpÒQ>H$¿`m H´{$Q≤>g≤_‹`{ R>{dyZ H$mT>Ur H$arV Omd{. H$mT>UrZßVa ^m¡`m
gmdbrV AWdm N>[amImbr AmUmÏ`mV. H$mT>Ur¿`m d{ir ^m¡`m e∑`Vm{ EH$_{H$s®Zm
KmgÎ`m OmUma ZmhrV, `mMr H$miOr ø`mdr.
9.2.2 ^mOr[mbm hmVmiUr
^mOr[mÎ`m¿`m H$mT> Ur¿`m d{ir d H$mT>UrZßVa ^mOr[mÎ`mMr hmVmiUr
H$miOr[yd©H$ H$aU{ _hŒdmM{ AgV{. ^mOr[mÎ`m¿`m hmVmiUrda ^mOr[mÎ`mM{ [wT>rb
Am`wÓ` d ‡V Adbß]yZ AgV{. H$mT>Ur¿`m d{ir ^m¡`m e∑`Vm{ EH$_{H$s®Zm KmgÎ`m
OmUma ZmhrV, ¯mMr H$miOr ø`mdr. H$mT>b{Î`m ^m¡`m e{Vmda \$ma H$miOr[yd©H$
hmVmimÏ`mV. H$mT>b{Î`m ^m¡`m Q>m{[Î`m, H$aßS>{ qH$dm flbmpÒQ>H$¿`m H´{$Q>≤g≤_YyZ Jm{im
H$Í$Z gmdbrV AmUmÏ`mV.
9.2.3 ^m¡`mßMr ‡Vdmar d odH´$sÏ`dÒWm
H$mT>UrZßVa ^m¡`mßMr ‡Vdmar H$aU{ AÀ`ßV _hŒdmM{ Amh{. oH$S>b{Î`m, Zmgb{Î`m,
IaMQ>b{Î`m, X]b{Î`m, \w$Q>b{Î`m ^m¡`m MmßJÎ`m ^m¡`mß[mgyZ ]mOybm H$amÏ`mV.
AmH$ma_mZmZ{ d{S>ÁmdmH$S>Ám Agb{Î`m ^m¡`m d{JiÁm H$amÏ`mV. À`mZßVa MmßJÎ`m
^m¡`mß_YyZ AmH$ma_mZ, aßJ, dOZ, OmVr, AmH$f©H$[Um, BÀ`mXr ]m]tdÍ$Z ^m¡`mßMr
‡Vdmar H$aVmV. ‡W_ XOm©¿`m, _m{R>Ám AmH$mam¿`m, AmH$f©H$ AmoU J´mhH$mßMr [gßVr
bjmV K{D$Z ^m¡`m _m{R>Ám AmoU Xya¿`m ]mOma[{R>mßgmR>r [mR>dmÏ`mV. XwÊ`_ XOm©Mm
^mOr[mbm BVa AmoU ÒWmoZH$ ]mOma[{R>mßgmR>r [mR>dmdm. Va À`m ^m¡`mßMr ZmgmS>r
Ïhm`bm gwÈdmV Pmbr Amh{, Aem ^m¡`m ‡oH´$`{gmR>r dm[amÏ`mV. Aem [’VrZ{ ^m¡`mßMr
‡Vdmar H$aVmV. Q>m{_∞Q>m{¿`m ]m]VrV ^maVr` _mZH$ gßÒW{Z{ Q>m{_∞Q>m{¿`m \$imßMr Mma
‡VtV od^mJUr H{$br Amh{. À`mZwgma "gw[a E', "gw[a', "\∞$›gr' AmoU "H$_oe©Ab'
Aem Mma ‡Vt_‹`{ Q>m{_∞Q>m{Mr ‡Vdmar H$amdr.
Hß$XdJu` ^m¡`m, [mb{^m¡`m AmoU BVa ^m¡`m H$mT>UrZßVa [m `mZ{ Òd¿N>
YwD$Z ø`mÏ`mV ÂhUO{ À`mda oMH$Q>b{br _mVr Xya hm{V{. ZßVa [mb{^m¡`mß¿`m OwS>Ám
]mßYmÏ`mV.
^mOr[mÎ`mMr odH´$sÏ`dÒWm
^mOr[mÎ`m¿`m H$mT>UrZßVa¿`m Ï`dÒWm[Zm_‹`{ ^m¡`mßMr oH$\$m`Vera odH´$s
H$aU{ hm AÀ`ßV _hŒdmMm ^mJ Amh{. AZ{H$ AS>MUtZm AmoU Ym{∑`mßZm Vm|S> X{D$Z
^m¡`mßM{ CÀ[mXZ H{$Î`mda À`mMr `m{Ω` ^mdmZ{ odH´$s Pmbr Zmhr Va _m{R>{ ZwH$gmZ
hm{ `mMm gß^d AgVm{. ^mOr[mbm AÀ`ßV ZmedßV AgÎ`mZ{ H$mT>UrZßVa À`mMr bdH$a
odÎh{dmQ> bmdU{ hr AmdÌ`H$ ]m] Amh{. [mbH$, e{[y, _{Wr, H$m{qW]ra, MwH$m, MmH$dV,
MßXZ]Qdm ¯mßgmmaª`m [mb{^m¡`m À`mß¿`m H$mT>UrZßVa H$mhr VmgmßVM odH$mÏ`m
bmJVmV. ZmhrVa e{VH$Ë`mbm ZwH$gmZrMm Ym{H$m gß^dVm{. ^m¡`mßM{ CÀ[mXZ e{VH$Ë`mß¿`m
hmVmV AgV{. À`m_wi{ `m{Ω` AmoU CŒm_ ‡VrMm _mb o[H$dyZhr Vm{ MmßJÎ`m ]mOma^mdmZ{
odH$bm OmD$Z hmVr ]Ë`m[°H$s [°gm `{B©b, ¯mMr e{VH$Ë`mbm e{dQ>[`™V ImÃr ZgV{.
ÂhUyZM e{VH$Ë`mßZr ¯m ]m]VrV gVV Xj amhˇZ oZaoZamiÁm ]mOma[{R>mßVyZ H$m{UÀ`m
^mOr[mÎ`mMr _mJUr OmÒV AgV{, _mbmMm VwQ>dS>m H{$Ïhm AgVm{, BÀ`mXr ]marH$gmarH$
V[erb o_iodbm [mohO{. À`mZwgma _mbm¿`m CÀ[mXZmM{ oZ`m{OZ H$Í$Z odH´$sMr
Ï`dÒWm H$aU{ AmdÌ`H$ Amh{.
gd©gmYmaU[U{ _mbmMr AmdH$ dmT>br H$s, ^m¡`mßM{ ^md Imbr `{D$ bmJVmV.
Am[Î`mH$S>{ Am∞∑Q>m{]a-Zm{Ïh|]a V{ Eo‡b-_{[`™V ^mOr[mÎ`mMr AmdH$ â[ya AgV{.
À`m_wi{ ^m¡`mßM{ ^md JS>JS>VmV. Aem d{ir e{VH$Ë`mbm Am[bm _mb AJXr
_mVr_m{bmZ{ odH$ `moedm` Xwgam [`m©` ZgVm{. ¯mCbQ> OyZ V{ gflQ>|]a ¯m H$mimV
]h˛V{H$ ^mOr[mÎ`mßMm VwQ>dS>m AgVm{. Om{ e{VH$ar ¯m H$mimV ]mOmamV _mb AmUy
eH$Vm{, À`mbm MmßJbm ^md o_iVm{. ÂhUyZ ]mOma[{R>{Mm AmoU odH´$sÏ`dÒW{Mm
[napÒWVrZwgma A‰`mg H$aU{ AmdÌ`H$ Amh{.
^mOr[mÎ`m¿`m odH´$s_‹`{ e{VH$ar, ÒWmoZH$ Ï`m[mar, KmD$H$ odH´{$V{, Xbmb
qH$dm AS>V{ AmoU ghH$mar gßÒWm, BÀ`mXtMm g_md{e hm{Vm{. ]h˛V{H$ d{im _mbm¿`m
oH$_VrVrb ]amM _m{R>m ^mJ Xbmb qH$dm AS>À`mM C[Q>Vm{ AmoU e{VH$Ë`mßMr \$gdUyH$
hm{V{. emgZmZ{ À`mgmR>r "H•$of CÀ[›Z ]mOma go_À`m' ÒWm[Z H{$b{Î`m Amh{V. À`m
oR>H$mUr _mbmMm obbmd CKS>CKS> hm{Vm{. H$mßXm AmoU ]Q>mQ>m ¯m ^m¡`mß¿`m odH´$sgmR>r
emgZmZ{ "Zm\{$S>'gmaª`m gßÒW{¤ma{ Ia{Xr-odH´$s gwÍ$ H{$Î`m_wi{ e{VH$Ë`mßZm oH$\$m`Vera
^md AmoU J´mhH$mbm dmOdr oH$_VrV _mbmMm [wadR>m hm{Vm{. À`moedm` _hmamÓQ≠> am¡`
_mH}$qQ>J \{$S>a{eZ AmoU _hmamÓQ≠> am¡` [UZ _ßS>i ¯m emgZmZ{ e{VH$Ë`mß¿`m _XVrgmR>r
ÒWm[Z H{$b{Î`m gßÒWm Amh{V. ghH$mar VŒdmda d{‚H$m{gmaª`m ^mOr[mbm odH´$sgßÒWm
ÒWm[Z hm{U{ e{VH$Ë`mß¿`m —ÓQ>rZ{ OmÒV JaO{M{ AmoU ohVmdh Amh{. ¯mgmR>r ghH$ma
_ßÃmb` Vg{M amÓQ≠>r` ]mJdmZr ]m{S>m©H$Sy>Z AmoW©H$ _XVhr oXbr OmV{.
^mOr[mÎ`m¿`m odH´$s]m]V H$mhr gyMZm
H$mhr _yb^yV g_Ò`mß_wi{ ^m¡`mßMr odH´$s hm AÀ`ßV oH$MH$Q> Agm odf` ]Zbm
Amh{. Am[Î`m AW©Ï`dÒW{Vrb H•$ofj{ÃmVrb ‡oVHy$b Ï`m[maeVu bjmV K{VÎ`mg
H•$of-odH´$sÏ`dÒW{bm AÀ`ßV _hŒdmM{ ÒWmZ Amh{. _hmamÓQ≠>mV H•$of_mbmMr odH´$sÏ`dÒWm
]h˛Vmßer Xbmbmß¿`m hmVmV Amh{. À`m_wi{ CÀ[mXZm{Œma g{dm, _yb^yV gm{`r AmoU
[UZÏ`dÒWm ZgÎ`m_wi{ H•$of[UZ h{ gd©Òdr [maß[naH$ ÒdÍ$[mM{ Amh{.
e{VH$Ë`mß¿`m ghH$mar gßÒW{¿`m _m‹`_mVyZ ^∑H$_ H•$of[UZ Ï`dÒWm Agmdr.
¯m EH$mpÀ_H$ [UZÏ`dÒW{_‹`{ emÒÃr` [’VrMr ‡Vdmar AmoU ‡_mUrH$aU, gwYmnaV
]mßYUr, `m{Ω` gmR>dU AmoU [UZ IM©, dmhVyH$ ¯mßMm g_md{e Agmdm. erVgmIir¿`m
_m‹`_mVyZ Vm[_mZ Ï`dÒWm[Z h{ _hŒdmM{ H$m`© e{VH$Ë`mß¿`m gßÒWmß_m\©$V hm{U{ AmdÌ`H$
Amh{. ¯m gßÒWmßZr ÒdV:hˇZ qH$dm gß`w∑V ‡H$Î[m¿`m gh^mJmVyZ À`mßM{ ÒdV:M{ ]´±S>
AmoU Ï`m[maoM›h À`mß¿`m CÀ[mXZm¿`m [UZÏ`dÒW{gmR>r odH$ogV H$amd{. h{ Co‘ÓQ>
gm‹` H$a `mgmR> r À`m ^mJmVrb ^mOr[mbm o[H$mß M { j{ Ã bjmV K{ D $Z ‡H$Î[
Ahdmbm¿`m AmYma{ ‡H$Î[mMr dY©Zj_Vm AmoU gwgm‹`Vm og’ PmÎ`mg À`m À`m
^mJmgmR>r e{VH$Ë`mß¿`m ghH$mar gßÒWm ÒWm[Z H$a `mV `mÏ`mV. Aem ghH$mar gßÒWmßZr
BVa ghH$mar gßÒWm qH$dm ImOJr qH$dm emgH$s` gßÒW{¿`m ]am{]a EH$Ã `{D$Z Vm¡`m
qH$dm ‡oH´$`m H{$b{Î`m ^m¡`mß¿`m odH´$sÏ`dÒW{gmR>r gß`w∑V ‡H$Î[ qH$dm gh`m{J
‡ÒWmo[V H$amdm.
]mOma[{R>mßer oZJoS>V CÀ[mXZ H$m`©H´$_mbm ]iH$Q>r AmU `m¿`m —ÓQ>rZ{ [rH$dma
CÀ[mXH$ gßK ÒWm[Z H$amd{V. Aem ‡H$maM{ [rH$dma gßK À`m À`m o[H$mßM{ oZ`m{OZ
AmoU H$m`©H´$_ Aß_b]OmdUrgmR>r O]m]Xma amhVrb. Aem [rH$oZhm` gßÒWmßZr
am¡`ÒVamda EH$Ã `{D$Z _hmgßK ÒWm[Z H$Í$Z emgZmbm Ym{aUmÀ_H$ Vg{M VÀg_
]m]t]‘b gÎbm ⁄mdm. eharH$aU, Amhma gd`rVrb pÒWÀ`ßVa, amhUr_mZm¿`m XOm©V
hm{V Agb{br dmT> bjmV K{Vm ^m¡`mßda ‡oH´$`m H{$b{Î`m [UZmbm MmßJbm dmd Amh{.
[aX{er ]mOma[{R>mßV Ò[Ym© H$a `mgmR>r CÀ[mXZIM© H$_r H{$Î`mg ^m¡`mß¿`m ‡oH´$`m`w∑V
[XmWm™¿`m oZ`m©Vrbm MmßJbm dmd Amh{. À`m gßYrMm \$m`Xm K{ `m¿`m —ÓQ>rZ{ AÀ`ßV
‡^mdr Aer odH´$sÏ`dÒWm Ym{aU{ AmImdr bmJVrb. gßKQ>ZmÀ_H$ J´mhH$ Og{ H$s
gßajU od^mJ AmoU BVa emgH$s`, oZ_emgH$s` gßÒWmßZr À`mßZm bmJUmË`m ‡oH´$`m`w∑V
H•$of-CÀ[mXZm¿`m JaOm ¯m ghH$mar gßÒWmßH$Sy>Z Ag{ [XmW© Ia{Xr H$Í$Z ^mJdmÏ`mV;
Agm ‡`ÀZ H$aU{ AmdÌ`H$ Amh{. Am[Î`m am¡`mVrb aMZm AmoU H$m`©[’Vrbm
]iH$Q>rH$aU AmoU AmYwoZH$sH$aU H$a `mMr JaO Amh{. À`m_wi{ ^mOr [UZmM{ oZ`_Z
AmoU oZ`ßoÃV ]mOma[{R>mßMm odH$mg hm{B©b. hÀVm obbmdmMr odH´$s [’V ]ßX H$Í$Z
Omhra obbmd qH$dm _w∑V odH´$sgmR>r Xwgar Ï`dÒWm Agmdr. H$m`⁄mVrb VaVwXt‡_mU{
e{VH$Ë`mßZm Mm{drg Vmgmß¿`m AmV X{` a∑H$_ AXm H{$br Omdr. `mßoÃH$ dOZ_m[
[’Vr, `mßoÃH$s ‡Vdmar, gwH$odU{, Òd¿N> H$aU{ ¯m [’Vr A_bmV AmUmÏ`mV. oZ`ßoÃV
]mOma[{R>mß¿`m oZ`ßÃUmgmR>r gßJUH$ VWm XiUdiU Ï`dÒWm AmoU BVa AmYwoZH$
[’VtMm dm[a H$a `mV `{V Amh{. ¯m gd© Jm{ÓQ>tMm odMma ^m¡`mß¿`m [UZÏ`dÒW{gmR>r
H$a `mV `mdm.
∑`wna®J : H$mßX{ e{VmV gwH$odU{.
—Ì` gßH{$V : S>m{iÁmßZm oXgUma{ JwU, —ÓQ>rg [S>Uma{.
‡Vdmar : ^m¡`mß¿`m JwUdŒm{Zwgma XOm© R>aodU{.
9.4 gmamße
^mOr[mÎ`mMr H$mT>Ur H$a `m[ydu ^mOr[mÎ`m¿`m [na[∑dV{M{ _m[XßS> g_OmdyZ
K{D$Z H$mT>UrMm oZU©` K{U{ `m{Ω` R>aV{. ^m¡`mßZm BOm hm{Uma Zmhr, À`m EH$_{H$s®Zm
KmgÎ`m OmUma ZmhrV, hr H$miOr K{D$Z ^m¡`mßMr H$mT>Ur AJXr gH$mir qH$dm
gm`ßH$mir H$amdr. ^m¡`mßMr H$mT>Ur C›hm¿`m d{ir H$Í$ Z`{. H$mT>UrZßVa ^m¡`m
H$miOr[yd©H$ hmVmimÏ`mV. _mbmMm aßJ, AmH$ma_mZ, dOZ, AmH$f©H$[Um, OmVrZwgma
AmoU ]mOma[{R>{‡_mU{ ^m¡`mßMr ‡Vdmar H$amdr.

(1) ^mOr[mÎ`mMr [na[∑dVm ÂhUO{ H$m` ? ^mOr[mÎ`mMr [na[∑dVm H$er
Am{iImdr V{ godÒVa ochm.
(2) ^mOr[mÎ`mMr H$mT>Ur H$Yr d H$er H$amdr ?
(3) ^mOr[mÎ`mMr odH´$sÏ`dÒWm H$er H$amdr ?
(4) ^mOr[mcm odH´$s]m]V H$m{UÀ`m gyMZmßM{ Adcß]Z hm{U{ AmdÌ`H$ Amh{ ?
(1) ^mOr[mÎ`mMr [na[∑dVm H$er R>admdr ?
(2) ^mOr[mÎ`mM{ [na[∑dV{M{ _m[XßS> ochm.
(3) ^mOr[mÎ`mMr H$mT>Ur H$aVmZm H$m{UVr H$miOr ø`mdr ?
(4) ^mOr[mÎ`mMr ‡Vdmar H$er H$amdr ?
(5) ^mOr[mÎ`m¿`m odH´$sÏ`dÒW{M{ _hŒd Ò[ÓQ> H$am.
(6) ^mOr[mÎ`mcm AoYH$ ^md o_i `mgmR>r odH´$sÏ`dÒWm H$er Agmdr ?
(7) ^mOr[mÎ`m¿`m odH´$s]m]V H$m{UÀ`m gyMZm H{$Î`m OmVmV V{ Wm{S>∑`mV
ochm.
(8) ^mOr[mÎ`mMr [na[∑dVm ÂhUO{ H$m` ? ^mOr[mÎ`mMr H$mT>UrZßVaMr
hmVmiUr H$aVmZm H$m{UVr H$miOr ø`mdr ?
(1) ^mOr[mÎ`m¿`m earam¿`m EIm⁄m ^mJmMm OrdemÒÃr` H$m`m©Vcm AßoV_
Q>fl[m ÂhUO{M
(A) [na[∑dVm (B) H$mT>Ur (C) hmVmiUr (D) ‡Vdmar
(2) Imcrc[°H$s H$m{UmMm ^mOr[mÎ`mMr [na[∑dV{gmR>r —Ì` gßH{$V ÂhUyZ
g_md{e H$aVm `{Uma Zmhr ?
(A) KZVm (B) o[ÓQ>_` [XmW© (C) AmH$ma (D) AmÂcVm
(3) e{VmV PmS>mdÍ$Z Q>m{_∞Q>m{ Oo_Zrda Am[m{Am[ JiyZ [S>VmV `mcmM
\$imßMr-
(A) H$mT>Ur ÂhUVmV (B) hmVmiUr ÂhUVmV
(C) ‡Vdmar ÂhUVmV (D) `mß[°H$s Zmhr
(4) _hmamÓQ≠>mV ]Q>mQ>ÁmMr H$mT>Ur H$er H$aVmV ?
(A) Hw$XirZ{ Im{XyZ (B) odiÁmZ{ Im{XyZ
(C) cmH$S>r ZmßJamZ{ ZmßJÍ$Z (D) PmS> C[Qy>Z
(5) Imcrc[°H$s H$m{UVr ^mOr AoYH$ ZmedßV Amh{ ?
(A) H$macr (B) ^m{[im (C) H$mer\$i (D) MßXZ]Q>dm
(6) H$m{UVr odH´$s[’V e{VH$Ë`mß¿`m —ÓQ>rZ{ ZwH$gmZH$maH$ Amh{ ?
(A) Omhra occmd (B) hŒmm occmd
(C) [UU gßÒWm (D) ghH$mar gßÒWm
KQ>H$ 10 : \w$bmßMr H$mT>Ur d hmVmiUr
AZwH´$_oUH$m
10.1 ‡mÒVmodH$
10.2 odf`-odd{MZ
10.2.1 \w$bmßMr H$mT>Ur
10.2.2 \w$bmßMr hmVmiUr
10.2.3 \w$bmßMr ‡Vdmar
10.2.4 \w$bmßMr odH´$s d oZ`m©V
10.4 gmamße
10.1 ‡mÒVmodH$
\w$bmß¿`m H$mT>UrMr d{i \w$bmß¿`m OmVrda, ]mOma[{R>mß¿`m AßVamda AmoU
\w$bmß¿`m H$ir¿`m AmH$mamda Adbß]yZ AgV{. \w$b{ H$m{UÀ`m d{ir AmoU H$m{UÀ`m
AdÒW{V H$mT>br OmVmV `mßda \w$bmßM{ Am`wÓ` Adbß]yZ AgV{. H$mhr \w$bmß¿`m ]m]VrV
gH$mir AmR> dmOVm H$mT>b{Î`m \w$bmß[{jm gß‹`mH$mir Mma¿`m gw_mamg H$mT>b{br \w$b{
OmÒV H$mi oQ>H$VmV. H$maU gß‹`mH$mir H$mT>b{Î`m \w$bmß_‹`{ H$m]m}hm`S≠>{Q>≤g≤M{ ‡_mU
gH$mir H$mT>b{Î`m \w$bmß[{jm OmÒV AgV{. `m H$m]m}hm`S≠>{Q>≤g≤Mm C[`m{J \w$bmßZm
ÌdgZmgmR>r hm{Vm{. À`mM‡_mU{ dmhVwH$sMm ‡H$ma AmoU _OwamßMr C[b„YVm `mßda
\w$bmß¿`m H$mT>UrMr d{i Adbß]yZ AgV{.
\w$bmßM{ H$mT>UrZßVaM{ Am`wÓ` h{ 70% À`mß¿`m H$mT>Ur¿`m d{i{da Va Cd©naV
30% h{ H$mT>UrZßVa¿`m KQ>H$mßda Adbß]yZ AgV{. \w$bmßM{ H$mT>UrZßVaM{ Am`wÓ` h{
\w$bmßMr [na[∑dVm, \w$b{ H$mT>UrMr [’V Vg{M \w$bmßMr H$mT>UrZßVaMr hmVmiUr,
]mJH$m_mMr _ycVŒd{ AmoU H$m`©[’Vr : [mR>Á[wpÒVH$m -2 ï 139
\w$bmßM{ [∞qH$J, dmhVwH$s¿`m `m{Ω` [’Vr AmoU gmR>dUr¿`m [’Vr `mßda Adbß]yZ
AgV{. A`m{Ω` hmVmiUr_wi{ \w$bmßM{ \$i{ AmoU ^mOr[mÎ`m¿`m VwbZ{V ‡MßS> ‡_mUmV
ZwH$gmZ hm{V{. \w$b{ `m{Ω` ‡H$ma{ hmVmibr ZmhrV Va \w$be{Vr[mgyZ [yU© AmoW©H$ _m{]Xbm
o_iV Zmhr. ¡`m‡_mU{ \$i{ AmoU ^mOr[mÎ`mßMr ‡Vdmar H$Í$Z odH´$s H{$br OmV{
À`m‡_mU{ \w$b{gw’m ‡Vdmar H$Í$Z, `m{Ω` [∞qH$J H$Í$Z ]mOmamV [mR>odbr [mohO{V.
_hmamÓQ≠>mV AbrH$S>rb H$mimV ZmoeH$, [wU{, gmßJbr, gm{bm[ya, gmVmam, Ah_XZJa
`m oR>H$mUr Jwbm], Ωb∞oS>Am{bg, Oa]{am, oZoeJßY, _m{Jam ¯m \w$bo[H$mßMr Ï`m[mar
VŒdmda bmJdS> H{$br OmV{. `m ^mJmVrb H$mhr e{VH$ar ‡Vdmar H$Í$Z \w$b{ odH$VmV.
À`m_wi{ `m e{VH$Ë`mßZm \w$be{Vr[mgyZ MmßJb{ CÀ[›Z o_iV{. H$mhr ^mJmßV Ï`dpÒWV
‡Vdmar Z H$aVm \w$bmßMr odH´$s H{$br OmV{. À`m_wi{ IMm©¿`m ‡_mUmV e{VH$Ë`mßZm
_m{]Xbm o_iV Zmhr AmoU `{B©b À`m ^mdmbm _mb odH$mdm bmJVm{.
^maVmV \w$bmßMr odH´$s hr ‡m_wª`mZ{ KmD$H$ odH´$s Xbmb AmoU oH$aH$m{i
odH´{$À`mß¿`m hmVmV Amh{. À`m_wi{ \w$b{ CÀ[mXH$mbm `m{Ω` Vm{ AmoW©H$ _m{]Xbm o_iV
Zmhr. AbrH$S>¿`m H$mimV \w$bmßM{ H$mhr CÀ[mXH$ [m∞obhmD$g_‹`{ d{Jd{JiÁm \w$bmßMr
bmJdS> H$Í$Z gXa _mb [aX{emV Vg{M ^maVmVrb _m{R>_m{R>Ám ehamßV [mR>odVmV.
\w$bmßMr H$mT>Ur d hmVmiUr `mßodf`r _mohVr hm{B©b.
\w$bmßMr ‡Vdmar, odH´$s d oZ`m©V H$aVm `{B©b.
10.2 odf`-odd{MZ
10.2.1 \w$bmßMr H$mT>Ur

\w$bmßMr H$mT>Ur H$aVmZm \w$bmßMr [na[∑dVm, ]mOma[{R>{M{ AßVa, ]mOma[{R>{Vrb
_mJUr, \w$bmßMm C[`m{J, BÀ`mXr Jm{ÓQ>r bjmV ø`mÏ`mV.
\w$bmß¿`m H$mT>UrMr d{i ‡m_wª`mZ{ \w$bmßMr [na[∑dVm, J´mhH$mßMr _mJUr,
]mOma[{R>{M{ AßVa AmoU hßJm_ `mßda Adbß]yZ AgV{.
(A) \w$bmßMr [na[∑dVm
¡`m AdÒW{V \w$bmßMr H$mT>Ur H{$br AgVm H$mT>UrZßVahr \w$bmßMr dmT> hm{V amhV{
AmoU \w$bmßMr ‡V OmÒVrV OmÒV MmßJbr amIyZ dmT> [yU© hm{V{ À`m AdÒW{bm \w$bmßMr
[na[∑dVm Ag{ ÂhUVmV. CXmhaUmW©, H$mZ}eZ, Q>Áwob[ AmoU B©ÒQ>a obbr `m \w$bmßMr
H$mT>Ur H$ir, ohadr H$ir qH$dm ÏhmB©Q> [\$s AdÒW{V H{$Î`mg H$ir dmT>V amhˇZ
OmÒVrV OmÒV MmßJÎ`m ‡VrMr \w$b{ V`ma hm{VmV.
\w$bmßMr oQ>H$ `mMr JwUdŒmm hr À`m_‹`{ Agb{Î`m H$m]m}hm`S≠>{Q>≤g≤¿`m ‡_mUmda
Vg{M A›ZmM{ odKQ>Z hm{VmZm V`ma hm{UmË`m KQ>H$mßda Adbß]yZ AgV{. Vg{M VmOr
\w$b{ dfm©V ¡`m d{ir OmÒVrV OmÒV gy`©‡H$me AgVm{ Aem d{ir H$mT>Î`mg Vr H$_rV
H$_r gy`©‡H$memV H$mT>b{Î`m \w$bmß[{jm OmÒV oXdg oQ>H$VmV. [aX{emV Eo‡b V{ Owb°
`m H$mbmdYrV H$mT>b{br e{dßVrMr \w$b{ Zm{Ïh|]a V{ oS>g|]a `m H$mimV H$mT>b{Î`m
\w$bmß[{jm Xwfl[Q> H$mi oQ>H$VmV.
(Am) J´mhH$mßMr _mJUr
\w$bmßMr H$mT>UrMr d{i qH$dm H$mT>Ur¿`m d{i{Mr [na[∑dVm hr ]mOma[{R>{Vrb
_mJUrda Adbß]yZ AgV{. J´mhH$mßMr _mJUr \w$b{ H$m{UÀ`m d{i{V H$mT>br Amh{V, `mßda
Adbß]yZ AgV{.
(B) ]mOma[{R>{M{ AßVa
\w$bmß¿`m H$mT>UrMr d{i hr ¡`m ]mOma[{R>{V \w$b{ [mR>dmd`mMr Amh{V À`m
]mOma[{R>mß¿`m AßVamda Adbß]yZ AgV{. \w$b{ Xya¿`m ]mOma[{R>{V [mR>dmd`mMr
AgÎ`mg [yU© dmT> hm{ `m[ydu \w$bmßMr H$mT>Ur H$amdr. H$ir¿`m AdÒW{V \w$bmßMm
AmH$ma bhmZ AgÎ`m_w i { OmÒVrV OmÒV \w $ b{ ‡À`{ H $ H$mJXr [{ Q > r V ^Í$Z
[mR>odVm `{VmV. Odi¿`m ]mOma[{R>{gmR>r \w$bmßMr [yU© dmT> PmÎ`mZßVaM \w$bmßMr
H$mT>Ur H$amdr.
(B©) \w$bmßMm C[`m{J
\w$bmßMm dm[a H$m{UÀ`m H$maUmgmR>r H$am`Mm Amh{ `mdahr \w$bmß¿`m H$mT>UrMr
d{i Adbß]yZ AgV{. hma, JOa{, d{ `m V`ma H$a `mgmR>r [yU© dmT> Pmb{Î`m H$ir¿`m
AdÒW{V \w$b{ H$mT>mdrV. gOmdQ>rgmR>r AWdm \w$bXmUrV \w$b{ R>{d `mgmR>r bmß]
XmßS>ÁmMr \w$b{ H$mT>VmZm [yU© dmT> Pmb{Î`m H$ir¿`m AdÒW{V \w$b{ Vm{S>mdrV. gwJßYr
V{b{, AŒma{ V`ma H$a `mgmR>r OmB©, OwB©, _m{Jam, H$mJS>m `mßgmaIr \w$b{ [yU© C_bb{Î`m
\w$bmß¿`m AdÒW{V H$amdr. [yU© C_bb{Î`m \w$bmß[mgyZ gwJßYr –Ï`mMm CVmam OmÒV
‡_mUmV o_iVm{.
H$mhr _hŒdm¿`m \w$bmßMr H$mT>Ur [wT>rb‡_mU{ H$amdr.
(1) Jwbm] : Jwbm]\w$bmßMr H$mT>Ur e∑`Vm{ gy`m}X`m[ydu H$amdr. Jwbm]m¿`m
bmb AmoU Jwbm]r OmVt_‹`{ \w$bmß¿`m ]mh{arb EH$ V{ Xm{Z [mH$iÁm
CKS> `mg gwÈdmV PmÎ`mda À`mßMr H$mT>Ur H$amdr. hma V`ma H$a `mgmR>r
[yU© C_bb{Î`m \w$bmßMr H$mT>Ur H$amdr. \w$b{ H$mT>Î`mZßVa bJ{M Vr [mUr
Agb{Î`m ^mßS>ÁmV R>{dmdrV. À`mZßVa WßS> oR>H$mUr gmdbrV R>{dyZ 4 V{ 5
Vmg 2% gmIa{¿`m –mdUmV R>{dmdrV. gm{` AgÎ`mg \w$b{ 8 V{ 10 Aße
g{pÎgAg Vm[_mZmV gmR>dmdrV.
(2) H$mZ}eZ : H$mZ}eZ¿`m bmJdS>rZßVa 5 _oh›`mßZr \w$b{ H$mT>Urg `{VmV.
\w$bmß¿`m H$iÁmß¿`m ]mh{arb [mH$iÁm VwË`m¿`m bmß]rer H$mQ>H$m{ZmV
C_bÎ`mda H$mZ}eZ¿`m \w$bmßM{ Vwa{ Vm{S>VmV. AbrH$S>¿`m H$mimV
\w$bmß¿`m H$iÁm K≈> AgVmZmM VwË`mMr H$mT>Ur H$aVmV. VwË`m¿`m
H$mT>UrZßVa XmßS>{ [m `mV ]wS>Vrb Aem naVrZ{ \w$b{ 4 V{ 6 Vmg [m `mV
R>{dmdrV.
(3) Oa]{am : Oa]{amMr \w$b{ _wª`V: H$Q>‚bm∞dg© ÂhUyZ dm[abr OmVmV.
Oa]{amMr AY©dQ> C_bb{br \w$b{ H$mT>UrZßVa C_bV ZmhrV. ÂhUyZ [yU©
C_bb{br \w$b{ Vm{S>mdrV. \w$b{ [yU© C_bÎ`mZßVa \w$bmßM{ XmßS>{ H$m[yZ
H$mT>VmV AWdm XmßS>{ Vimer YÍ$Z AmOy]mOyg dmH$dyZ ]wS>m[mgyZ d{Ji{
H$aVmV. \w$bmßM{ X{R> OmS> AgÎ`mg \y$b oQ>H$ `mg OmÒV _XV hm{V{.
Vg{M dmhVwH$sg gm{[{ OmV{.
(4) OmB© : bmJdS>rZßVa OmB©¿`m d{btZm 2 dfm™ZßVa \w$b{ `{D$ bmJVmV. OmB©bm
df©â \w$b{ `{VmV. \w$bmßMr H$mT>Ur hmVmZ{M H$aVmV. \w$b{ H$m{UÀ`m
H$maUmgmR>r bmdbr Amh{V, `mMm odMma H$Í$Z Vr H{$Ïhm H$mT>mdrV h{
R>admd{. d{Ur, JOam, `mgmR>r \w$b{ C_bm`¿`m AmV ÂhUO{M H$ir¿`m
AdÒW{V Va gwdmogH$ –Ï`{ H$mT> `mgmR>r \w$b{ [yU©[U{ C_bÎ`mZßVa
H$mT>VmV. H$mT>UrZßVa \w$b{ bJ{M WßS> oR>H$mUr gmdbrV R>{dmdrV.
(5) P|Sy> : P|Sy>Mr \w$b{ [yU© C_bÎ`mZßVa À`mß¿`m X{R>mß[mgyZM Vm{Sy>Z d{MUr
H$aVmV. Aer \w$b{ hma, _mim V`ma H$a `mgmR>r dm[aVmV. oXdmir AmoU
Xgam `m gUmß¿`m H$mimV \w$bmßMr H$mT>Ur H{$Î`mg \w$bmßZm OmÒV qH$_V
o_iV{. H$Q>‚bm∞dagmR>r P|Sy>Mr J|S>{Xma \w$b{ 20-25 g|oQ>_rQ>a XmßS>Ámgh
H$mÃrZ{ H$m[yZ H$mT>VmV. \w$b{ H$mT>Î`mZßVa À`mda [mUr qe[Sy> Z`{. e∑`Vm{
\w$bmßMr Vm{S>Ur Xw[maZßVa H$amdr. [yU© C_bb{br \w$b{ odH´$rgmR>r [mR>dmdrV.
(6) oZoeJßY : Hß$X bmJdS>rZßVa 60-80 oXdgmßV \w$bmßM{ XmßS>{ oXgy bmJVmV.
Ag{ XmßS>{ oXgy bmJÎ`mZßVa 15-20 oXdgmß¿`m XaÂ`mZ \w$b{ C_by bmJVmV.
[yU© C_bb{br \w$b{ gwJßYr –Ï` H$mT> `mgmR>r dm[aVmV. hma-d{ `m V`ma
H$a `mgmR>r [yU© dmT> Pmb{Î`m H$iÁmßMr Vm{S>Ur H$amdr. H$iÁmßMr d{MUr
gH$mir AmR> dmO `m[ydu AWdm gm`ßH$mir 6 dmOÎ`mZßVa H$amdr.
\w$bXmUrV \w$b{ R>{d `mgmR>r oZoeJßYm¿`m \w$bXmßS>Ámdarb gdm™V Imb¿`m
Xm{Z H$iÁm C_bÎ`mZßVa \w$bXmßS>ÁmMr H$mT>Ur H$amdr. H$mT>Ur H{$Î`mZßVa
XmßS>ÁmMm H$mhr ^mJ [m `mV ]wS>{b Aem naVrZ{ \w$bXmßS>{ [m `mV R>{dmd{V.
qgJb ‡H$mamVrb oZoeJßYmMr \w$b{ \w$bXmUr, [wÓ[Jw¿N> AmoU d{UrgmR>r
Vg{M gwJßYr V{b V`ma H$a `mgmR>r dm[aVmV. S>]b ‡H$mamVrb oZoeJßYmMm
C[`m{J \$∑V [wÓ[Jw¿N> V`ma H$a `mgmR>r AmoU \w$bXmUrV R>{d `mgmR>rM
H{$bm OmVm{.
(7) A∞ÒQ>a : A∞ÒQ>aMr cmJdS> H{$Î`m[mgyZ hiÏ`m OmVr Xm{Z V{ AS>rM _oh›`mßV
\w$cy cmJVmV; Va JaÏ`m OmVtZm \w$c{ `{ `mgmR>r VrZ V{ [mM _oh›`mßMm
H$mcmdYr cmJVm{. A∞ÒQ>aMr [yU© dmT>c{cr AmoU C_cc{cr \w$c{ XmßS>Ámgh
H$m[yZ ø`mdrV. \w$cmßM{ XmßS>{ 10 g|oQ>_rQ>a V{ 20 g{ßoQ>_rQ>a cmß] R>{dmd{V.
4,6,9,12 Aem \w$cmß¿`m J»>Ám ]mßYVmV.
(8) Ωc∞oS>Am{cg ï Ωc∞oS>Am{cg¿`m \w$cXmßS>Ámdarc gdm™V Imcrc EH$ \y$c
C_c `m¿`m qH$dm À`mcm aßJ oXg `m¿`m pÒWVrV AgVmZm Oo_Zr[mgyZ
gw_ma{ 15-20 g|oQ>_rQ>a CßMrda MmHy$Z{ H$m[yZ ø`md{. H$mÃrZ{ XmßS>{ H$m[y
Z`{V. H$mÃrZ{ XmßS>{ H$m[Î`mg [mZ{hr H$m[cr OmVmV. [mZ{ H$m[cr J{Î`mg
Oo_ZrV amohc{Î`m Hß$XmM{ [m{fU MmßJc{ hm{V Zmhr. Ωc∞oS>Am{cgM{ H$m[c{c{
\w$cXmßS>{ [m `mV ]wS>dyZ R>{dmd{V.
(9) e{dßVr ï e{dßVrMr [yU© C_cc{cr \w$c{ Vm{S>mdrV. hr \w$c{ ‡m_wª`mZ{
hmamßgmR>r, d{ `mßgmR>r dm[aVmV. e{dßVr¿`m hiÏ`m OmVtZm gflQ>|]a V{
Am∞∑Q>m{]a `m H$mimV Va JaÏ`m OmVtZm oS>g|]a _oh›`mV \w$c{ `{VmV.
e{dßVr¿`m \w$cmßMr H$mT>Ur H$aVmZm [yU© C_cc{cr \w$c{ H$iÁmßZm Y∑H$m Z
cmdVm H$miOr[yd©H$ Vm{Sy>Z Q>m{[crV Jm{im H$amdrV. D$Z H$_r PmÎ`mda
qH$dm gß‹`mH$mir \w$cmßMr H$mT>Ur H$amdr. \w$cmßMr H$mT>Ur D$Z AgVmZm
H{$Î`mg [mH$iÁmßMr _m{R>Ám ‡_mUmV Ji hm{V{.
10.2.2 \w$cmßMr hmVmiUr
\w$cmßM{ H$mT>UrZßVa hm{Uma{ ZwH$gmZ Q>mi `mgmR>r \w$c{ H$mT>Î`mZßVa À`mßM{ [∞qH$J
hm{B©[`™V `m{Ω`naÀ`m hmVmiU{ _hŒdmM{ AgV{. \w$cmßMr hmVmiUr, gmR>dU pÒWVr (‡H$me,
Vm[_mZ, dmVmdaU) \w$cmßZm [mUr X{U{, A›ZKQ>H$mßMm [wadR>m, gßajH$–Ï`{ AmoU am{J d
oH$S>tMm ‡mXw^m©d h{ H$mT>UrZßVaM{ KQ>H$ \w$cmß¿`m [wT>rc Am`wÓ`mda [naUm_ H$aVmV.
\w$cmß_‹`{ [m `mM{ ‡_mU OmÒV AgÎ`m_wi{ AmoU \w$c{ cdH$a Iam] hm{V AgÎ`m_wi{
\w$cmßMr hmVmiUr H$aVmZm \w$cmßZm BOm hm{Uma Zmhr `mMr H$miOr ø`mdr. \w$cmßMr
dmhVyH$ H$aVmZm \w$cmßZm Ï`dpÒWV [∞qH$J, gßajU AmoU Hw$eqZJ H$amd{.
(A) gmR>dU pÒWVr
\w$cmß¿`m gmR>dUrV \w$cmß^m{dVr Agc{c{ Vm[_mZ, gm[{j Am–©Vm AmoU ‡H$me
`mßda \w$cmßM{ H$mT>UrZßVaM{ Am`wÓ` AmoU JwUdŒmm Adcß]yZ AgV{. H$_r Vm[_mZmV
\w$cmßMr gmR>dU H{$Î`mg Ìdmgm{¿N≤>dmgmMm d{J H$_r amhVm{ AmoU À`m_wi{ \w$cmßM{
H$mT>UrZßVaM{ Am`wÓ` dmT>V{.
H$mZ}eZMr \w$c{ 0 Aße g{pÎgAg Vm[_mZmcm 14 oXdg R>{dyZ ]mh{a H$mT>Î`mZßVa
7 oXdg Ï`dpÒWV oQ>H$VmV; [aßVw VrM \w$c{ 5 Aße g{pÎgAg Vm[_mZmcm 14 oXdg
gmR>odcr AgVm ]mh{a H$mT>Î`mZßVa Vr \$∑V 2 oXdg oQ>H$VmV. H$_r Vm[_mZm_wi{
BoWcrZ dm`y¿`m oZo_©VrMm d{J H$_r hm{Vm{. H$_r Vm[_mZmcm am{JOßVyßMr oH´$`m qH$dm
oH$S>rM{ ‡_mU AÀ`ßV H$_r hm{V{. OmÒV gm[{j Am–©V{cm \w$c{ gmR>odcr AgVm \w$c{
Q>dQ>drV amhVmV. H$mZ}eZ AmoU BVa \w$c{ 90 V{ 98% gm[{j Am–©V{cm gmR>odcr
AgVm OmÒV oXdg oQ>H$VmV. \w$cmß¿`m H$mT>UrZßVa \w$cmßM{ Vm[_mZ cJ{M 2 V{ 5 Aße
g{pÎgAg Vm[_mZm[`™V Imcr AmUmd{. Aem ‡H$ma{ \w$cmVrc CÓUVm H$mTy>Z K{VÎ`m_wi{
\w$cmßM{ Am`wÓ` dmT>V{.
(Am) [mUr X{U{
[m `mMr H$_VaVm qH$dm OmÒV [mUr oXÎ`m_wi{gw’m \w$cmßM{ Am`wÓ` dmT>od `mda
AoZÓQ> [naUm_ hm{Vm{. dZÒ[Vt¿`m [{et_‹`{ AgUmË`m [m `mV odKi `mË`m jmamßM{
‡_mU h{ PmS>mcm o_iUmË`m qH$dm \w$cmß_‹`{ AgUmË`m [m `m¿`m ‡_mUmda Adbß]yZ
AgV{. [m `mM{ ‡_mU 50% H$_r PmÎ`mg jmamßM{ ‡_mU Xwfl[Q> hm{V{. jmamßM{ ‡_mU
dmT>Î`mg \w$bmßZm BOm hm{ `mMr e∑`Vm AgV{. Vg{M jmamßM{ ‡_mU dmT>Î`mg [mZ{
o[dir [S>U{ qH$dm À`mßda S>mJ [S>U{, OwZr [mZ{ JiU{ AmoU _wimßMr dmT> IwßQ>U{,
BÀ`mXr oH´$`m KS>VmV. À`m_wi{ \w$bPmS>mßZm oZò_V [mUr X{U{ _hŒdmM{ AgV{.
(B) \w$bgßajH$ agm`Z{
gwH´$m{O AmoU h°S≠>mp∑P∑`wZm{brZ gÎ\{$Q> `mßM{ –mdU \w$bmßMr JwUdŒmm oQ>H$dyZ
amh `mgmR>r dm[aVmV. gwH´$m{OM{ ‡_mU dmT>odÎ`mg \w$bmßM{ H$mT>UrZßVaM{ Am`wÓ` dmT>V{.
gd©gmYmaU[U{ \w$b{ oQ>H$od `mgmR>r 1 V{ 4% gwH´$m{O AmoU 50 V{ 200 [r[rE_
h°S≠>m∞p∑P∑`wZm{brZ gÎ\{$Q> hr Xm{Z agm`Z{ BVa KQ>H$mß]am{]a dm[aVmV.
gßajH$ –Ï`mßMm \w$b{ oQ>H$od `mda hm{Umam [naUm_ hm [m `mMr AmÂbVm,
[m `m_Yrb ‚bwamB©S>M{ ‡_mU, X{R>mMm oH$Vr ^mJ [m `mV ]wS>mb{bm Amh{ AmoU X{R>
oH$Vr d{i [m `mV R>{dVm{ `mßda Adbß]yZ AgVm{. \w$b{ ]mh{a [mR>od `m[ydu ogÎÏha
Zm`Q≠>{Q> AmoU flbmpÒQ>H$¿`m ^mßS>ÁmßMm gmR>dUrgmR>r dm[a H$aU{ `m{Ω` R>aV{.
(B©) am{J AmoU H$sS> qH$dm \w$bmßVrb odH•$Vr
\w$bmß_‹`{ gy˙_ oOdmUy, ]waer Vg{M oH$S>t¿`m dmT>r_wi{ \w$bmßMßr ‡V Iam] hm{V{.
Aem \w$bmßM{ X{R> ]waer qH$dm BVa am{JmßZr J´ÒV AgVrb Va BoWbrZ dm`y¿`m oZo_©VrMm
d{J dmT>Vm{ AmoU À`m_wi{ \w$bmßMm XOm© H$_r hm{Vm{. AZ{H$ gy˙_ oOdmUy qH$dm ]waer
Im{S>mVrb Obdmoh›`mßMm _mJ© ]ßX H$aVmV. Aem \w$bmßZm gßajH$ –Ï`mß]am{]a OßVwZmeH$
–Ï`mßMmgw’m dm[a H$amdm.
H$mhr _hŒdm¿`m \w$bmßMr H$mT>UrZßVaMr hmVmiUr [wT>rb‡_mU{ H$amdr :
(1) Jwbm] : Jwbm]m¿`m \w$bmßMr Vm{S>Ur H{$Î`mZßVa ‡À`{H$ \w$bmMm X{R>
Imb¿`m ]mOybm [w›hm Xm{Z g|oQ>_rQ>a BVH$m N>mQ>mdm. \w$bmßMm dm[a bJ{M
H$amd`mMm ZgÎ`mg \w$b{ ]mXbr_‹`{ X{R> ]wS>odb{Î`m AdÒW{V 4.4 Aße
g{pÎgAg V{ 7.2 Aße g{pÎgAg Vm[_mZ Agb{Î`m erVJ•hmV ghm V{
]mam Vmg R>{dmdrV. \w$bmßMr hmVmiUr H$aU{ gm{`rM{ Ïhmd{ ÂhUyZ X{R>m¿`m
]wß‹`mH$S>rb 20 g|oQ>_rQ>a ^mJmVrb [mZ{ AmoU H$mQ>{ \w$bmßMr Vm{S>Ur
H$aVmZmM H$mTy>Z ø`md{V.
(2) Ωb∞oS>Am{bg : Ωb∞oS>Am{bg¿`m \w$bmßM{ Vwa{ Vm{S>Î`mZßVa bJ{MM À`mßM{
X{R> [m `mV ]wS>dyZ \w$b{ erVJ•hmV 6.11 Aße g{pÎgAg Vm[_mZmV
R>{dmdrV. bdH$a H$mT>Ur H{$b{Î`m \w$bmßM{ Vwa{ EH$ AmR>dS>mâ gmR>dyZ
R>{dm`M{ AgÎ`mg V{ erVJ•hmV 2.3 V{ 2.8 Aße g{pÎgAg Vm[_mZmbm
gmR>dyZ R>{dmd{V.
dmhVwH$sZßVa Ωb∞oS>Am{bg¿`m \w$bmßM{ X{R> ÀdnaV [m `mV ]wS>dyZ R>{dmd{V.
X{R> [m `mV ]wS>od `m[ydu X{R>m¿`m Imb¿`m ]mOyg 2.5 g{ßoQ>_rQ>aMm oVa[m
N>mQ> ø`mdm. H$i>Ám AmoU gß[yU© Vwam [yU© VmO{ AmoU Q>dQ>drV hm{B©[`™V
X{R> [m `mV ]wS>dyZ gai C^{ R>{dmd{V.
\w$bXmUrV Ωb∞oS>Am{bgM{ \w$bXmßS>{ R>{dÎ`mZßVa 10 V{ 15 oXdg
\w$bXmßS>Ámdarb H$iÁm C_bV amhVmV. VwË`m¿`m ]wß‹`m[mgyZ e|S>Ám[`™V
Xa oXder EH$ H$ir C_bV{ AmoU Vr gd©gmYmaU[U{ Mma oXdg C_bb{Î`m
AdÒW{V amhV{. \w$b{ OmÒV H$mi oQ>H$mdrV `mgmR>r \w$bXmUrV [naajH$
–mdU ÂhUyZ 5% gmIa AmoU 200 [r[rE_ 8-EM∑`yEg `mßMm dm[a
H$amdm.
(3) H$mZ}eZ : H$mZ}eZ¿`m \w$bmßM{ ]ßS>Îg ]mßYÎ`mZßVa À`mßM{ X{R> Imb¿`m
]mOyg 2 g|oQ>_rQ>a BVH{$ N>mQ>md{V. ZßVa \w$bmßM{ X{R> H$m{_Q> (37 Aße
g{pÎgAg) AmoU 4.5 gm_y Agb{Î`m [naajH$m¿`m –mdUm_‹`{ ]wS>dyZ
R>{dmd{V. Aer [naajH$m¿`m –mdUmV ]wS>odb{br \w$b{ 21 Aße g{pÎgAg
Vm[_mZmg 2 V{ 4 Vmg R>{dmdrV. ZßVa \w$b{ erVJ•hmV 0-2 Aße g{pÎgAg
Vm[_mZmbm 12 V{ 14 Vmg R>{dmdrV.
10.2.3 \w$bmßMr ‡Vdmar
oZaoZamiÁm ]mOma[{R>mßV \w$bmß¿`m ‡VdmarMr _mZH{$ (ÒQ>±SS≤>©g≤) d{Jd{Jir AgVmV.
\w $ bmß M r ‡Vdmar H$a `mgmR> r _m{ R > Á m AmH$mamM{ Q> { ] b AmoU hm∞ b
AgU{ AmdÌ`H$ AgV{. \w$bmß¿`m ‡VdmargmR>r Imbrb _w‘{ bjmV K{U{ AmdÌ`H$
Amh{ :
(A) XmßS>rMr bmß]r
‡À`{H$ Xm{Z ‡Vt_‹`{ 10 g|oQ>_rQ>aMm \$aH$ Agmdm.
(Am) XmßS>rMr j_Vm
XmßS>r ^∑H$_ AmoU VmR> Ag{b Va ]mOmamV OmÒV qH$_V o_iV{.
(B) oXImD$[Um
‡À`{H$ \y$b oXImD$ Agb{ [mohO{. XmßS>rda AgUma{ \y$b qH$dm \w$b{ XmßS>r¿`m
g_Vm{b ‡_mUmV AgmdrV.
(B©) \w$bmßMr gßª`m
oZaoZamiÁm \w$bmß¿`m _wª` OmVrV ‡À`{H$ XmßS>rbm EH$M \y$b AgV{; [aßVw Ò‡{
‡H$mam¿`m OmVrV H$_r \w$b{ AmoU OmÒV H$iÁm AgmÏ`mV.
(C) H$sS> AmoU am{J_w∑VVm
gd© \w$b{ AmoU XmßS>Ám oH$S>r AmoU am{Jmß[mgyZ _w∑V AgmÏ`mV.
(D$) dOZ
H$mhr \w$b{ dOZmZwgma ‡Vdmar H$Í$Z odH$VmV.
H$mhr _hŒdm¿`m \w$bmßMr ‡Vdmar Imbrb‡_mU{ H$aVmV :
(1) Jwbm] : Jwbm]m¿`m \w$bmßMr ‡Vdmar ]mOma[{R>{Zwgma AmoU _mJUrZwgma H{$br
OmV{. Am[Î`mH$S>{ [ohÎ`m ‡VrMm _mb _wß]B© ]mOma[{R>{V, XwgË`m ‡VrMm _mb
[wU{, ZmoeH$, ZmJ[ya ]mOma[{R>{V Va oVgË`m ‡VrMm _mb Odi¿`m qH$dm ÒWmoZH$
]mOma[{R>{V [mR>odVmV.
OmJoVH$ ]mOma[{R>{V Jwbm]m¿`m \w$bmßMr ‡Vdmar [wT>rb‡_mU{ H$aVmV :
V∑Vm 10.1 : \w$bmß¿`m OmJoVH$ ]mOma[{R>{V Vm¡`m Jwbm]m¿`m \w$bmß¿`m ‡VdmarMr [’V
gßH{$VmßH$ XmßS>ÁmßMr bmß]r gßH{$VmßH$ XmßS>ÁmMr bmß]r

(g|oQ>_rQ>a) (g|oQ>_rQ>a)
0 5 40 40-50
5 5-10 50 50-60
10 10-15 60 60-80
15 15-20 80 80-100
20 20-30 100 100-120
30 30-40 120 120 [{jm OmÒV
OmJoVH$ ]mOma[{R>{V Jwbm]m¿`m \w$bmßMr XmßS>r¿`m bmß]rZwgma ‡Vdmar H$aVmV.

Jwbm]mMr \w$b{ 6, 9 qH$dm 12 \w$bmß¿`m OwS>Ám ]mßYyZ odH$VmV. AemM OwS>Ám J´mhH$mßZm
[gßV [S>VmV. _wß]B© ]mOma[{R>{V Ωb∞oS>EQ>a `m Jwbm]mMr odH´$s _wª`V: VrZ ‡Vtda hm{V{.
gw[a - 45 V{ 50 g|oQ>_rQ>a bmß] XßS>m, E J´{S> - 30 V{ 45 g|oQ>_rQ>a bmß] XmßS>m, ]r J´{S>
- 20 V{ 30 g|oQ>_rQ>a bmß] XmßS>m AmoU gr J´{S> - 20 g|oQ>_rQ>a[{jm H$_r bmß]rMm
XmßS>m.
(2) e{dßVr : ÒWmoZH$ ]mOma[{R>{V e{dßVrMr odH´$s \w$bmß¿`m AmH$mamdÍ$Z
qH$dm dOZ H$Í$Z H$aVmV. CŒm_ ‡Vr¿`m e{ d ß V rMr odH´ $ s \w $ bmß M m
AmH$ma, XmßS>rMr bmß]r `mßZwgmahr H$aVmV. Aer \w$b{ [wÓ[Jw¿N> V`ma
H$a `mgmR> r dm[aVmV. gm{ g m`Q> r Am∞ \ $ A_{ n aH$Z ‚bm{ n aÒQ> `mß Z r
e{dßVr¿`m ‡VdmarMr [’V [wT>rb‡_mU{ R>aodb{br Amh{. Am[Î`mH$S>{
\w $ bmß M r ‡Vdmar Z H$aVm \$∑V dOZ qH$dm dmQ> { (T> r J) H$Í$ZM
\w$b{ odH$VmV.
V∑Vm 10.2 : gm{gm`Q>r Am∞\$ A_{naH$Z ‚bm{naÒQ> `mßZr R>aodb{br
e{dßVr¿`m \w$bmßMr ‡Vdmar
‡Vdmar
_mbmMr ‡V / ‡Vdmar JwUY_© oZir bmb ohadr o[dir
(„Î`y) (a{S>) (J´rZ) (`bm{)
XmßS>rMr H$_rV H$_r bmß]r (g|oQ>_rQ>a) 75 75 60 60
\w$bmßMm H$_rV H$_r Ï`mg (g|oQ>_rQ>a) 15 12.5 10 ---
XmßS>rMr j_Vm ]iH$Q> ]iH$Q> ]iH$Q> ---
V∑Vm 10.3 : e{dßVr¿`m \w$bmßMr [m{bßS>_Yrb ‡Vdmar
‡Vdmar
JwUY_©
‡V-1 ‡V-2
\w$bmßMm Ï`mg (g|oQ>_rQ>a) 13 8
XmßS>rMr bmß]r (g|oQ>_rQ>a) 60 45

V∑Vm 10.4 : Ò‡{ ‡H$mamVrb e{dßVrMr ‡Vdmar
‡V ‡À`{H$ XmßS>rdarb d°oeÓQ>Á{

\w$cmßMr gßª`m
Jm{ÎS> (gm{Z{ar) 10 6 qH$dm OmÒV C_bb{br \w$b{ AWdm
C_bUmar \w$b{
ogÎÏha (Í$[{ar) 15 4-5 [yU©[U{ C_bb{br \w$b{ AmoU ]mH$s
\w$b{ C_b `m¿`m pÒWVrV
]´m±P (H$Wrb) 20 3 \w$b{ C_bb{br AmoU ]mH$s \w$b{
C_b `m¿`m pÒWVrV
o]´Q>Z_‹`{ e{dßVr¿`m \w$bmßMr ‡Vdmar \w$bmß¿`m Ï`mgmZwgma H$aVmV Va A_{naH{$V
Ò‡{ e{dßVr dOZmZwgma odH$VmV. e{dßVr¿`m \w$bmßgmR>r oe\$mag H{$b{br d°oeÓQ>Á{
[wT>rb[´_mU{ Amh{V :
(1) [mZ{, \w$b{ Òd¿N> AmoU Q>dQ>drV AgmdrV.
(2) EH$OmVr` AmoU EH$gmaª`m \w$bmßMmM Jw¿N> H$amdm.
(3) \w$bmßMm AmH$ma Ï`dpÒWV Agmdm d _‹`^mJ [yU©[U{ C_bb{bm Zgmdm.
(4) \w$b{ AmoU [mZ{ OI_ Pmb{br qH$dm IaMQ>b{br ZgmdrV AmoU YyiodaohV
AgmdrV.
(5) e{dßVrMr \w$b{ aßJhrZ AWdm Hw$[m{ofV ZgmdrV.
(6) gd©gmYmaU[U{ \w$b{ âJÉ AmoU K≈> AgmdrV. \w$bmß¿`m XmßS>Ám gai,
VmR> AmoU C^Q> AgmÏ`mV.
(7) oVgË`m X{R>mImbrb [mZ{ \$∑V H$mT>mdrV.
(8) ‡Vdmarbm `m{Ω` Aer XmßS>ÁmMr bmß]r Agmdr.
(3) H$mZ}eZ : H$mZ}eZMr ‡Vdmar H$aVmZm \w$bmß¿`m XmßS>rMr bmß]r AmoU À`mßMr
^m°oVH$ pÒWVr h{ Xm{Z _wª` _w‘{ bjmV ø`md{ bmJVmV. H$mZ}eZ¿`m \w$bmßMr
‡Vdmar H$aVmZm qH$dm H$a `m[ydr© [wT>rb _w‘{ bjmV ø`md{V :
(1) \w$b{ AmoU [mZ{ Òd¿N>, VmOr, Q>dQ>drV AgmdrV.
(2) \w$bmß¿`m _‹`^mJmVrb [mH$iÁm K≈> AgmÏ`mV.
(3) \w$bmßMm AmH$ma gd©Ã gmaIm Agmdm.
(4) \w$bm¿`m XmßS>rbm OmÒV \w$Q>d{ Zgmd{V.
(5) XmßS>rdarb \w$b{ Iam] Pmb{br ZgmdrV.
(6) XmßS>r VmR> AmoU gd©gmYmaU dmT> Pmb{br Agmdr.
V∑Vm 10.5 : H$mZ}eZ¿`m \w$bmßMr ‡Vdmar
‡V / JwUY_© oZir („Î`y) bmb (a{S>) ohadr (J´rZ)
\w$bmßMm Ï`mg (g|oQ>_rQ>a) 7.5 5.7 ---

\w$bmß¿`m XmßS>rMr bmß]r (g|oQ>_rQ>a) 56 43 25
(4) Ωb∞oS>Am{bg : Ωb∞oS>Am{bg¿`m \w$bm¿`m XmßS>ÁmMr bmß]r, \w$bmßMr gßª`m,

AmH$ma, aß J , dOZ, \w $ bmß M r bmß ] r `mß d Í$Z \w $ bmMr Jw U dŒmm R> a dVmV.
Ωb∞oS>Am{bg¿`m \w$bmßMr ‡Vdmar ‡m_wª`mZ{ \w$bmßMm AmH$ma AmoU XmßS>ÁmMr
bmß]r `mßZwgma H$aVmV. \w$bmß¿`m AmH$mamZwgma ‡Vdmar [wT>rb‡_mU{ H$aVmV :
(1) \∞$›gr (2) "E' J´{S> (3) "]r' J´{S> (4) "gr' J´{S>.
gdm™V _m{R>Ám AmH$mam¿`m \w$bmßZm \∞$›gr Ag{ ÂhUVmV.
Ωb∞oS>Am{bg¿`m \w$bmßMr ‡V hr Hß$XmMr pÒWVr AmoU AmH$mamda
Adbß]yZ AgV{. Hß$X Oa _m{R>Ám AmH$mamM{ qH$dm [yU© dmT> Pmb{b{ AgVrb
Va À`mß[mgyZ _m{R>Ám AmH$mamMr \w$b{ o_iVmV. Hß$X bhmZ AmH$mamM{
AgÎ`mg À`mß[mgyZ Hß$XmßMrM [°Xmg H$amdr bmJV{. À`mß[mgyZ \w$bmßM{ CÀ[mXZ
K{D$ Z`{.
V∑Vm 10.6 : A_{naH$Z Ωb∞oS>Am{bg H$m°p›gbZ{ R>aodb{br
Ωb∞oS>Am{bg¿`m Hß$XmßMr ‡Vdmar
‡V ‡VrM{ Zmd Hß$XmMm Ï`mg (g|oQ>_rQ>a)
OÂ]m{ 5.1 [{jm OmÒV

_m{R>{ (\w$bmßgmR>r dm[amd`mM{ Hß$X)
Zß. 1 3.8-5.1
Zß. 2 3.2 - 3.8
_‹`_ (\w$bmßgmR>r dm[amd`mM{ Hß$X)
Z. 3 2.5-3.2
Zß. 4 1.9-2.5
N>m{Q>{ (Hß$XmgmR>r dm[amd`mM{ Hß$X) Zß. 5 1.3-1.9
Zß. 6 1.3-1.0
V∑Vm 10.7 : Ωb∞oS>Am{bg¿`m \w$bmßMr gßª`m AmoU XmßS>r¿`m bmß]rZwgma ‡Vdmar
‡V ‡À`{H$ XmßS>rdarb \w$bXmßS>ÁmMr

\w$bmßMr gßª`m bmß]r (g|oQ>_rQ>a)
\∞$›gr 18 [{jm OmÒV 110-120
Ò[{eb 16-18 100-110
E 14-16 87-100
]r 12-14 75-87
gr 10-12 60-75
`woQ>obQ>r 10 [{jm H$_r 60 [{jm H$_r
(5) BVa \w$b{ : Am[Î`mH$S>{ ]h˛V{H$H$Í$Z ‡Vdmar Z H$aVmM \w$b{ ]mOmamV
AmUVmV. À`m_wi{ _mbmbm `m{Ω` Vr qH$_V o_iy eH$V Zmhr. Am[Î`mH$S>{
H$mhr \w$b{ Imbrb‡H$ma{ ‡Vdmar Z H$aVm odH$br OmVmV.
V∑Vm 10.8 : \w$bmßMr ‡Vdmar Z H$aVm ]mOmamV odH$br OmUmar \w$b{
\w$bmßMm ‡H$ma \w$b{ H$er odH$br OmVmV

Jwbm] 6 qH$dm 12 \w$bmßMr OwS>r
_m{Jam oH$bm{
e{dßVr oH$bm{ (oHß$dm dmQ>{ H$Í$Z)
oZoeJßY oH$bm{
obbr 50 \w$bmßMr OwS>r
P|Sy> oH$bm{ (oH$ßdm dmQ>{ H$Í$Z)
JmOam (oPoZ`m) 5 \w$bmßMr OwS>r
10.2.4 \w$cmßMr odH´$s d oZ`m©V

Am[Î`mH$S>{ \w$bmßMr odH´$s Imbrb [’VrZ{ H{$br OmV{ :
CÀ[mXH$ → KmD$H$ odH´$s Xbmb → oH$aH$m{i odH´{$Vm → J´mhH$

→
→
VmOr \w$b{ e{VH$Ë`mßH$Sy>Z qH$dm CÀ[mXH$mßH$Sy>Z KmD$H$ odH´{$V{ odH$V K{VmV. À`mZßVa
KmD$H$ odH´{$V{ oH$aH$m{i odH´{$À`mßZm hr \w$b{ odH$VmV. ZßVa oH$aH$m{i odH´{$V{ J´mhH$mßZm
\w$b{ odH$VmV. ¯moedm` CÀ[mXH$ À`mßMr \w$b{ gai oH$aH$m{i odH´{$V{ qH$dm J´mhH$mßZm
odH$VmV. À`m_wi{ _Yrb gd© XbmbmßMr Xbmbr dmMyZ e{VH$Ë`mßZm AoYH$ AmoW©H$
\$m`Xm hm{Vm{.
^maVmV AmYwoZH$ \w$bmß[{jm [maß[naH$ \w$bmßM{ CÀ[mXZ OmÒV ‡_mUmV hm{V{. ^maVmV
\w$bmßMr odH´$s ‡m_wª`mZ{ odH´$s Xbmb, R>m{H$ odH´{$V{ AmoU oH$aH$m{i Ï`m[mË`mßH$Sy>Z
hm{V Ag{V. H$mhr ^mJmV \w$bmßM{ R>{H{$Xma \w$bmßMr Vm{S>Ur hm{ `m[yduM e{VH$Ë`mßer \w$b{
Ia{XrMm gm°Xm H$aVmV AmoU e{VH$Ë`mßZm AmJmD$ [°g{ X{VmV. ]h˛V{H$ oR>H$mUr e{VH$ar
Am[bm _mb S>m{∑`mda, gm`H$b, ]g, Q≠>H$ qH$dm a{Îd{Z{ XbmbmH$S>{ [mR>odVmV. H$mhr
oR>H$mUr Xbmb e{VH$Ë`mßZm AmJmD$ [°g{hr X{VmV. R>m{H$ Ï`m[mar ‡À`j e{VH$Ë`mßH$Sy>Z
AWdm XbmbmßH$Sy>Z \w$bmßMr Ia{Xr H$aVmV AmoU oH$aH$m{i Ï`m[mË`mßZm Wm{S>Ám ‡_mUmV
\w$b{ odH$VmV. Xbmbmßda odH´$sVrb Z\$m-Vm{Q>ÁmMr O]m]Xmar ZgV{. [aßVw R>m{H$ Ï`m[mar
ÒdV: _mbmMr Ia{Xr H$aV AgÎ`mZ{ ]mOma^mdm¿`m MT>-CVmam‡_mU{ À`mßZm Z\$m AWdm
ZwH$gmZ ghZ H$amd{ bmJV{. oH$aH$m{i Ï`m[mar ‡À`j J´mhH$mßZm \w$b{ odH$VmV. Jw¿N>,
hma, d{ `m ]ZdyZ V{ odH$VmV. oH$aH$m{i Ï`m[mË`mßMr ÒdV:Mr XwH$mZ{ AgVmV qH$dm
aÒÀ`mbJV CKS>Ámda Am[bm _mb _mßSy>Z V{ odH´$s H$aVmV. o\$aV{ oH$aH$m{i odH´{$V{
JÎbrV, Kam{Kar o\$Í$Z Am[bm _mb odH$VmV.
AmYwoZH$ \w$bmß¿`m odH´$sMr [’V `m[{jm d{Jir Amh{. _wß]B©gmaª`m ehamV
e{VH$Ë`mß¿`m AmYwoZH$ \w$bmßMr odH´$s Xbmb H$aVmV. R>m{H$ d oH$aH$m{i Ï`m[mar
XbmbmßH$Sy>Z AWdm e{VH$Ë`mßH$Sy>Z \w$bmßMr Ia{Xr H$aVmV AmoU J´mhH$mßZm odH$VmV.
AmYwoZH$ \w$bmßMr Ia{Xr AmobemZ hm∞Q>{Îg≤, Ï`m[mar H$m`m©b`{ Vg{M emgH$s` H$m`m©b`{
H$aVmV. AZ{H$ lr_ßV bm{H$ J•hgOmdQ>rgmR>r qH$dm ^{Q> X{ `mgmR>r \w$b{ odH$V K{VmV.
hr odH´$s oH$aH$m{i Ï`m[mar H$aVmV. À`mßMr AmobemZ dÒVr_‹`{ qH$dm _wª` aÒÀ`mda
dmVmZwHy$obV XwH$mZ{ AgVmV. `m XwH$mZmV AmH$f©H$ [’VrZ{ \w$b{ _mßS>VmV. `m XwH$mZmßV
Jwbm], Ωb∞oS>Am{bg, oZoeJßY, e{dßVr, A∞ÒQ>a, Oa]{am, obbr, S>{Pr, BÀ`mXr \w$b{
hßJm_m‡_mU{ odH$VmV.
\w$bmßM{ H$mhr oH$aH$m{i odH´{$V{ XwH$mZ ^mS>ÁmZ{ Z K{Vm aÒÀ`m¿`m ]mOybm CKS>Ámda
flbmpÒQ>H$¿`m ]mXbrV odH´$sgmR>r \w$b{ _mßSy>Z R>{dVmV. ¯m oH$aH$m{i odH´{$À`mßH$Sy>Z XmßS>rgh
\w$b{, \w$bmßM{ Jw¿N> odH$V o_iVmV. À`mßMm IM© H$_r AgÎ`mZ{ "‚bm{naÒQ>'[{jm H$_r
^mdmV V{ odH´$s H$aVmV. [U À`mßMr \w$b{ CKS>Ámda _mßS>b{br AgÎ`mZ{ bdH$a gwH$VmV.
\w$bmßMr oZ`m©V
^maVr` H•$fr AZwgßYmZ [nafX, Zdr oXÎbr AmoU ÒQ>{Q> Q≠> {qS>J H$m∞[m}a{eZ, Zdr
oXÎbr `mßZr 1969 gmbr [∞nag, \´±$H$\$Q>© `{W{ \w$bmßMr oZ`m©V gwÍ$ H{$br. À`mZßVa
^maVmV\}$ 1976-77 gmbr ‡W_ 24 bmI È[`mßMr \w$b{ oZ`m©V H$a `mV Ambr. gZ
1980-81 `m H$mimV 84 bmI È[`mßMr \w$b{ oZ`m©V H$a `mV Ambr. `m oZ`m©VrV
em{o^dßV PmS>{ AmoU \w$bPmS>{ 48%, H$Q>‚bm∞dg© 38% AmoU BVa \w$bPmS>{ 14%
Ag{ ‡_mU hm{V{. bmß] XmßS>ÁmMr \w$b{ (H$Q>‚bm∞dg©) _wª`V: O_©Zr, hm∞bßS>, BQ>br
AmoU A_{naH{$V [mR>od `mV `{VmV. [aßVw \w$bPmS>{ _wª`V: Aa]ÒVmZ AmoU Am{_mZ
`{W{ [mR>od `mV `{VmV.
\w $ bmß ¿ `m Amß V aamÓQ≠ > r ` Ï`m[mamV ^maVmMm dmQ> m AoVe` H$_r Amh{ .
1986-87 gmbr 1.27 H$m{Q>r È[`{ oH$_Vr¿`m \w$bmßMr ^maVmVyZ oZ`m©V Pmbr.
`m_‹`{ bmß] XmßS>ÁmMr \w$b{, em{o^dßV PmS>{, \w$bPmS>{, [mZ{, Hß$X d H∞$∑Q>g `mßMm
g_md{ e Amh{ . `m oZ`m© V r_‹`{ bmß ] Xmß S > Á m¿`m \w $ bmß ¿ `m oZ`m© V r[mgy Z 50%
[aH$s` MbZ o_imb{. AOyZhr ^maVmVyZ hm{UmË`m \w$bmß¿`m oZ`m©VrV ÂhUmdr Ver
‡JVr Pmb{br Zmhr. ^maVmVyZ \w$bmßMr oZ`m©V H$_r ‡_mUmV hm{ `mMr H$maU{ [wT>rb‡_mU{
Amh{V :
(1) \w$bmßMr ‡V H$_r AgU{ : AmßVaamÓQ≠>r` ]mOma[{R>{V oZaoZamiÁm
\w$bmß¿`m JwUdŒm{Mr _mZH{$ R>aodb{br Amh{V. AZ{H$Xm ^maVr` CÀ[mXH$mßMr
\w$b{ `m{Ω` JwUdŒm{Mr ZgÎ`m_wi{ [aX{er AWdm AmßVaamÓQ≠>r` ]mOma[{R>mß_‹`{
ÒdrH$mabr OmV ZmhrV.
(2) \w$b{ Vm{S>Î`mZßVa À`mßMr `m{Ω` H$miOr Z K{U{ : \w$bmßMr H$mT>Ur
H{$Î`mZßVa À`mßMr `m{Ω` ‡H$ma{ hmVmiUr H$aU{, À`mßM{ [yd©erVrH$aU H$aU{,
[± o H$J H$aU{ , BÀ`mXr Jm{ Ó Q> r AmdÌ`H$ AgVmV. H$mT> U rZß V a \w $ b{
oZÓH$miOr[U{ hmVmiÎ`mg À`mßMr ‡V Iam] hm{V{. Aem ‡VrMr \w$b{
[aX{er ]mOma[{R>{V ÒdrH$mabr OmV ZmhrV.
(3) \w$bmßM{ CÀ[mXH$ bhmZ e{VH$ar : ^maVmVrb AZ{H$ \y$b-CÀ[mXH$ h{
bhmZ e{VH$ar Amh{V. `m e{VH$Ë`mßZm [aX{er ]mOma[{R>{Vrb \w$bmß¿`m
odH´$sMr Ï`dÒWm, V{Wrb JwUdŒm{Mr _mZH{$ AmoU BVa AmdÌ`H$ ]m]tMr
_mohVr ZgV{. CÉ ‡Vr¿`m \w$bmßM{ CÀ[mXZ H$a `mgmR>r AmdÌ`H$ Agb{b{
^mßS>db AmoU kmZ `mßMr `m bhmZ e{VH$Ë`mßZm _mohVr ZgV{. À`m_wi{ h{
e{VH$ar Am[br \w$b{ ÒWmoZH$ ]mOma[{R>{V [mR>odU{ [gßV H$aVmV.
\w$bmß¿`m ]m]VrV oZaoZamiÁm X{emßV J´mhH$mßMr AmdS> o^›Z AgV{
AmoU hr AmdS> gVV ]XbV AgV{. CXmhaUmW©, 1985 gmbr A_{naH{$V
Jwbm]m¿`m \w$bmß¿`m odH´$s_‹`{ 85% \w$b{ _m{R>Ám AmH$mamMr AmoU hm`]´rS>
‡H$mamVrb hm{Vr. À`m¿`m Xwfl[Q> bhmZ AmH$mam¿`m Jwbm]m¿`m \w$bmßMr
odH´$s Z{Xab±S>_‹`{ Pmbr. A_{naH{$Vrb J´mhH$ bmß] XmßS>ÁmMr, _m{R>Ám
AmH$mamMr AmoU bmb aßJmMr Jwbm]mMr \w$b{ AoYH$ [gßV H$aVmV. Va
Z{Xab±S> `m X{emV Jwbm]r aßJm¿`m Jwbm]mßZm OmÒV ‡_mUmV _mJUr AgV{.
\´$m›g, O_©Zr d pÒdÀPb™S> `m X{emß_‹`{ Jwbm]m¿`m \w$bmßZm OmÒV _mJUr
Amh{ Va o]óQ>e bm{H$mßZm H$mZ}eZ AmoU S>M bm{H$mßZm e{dßVrMr \w$b{
AmdS>VmV.
`wam{[mV oZ`m©V H$amd`m¿`m \w$bmß_‹`{ [wT>rb JwUY_© Agmd{V :
(1) \w$b{ VmOr, Q>dQ>drV AmH$f©H$ AgmdrV.
(2) \w$b{ am{J AmoU oH$S>t[mgyZ _w∑V AgmdrV.
(3) \w$b{ am{JZmeH$ AmoU H$sS>ZmeH$ amgmòZH$ Am°fYmß¿`m Ade{fmß[mgyZ
_w∑V AgmdrV.
(4) \w$b{ IaMQ>b{br qH$dm BVa OI_mß[mgyZ _w∑V AgmdrV.
(5) \w$bmß¿`m dmT>r_‹`{ odH•$Vr Zgmdr. darb oZH$fmß_‹`{ Z CVab{Î`m
\w$bmßMm g_md{e XwgË`m dJm©V hm{Vm{. ^maVmV ]h˛Xm \w$bmßM{ CÀ[mXZ
CKS>Ám e{VmV hm{V{. À`m_wi{ [aX{er ]mOma[{R>{gmR>r CÉ ‡Vr¿`m \w$bmßM{
CÀ[mXZ H$aU{ H$R>rU AgV{. [aX{emV \w$bmßM{ CÀ[mXZ oZ`ßoÃV
dmVmdaUmV ([m∞obWrZJ•hmV) H{$b{ OmV{.
\w$bmß¿`m OmJoVH$ ]mOma[{R>{Vrb Ò[Y}V oQ>H$ `mgmR>r Am[Î`mbm CÀ[mXZmMm
XOm© CÀH•$ÓQ> amImdm bmJVm{. \w$bmßM{ CÀ[mXZ gwoZ`m{oOV Agb{ [mohO{. \w$bmß¿`m
oZ`m©Vr]m]V `m{Ω` Ym{aU AmIb{ [mohO{. MmßJÎ`m XOm©Mr \w$b{ o_iod `mH$naVm Vr
H$mMKa dm [m∞obWrZ¿`m KamV dmT>odbr [mohO{V. À`mß¿`m JwUdŒm{da gVV bj R>{db{
[mohO{. À`mH$naVm CÉ VßÃkmZ AmÀ_gmV H{$b{ [mohO{.
\w$bmß¿`m oZ`m©VdmT>rH$naVm H$amd`m¿`m C[m``m{OZm
^maVmVyZ \w$bmßMr oZ`m©V dmT>od `mgmR>r [wT>rb Jm{ÓQ>r bjmV K{U{ AmdÌ`H$
Amh{ :
(1) \w$bmßMr Am`mV H$aUmË`m X{emßV _mJUr AgUmË`m odoeÓQ> \w$bmßM{ CÀ[mXZ
H$aU{.
(2) \w$bmßMr Am`mV H$aUmË`m X{emß_‹`{ ¡`m H$mimV \w$bmßM{ CÀ[mXZ hm{D$
eH$V Zmhr qH$dm AoVe` H$_r ‡_mUmV hm{V{, À`m H$mimV À`m X{embm
\w$b{ oZ`m©V H$aU{.
(3) \w$bmß¿`m oZ`m©V Ï`m[mamV gaH$maMm _m{R>m gh^mJ Agbm [mohO{.
(4) \w$bmßMr Am`mV H$aUmË`m X{emVrb JwUdŒm{¿`m _mZH$mßZwgma \w$bmßMr ‡V
amIU{.
(5) bhmZ e{VH$Ë`mßgmR>r [yd©erVrH$aU, erVH$j, dmhVyH$ `mß¿`m gm{`r
C[b„Y H$Í$Z X{U{.
(6) \w$bm{À[mXZmgmR>r oZò_V ^mßS>dbmMm [wadR>m hm{U{ AmoU dmhVwH$s¿`m
XamV gdbV o_iU{ AmdÌ`H$ Amh{.
(7) oZ`m©VXma d CÀ[mXH$ `mß¿`m gßKQ>Zm V`ma H$aU{. \y$b CÀ[mXH$mßZm
oZ`m©VrH$naVm ‡m{ÀgmhZ X{U{.
[na[∑dVm : \w$bmßMr [na[∑dVm ÂhUO{ Aer AdÒWm H$s ¡`m AdÒW{V H$mT>Ur
H{$Î`mg \w$bmßMr H$mT>UrZßVahr dmT> hm{V amhV{ AmoU \w$bmßMr ‡V
OmÒVrV OmÒV MmßJbr ImadyZ dmT> [yU©Àdmg OmV{.
[r.[r.E_. : Xa Xhm bmImMm EH$ ^mJ
Ωbmg hmD$g : H$mMKa
[m∞ob hmD$g : [m∞obWrZ J•h
E∑Ò[m{Q>© : oZ`m©V
BÂ[m{Q>© : Am`mV
10.4 gmamße
\w$b{ hr ZJXr o[H{$ AgÎ`m_wi{ `m{Ω` ‡H$ma{ dmT>dyZ, H$mT>Ur, hmVmiUr AmoU
‡Vdmar H$Í$Z `m{Ω` À`m ]mOma[{R>{V Z{br AgVm Am[Umßg \w$bmß[mgyZ [yU©[U{ _m{]Xbm
o_iVm{. R>amdrH$ ]mOma[{R>{V R>amdrH$ ‡Vr¿`m \w$bmßZm _mJUr AgV{. À`mZwgma \w$bmßMr
‡Vdmar H$amdr. ÂhUO{ e{VH$Ë`mßZm H$ÓQ>m¿`m qH$dm IMm©¿`m ‡_mUmV _m{]Xbm o_iodVm
`{B©b.
^maVmV \w$bmßMr odH´$s hr ‡m_wª`mZ{ KmD$H$ odH´$s Xbmb AmoU oH$aH$m{i
odH´{$À`mß¿`m hmVmV Amh{. À`m_wi{ \w$b{ CÀ[mXH$mbm `m{Ω` Vm{ AmoW©H$ _m{]Xbm o_iV
Zmhr. ^maVmV \w$bmß¿`m oZ`m©Vr]m]V [wa{er OmJÍ$H$Vm oZ_m©U hm{U{ AmdÌ`H$ Amh{.
oZaoZamiÁm X{emßV \w$bmßMr oZ`m©V H$a `mgmR>r V{W{ AmdÌ`H$ Amh{. oZaoZamiÁm X{emßV
\w$bmßMr oZ`m©V H$a `mgmR>r V{W{ AmdÌ`H$ Agb{Î`m JwUdŒm{¿`m _mZH$mßZwgma \w$bmßM{
CÀ[mXZ K{ `mgmR>r AmdÌ`H$ kmZ AmoU gm{`r e{VH$Ë`mßZm C[b„Y H$Í$Z X{U{ AmdÌ`H$
Amh{.


(1) \w$cmßMr [na[∑dVm ÂhUO{ H$m` ? \w$cmßMr H$mT>UrMr d{i H$m{UÀ`m KQ>H$mßda
Adcß]yZ AgV{ d H$m ?
(2) H$m{UÀ`mhr [mM \w$cmß¿`m H$mT>Ur¿`m [’Vr ochm.
(3) \w$cmßMr hmVmiUr H$er H$amdr ? \w$cmß¿`m hmVmiUrV "gmR>dU pÒWVr'
d "\y$cgßajH$ agm`Zmß'M{ _hŒd Ò[ÓQ> H$am.
(4) Jwcm] d H$mZ}eZ¿`m \w$cmßMr H$mT>UrZßVaMr hmVmiUr H$er H$amdr ?
(5) \w$cmß¿`m odH´$sÏ`dÒW{]‘c godÒVa Q>r[ ochm.
(1) P|Sy> d oZoeJßY `mß¿`m \w$cmßMr H$mT>Ur H$er H$amdr ?
(2) Jwcm] d H$mZ}eZ `mß¿`m \w$cmß¿`m H$mT>UrMr [’Vr ochm.
(3) \w$cmß¿`m hmVmiUrV "gmR>dU pÒWVr'M{ _hŒd Ò[ÓQ> H$am.
(4) Ωc∞oS>Am{cgMr H$mT>UrZßVaMr hmVmiUr H$er H$amdr ?
(5) \w$cmß¿`m ‡VdmargmR>r H$m{UV{ _w‘{ cjmV K{U{ AmdÌ`H$ AgV{ ?
(6) Jwcm]mMr ‡Vdmar H$er H$amdr ?
(7) e{dßVr¿`m \w$cmßgmR>r oe\$mag H{$c{cr d°oeÓQ>Á{ H$m{UVr ?
(8) H$mZ}eZ¿`m \w$cmßMr ‡Vdmar H$er H$amdr ?
(9) ^maVmVy Z \w $ cmß M r oZ`m©V H$_r ‡_mUmV hm{ `mMr H$maU{ Wm{S >∑`mV
ochm.
(10) `wam{[mV oZ`m©V H$amd`m¿`m \w$cmß_‹`{ H$m{UV{ JwUY_© Agmd{V ?
(11) \w $ cmß ¿ `m oZ`m© V dmT> r H$naVm H$m{ U À`m C[m``m{ O Zm H$aU{ AmdÌ`H$
Amh{ ?
(1) H$m{UÀ`m H$mimV H$mT>c{Î`m \w$cmß_‹`{ H$m]m}hm`S≠>{Q≤>g≤M{ ‡_mU gdm©oYH$
AgV{ ?
(A) [hmQ>{ (B) gH$mir (C) Xw[mar (D) gß‹`mH$mir
(2) \w $ cmß M { H$mT> U rZß V aM{ Am`w Ó ` h{ 70% À`mß ¿ `m H$emda Adcß ] y Z
AgV{ ?
(A) H$mT>Urda (B) hmVmiUrda (C) ‡Vdmarda (D) odH´$sda
(3) \w$cmßMr oQ>H$ `mMr JwUdŒmm hr À`m_‹`{ Agc{Î`m H$m{UÀ`m KQ>H$mda
Adcß]yZ AgV{ ?
(A) ‡m{Q>r›g (B) H$m]m}hm`S≠>{Q>≤g≤ (C) \∞$Q>≤g≤ (D) `mß[°H$s Zmhr
(4) H$m{UÀ`m AdÒW{V \w$cmß[mgyZ gwJßYr –Ï`mMm CVmam OmÒV ‡_mUmV
o_iVm{ ?
(A) o_Q>c{Î`m (B) AY©dQ> C_cc{Î`m
(C) [yU© C_cc{Î`m (D) dmic{Î`m
(5) H$m{UÀ`m gUm¿`m H$mimV P|Sy>¿`m \w$cmßZm OmÒV ^md o_iVm{ ?
(A) Xgam (B) gßH´$mßV (C) [m{im (D) _hmoedamÃr
(6) \w$cmß¿`m BoWcrZ dm`y¿`m oZo_©VrMm d{J H$_r H{$Ïhm AgVm{ ?
(A) H$_r Vm[_mZmV (B) OmÒV Vm[_mZmV
(C) H$_r Am–©V{V (D) OmÒV Am–©V{V
(7) OmJoVH$ ]mOma[{R>{V Jwcm]m¿`m \w$cmßMm H$m{UVm ^mJ cjmV K{D$Z ‡Vdmar
H$aVmV ?
(A) \w$cmMm AmH$ma (B) o_Q>c{c{ qH$dm C_cc{c{ \y$c
(C) \w$cmMm aßJ (D) \w$cm¿`m XmßS>r¿`m cmß]rZwgma
(8) Ωc∞oS>Am{cg¿`m gdm™V _m{R>Ám AmH$mam¿`m \w$cmßZm H$m` ÂhUVmV ?
(A) \∞$›gr (B) "E' J´{S> (C) "]r' J´{S> (D) "gr' J´{S>
(9) gßajH$ –Ï`mßMm \w$c{ oQ>H$od `mda hm{Umam [naUm_ H$m{UÀ`m KQ>H$mda
Adcß]yZ ZgVm{ $?
(A) [m `mMr AmÂcVm (B) [m `mVrc ‚cwamB©S>M{ ‡_mU
(C) X{R>mMm [m `mV ]wS>mc{cm ^mJ (D) X{R>mMr cmß]r
AoYH$ dmMZmgmR>r gßX^©J´ßW
(01) [mQ>rc A. Ï`ß., _hmamÓQ≠>mVrc \$iPmS>{, [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>c ‡H$meZ.

(02) [mQ>rc A. Ï`ß., \$i]mJ ï VŒd{ AmoU [’Vr, [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>c ‡H$meZ.
(03) X{e_wI ‡. [w., ^maVmVrc \$iPmS>mßMr cmJdS>, [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>c ‡H$meZ.
(04) [mQ>rc A. Ï`ß., H$mi{ A. am., _hmamÓQ≠>mVrc \$iPmS>{, [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>c ‡H$meZ.
(05) [mQ>rc A. Ï`ß., ^m{a{ X. [mß., H$m{aS>dmhˇ \$iPmS>{, [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>c ‡H$meZ.
(06) e{VH$ar _mogH$mMm \$cm{À[mXZ ode{fmßH$, OyZ-Am∞JÒQ>, 1990, H•$fr gßMmcZmc`,
[wU{.
(07) ]´m˜UJmdH$a S>r. Or., \$i]mJm AmoU _hmamÓQ≠>, [wU{, amO{e ‡H$meZ.
(08) amh˛S>H$a dm. ]., H$sQ>H$emÒÃ - H$sQ>H$mßM{ AX≤^yV OrdZ, [wU{, oOkmgm ‡H$meZ.
(09) [rH$gßajU _mJ©Xoe©H$m (^mJ 1 d 2) 1981, H•$fr gßMmcZmc`, [wU{.
(10) amh˛S>H$a dm. ]., \w$c]mJ, [wU{, AVwc ]wH$ EO›gr.
(11) [mQ>rc Am. ]m., gwßXa Am[cr \w$c]mJ, [wU{, _{hVm [p„cqeJ hmD$g.
(12) [mQ>rc A. Ï`ß., am{[dmoQ>H$m gßJm{[Z, [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>c ‡H$meZ.
(13) [mQ>rc A. Ï`ß., \$iPmS>mßMr A›Z–Ï`{ d IV{, [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>c ‡H$meZ.
(14) IwÒ[{ d. gr. AmoU O. am. [mQ>rc, VU{ AmoU À`mßMm ]ßXm{]ÒV, [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>c
‡H$meZ.
(15) H$m{[{c±S> Ec. Am{., o‡p›g[Îg Am∞\$ grS> gm`›g A±S> Q>{∑Zm∞cm∞Or, oXÎcr, gwaOrV
[p„cH{$eZ.
(16) ÌdmQ≤>©P≤ E_., JmB©S> Qy> H$_oe©Ab hm`S≠>m{[m{oZ∑g, BÛmB©b, BÛmB©b `woZÏhog©Q>r
‡{g.
(17) [Q>dY©Z S>„Î`y. S>r., hm`S≠>m{[m{oZ∑g, [wU{, lrH$mßV dm_Z [Q>dY©Z.
(18) S>Ωbg O{. Eg., A∞S>Ïhm›g JmB©S> Qy> hm`S≠>m{[m{oZ∑g, bßS>Z, [{Îhm_ ]w∑g obo_Q>{S>.
(19) d|H$Q>am_Z Or. Eg., AÎJbm ]m`m{\$oQ>©bm`Pg© A±S> amB©g H$pÎQ>Ïh{eZ, Zdr
oXÑr, Qw>S>{ A±S> Qw>_m∞am{P q‡Q>g© A±S> [o„beg©.

(20) g{Z Eg. [r. AmoU [r. [mbrV (gß[mXH$), ]m`m{\$oQ>©bm`Pg© [m{Q>|oeA∞obQ>rO
A±S> ‡m∞„b{Âg, H$m{cH$Vm, Z`m ‡m{H$me.
(21) [mQ>rb [mß. b. AmoU ‡. h. agmi (gßH$bH$), oOdmUy IV{ - H$_r IMm©M{
H•$ofVßÃkmZ, H•$ofAUwOrdemÒÃ od^mJ, H•$fr _hmod⁄mb`, [wU{.
(22) oeaH$mßS>{ am. o[., Oo_ZrVrb [mUrem{Y d dm[a, [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>b ‡H$meZ.
(23) H$mi{ gwIX{d AmoU AmZßX Mm°Jwb{., o[H$mßZm [mUr, [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>b ‡H$meZ.
(24) _Ja Eg. Eg., oR>]H$ qgMZ [’V, [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>b ‡H$meZ.
(25) ^wO]i ^r. Jm{., [rH$-gßOrdH$mßMr oH$_`m, [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>b ‡H$meZ.
(26) ZJaH$a odO` AmoU _mbVr ZJaH$a, ]m{Zgm` - dm_Zd•jH$bm, [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>b
‡H$meZ.
(27) YmßS> brbm, ]m{Zgm` H$ÎMa, Zdr oXÎbr, Am∞∑g\$S>© A±S> Am`]rEM [p„bqeJ
Hß$[Zr.
(28) H$mim{I{ O. od., gm]i{ am_Mß–, Amß]m bmJdS>, [wU{, AZ_m{b ‡H$meZ.
(29) ^wO]i o^. Jm{., Amß]amB©, [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>b ‡H$meZ.
(30) [mQ>rb A. Ï`ß., H{$ir-]mJ, [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>c ‡H$meZ.
(31) Mm°Yar H{$. Jm{., qb]ydJu` \$iPmS>{, [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z{Q>b ‡H$meZ.
(32) ^wO]i o^. Jm{., –mj ]mJ, [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>b ‡H$meZ.
(33) ^wO]i o^. Jm{{., oZ`m©Vj_ –mj, [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>b ‡H$meZ.
(34) –mjgßohVm (OZab pÏhQ>rH$ÎMa), [wU{, _hmamÓQ≠> am¡`, –mj ]mJmB©VXma gßK.
(35) ^wO]i o^. Jm{., JU{e S>mqi], [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>b ‡H$meZ.
(36) gßKdr H$. D$., S>mqi]mMr bmJdS>, [wU{ H$m±oQ>Z|Q>b ‡H$meZ.
(37) S>mqi] CÀ[mXZ, \$bm{À[mXZ od^mJ, [wU{.
(38) [{Í$Mr bmJdS>, \$bm{À[mXZ gßMmbZmb`, [wU{.
(39) ^wO]i o^. Jm{., oMHy$ d obMr bmJdS>.
(40) [mQ>rb d{. H$m., AßoOamMr bmJdS>, [wU{ H$m±oQ>Z|Q>b ‡H$meZ.
(41) I°a{ od. Am., AßOra ]mJ, [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>b ‡H$meZ.
(42) ^wO]i o^. Jm{., H$Î[d•j Zmai, [wU{ H$m±oQ>Z|Q>b ‡H$meZ.
(43) IM} Ama. E_., ÒQ≠>m∞]{ar CÀ[mXZ VßÃ - odH´$sÏ`dÒWm, [wU{, ¤maH$m ‡H$meZ.
(44) I°a{ odH$mg, ÒQ≠>m∞]{ar bmJdS>, [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>b ‡H$meZ.
(45) ^wO]i o^. Jm{, oMHy$ AmoU obMr bmJdS>, [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>b ‡H$meZ.
(46) [mßS>{ amO _Ur d hare Mß– e_m©, oX obMr, Zdr oXÎbr, ^maVr` H•$of AZwgßYmZ
[nafX.
(47) ]mahmV{ Mß–H$mßV, Amdim d•j A_•VmMm, Ah_XZJa, _yZb±S> ‡H$meZ.
(48) ]iramOm : H$m{aS>dmhˇ \$i]mJm ode{fmßH$, (OyZ 1988).
(49) ]m{g Q>r. H{$. AmoU Eg. H{$. o_Ãm (gß[mXH$), \´w$Q≤>g≤ Q≠>m∞o[H$b A±S> g]Q≠>m∞o[H$b,
H$m{cH$Vm, Z`m ‡m{H$me.
(50) amh˛S>H$a dm. ]., o_aMr CÀ[mXZ, ‡oH´$`m d Ï`m[ma, _wß]B©, _Zm{odH$mg ‡H$meZ.
(51) ^wO]i o^. Jm{., I°a{ od. Am., gßH$naV Q>m{_∞Q>m{, [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>b ‡H$meZ.
(52) H$Q>Ámb Eg. Eb. M…>m H{$. Eb., Ïh{oOQ>{]b J´m{BßJ BZ BßoS>`m, Zdr oXÎbr,
Am∞∑g\$S>© A±S> Am`]rEM [p„bqeJ Hß$[Zr.
(53) hm{_a Wm∞Â[gZ, odÎ`_ H{$br, Ïh{oOQ>{]b H´$m∞flg, Zdr oXÑr, Q>mQ>m _∞H$J´m∞-ohb
Hß$[Zr obo_Q>{S>.
(54) ]m{g Q>r. H{$., gm∞_ E_. Or., Ïh{oOQ>{]b H´$m∞flg Am∞\$ BßoS>`m, H$m{cH$Vm, Z`m
‡m{H$me (1986).
(55) Mm°Yar ]r., Ïh{oOQ>{]Îg, Zdr oXÑr, Z∞eZb ]wH$ Q≠>ÒQ>, BßoS>`m (1977).
(56) dm∞H$a O{. gr., oS>grO{g Am∞\$ Ïh{oOQ>{]b H´$m∞flg, ›`y`m∞H©$, _∞H$J´m-ohb ]wH$
Hß$[Zr.
(57) _hmH$mi H{$. J., gXmdV} H•$. Õ`ß. ^maVmV ^mOr[mÎ`mMr bmJdS>, ZmJ[ya,
_hmamÓQ≠> od⁄m[rR> J´ßWoZo_©Vr _ßS>i.
(58) H$mi{ [mßSw>aßJ AmoU gabm H$mi{, ^mOr[mbm CÀ[mXZ, [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>b ‡H$meZ
(1988).
(59) H$mi{ [mßSw>aßJ AmoU gabm H$mi{, H$mßXm-bgyU CÀ[mXZ, [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>b ‡H$meZ.
(60) H$mi{ [mßSw>aßJ AmoU gabm H$mi{, H$m{]rdJu` ^m¡`m, [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>b ‡H$meZ.
(61) ]m{g Q>r. H{$. AmoU Eb. [r. `mXd, H$_oe©`b ‚bmdg© BZ BßoS>`m, H$m{cH$Vm,
Z`m ‡m{H$me.
(62) [mb. ]r. [r., am{P BZ BßoS>`m, Zdr oXÑr, ^maVr` H•$of AZwgßYmZ [nafX.
(63) bmg©Z Ama. E., BßQ≠>m{S>∑eZ Qy> ‚bm{naH$ÎMa, ‚bm{naS>m, A∞H∞$S>{o_H$ ‡{g.
(64) aßYdm Or. Eg. AmoU _wIm{[m‹`m`, ‚bm{naH$ÎMa BZ BßoS>`m, _wß]B© AbmB©S>
[p„beg© ‡m`Ïh{Q> obo_Q>{S>.
(65) Jm{[mbÒdm_r`ßJma Or. Eg., Hß$pflbQ> JmS>©qZJ BZ BßoS>`m, ]ßJbm{a.
(66) M…>m H{$. Eb., Am∞Z©_|Q>b hm∞oQ>©H$ÎMa, Zdr oXÑr, ^maVr` H•$of AZwgßYmZ [nafX.
(67) ]iramOm : \w$be{Vr ode{fmßH$, [wU{, H•$ofodkmZ ‡H$meZ (Am∞∑Q>m{]a 1991).
(68) o^. Jm{. ^wO]i, [wÓ[-^maVr, [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>b ‡H$meZ.
(69) \$S>Urg ^m. A., [wÓ[amO Jwbm], [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>b ‡H$meZ.
(70) gß[Xm, [wÓ[e{Vr-C⁄m{J 2000 ode{fmßH$, [wU{, _amR>m M|]a Am∞\$ H$m∞_g© A±S>
BßS>ÒQ≠>rO, [wU{ (Eo[´b 1994).
(71) e{VH$ar-\w$be{Vr ode{fmßH$, H•$fr ImV{, _hmamÓQ≠> am¡`, [wU{, (OmZ{dmar-\{$]´wdmar
1995).
(72) H{$. E_. [r. ZÂ]rgmZ, oS>PmB©Z Eob_|Q≤>g≤ Am∞\$ b±S>ÒH{$[ JmS>©qZJ, Zdr oXÎbr,
Am∞∑g\$S>© A±S> Am`]rEM [p„bqeJ Hß$[Zr ‡m`Ïh{Q> obo_Q>{S>.
(73) oÃd{Xr ‡oV^m, hm{_ JmS>©qZJ, Zdr oXÑr, ^maVr` H•$of AZwgßYmZ [nafX.
(74) qOXmb Eg. Eb., Am∞Zm©_|Q>b ]Î]g≤ flb±Q>≤g≤, Zdr oXÑr, ^maVr` H•$of AZwgßYmZ
[nafX.
(75) [r. H$MÍ$, h±S>]wH$ Am∞\$ am∞H$ JmS>©qZJ Am∞Z X ohÎg, Zdr oXÑr, ^maVr` H•$of
AZwgßYmZ [nafX.
(76) [r. H$MÍ$, BßQ≠>m{S>∑eZ Qy> JmS>©qZJ, Zdr oXÑr, ^maVr` H•$of AZwgßYmZ [nafX.
(77) _∞H$Z AmoU MmÎg©, 100 „`woQ>\w$b Q≠>rO Am∞\$ BßoS>`m, _wß]B©, S>r. ]r. Vmam[m{admbm
g›g A±S> Hß$[Zr ‡m`Ïh{Q> obo_Q>{S>.
(78) aßYdm Or. Eg., M…>m, H{$. Eb. AmoU XboOV qgJ, oX \{$_g JmS>©›g Am∞\$
BßoS>`m, _Îhm{Ãm [p„bqeJ hmD$g, BßoS>`m.
(79) aßYdm E_. Eg., ‚bm∞dna®J Q≠>rO, Zdr oXÎbr, Z∞eZb ]wH$ Q≠>ÒQ> BßoS>`m.
(80) ^wO]i o^. Jm{., Zg©ar JmB©S>, [wU{, < ‡H$meZ.

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H¥${f {dkmZ {dÚmemIm

`ed§Vamd MìhmU _hmamï´> _wŠV {dÚmnrR>, Zm{eH$

{ejUH«$_ … AGR 101-104

Aä`mgH«$_ … AGR 101 : ~mJH$m_mMr _ybVÎdo Am{U H$m`©nÕVr … nmR>çnwpñVH$m-2

]mJH$m_mMr _ycVŒd{ AmoU H$m`©[’Vr ï [mR>Á[wpÒVH$m - 2 ï 6

]mJH$m_mMr _ycVŒd{ AmoU H$m`©[’Vr ï [mR>Á[wpÒVH$m - 2 ï 8

AmH•$Vr 1.6 : PmS>mbm AmYma X{ `mMr [’V

gmßJmS>m : (\´{$_dH©$) PmS>m¿`m \$mß⁄mßMm gß^ma

1.5 gamdmgmR>r Òdm‹`m`

]mJH$m_mMr _ycVŒd{ AmoU H$m`©[’Vr ï [mR>Á[wpÒVH$m - 2 ï 15

]mJH$m_mMr _ycVŒd{ AmoU H$m`©[’Vr ï [mR>Á[wpÒVH$m - 2 ï 16

AmH•$Vr 2.1 : Im{S>mM{ JS>©qbJ AmoU ^Í$Z `{Umar OI_

2.2.2 PmS>m¿`m \$mßXrda ImM [mS>U{ (Zm∞qMJ)

2.3 [mna^mofH$ e„XmW©

]mJH$m_mMr _ycVŒd{ AmoU H$m`©[’Vr ï [mR>Á[wpÒVH$m - 2 ï 31

2.5 gamdmgmR>r Òdm‹`m`

]mJH$m_mMr _ycVŒd{ AmoU H$m`©[’Vr ï [mR>Á[wpÒVH$m - 2 ï 32

]mJH$m_mMr _ycVŒd{ AmoU H$m`©[’Vr ï [mR>Á[wpÒVH$m - 2 ï 35

]mJH$m_mMr _ycVŒd{ AmoU H$m`©[’Vr ï [mR>Á[wpÒVH$m - 2 ï 45

4.2.2 gm[im o[H$mßM{ _hŒd

4.3 [mna^mofH$ e„XmW©

4.5 gamdmgmR>r Òdm‹`m`

]mJH$m_mMr _ycVŒd{ AmoU H$m`©[’Vr ï [mR>Á[wpÒVH$m - 2 ï 55

]mJH$m_mMr _ycVŒd{ AmoU H$m`©[’Vr ï [mR>Á[wpÒVH$m - 2 ï 56

]mJH$m_mMr _ycVŒd{ AmoU H$m`©[’Vr ï [mR>Á[wpÒVH$m - 2 ï 58

V∑Vm 5.1 : H$mhr C[–dr VU{ AmoU À`mßM{ oZ`ßÃU

VU{ oZ`ßÃUmM{ C[m`

]mJH$m_mMr _ycVŒd{ AmoU H$m`©[’Vr ï [mR>Á[wpÒVH$m - 2 ï 62

5.2.2 ododY o[H$mßVrb VUmßM{ oZ`ßÃU

V∑Vm 5.2 : ^mOro[H$mVrb VUmß¿`m oZ`ßÃUmgmR>r VUZmeH{$

[rH$ VUZmeH$ Xa h{∑Q>ar qZXUr[{jm

Q>m{_∞Q>m{ Abm∑bm{a qH$dm ]wQ>m∑bm{a 2.0 225

]mJH$m_mMr _ycVŒd{ AmoU H$m`©[’Vr ï [mR>Á[wpÒVH$m - 2 ï 64

]mJH$m_mMr _ycVŒd{ AmoU H$m`©[’Vr ï [mR>Á[wpÒVH$m - 2 ï 65

5.5 gamdmgmR>r Òdm‹`m`

]mJH$m_mMr _ycVŒd{ AmoU H$m`©[’Vr ï [mR>Á[wpÒVH$m - 2 ï 67

]mJH$m_mMr _ycVŒd{ AmoU H$m`©[’Vr ï [mR>Á[wpÒVH$m - 2 ï 68

]mJH$m_mMr _ycVŒd{ AmoU H$m`©[’Vr ï [mR>Á[wpÒVH$m - 2 ï 69

A.H´$. _yi agm`Z Ï`m[mar Zmd{ H$m{UÀ`m

01 JßYH$ (H$m{aS>r [mdS>a) gÎ\$a S>ÒQ> ]rO‡oH´$`m,

H$m{aS>r [mdS>a 75% [mZm{am_ 75, [m{_mgmb, Ò[m{Q≠>rQ> 75, Oo_ZrgmR>r

]mJH$m_mMr _ycVŒd{ AmoU H$m`©[’Vr ï [mR>Á[wpÒVH$m - 2 ï 78

12 _mZ{] S>m`W{Z E_-22, _mZP{Q>, Q≠>m{_mJmb, \$iPmS>{ d

19 H∞$flQ>m\$m∞b S>m`\$m{ÎQ>m∞Z, \$m{ÎQ>m∞\$, gmZÒ[m∞a, gm_m›`

]mJH$m_mMr _ycVŒd{ AmoU H$m`©[’Vr ï [mR>Á[wpÒVH$m - 2 ï 80

o[H$mdarb am{J [yaH$ g|o–` [XmW©

]Q>mQ>ÁmMm _a am{J ]mbr©M{ H$mS>

Imbrb ohadir¿`m IVmß_wi{ Oo_ZrVrb ]waerO›` am{JOßVy H$_r hm{VmV.

[rH$ am{J ohadirM{ [rH$ ]waerdarb [naUm_

]Q>mQ>m ÒH∞$] gm{`m]rZ ]waer dmT> `mg ‡oV]ßY

[w T > r c [y a H$ g| o –` [XmW© Oo_ZrV o_giÎ`m_w i { Oo_ZrVrb gy Ã H• $ _tMr

]m{S>m} _m{aMyX [mUr MwZm [mUr –mjmda C[`m{J

0.4 400 J´∞_ 50 400 J´∞_ 50 XwgË`m \$dmaUrgmR>r

]m{S>m©{ o_lU V`ma H$a `mMr [’Vr

6.3 [mna^mofH$ e„XmW©

6.5 gamdmgmR>r Òdm‹`m`

]mJH$m_mMr _ycVŒd{ AmoU H$m`©[’Vr ï [mR>Á[wpÒVH$m - 2 ï 86

]mJH$m_mMr _ycVŒd{ AmoU H$m`©[’Vr ï [mR>Á[wpÒVH$m - 2 ï 87

A. H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mM{ Ï`m[mar Zmd C[c„Y amgm`oZH$ oH$S>rdarc

01 A∞g{\{$Q> Am∞aW{Z, AgmQ>m[ 75% Eg. Ò\w$aX`w∑V AmßVa‡dmhr

02 AÎS>rH$m]© Q>{_rH$ 10% XmU{Xma H$m]m©nac AmßVa‡dmhr AmoU

03 AmÎS≠>rZ AmÎS≠>rZ, H•$ofAmÎS≠>rZ 5% ^wH$Q>r, ∑cm{arZ`w∑V Ò[e©odf, 1-1-94

04 A∞Î`wo_oZ`_ g{Î\$m∞g, \$m∞g\w$_, Jm{iÁm Ag|o–` Yyaodf, h{ H$sQ>H$-