E 104 1

H¥${f {dkmZ {dÚmemIm
èd§Vamd MìhmU _hmamï´> _wŠV {dÚmnrR>, Zm{eH$
{ejUH«$_ … AGR 101-104

101 : _mir à{ejU
Aä`mgH«$_ … AGR 104 : àm§JU CÚmZ … nmR>çnwpñVH$m -1
AZwH«$‘{UH$m
KQ>H$ 1 : nag~mJ
KQ>H$ 2 : ~mJ~{JMm AmamIS>m
KQ>H$ 3 : ~mJoVrb gOrd Am{U {ZOud KQ>H$
KQ>H$ 4 : ~mJoVrb ~m§YH$m‘o
KQ>H$ 5 : {hadirMo àH$ma
KQ>H$ 6 : ~mJoVrc PwS>nm§Mo àH$ma
KQ>H$ 7 : Hw$§nU Am{U H$S>m§Mo àH$ma
KQ>H$ 8 : emo{^d§V nmZm§Mr Am{U ’w$cm§Mr PwS>no
KQ>H$ 9 : KamV R>odÊ`mgmR>r emo{^d§V PmS>m§Mr {ZdS>
KQ>H$ 10 : {ZdSw>§JmMo àH$ma
Please sent your Feedback to: The Director, School of Agricultural Sciences, Yashwantrao Chavan Maharashtra
Open University, Nashik – 422 222, Phone : 0253-2230340,
0253 2230340, Email: suryagun@hotmail.com
KQ>H$ 1 : [ag]mJ
AZwH´$_oUH$m
1.1 ‡mÒVmodH$
1.2 odf`-odd{MZ
1.2.1 [ag]mJ{M{ _hŒd
1.2.2 [ag]mJ{gmR>r OmJ{Mr oZdS> AmoU AmIUr
1.2.3 [ag]mJmßM{ ‡H$ma
1.2.4 [ag]mJ{gmR>r ^m¡`mßM{ ‡H$ma
1.2.5 [ag]mJ{gmR>r ^m¡`mßMr oZdS>
1.2.6 [ag]mJ{Vrb hßJm_r ^m¡`m
1.2.7 [ag]mJ{gmR>r oZodÓR>m
1.2.8 [ag]mJ{M{ Ï`dÒWm[Z
1.3 [mna^mofH$ e„XmW©
1.4 gmamße
1.5 gamdmgmR>r Òdm‹`m`
1.1 ‡mÒVmodH$
Kam¿`m AWdm ]ßJÎ`m¿`m g^m{dVmbr Agb{Î`m ]mJ{bm [ag]mJ (oH$MZ JmS>©Z)
Ag{ ÂhUVmV. JS>oMam{br oOÎhÁmVrb "_moS>`m Jm|S>' `m AmoXdmgr Hw$Qw>ß]m¿`m
Pm{[S>r^m{dVrX{Irb Aer [ag]mJ OmUrd[yd©H$ AmT>iyZ `{V{. _moS>`m Jm|S> `m bm{H$mßM{
_wª` A›Z ^mV AgyZ À`mbm [yaH$ A›ZKQ>H$ o_i `mgmR>r h{ bm{H$ [ag]mJ{V ^m¡`m
bmdVmV. ]mß]y¿`m AmYmamZ{ dmb d Q>m{_∞Q>m{M{ d{b dmT>odVmV. Pm{[S>r¿`m N>fl[amda
XwYr^m{[im AmoU H$m{hiÁm¿`m d{br dmT>odVmV. Hwß$[Um¿`m AmYmamZ{ IS>H$ e|Jmß¿`m
d{br dmT>odVmV. dmbmM{ ododY ‡H$ma dmT>odVmV. _moS>`m Jm|S> h{ bm{H$ dmbmM{ ]r
‡mßJU C⁄mZ ï [mR>Á[wpÒVH$m -1 ï 2
JdVm¿`m odUb{Î`m Q>m{[Î`mV hdm]ßX H$Í$Z gmR>odVmV. H$m{H$UmVhr ]h˛V{H$ Kamß¿`m
_mJrb ]mOybm AemM [ag]mJm bmdb{Î`m AmT>iVmV.
[ag]mJ{bm AbrH$S>{ "gH$g Amhma ]mJ' (›`yoQ≠>eZb JmS>©Z) Ag{ ÂhUVmV.
I{S>ÁmVrb _wbmßZm ]Ë`mM d{im gH$g Amhma o_iV Zmhr; ÂhUyZ J´m_rU ^mJmVrb
H$mhr emimß_YyZ od⁄mœ`m™¿`m oZarjU AZw^dmgmR>r Aer "gH$g Amhma ]mJ' V`ma
H$aVmV. J´m_rU ^mJmVrb emi{¿`m oejH$mßZmhr [ag]mJ{odf`r _mohVr AgU{ AmdÌ`H$
Amh{.
¯m KQ>H$m¿`m A‰`mgmZßVa Am[Î`mbm -
Am[Î`m [ag]mJ{V AWdm ]mÎH$ZrV [ag]mJ V`ma H$aVm `{B©b.
[ag]mJ{Vrb bmJdS>rgmR>r \$iPmS>{ AmoU ^mOr[mbm o[H$mßMr oZdS>
H$aVm `{B©b.
[ag]mJ{¿`m Ï`dÒWm[Zmodf`r _mohVr hm{B©b.
1.2 odf`-odd{MZ
1.2.1 [ag]mJ{M{ _hŒd
[ag]mJ{_wi{ Am[Î`mbm am{O¿`m O{dUmgmR>r gH$g AmoU Vm¡`m ^m¡`m o_iVmV
AmoU ^mOr[mÎ`mdarb IMm©_‹`{ ]MV H$aVm `{V{. `moedm` [ag]mJ{[mgyZ Imbrb
\$m`X{ o_iVmV :
(1) Hw$Qw>ß]mVrb _mUgmßZm VmOm, gH$g AmoU H$sS>ZmeH$mß[mgyZ _w∑V Agm
^mOr[mbm gVV df©â o_iVm{.
(2) C[b„Y Oo_Zr¿`m ‡_mUmV ^mOr[mbm o_iodVm `{Vm{. `m{Ω` O_rZ C[b„Y
ZgÎ`mg Hwß$S>Ámß_‹`{ ^m¡`mßMr bmJdS> H$aVm `{V{. â[ya gy`©‡H$me o_iV
Agb{Î`m JÉrda, ÏhamßS>ÁmV qH$dm ]mÎH$ZrV `m Hwß$S>Ám R>{dVm `{VmV.
lmdU K{dS>m, o_aMr, Q>m{_∞Q>m{, JmOa, Mm`ZrO H∞$]{O ([mZH$m{]r), H$m{oWß]ra,
_wim, [mbH$, _{Wr, amOoJam, [woXZm ¯m ^m¡`m Hwß$S>Ámß_‹`{ dmT>odVm `{VmV.
(3) OmJ{Mm AmoU \$mdÎ`m d{i{Mm [wa{[ya C[`m{J H$Í$Z K{Vm `{Vm{.
(4) [ag]mJ hm EH$ \$mdÎ`m d{i{Mm N>ßX AgyZ À`mVyZ kmZ AmoU Ï`m`m_hr
o_iVm{. `moedm` oZgJm©er OdirH$ gmYVm `{V{.
(5) oeÎbH$ \$i{ AmoU ^m¡`m e{OmË`mßZm X{D$Z gX≤^mdZm dmT>odVm `{V{.
`moedm` Aem oeÎbH$ ^m¡`m dmidyZ gmR>odVm `{VmV AmoU ]mOmamV
O{Ïhm À`m ^m¡`m C[b„Y ZgVmV qH$dm _hmJ AgVmV V{Ïhm C[`m{Jr [S>VmV.
(6) ]mOmamV odH$V o_iUmË`m Vm¡`m ^m¡`m Oar AmH$f©H$ oXgV AgÎ`m Var
À`mßM{ oH$S>r AmoU am{Jmß[mgyZ gßajU H$a `mgmR>r amgmmòZH$ odfmar Am°fYmßMr
\$dmaUr H{$b{br AgV{. `m_wi{ h{ odfmar Ade{f `m ^m¡`mßda AgVmV.
H$mhr Ï`m[mar oeir Pmb{br ^|S>r JX© ohadr oXgmdr ÂhUyZ Vr ohamH$g¿`m
–mdUmV ]wS>dyZ H$mT>VmV. À`m_wi{ ]mOmamVyZ odH$V AmUb{br VmOr ^mOr
odZmYm{∑`mMr AgÎ`mMr H$m{UVrhr ImÃr ZgV{. `mCbQ> [ag]mJ{Vrb ^m¡`m
Am[Î`m X{Ia{IrImbr dmT>V AgÎ`m_wi{ À`m odZmYm{∑`m¿`m AgÎ`mMr
Am[Umg [yU©[U{ ImÃr AgV{.
(7) [ag]mJ{_wi{ ^mOr[mÎ`mda IM© hm{UmË`m Am[Î`m [°emßMr ]MV hm{V{.
1.2.2 [ag]mJ{gmR>r OmJ{Mr oZdS> AmoU AmIUr

OmJ{Mr oZdS>
Am[Î`m Kam¿`m _mJ¿`m ]mOybm Agb{Î`m C[b„Y OmJ{V [ag]mJ H$aVm `{V{.
`m OmJ{V â[ya gy`©‡H$me AmoU _m{H$ir hdm C[b„Y Agmdr. [ag]mJ{gmR>r OmJ{Mr
oZdS> H$aVmZm Oo_ZrMr gw[rH$Vm, gßaMZm d [m `m¿`m oZMË`mMr Ï`dÒWm `m Jm{ÓQ>r
bjmV K{VÎ`m [mohO{V. [mUr _w]bH$ ‡_mUmV C[b„Y AgÎ`mg df©â ^mOr[mbm
o[H{$ K{Vm `{VmV. oXdgm¿`m OmÒVrV OmÒV H$mimV \$iPmS>{ d ^m¡`mßZm gy`©‡H$me
AmdÌ`H$ AgVm{. _mÃ H$mhr [mb{^m¡`m H$_r gy`©‡H$memV AWdm gmdbrVhr K{Vm
`{VmV. ]amM H$mi[`™V [mmdgmM{ [mUr qH$dm Xd [S>Î`mZ{ PmS>mßMr [mZ{ Am{br amohÎ`mg
[mZmßZm am{JmßMr bmJU hm{V{. ÂhUyZ ]mJ{V I{iVr hdm Agmdr. WßS>rMr bmQ> d Ja_

hd{¿`m Pimß[mgyZ ]mJ{Vrb PmS>mßM{ gßajU H$a `mMr AmdÌ`H$Vm AgV{. Mm{a, e{iÁm
AmoU _m{H$mQ> OZmdamß[mgyZ ]mJ{Vrb PmS>mßM{ gßajU H$a `mgmR>r _O]yV Hwß$[U qH$dm
JS>Jm Agmdm. O_rZ ^mar qH$dm dmB©Q> oZMË`mMr AgÎ`mg À`m Oo_ZrV ZXrVrb
Jmi, dmiy AmoU g|o–` [XmW© KmbyZ Oo_ZrVrb OmÒVr¿`m [m `mMm oZMam H$amdm.
[ag]mJ{Mr O_rZ IiΩ`mMr (MwZIS>r`w∑V) Zgmdr. [ag]mJ{gmR>r OmJ{Mm AmH$ma
Ogm Ag{b Vgm Vm{ ÒdrH$mamdm bmJVm{; [aßVw e∑`Vm{ hr OmJm AmH$mamZ{ Mm°H$m{Zr
Agmdr. OmJ{¿`m H$m{[Ë`mV gmdbrV Hß$[m{ÒQ> IVmM{ EH$ qH$dm Xm{Z I»>{ R>{dmd{V AmoU
À`m_‹`{ ]mJ{Vrb [mbm[mMm{im, KamVrb H$Mam AmoU o[H$mßM{ Ade{f Q>mH$md{V.
[ag]mJ{Mr AmIUr
[ag]mJ{Mr OmJm â[ya _m{R>r AgÎ`mg ]mJ{¿`m CŒma{H$S>rb ]mOybm [[B©, H{$ir,
H$mJXr qb]y, H$T>rqb], e{dJm, [{Í$, –mj{, Zmai, oMHy$, gßÃr AmoU _m{gß]r `mßgmaIr
CßM \$iPmS>{ bmdmdrV. `m_wi{ PmS>mßMr gmdbr ^mOr-o[H$mda [S>Uma Zmhr.
[ag]mJ{ V rb C[b„Y OmJ{ M m [y U © [ U{ bm^ K{ `mgmR> r d{ b dJu` ^m¡`m
(CXmhaUmW©, dmb, H$mH$S>r) Hwß$[Umda, q^Vrda qH$dm JÉr¿`m H$R>S>Ámda dmT>dmÏ`mV.
bhmZ AWdm _‹`_ AmH$mam¿`m [ag]mJ{V ]Q>mQ>{, aVmir, gwaU, OmÒV H$mi
Oo_ZrV dmT>Umar o[H{$ K{D$ Z`{V. [mbH$, Amß]Q>MwH$m, MmH$dV, Aß]mS>r, b{Q>Áyg,
_{Wr, H$m{qW]ra, MdimB©, [woXZm, _wim, JmOa d [mVrgmR>r H$mßX{ ¯m ^m¡`m ]mOmamVyZ
odH$V AmUÎ`m Va bdH$a gwH$VmV. ÂhUyZ Vm¡`m ^m¡`m o_i `mgmR>r bhmZ [ag]mJ{V
H$_r H$mbmdYr¿`m [mb{^m¡`mßZm ‡mYm›` ⁄md{.
^m¡`mßMr [{aUr qH$dm am{[bmdUr EH$mM d{ir Z H$aVm À`mßMm gVV [wadR>m
hm{ `mH$naVm H$mhr oXdgmß¿`m AßVamZ{ bmJdS> H$amdr.
H$_r H$mbmdYrV dmT>Umam _wim, Q>Zu[, MdimB©, _{Wr, [mbH$ `m ^m¡`m EH$m
dm‚`mV Am{ir_‹`{ bmÏmmÏ`mV. ÂhUO{ Cab{Î`m OmJ{V Coeam V`ma hm{UmË`m ^m¡`m
bmdVm `{VmV.
g[mQ> dm‚`m^m{dVr bhmZ daß„`mda H$mßXm, bgyU, _wim, JmOa, Q>Zu[, ZdbH$m{b,
]rQ>Í$Q> Aem _yidJu` ^m¡`m bmdmÏ`mV. g[mQ> dm‚`mß_‹`{ BVa ^m¡`m bmdmÏ`mV.
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3
4
A Am B B© C D$ E E{ Am{ Am°
5
6
EHy$U j{Ã\$i = 350 Mm°._r. EH$m flbm∞Q>Mm AmH$ma = 6 X 3 _r.
EHy$U bmß]r = 35 _rQ>a Xm{Z ]mßYmVrb flbm∞Q>Mr ÈßXr = 0.45 _r.
EHy$U ÈßXr = 10 _rQ>a 0 = R>|JUr \$iPmS>{
A V{ Am° = 10 flbm∞Q>
1 = Hwß$[Um¿`m Am{irMr ÈßXr = 0.5 _r. 5 = oZMË`m¿`m MamMr ÈßXr = 0.6 _r.
2 = flbm∞Q>Mm AmH$ma = 35 _r. X 35 _r. 6 = d{b^m¡`mß¿`m Am{irMr ÈßXr = 0.6 _r.
3 = [m`dmQ>{Mr ÈßXr = 0.75 _r. (dmb, dmQ>mUm, H$mH$S>r)
4 = [m `m¿`m [mQ>mMr ÈßXr = 0.75 _r. 7 = Hß$[m{ÒQ> IVmMm I»>m
AmH•$Vr 1.1 : [ag]mJ{Mm AmXe© AmamIS>m
^m¡`mß¿`m Xm{Z Am{it_‹`{ hiyhiy dmT>UmË`m AmoU V`ma hm{ `mgmR>r OmÒV
H$mi bmJUmË`m ^m¡`m CXmhaUmW©, Vmß]S>m ^m{[im, H$m{him, BÀ`mXr ^m¡`m ø`mÏ`mV.
OmVtMr bmJdS>
Am[Î`m [ag]mJ{gmR>r `m{Ω` Aem oH$Sr AmoU am{JmßZm ‡oVH$maH$ OmVtMr oZdS>
H$aU{ AmdÌ`H$ Amh{. O_rZ AmoU hdm_mZ (Vm[_mZ, hßJm_, [mD$g_mZ) `mßZm AZwHy$b
Agb{Î`m o^›Z ^m¡`mß¿`m d \$imß¿`m OmVr C[b„Y Amh{V. À`m_wi{ BVa oR>H$mUr
èÒdr Pmb{br OmV Am[Î`m [ag]mJ{V èÒdr hm{ `mMr ImÃr ZgV{. `mgmR>r ZdrZ
OmVrMr Wm{S>Ám OmJ{V MmMUr ø`mdr. Xadfu ZdrZ ]r bmJdS>rgmR>r dm[amd{ qH$dm
Am[Î`m ]mJ{Vrb ]r hdm]ßX S>„`mV ^Í$Z WßS> d H$m{aS>Ám OmJr gmR>dmd{. CßXra d
oH$S>t[mgyZ `m o]`mßM{ gßajU H$amd{. Jm{S> _H$m, ^|S>r, H$mßXm `mßM{ ]r EH$ V{ Xm{Z df}
CJdUj_ amhV{.
1.2.3 [ag]mJmßM{ ‡H$ma
_m{R>r [ag]mJ
â[ya _m{H$ir OmJm AgÎ`mg gd© ‡H$maMr \$i{ AmoU ^mOro[H{$ K{Vm `{VmV.
_m{R>Ám [ag]mJ{V ^mOro[H$mßgm{]V Amß]m (Am_´[mbr qH$dm qgYy), [{Í$ (Abmhm]mX
g\{$Xm qH$dm bIZm°-49), [[B© ([wgm Z›hm qH$dm H$m{B©_Vya- 1 qH$dm Hy$J© hZr S>Áy),
qb]y (`wa{H$m qH$dm obÒ]Z), –mj{ (Wm∞Â[gZ grS>b{g) hr \$iPmS>{ bmdmdrV.
_‹`_ [ag]mJ
_‹`_ [ag]mJ{V aVmir, ]Q>mQ>{, Vmß]S>m ^m{[im, XwYr^m{[im d H$qbJS> ¯m
^m¡`m dJiVm BVa ]h˛V{H$ ^m¡`m K{Vm `{VmV. OmJm o_imÎ`mg H{$ir, qb]y, H$T>rqb],
–mj{ hr PmS>{ _‹`_ AmH$mam¿`m [ag]mJ{V bmdmdrV.
bhmZ [ag]mJ
[aS>rV bhmZ OmJm AgÎ`mg 2 _rQ>a X 3 _rQ>a AmH$mamM{ 2-3 bhmZ dm\{$
V`ma H$Í$Z ø`md{V. `m dm‚`mß_‹`{ Q>m{_∞Q>m{, o_aMr, dmßJr, lmdU K{dS>m, dmb, H$mab{,
[mbH$, _{Wr, MdimB©, Hw$Î\$m, bgyU, Amb{, _wim, Q>Zu[, JmOa, b{Q>Áyg, [yZm oIam,
H$mH$S>r, ^|S>r, Jdma, H$m{qW]ra, [woXZm, H$mßX{ `m ^m¡`m bmdmÏ`mV. `m ^m¡`m H$_r
H$mbmdYrV dmT>VmV AmoU ‡À`{H$ PmS>mbm H$_r OmJ{Mr AmdÌ`H$Vm AgV{.
AoVbhmZ [ag]mJ
`m [ag]mJ{V 2 _rQ>a X 3 _rQ>a AmH$mamM{ EH$ qH$dm Xm{Z dm\{$ AgVmV. `m
dm‚`mß_‹`{ MdimB©, dmb, _wim, JmOa, Q>m{_∞Q>m{, lmdU K{dS>m, [woXZm, o_aMr, _{Wr,
H$m{qW]ra, bgyU, H$mßXm, Amb{ `mß[°H$s Am[Î`m AmdS>r¿`m ^mOro[H$mßMr bmJdS>
H$amdr.
Hwß$S>ÁmßVrb ^m¡`m
JÉr qH$dm ]mÎH$ZrVrb _mVr¿`m Hw ß $ S> Á m, bmH$S> r Im{ H $s, bhmZ S≠ > _ ,
flbmpÒQ>H$¿`m Q>m{[Î`m AmoU [Õ`mM{ S>]{ ^m¡`m bmd `mgmR>r dm[aVm `{VmV. [m `mMm
oZMam hm{ `mgmR>r À`mß¿`m Vimer ^m{H{$ R>{dmdrV. `m Hwß$S>Ám gy`©‡H$memV _mßSy>Z R>{dmÏ`mV.
1.2.4 [ag]mJ{gmR>r ^m¡`mßM{ ‡H$ma
(1) \$i^m¡`m : Q>m{_∞Q>m{, dmßJr, o_aMr, T>m{]ir o_aMr, ^|S>r
(2) _yi^m¡`m : _wim, gbJ_, JmOa, ]rQ>Í$Q>
(3) [mb{^m¡`m : [mbH$, _{Wr, _m{har, MdimB©, H$m{qW]ra, [woXZm, ]mWwAm, Aß]mS>r,
MmH$dV, Km{iy, b{Q>Áyg, BÀ`mXr.
(4) H$m{]rdJu` ^m¡`m : \w$bH$m{]r, [mZH$m{]r, Zm{bH$m{b, oMZr H$m{]r, BÀ`mXr.
(5) Hß$XdJu` ^m¡`m : ]Q>mQ>m, aVmir, Amadr, H$mßXm, bgyU, BÀ`mXr.
(6) e|JdJu` ^m¡`m : lmdU K{dS>m, Mdir, Jdma, Mm°Ymar K{dS>m, dmb, [mdmQ>m,
dmQ>mUm, e{dJm, BÀ`mXr.
(7) odbm`Vr ^m¡`m : ]´m{H$m{br, ]´wg{Îg Ò‡mD$Q>, oMZr H$m{]r, ogb{ar, [mg©br,
A∞Ò[amJg, BÀ`mXr.
1.2.5 [ag]mJ{gmR>r ^m¡`mßMr oZdS>
H$m]m}hm`S≠>{Q>`w∑V ^m¡`m : ]Q>mQ>m, aVmir, gwaU, Amiy, ]rQ>Í$Q>, BÀ`mXr.
‡m{Q>rZ`w∑V ^m¡`m : dmQ>mUm, dmb, lmdU K{dS>m, e{dJm, Mdir, Jdma,
amOoJam, ]mbm (]´m∞S> ]rZ), BÀ`mXr.
OrdZgŒd "A'`w∑V ^m¡`m : o[diÁm aßJmM{ JmOa, [mbH$, gbJ_, amOoJam,
o[diÁm aßJmMr aVmir, Vmß]S>m ^m{[im, [mZH$m{]r, _{Wr, Q>m{_∞Q>m{, H$m{qW]ra, BÀ`mXr.
OrdZgŒd "]'ß`w∑V ^m¡`m : dmQ>mUm, dmb, bgyU, AmiyM{ Hß$X (Amadr),
BÀ`mXr.
OrdZgŒd "H$'`w∑V ^m¡`m : Q>m{_∞Q>m{, gbJ_, ohadr o_aMr, \w$bH$m{]r,
ZdbH$m{b, _wiÁmMr [mZ{ AmoU e|Jm, amOoJam, BÀ`mXr.
H∞$pÎe`_`w∑V ^m¡`m : ]rQ>Í$Q>, amOoJam, _{Wr, gbJ_Mr [mZ{, H$m{qW]ra,
Vmß]S>m ^m{[im, H$mßXm, Q>m{_∞Q>m{, BÀ`mXr.
[m{Q>∞oe`_`w∑V ^m¡`m : aVmir, ]Q>mQ>{, H$mabr, _wim, dmb.
\$m∞Ò\$ag`w∑V ^m¡`m : bgyU, dmQ>mUm, H$mabr.
bm{h`w∑V ^m¡`m : H$mabr, amOoJam, _{Wr, [woXZm, [mbH$, dmQ>mUm.
1.2.6 [ag]mJ{Vrb hßJm_r ^m¡`m
(1) Iar[ qH$dm [mdgmir hßJm_mVrb ^m¡`m (Owb° V{ Am∞∑Q>m{]a) : ^|S>r,
Mdir, Jdma, o_aMr, T>m{]ir o_aMr, dmb, Km{gmir, Xm{S>H$s, H$mabr, H$mH$S>r, qQ>S>m,
[adb, XwYr^m{[im, _wim (Iar[), JmOa (Iar[), [mbH$, aVmir,amOoJam, dmßJr,
Q>m{_∞Q>m{ d \w$bH$m{]r (Iar[ OmVr).
(2) a„]r qH$dm ohdmir hßJm_mVrb ^m¡`m (Am∞∑Q>m{]a V{ \{$]´wdmar) : ]Q>mQ>{,
\w$bH$m{]r, [mZH$m{]r, Zm{bH$m{b, _wim, gbJ_, JmOa, ]rQ>Í$Q>, H$mßXm, bgyU, brH$,
]´m∞S> ]rZ, b{Q>Áyg, ogb{ar, dmQ>mUm, [mbH$, _{Wr, _m{{har, H$m{qW]ra, Q>m{_∞Q>m{, dmßJr,
o_aMr, T>m{]ir o_aMr, dmb.
(3) C›hmir hßJm_mVrb ^m¡`m (_mM© V{ OyZ) : ^|S>r, Mdir, Jdma, Q>m{_∞Q>m{,
dmßJr, o_aMr, T>m{]ir o_aMr, lmdU K{dS>m, Vmß]S>m ^m{[im, XwYr^m{[im, H$mabr,
Km{gmir, Xm{S>H$s, H$mH$S>r, H$m{him, qQ>S>m, [S>di, H$aQ>m{br, amOoJam, [mbH$,
A∞Ò[amJg, C›hmir _wim.
1.2.7 [ag]mJ{gmR>r oZodÓR>m
(1) hÀ`ma{ : \$mdS>{, Hw$Xir, odim, Iwa[{, Pmar, MmHy$, H$mÃr, K_{b{, ]mXbr,
hmV\$dmaUr `ßÃ, gwVir, ]mß]y¿`m H$m_Q>Ám.
(2) ]r : gwYmnaV OmVtM{ o]`mU{.
(3) IV{ : [yU©[U{ Hw$Ob{b{ e{UIV, Hß$[m{ÒQ> qH$dm [mZmßM{ IV [yd©_emJVr¿`m
d{ir Oo_ZrV MmßJb{ o_gimd{ qH$dm Hwß$S>ÁmßVrb _mVrV o_gimd{. [{aUr[ydu h{ H$m_
[yU© H$amd{. `moedm` [ag]mJ{gmR>r ZÃIV{ (`wna`m, A_m{oZ`_ gÎ\{$Q>), Ò\w$aX IV{
(qgJb gw[a \$m∞Ò\{$Q>) AmoU [mbme IV{ [{aUr[ydu Oo_ZrV MmßJbr o_gimdrV.
ZÃIV [rH$ C^{ AgVmZm EH$Xm qH$dm Xm{ZXm daIV ÂhUyZ dm[amd{.
(4) H$sQ>H$ZmeH{$ AmoU ]waerZmeH{$ : _∞b∞oWAm∞Z, E›S>m{gÎ\$m∞Z, \$m∞crS>m∞c
hr H$rQ>H$ZmeH{$ AmoU H∞$[Q>m\$, H∞$amW{Z AmoU ]modÒQ>rZ `m ]waerZmeH$mßMm o[H$mda
H$sS> d am{J `mß¿`m oZ`ßÃUmgmR>r C[`m{J H$amdm.
1.2.8 [ag]mJ{M{ Ï`dÒWm[Z
ododY ^mOro[H$mßMr bmJdS> Oo_ZrVrb g[mQ> dm‚`mßV qH$dm gar-daß„`mda ]r
[{Í$Z H$aVm `{V{. _mÃ H$mhr ]r JmXrdm‚`mßda [{Í$Z V`ma Pmb{Î`m a{m[mß[mgyZ g[mQ>
dm‚`mßV qH$dm gar-daß„`mda bmJdS> H$amdr bmJV{. o]`mßMr [{aUr qH$dm am{[mßMr bmJdS>
`m{Ω` AßVamda H$amdr. am{[mßMr XmQ>r PmÎ`mg EH$Xm qH$dm Xm{ZXm odaiUr H$aU{ AmdÌ`H$
AgV{. am{[mßMr _a PmÎ`mg V{W{ oZam{Jr am{[{ bmdÎ`mZßVa hbH{$ [mUr ⁄md{. VUmß¿`m
oZ`ßÃUmgmR>r qZXUr d Iwa[Ur H$amdr. AmßVa_emJVrMr hr H$m_{ Oo_Zr¿`m da¿`m
WamV H$amdr; ÂhUO{ _wiÁmßZm BOm hm{Uma Zmhr.
^m¡`mßMr MmßJbr dmT> hm{ `mgmRr AmoU â[ya CÀ[mXZ o_i `mgmR>r Oo_ZrV
Am{bmdm AgU{ JaO{M{ Amh{. À`mgmR>r ohdmiÁmV Xa oVgË`m qH$dm Mm°œ`m oXder
hbH{$ [mUr ⁄md{. `m_wi{ ]Q>mQ>m, dmQ>mUm, Q>m{_∞Q>m{ AmoU dmßJr `mßgmaª`m o[H$mßda
WßS>rMm XwÓ[naUm_ hm{Uma Zmhr. O_rZ Am{br AgVmZm ZÃIV{ ⁄mdrV qH$dm H$m{aS>Ám
Oo_ZrV ZÃIV{ X{D$Z ÀdnaV hbH{$ [mUr ⁄md{.
]Q>mQ>{, aVmir, Amadr, _wim, gbJ_, JmOa AmoU ]rQ>Í$Q> `mßgmaª`m o[H$mßZm
H$_rV H$_r EH$Xm Var _mVrMr â Kmbmdr. À`m_wi{ Oo_ZrV Hß$X MmßJb{ [m{gVmV.
Q>m{_∞Q>m{, dmb, dmQ>mUm, H$mH$S>r, Xm{S>H$s, Km{gmir, Mm°Ymar K{dS>m, H$mabr `mßgmaª`m
o[H$mß¿`m dmT>UmË`m \$mß⁄m AmoU d{bmßZm AmYma ⁄mdm. [S>dimM{ d{b _mßS>dmda
MT>dmd{V. À`m_wi{ \$i{ Oo_Zrbm Q>{Hy$Z gS>V ZmhrV. `moedm` _mVrZ{ \$i{ Iam] hm{V
ZmhrV. \$imßMr Vm{S>Ur H$aU{ gm{[{ OmV{.
[ag]mJ{Vrb o[H$mßMr \{$a[mbQ> H$aU{ AÀ`ßV _hŒdmM{ AgV{. H$maU À`m_wi{
oH$S>r d am{JmßMm C[–d Am[m{Am[ H$_r hm{Vm{. _mdm d VwS>VwS>{ `mßgmaª`m ag em{fUmË`m
H$sQ>H$mß¿`m oZ`ßÃUmgmR>r 10 brQ>a [m `mV 20 o_obbrQ>a _∞b∞oWAm∞Z qH$dm E›S>m{gÎ\$m∞Z
`m ‡_mUmV o_giyZ \$dmaUr H$amdr. \$i{ [m{IaUmË`m AiÁm AmoU \$i_mÌ`m \$imßM{
Zw H $gmZ H$aVmV. Aer \$i{ Vm{ S y > Z À`mß M m Zme H$amdm AmoU oe\$maer‡_mU{
H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mMr \$dmaUr H$amdr. \$dmaUr H{$Î`m[mgyZ 5 V{ 7 oXdgmß[`™V \$i{, e|Jm,
[mZ{ ^mOrgmR>r dm[Í$ Z`{V. [mdgmiÁmV _a AmoU ^war am{JmßMm C[–d AoYH$ AgVm{.
_a am{Jm¿`m oZ`ßÃUmgmR>r 10 brQ>a [m `mV 20 J´∞_ H∞$[Q>m\$ [mdS>a o_giyZ À`mZ{
O_rZ oÔdmdr. ^war am{Jm¿`m oZ`ßÃUmgmR>r 10 brQ>a [m `mV 20 J´∞_ ]modÒQ>rZ
qH$dm H∞$amW{Z [mdS>a o_giyZ \$dmaUr H$amdr. odfmUwam{JmMr ]mYm Pmb{br PmS>{ Vm]S>Vm{]
C[Qy>Z Q>mHy$Z À`mßMm Zme H$amdm.
[∑d ^m¡`mß_‹`{ â[ya ‡_mUmV [m{fH$ KQ>H$ AgVmV. `moedm` À`m AmH$f©H$
oXgVmV AmoU À`mßMr Md AmoU ÒdmX CŒm_ AgVm{. _yi^m¡`m H$m{diÁm AgVmZm
H$mT>mÏ`mV. À`m bdH$a OaS> ]ZVmV. Q>m{_∞Q>m{, Ia]yO, H$qbJS>, H$m{hi{ ¯m \$i^m¡`m
o[H$Î`mZßVa H$mT>mÏ`mV Va BVa [mb{^m¡`m H$m{diÁm AgVmZm H$mT>mÏ`mV. [mb{^m¡`mßZm
\w$b{ bmJ `m[ydu À`mßMßr [mZ{ IwS>mdrV; À`m_wi{ AoYH$ [mZ{ o_iVmV. o_aMr, H$mßXm
A[∑d qH$dm [∑d pÒWVrV H$mTy>Z dm[aVm `{V{. Wm{S>∑`mV, `m{Ω` H$miOr K{VÎ`mg
H$_r IMm©V Am[Umbm Vm¡`m, ÒdmoXÓQ>, gH$g d MdXma ^m¡`m Xaam{O o_iodVm
`{VmV.

[ag]mJ qH$dm gH$g Amhma ]mJ : Hw $ Qw > ß ] mVrb Ï`∑VtZm gH$g Amhma
o_i `mH$naVm Kam¿`m ^m{ d Vr \$iPmS> { d
^mOro[H$mßMr bmJdS> H$aU{ ÂhUO{ [ag]mJ
qH$dm gH$g Amhma hm{`.
C›hm¿`m Pim : C›hmiÁmVrb Ja_ hd{M{ Pm{V
OaS> : oZ„]a
1.4 gmamße
[ag]mJ{ g mR> r O{ d T> r OmJm C[b„Y Amh{ , À`m ‡_mUmV \$iPmS> { AmoU
^mOro[H$mßMr oZdS> H$Í$Z bmJdS> H$amdr. O_rZ C[b„Y ZgÎ`mg Hwß$S>Ámß_‹`{ ^m¡`mßMr
bmJdS> H$amdr. [ag]mJ{_wi{ Am[Î`m Hw$Qw>ß]mH$naVm Vm¡`m ^m¡`m o_iVrb, Aem
‡H$ma{ [ag]mJ{Mr AmIUr H$amdr. ^m¡`mßVrb [m°oÓQ>H$ KQ>H$mßZwgma ^m¡`mßMr oZdS>
H$aVm `{V{. odoeÓQ> hßJm_mV, odoeÓQ> ^mOro[H$mMr bmJdS> H$amdr. VWmo[, H$mhr
^m¡`m df©â H$m{UÀ`mhr hßJm_mV K{Vm `{VmV. [ag]mJ{V â[ya ‡_mUmV g|o–` IV{
dm[amdrV. `moedm` daIVmgmR>r `wna`m qH$dm A_m{oZ`_ gÎ\{$Q> IV dm[amd{.
amgmòZH$ IV{, H$sQ>H$ZmeH{$ AmoU ]waerZmeH{$ `mßMm H$_rV H$_r dm[a H$amdm. o[H$mßZm
EH$mM d{ir OmÒV [mUr Z X{Vm AZ{H$ d{im hbH{$ [mUr ⁄md{ AmoU [m `mMm CŒm_
oZMam R>{dmdm. H$mhr ^m¡`m [∑d PmÎ`mZßVa H$mT>mÏ`mV Va H$mhr ^m¡`m H$m{diÁm
AdÒW{V AgVmZmM H$mT>mÏ`m bmJVmV. h{ H$m_ gamdmZ{ H$aVm `{V{. [mb{^m¡`mßgmaI{
[rH$ OmÒV ‡_mUmV ø`md{. H$maU À`m H$_r H$mbmdYrV AmoU H$_r OmJ{V K{Vm `{VmV.
`moedm` À`mß_‹`{ â[ya ‡_mUmV OrdZgŒd{ AgVmV.

1.5.1 Imbrb ‡ÌZmßMr CŒma{ godÒVa obhm.
1. [ag]mJ{V H$m{UVr ^mOro[H{$ ø`mdrV ?
2. [ag]mJ{M{ ododY ‡H$ma gmßJyZ À`mßV H$m{UVr \$iPmS>{ d ^mOro[H{ ø`mdrV?
3. [ag]mJ{Mm AmXe© AmamIS>m H$gm Agmdm ? AmH•$Vr H$mTy>Z ^mOr[mbm
o[H$mßMr bmJdS> H$aVmZm H$m{UVr H$miOr ø`mdr, V{ obhm.
4. [ag]mJ{M{ Ï`dÒWm[Z H$g{ H$amd{ ?
1.5.2 Imbrb ‡ÌZmßMr CŒma{ Wm{S>∑`mV obhm.
1. [ag]mJ{gmR>r OmJ{Mr oZdS> H$aVmZm H$m{UÀ`m ]m]r bjmV ø`mÏ`mV ?
2. [ag]mJ{gmR>r OmJ{Mr AmIUr H$aVmZm H$m{UÀ`m ]m]r bjmV ø`mÏ`mV ?
3. "›`yoQ≠>eZb JmS>©Z' qH$dm "gH$g Amhma ]mJ' V`ma H$aVmZm H$m{UÀ`m ^m¡`mßMr
oZdS> H$amdr ?
4. [ag]mJ{gmR>r Iar[, a„]r d C›hmir hßJm_mgmR>r H$m{UÀ`m ^mOr[mbm o[H$mßMr
oZdS> H$amdr ?
5. [ag]mJ{gmR>r H$m{UÀ`m oZodÓR>mßMr JaO AgV{ ? CXmhaUmghrV Ò[ÓQ> H$am.
6. [ag]mJ{M{ _hŒd Ò[ÓQ> H$am.
7. [ag]mJ{¿`m AmXe© AmamIS>ÁmMr AmH•$Vr H$mTy>Z À`mV g_modÓQ> ]m]tMr
`mXr ⁄m.
8. [ag]mJ{gmR>r PmS>mßMr bmJdS> H$aVmZm H$m{UÀ`m OmVtMr bmJdS>rgmR>r oZdS>
H$amdr ?
1.5.3 Imbrb ‡ÌZmßMr CŒma{ À`mßImbrb oXb{Î`m [`m©`mß_YyZ oZdSy>Z obhm.
1. o[diÁm JmOamV H$m{UVm A›ZKQ>H$ OmÒV _hŒdmMm AgVm{ ?
(A) bm{h (B) OrdZgŒd "A' (C) ‡m{Q>rZ (D) H$m]m}hm`S≠>{Q>≤g≤
2. H$mabr `m ^mOrV H$m{UVm A›ZKQ>H$ OmÒV ‡_mUmV AgVm{ ?
(A) "]' OrdZgŒd (B) \$m∞Ò\$ag (C) bm{h (D) H∞$pÎe`_
3. ]rQ>Í$Q> H$m{UÀ`m ‡H$mamVrb ^mOr Amh{ ?
(A) e|JdJu` (B) _yidJu` (C) Hß$XdJu` (AD) \$idJu`
4. [wT>rb[°H$s H$m{UVr ^mOr hr bm{h`w∑V JQ>mVrb ^mOr ÂhUyZ Am{iIbr OmV{ ?
(A) [mbH$ (B) Q>m{_∞Q>m{ (C) ]Q>mQ>m (D) dmQ>mUm
5. Kam¿`m AWdm ]ßJÎ`m¿`m [mR>r_mJ{ H{$b{Î`m ]mJ{bm H$m` ÂhUVmV ?
(A) gmag]mJ (B) [ag]mJ (C) _m{Jb]mJ (D) \$i]mJ
6. daIV ÂhUyZ H$m{UÀ`m IVmMm dm[a H$amdm ?
(A) ZÃIV{ (B) [mbme (C) Ò\w$aX (D) e{UIV
7. Imbrb[°H$s H$m{UVr ^mOr \$m∞Ò\$ag`w∑V ^mOr Zmhr ?
(A) bgyU (B) dmQ>mUm (C) H$mabr (D) _{Wr
8. [ag]mJ{bm AbrH$S>{ H$m` ÂhUyZ gß]m{YVmV ?
(A) em{o^dßV ]mJ (B) ‡mßJU C⁄mZ
(C) gH$g Amhma ]mJ (D) \$i]mJ
9. [ag]mJ{Mr OmJm _m{R>r AgÎ`mg CßM \$iPmS>{ H$m{UÀ`m oXe{bm bmdmdrV?
$ (A) [yd© (B) [pÌM_ (C) XojU (D) CŒma
10. [ag]mJ{¿`m AmXe© AmamIS>ÁmZwgma [m`dmQ>{Mr ÈßXr oH$Vr Agmdr ?
(A) 1.75 _r. (B) 1.25 _r. (C) 0.75 _r. (D) 0.25 _r.
11. ZdcH$m{b H$m{UÀ`m ‡H$mamVrb ^mOr Amh{ ?
(A) \$i]mOr (B) _yi^mOr (C) [mb{^mOr (D) H$m{]rdJu` ^mOr
12. ^war am{Jm¿`m oZ`ßÃUmgmR>r .................. dm[aVmV ?
(A) ]modÒQ>rZ (B) S>m`W{Z E_-45
(C) H$m∞[a Am∞p∑g∑bm{amB©S> (D) Wmà_
KQ>H$ 2 : ]mJ]oJMm AmamIS>m
AZwH´$_oUH$m
2.1 ‡mÒVmodH$
2.2 odf`-odd{MZ
2.2.1 ]mJ{M{ ‡H$ma
2.2.2 ]mJ]oJ¿`mgmR>r hdm_mZ AmoU O_rZ
2.2.3 ]mJ{Mm H$Ém AmamIS>m
2.2.4 ]mJ{Mm [∑H$m AmamIS>m
2.2.5 PmS>{ bmJdS>rMr `m{OZm
2.4 gmamße
2.1 ‡mÒVmodH$
ehamV ]mJH$m_mgmR>r _Oya qH$dm _mir o_iU{ H$R>rU Pmb{ Amh{. AmR>dS>ÁmVyZ
EH$Xm{Z oXdgmßH$naVm _mir Z{_bm Var Vm{ d{i{da `{B©bM `mMr ImÃr X{Vm `{V Zmhr.
AZ{H$ d{im ]mJ{Vrb I»>{ IUU{, ]r [{aU{, am{[{ bmdU{, VU H$mT>U{, _mVrMr â
KmbU{, IV d [mUr KmbU{, N>mQ>Ur H$aU{, H$b_ ]mßYU{, PmS>mßZm AmYma X{U{, ohadirM{
JdV H$m[U{, \$i{ d \w$b{ Vm{S>U{, BÀ`mXr H$m_{ ÒdV: H$amdr bmJVmV. `m H$m_mgmR>r
Am[Î`m Z{h_r¿`m H$m_mVyZ Am[U oH$Vr d{i X{D$ eH$mb, `mMm odMma H$Í$Z ]mJ{Mm
AmH$ma, PmS>mßMr oZdS>, j{Ã\$i, BÀ`mXr ]m]r oZpÌMV R>adyZ ø`mÏ`mV. _mÃ Am[U
R>adb{Î`m C‘{em‡_mU{ ]mJ V`ma H$adr.
]mJ]oJ¿`mß¿`m ododY ‡H$mamßodf`r _mohVr hm{B©b.
]mJ]oJ¿`mgmR>r hdm_mZ AmoU O_rZ `mßMr _mohVr hm{B©b.
]mJ]oJ¿`mßM{ ododY ‡H$maM{ AmamIS>{ (ZH$me{) V`ma H$aVm `{Vrb.
2.2 odf`-odd{MZ
2.2.1$ ]mJ{M{ ‡H$ma
]mJ V`ma H$a `m¿`m C‘{em‡_mU{ ]mJ{M{ [wT>rb ‡H$ma [S>VmV :
H$m°Qw>ßo]H$ ]mJ : `m ]mJ{¿`m _mßS>UrV Am[Î`m Hw$Qw>ß]mVrb Ï`∑VtMr B¿N>m
odMmamV ø`mdr bmJV{. H$mhr Ï`∑Vr [ag]mJ{Vrb Vm¡`m ^m¡`mßZm _hŒd X{VmV, Va
H$mhr Ï`∑VtZm \$iPmS>mßMr qH$dm \w$bPmS>mßMr AmdS> AgV{. H$m{H$UmVrb _mUgmßZm
H$m{H$UmgmaI{ dmVmdaU (Zmai, [m{\$ir, oMHy$Mr PmS>{) hd{ AgV{, Va H$mhr Ï`∑VtZm
oXdgâm¿`m l_mZßVa ]mJ{V odlmßVr K{ `mMr AmdÌ`H$Vm dmQ>V{. _wbmßZm I{i `mH$naVm
OmJm bmJV{. À`mß¿`mH$naVm Pm{[mim hdm AgVm{. H$mhr Ï`∑VtZm ]mh{aMm Jm|JmQ> H$_r
H$a `mH$naVm WwB©WwB© ZmMUma{, AmdmO H$aUma{ H$maßO{ qH$dm _ßOyi AmdmO H$aUmË`m
[˙`mßM{ q[Oa{ ]mJ{V hd{ AgVmV. Hw$Qw>ß]m¿`m AmoU [mh˛ `mß¿`m dmhZmßH$naVm OmJm
([moH™$J) R>{dmdr bmJV{. O{W{ [m `mgmR>r [°g{ _m{Omd{ bmJVmV, V{W{ [m `mMm H$mQ>H$garZ{
C[`m{J H$gm hmB©b, Aem gm{`r (oR>]H$ qgMZ gßM) d PmS>{ oZdS>mdr bmJVmV. H$mhr
Ï`∑VtMr X{d[yO{gmR>r, d{UrgmR>r, hmamgmR>r, \w$bXmUr gOmdQ>rgmR>r Xaam{O VmOr \w$b{
o_imdrV Aer A[{jm AgV{. gmamße, Hw$Qw>ß]mVrb Ï`∑Vt¿`m AmdS>r‡_mU{ ]mJ{Mr
aMZm ]Xbmdr bmJV{.
Pm{[S>r ]mJ : `m ]mJ{Mr _mßS>Ur gmYr AgV{. H{$Ïhm H{$Ïhm Aem ]mJ{V Zmdr›`[yU©
amZQ>r PmS>{ CXmhaUmW©, bmOmiyM{ PmS>, _mH$m, oZÀ` bmJUmË`m Am°fYr dZÒ[Vr
bmdb{Î`m AgVmV. `m ]mJ{gmR>r C⁄mZod⁄m AdJV Agmdr bmJV{.
Am°[MmnaH$ ]mJ : KamMm H$mhr ^mJ dmT>dyZ V{W{ Hwß$S>ÁmßVrb PmS>{ _mßS>b{br
AgVmV. H$R>S>ÁmOdi, [m`Ë`mßda qH$dm H$maß¡`mOdi PmS>mß¿`m Hw$ßS>Ám R>{db{Î`m
AgVmV. `m ]mJ{V ohadi ZgV{. Aem ]mJ{Mr H$_rV H$_r oZJm R>{dmdr bmJV{.
AmH•$Vr 2.1 (A) : H$m°Qw>ßo]H$ ]mJ{Mm ZH$mem
AmH•$Vr 2.1 (Am) : H$m°Qw>ßo]H$ ]mJ{Mm ZH$mem
CKS>Ámdarb ]mJ : H$m`m©b` qH$dm ]ßJÎ`m[mgyZ CVaÀ`m Oo_Zrda Aer ]mJ

â[ya OmJ{V V`ma H{$b{br AgV{. `m ]mJ{_‹`{ ^m¡`m, \$iPmS>{, \w$bPmS>{, d{br,
ohadi, [m `mMr Q>mH$s, H$maßO{, oZP©a, Pm{[mim, _wbmß¿`m I{i `mMr OmJm, BÀ`mXr
]m]tMm g_md{e H{$b{bm AgVm{.
emßoVdZ : H$mhr Ï`∑VtZm emßV ImOJr OrdZ OJm`M{ AgV{ qH$dm eham¿`m
YH$mYH$s¿`m dmVmdaUm[mgyZ H$_rV H$_r gwQ>r¿`m oXder Var emßV[U{ odlmßVr ø`m`Mr
AgV{ qH$dm eham[mgyZ Xya aÂ` Z°goJ©H$ dmVmdaUmV À`mßZm amh`M{ AgV{. Aem d{ir
`m ]mJmßMr oZo_©Vr H{$br OmV{. AbrH$S>{ Aem ]mJmßMr JaO dmT>br Amh{. `m oR>H$mUr
]mh{aMm Hw$Í$[ X{Imdm —oÓQAmS> H$a `mgmR>r CßM q^Vrda gwßXa d{br gm{S>b{Î`m AgVmV.
_ßS>[mda gwßXa d{br gm{S>b{Î`m AgVmV. ogÎÏha Am{H$, Aem{H$, gwÍ$, ZrboJar, Zmai
Aem CßM dmT>UmË`m PmS>mßZr dmVmdaU ]XbyZ Q>mH$b{b{ AgV{.
2.2.2 ]mJ]oJ¿`mgmR>r hdm_mZ AmoU O_rZ
EH$Xm ]mJ{Mm C‘{e AmoU OmJm oZpÌMV Pmbr H$s, V{Wrb hdm_mZ AmoU Oo_ZrMm
odMma H$aU{ AmdÌ`H$ AgV{. `m_‹`{ ÒWmoZH$ Vm[_mZ, [mD$g_mZ AmoU oXdgmVrb
gy`©‡H$memM{ Vmg odMmamV ø`md{V. ]mJ{gmR>r oZdS>b{br OmJm Q>{H$S>rda AgÎ`mg
AmoU Oo_ZrMr CßMr 150 V{ 200 _rQ>a[{jm AoYH$ AgÎ`mg dmË`mMm d{J odMmamV
ø`mdm bmJVm{. `mCbQ> OmJm gIb AgÎ`mg [m `m¿`m oZMË`mMr g_Ò`m AgV{.
`moedm` gIb ^mJmV ]amM H$mi YwH{$ amhV{. J´m_rU j{Ãm[{jm ehamVrb OmJm AoYH$
C]Xma AgV{. g_w–oH$ZmË`mdarb ]mJ{V Ima{ dma{ dmhV AgVmV. _mÃ Vm[_mZ
g_erVm{ÓU amhV{. `moedm` [nagamVrb gy˙_ hdm_mZmMm (_m`H´$m{ ∑bm`_{Q>) odMma
H$aU{ AmdÌ`H$ Amh{. ]mJ{V gy`©‡H$me oH$Vr Vmg AgVm{ AmoU gmdbr oH$Vr Vmg
AgV{ ? CXmhaUmW©, [mZJi hm{UmË`m d•jmMr gmdbr C›hmiÁmV AoYH$ XmQ> AgV{.
CßM B_maVr¿`m gmdÎ`m Xw[maZßVa AoYH$ bmß] hm{V OmVmV. dmË`mMr oXem AmoU d{J
odMmamV ø`mdm bmJVm{. oZdS>b{br OmJm Am{bga, [mUWi qH$dm H$m{aS>r AgÎ`mg
À`m‡_mU{ PmS>mßMr oZdS> H$amdr bmJV{.
ZdrZ B_maVr¿`m [m`mVrb oZOud _mVr, XJS>Ym|S>{, dmiy, og_|Q>, aßJ Oo_Zrda
[gab{b{ AgVmV. h{ gd© Jm{im H$Í$Z À`mß¿`mE{dOr gw[rH$ _mVr [gaodU{ AoYH$
IMm©M{ H$m_ AgV{. Aem d{ir "IS>H$]mJ' qH$dm IS>H$mi Oo_ZrV dmT>Umar PmS>{
gwÈdmVrbm bmdmdr bmJVmV. `m_wi{ Oo_ZrMr gw[rH$Vm dmTy>Z [m{V gwYmaVm{. Aem
‡H$ma{ O_rZ gwYmaÎ`mda AoYH$ MmßJÎ`m PmS>mßMr bmJdS> H$aVm `{V{. ]mJ{gmR>r
oZdS>b{br O_rZ [S>rV AgÎ`mg Vr hbH$s qH$dm ^mar, oMH$U qH$dm [m{`Q>m qH$dm
dmiyMr Amh{ h{ V[mgyZ K{U{ AmdÌ`H$ Amh{. `moedm` Oo_ZrMm gm_y V[mgyZ K{Vbm
[mnhO{. [yduMr PmS>{ H$m`_ R>{dm`Mr qH$dm H$mTy>Z Q>mH$m`Mr, `mMmhr odMma H$aU{
AmdÌ`H$ AgV{.
2.2.3 ]mJ{Mm H$Ém AmamIS>m
Ka ]mßY `m[ydu Am[U KamMm AmamIS>m (flb∞Z) V`ma H$aVm{, À`mM‡_mU{ H$mJX
AmoU [{p›gb K{D$Z gwÈdmVrbm ]mJ{Mm H$Ém AmamIS>m V`ma H$amdm. [{p›gbZ{ H$mJXmda
V`ma H{$b{Î`m AmamIS>ÁmV Im{S>a]am¿`m gmhmÊ`mZ{ a{fm Im{Sy>Z hdm Vgm ]Xb ghO
H$aVm `{Vm{. MwH$m gwYmaVm `{VmV. `moedm` Am[Î`m S>m{∑`mVrb H$Î[Zm H$mJXmda
_mßS>Vm `{VmV. Vg{M ]XbVm `{VmV. [aßVw oZdS>b{Î`m OmJ{da ]mJ{Mm AmamIS>m V`ma
H$Í$Z À`mV ]Xb H$aU{ IMm©M{ AgV{.
Vw_M{ Ka AmoU [naga d°oeÓQ>Á[yU© AgVm{. À`m_wi{ BVamßMr Z∑H$b èÒdr hm{V
Zmhr. [aßVw Kamg_m{a¿`m ^mJmV gmdbr Agbr Va _mJrb [agmV â[ya gy`©‡H$me
amhVm{. aÒÀ`mdarb C‰`m PmS>mß¿`m gmdbrMm À`mM‡_mU{ dmË`mMr oXem d d{J `mßMm
odMma H$amdm bmJVm{.
]mJ{gmR>r H$Ém AmamIS>m V`ma H$aVmZm C[b„Y Agb{br OmJm _m{OyZ oVMm
ZH$mem J´m\$-[{[ada V`ma H$aU{ gm{`rÒH$a AgV{. `m ZH$memV PmS>mßM{ ÒWmZ d JQ>mamß¿`m
PmH$UmßMr OmJm XmIdmdr. Oo_Zrbm CVma AgÎ`mg bmH$S>r \$ir d pÒ[naQ> b{Ïhb
`mß¿`m gm¯mZ{ g_Vm{b OmJ{da IwßQ>Ám _mÍ$Z AmIyZ ø`mdr AmoU À`m‡_mU{ flbm∞Q>
[mS>md{V. À`mZßVa Am[Î`m ]mJ{V H$m{UÀ`m Jm{ÓQ>r hÏ`mV (CXmhaUmW©, Pm{[mim, H$maßO{,
H$_imgmR>r [m `mM{ N>m{Q>{ Vi{, [˙`mßMm q[Oam, BÀ`mXr) À`mßMr `mXr V`ma H$Í$Z
À`mM{ ÒWmZ H$¿¿`m AmamIS>ÁmV oZpÌMV H$Í$Z ø`md{. AÈßX bmß] [≈>{ ]mJ{V MmßJb{
oXgV ZmhrV. `m{Ω` aßJgßJVr gmYyZ bhmZ flbm∞Q> [mS>Î`mg S>m{iÁmßZm flbm∞Q>Mr ÈßXr
dmT>Î`mMm Am^mg hm{Vm{. gai a{f{[{jm dH´$mH$ma a{fm S>m{iÁmßZm gwIH$a dmQ>VmV. H$_r
l_mß¿`m ]mJ{V [∑H$s [m`dmQ> AmoU ohadi AgV{. `moedm` PwS>[{, bhmZ PmS>{ AmoU
O_rZ PmH$Umar PmS>{, ^m¡`m, \$iPmS>{, Hwß$S>Ám, _mßS>dmdarb d{br, H$maßO{, H$_imH$naVm
AmoU _memßH$naVm [m `mM{ Q>mH{$ AgV{. À`mßMr oZò_V[U{ X{I^mb H$amdr bmJV{.
EH$Xm Ka ]mßYyZ [yU© Pmb{ H$s À`mV \$magm ]Xb H$amdm bmJV Zmhr; [aßVw ]mJ{V
_mÃ gVV ]Xb hm{V AgVm{. `m AmR>dS>ÁmVrb ]mJ{M{ ÒdÍ$[ [wT>¿`m AmR>dS>ÁmV
]Xbb{b{ AgV{, h{M ]mJ{M{ d°oeÓQ>Á Amh{. PmS>{ oZaoZamiÁm AdÒW{V dmT>VmV, \w$bVmV
AmoU _aVmV. F$Vy‡_mU{ À`mßMr OmJm ZdrZ PmS>mßZßr K{Vb{br AgV{. À`m_wi{ ]mJ{Mm
AmamIS>m gVV ]XbV AgVm{. [aßVw H$mhr Jm{ÓQ>r _mÃ H$m`_ AgVmV. CXmhaUmW©,
_m{R>Ám PmS>mßM{ ÒWmZ H$m`_ AgV{. À`m_wi{ ]mJ{¿`m EH$m AßJmMm qH$dm flbm∞Q>Mm odMma
Z H$aVm gß[yU© ]mJ{Mr EH$m d{ir AmIUr H$amdr bmJV{. À`m_wi{ ]mJ{Mm g_Vm{b[Um,
Z°goJ©H$ gm¢X`© IwbyZ CR>V{. ]mJ{_‹`{ ]{T>][Umbm ÒWmZ ZgV{. ]mJ{Mm AmamIS>m V`ma
H$aVmZm Am[Î`m oIemVrb [°emßMmhr odMma H$amdm bmJVm{. O_rZ Im{XU{, g[mQ>
H$aU{, Hwß$[Um¿`m q^Vr, H$R>S>{, _ßS>[, H$maßOr, oZP©a, [m `mMr Q>mH$s ]mßY `mg ]amM
IM© `{Vm{. À`m _mZmZ{ \w$bmß¿`m VmQ>Ï`mßZm d ohadirbm H$_r IM© `{Vm{. H$maU MyH$
PmÎ`mg VmQ>d{ d ohadi ghO ]XbVm `{VmV.
]mJ OwZr Pmbr AgÎ`mg Vr gwYma `mH$naVm ZdrZ AmamIS>m V`ma H$amdm
bmJVm{. OwZr dmib{br PmS>{ Vm{Sy>Z À`mß¿`m IwßQ>mda d{br dmT>odVm `{VmV qH$dm [˙`mM{
KaQ>{ V`ma H$aVm `{V{. Ow›`m ]mJ{Vrb C[`w∑V PmS>{ H$m`_ R>{dmdr bmJVmV. AÒVmÏ`ÒV
dmT>b{Î`m Hwß$[UmMr, PmS>mßMr d d{btMr N>mQ>Ur H$amdr bmJV{.
2.2.4 ]mJ{Mm [∑H$m AmamIS>m
]mJ{Mm H$Ém AmamIS>m (ZH$mem) V`ma PmÎ`mZßVa [∑H$m AmamIS>m V`ma H$amdm.
À`mgmR>r J´m\$-[{[a C[`w∑V AgyZ À`mda AMyH$ _m{O_m[mMm AmamIS>m V`ma H$aVm
`{Vm{. oZaoZamiÁm IwUmßMm qH$dm oM›hmßMm C[`m{J H$Í$Z ZH$memV _m{R>r PmS>{ AmoU
À`mßMm odÒVma, PwS>[{, \w$bmßM{ VmQ>d{, [m `mMr Q>mH$s, H$maßO{, _m{H$ir OmJm, ohadi,
^mOro[H{$, \$iPmS>{ AmoU \w$bPmS>mßMr OmJm, d{btMm _ßS>[, BÀ`mXtM{ oZpÌMV ÒWmZ
j{Ã\$imgh XmIdmd{. `m ZH$mem‡_mU{ ]mJ{¿`m OmJ{V IwßQ>Ám R>m{H$mÏ`mV AmoU
VmQ>Ï`mßMr OmJm, ohadirMr OmJm Mw›`m¿`m ^wH$Q>rZ{ AmIyZ ø`mÏ`mV.
2.2.5 PmS>{ bmJdS>rMr `m{OZm
EH$Xm ]mJ{Mm [∑H$m AmamIS>m oZpÌMV Pmbm H$s, À`m‡_mU{ PmS>{, H$b_{ d am{[{
bmd `mg gwÈdmV H$amdr. AmdÌ`H$ V{W{M ]mßYH$m_ H$amd{. Im{bJQ> ^mJ _mVrZ{ ^Í$Z
H$mT>mdm. ÂhUO{ V{W{ [mdgmM{ [mUr gmMyZ amhUma Zmhr. VmQ>Ï`mMr AmoU ohadirMr
OmJm Im{XyZ À`m _mVr_‹`{ g|o–` IV o_gimd{ AmoU `m{Ω` hßJm_mV PmS>{ bmdmdrV.
CßM PmS>{ [mR>r_mJ{ AmoU R>|JUr PmS>{ Xe©Zr ^mJmV bmdmdrV. AZmdÌ`H$ PmS>{ `m{Ω`
d{ir H$mTy>Z Q>mH$mdrV. XJS>-Ym|S>{ AmoU H$Mam H$mTy>Z Q>mH$mdm. g^m{dVr Hwß$[UmMr
PmS>{ bmdmdrV. _ßS>[ d q^VrOdi d{br bmdmÏ`mV. PmS>{ bmd `mV Z°goJ©H$ g_Vm{b,
aßJ, AmH$ma gmYbm OmU{ AmdÌ`H$ Amh{. H$m{UÀ`m F$Vy_‹`{ H$m{UVr PmS>{ oH$Vr AßVamda
bmdmdrV, h{ oZpÌMV H$Í$Z ø`md{. Hwß$S>Ámß_‹`{ H$m{UVr PmS>{ bmdyZ À`m H$m{R>{ _mßS>md`m¿`m
h{hr oZpÌMV R>aodU{ AmdÌ`H$ Amh{. Vwier d•ßXmdZ, bhmZg{ X{D$i H$m{R>{ Agmd{ h{hr
oZpÌMV R>adyZ ø`md{. H$mhr Zmdr›`[yU© PmS>{ Xe©Zr ^mJmV bmdmdrV. [m `m¿`m Q>m∑`mV
H$_i{ bmdmdrV.

H$m°Qw>ßo]H$ ]mJ : Kam¿`m [agmVrb ]mJ
Pm{[S>r ]mJ : gmYr amZQ>r PmS>mßMr d Am°fYr dZÒ[VtMr ]mJ
Am°[MmnaH$ ]mJ : ]ßJbm ]oJMm, \$m_©-hmD$gdarb ]mJ
CKS>Ámdarb ]mJ : emim, H$m`m©b`, H$maImZm, gmd©OoZH$ B_maV `m g^m{dVmbMr
]mJ, gmd©OoZH$ ]mJ
emßoVdZ : ‡mW©ZmÒWim^m{dVrMr ]mJ
AmamIS>m : ZH$mem
2.4 gmamße
]mJmßM{ ododY ‡H$ma AgVmV. Pm{[S>r, ]ßJbm, H$m`m©b`, H$maImZm `mßgmR>r
]mJ H$aVmZm AmamIS>ÁmV (ZH$memV) o^›ZVm R>{dmdr bmJV{. ]mJ{Mm H$Ém AmamIS>m
V`ma H$aVmZm OmJ{M{ j{Ã\$i, ]mJ{Mm C‘{e, Oo_ZrMm ‡H$ma, ÒWmoZH$ hdm_mZmMm
odMma H$amdm bmJVm{. [m `mMr C[b„YVm oZpÌMV H$amdr bmJV{. Vg{M [m `mMr
Q>ßMmB© AgÎ`mg qH$dm [mUr dm[a `m]‘b [°g{ _m{Omd{ bmJV AgÎ`mg, H$_rV H$_r
[m `mda dmT>UmË`m PmS>mßMr oZdS> H$amdr bmJV{. ]mJ{V ZdrZ ]mßYH$m_ - [yb, H$maßO{,
H$R>S>{, _ßS>[, X{D$i, [m `mMr Q>mH$s, BÀ`mXr H$a `m[ydu IMm©M{ AßXmO[ÃH$ V`ma
H$amd{. `m gmË`mßMm g_md{e H$¿¿`m AmamIS>ÁmV H$amdm. H$maU À`m_‹`{ dmaßdma ]Xb
H$aVm `{VmV. EH$Xm H$Ém AmamIS>m gd©_m›` PmÎ`mZßVa _m[m‡_mU{ [∑H$m AmamIS>m
V`ma H$amdm. oZaoZamiÁm F$Vy d hßJm_mßV H$m{UVr PmS>{ H$m{R>{ bmdm`Mr V{ oZpÌMV
H$Í$Z ø`md{. ]mJ{M{ ÒdÍ$[ gVV ]XbV AgV{. ]r [{aÎ`mZßVa PmS>{ dmT>VmV, \w$bVmV
AmoU _aVmV. À`mß¿`m OmJr ZdrZ PmS>{ F$Vy_mZm‡_mU{ bmdmdr bmJVmV. _{b{br
PmS>{, ]mJ{Vrb H$Mam `mß[mgyZ Hß$[m{ÒQ> IV{ V`ma H$a `mgmR>r ]mJ{¿`m EH$m H$m{[Ë`mV
gmdbrV Hß$[m{ÒQ> IVmgmR>r I»>m V`ma H$amdm AmoU À`m^m{dVr _m{R>r dmT>Umar ]h˛dfm©`w
\w$bPmS>{ bmdmdrV.

1. ]mJ]oJ¿`mß¿`m ‡H$mamßodf`r godÒVa _mohVr obhm.
2. ]mJ]oJ¿`mßgmR>r hdm_mZ AmoU O_rZ `mßodf`r godÒVa _mohVr obhm.
3. ]mJ{¿`m H$¿¿`m AmamIS>Ámodf`r godÒVa _mohVr obhm.
4. ]mJ{V PmS>{ bmJdS>rMr `m{OZm `modf`r godÒVa _mohVr obhm.
1. ]mJ{Mm [∑H$m AmamIS>m H$gm V`ma H$amdm ?
2. ]mJ{¿`m ‡H$mamßMr `mXr X{D$Z H$m°Qw>ßo]H$ ]mJ{odf`r _mohVr obhm.
3. "CKS>Ámdarb ]mJ' d "emßoVdZ' `mßodf`r _mohVr obhm.
4. ]mJ{gmR>r O_rZ V`ma H$aVmZm H$m{UVr H$miOr ø`mdr ?
5. ]mJ{gmR>r hdm_mZ `modf`r Wm{S>∑`mV _mohVr obhm.
6. ]mJ OwZr AgÎ`mg Vr gwYma `mgmR>r H$m` H$amd{ ?
7. "Pm{[S>r ]mJ' d "Am°[MmnaH$ ]mJ' `mßodf`r _mohVr obhm.
8. "]mJ]oJMm AmamIS>Ám'M{ Wm{S>∑`mV _hŒd Ò[ÓQ> H$am.
1. amZQ>r PmS>{ AmoU Am°fYr dZÒ[VtMr bmJdS> H$Í$Z V`ma H{$b{Î`m ]mJ{bm
H$m` ÂhUVmV ?
(A) emßoVdZ (B) Pm{[S>r]mJ
(C) H$m°Qw>ßo]H$ ]mJ (D) Am°[MmnaH$ ]mJ
2. eham¿`m YH$mYH$sVyZ eham[mgyZ Xya emßV[U{ odlmßVr ø`md`mgmR>r V`ma
H{$b{Î`m ]mJ{g H$m` ÂhUVmV ?
(A) emßoVdZ (B) Pm{[S>r]mJ
3. H$m{H$UmVrb _mUgmßZm Kamg^m{dVmbr (Zmai, [m{\$ir, oMHy$Mr PmS>{,
BÀ`mXr) H$m{H$UmgmaI{ dmVmdaU hd{ AgV{, h{ H$m{UÀ`m ‡H$ma¿`m ]mJ{M{
CXmhaU Amh{ ?
(A) Am°[MmnaH$ ]mJ (B) Pm{[S>r]mJ
(C) H$m°Qw>ßo]H$ ]mJ (D) CKS>Ámdarb ]mJ
4. g_w– oH$ZmË`mda hdm_mZ H$g{ AgV{ ?
(A) CÓU (B) erVm{ÓU (C) g_erVm{ÓU (D) `mß[°H$s Zmhr
5. R>|JUr PmS>{ ]oJ¿`mV H$m{R>{ bmdmdrV ?
(A) [mR>r_mJ{ (B) ]ßJÎ`m¿`m EH$m ]mOybm
(C) CŒma{bm (D) Xe©Zr ^mJmV
6. H$m{UÀ`m ‡H$ma¿`m ]mJ{V KamMm H$mhr ^mJ dmT>dyZ V{W{ Hwß$S>ÁmßVrb PmS>{
_mßS>b{br AgVmV ?
(A) Am°[MmnaH$ ]mJ (B) H$m°Qw>ßo]H$ ]mJ
(C) CKS>Ámdarb ]mJ (D) Pm{[S>r ]mJ
7. H$m`m©b` qH$dm ]ßJÎ`m[mgyZ CVaÀ`m Oo_Zrda H$m{UÀ`m ‡H$maMr ]mJ
â[ya OmJ{V V`ma H{$b{br AgV{ ?
(A) H$m°Qw>ßo]H$ ]mJ (B) CKS>Ámdarb ]mJ
(C) Pm{[S>r ]mJ (D) Am°[MmnaH$ ]mJ
8. Oo_ZrMr CßMr ................ _rQ>a[{jm AoYH$ AgÎ`mg dmË`mMm d{J
odMmamV ø`mdm bmJVm{.
(A) 25 V{ 50 _rQ>a (B) 50 V{ 75 _rQ>a
(C) 75 V{ 100 _rQ>a (D) 150 V{ 200 _rQ>a
9. [mZJi hm{UmË`m d•jmMr gmdbr H$m{UÀ`m hßJm_mV (F$VyV) AoYH$ XmQ>
AgV{ ?
(A) C›hmim (B) [mdgmim (C) ohdmim (D) h{_ßV
10. Hw$Qw>ß]mVrb Ï`∑Vt¿`m AmdS>r‡_mU{ H$m{UÀ`m ]mJ{Mr aMZm ]Xbmdr bmJV{?
(A) CKS>Ámdarb ]mJ (B) Pm{[S>r ]mJ
11. ]mh{aMm Hw$Í$[ X{Imdm —oÓQ>AmS> H$a `mgmR>r H$m{UÀ`m ]mJ{¿`m CßM q^Vrda
gwßXa d{br gm{S>b{Î`m AgVmV ?
(A) H$m°Qw>ßo]H$ ]mJ (B) emßoVdZ
(C) Am°[MmnaH$ ]mJ (D) CKS>Ámdarb ]mJ
12. ]mJ{Mm [∑H$m AmamIS>m V`ma PmÎ`mZßVa H$m` H$amd{ ?
(A) H$¿¿mm AmamIS>m V`ma H$amdm
(B) ZH$mem‡_mU{ ]mJ{¿`m OmJ{V IwßQ>Ám R>m{H$mÏ`mV
(C) PmS>mßMr bmJdS> H$amdr
(D) IS>H$]mJ bmdmdr

KQ>H$ 3 : ]mJ{Vrb gOrd AmoU oZOud KQ>H$
AZwH´$_oUH$m
3.1 ‡mÒVmodH$
3.2 odf`-odd{MZ
3.2.1 ]mJ{M{ oZaoZami{ ^mJ
3.2.2 [mÌd©^y_r AmoU q^Vr
3.2.3 Hwß$[U
3.2.4 oOdßV Hwß$[U AmoU [S>Xm
3.2.5 _ßS>[
3.2.6 Zmdr›`[yU© PmS>{
3.2.7 g_yhmVrb PmS>{
3.2.8 _wbmßZm I{i `mMr OmJm
3.2.9 hnaVJ•h
3.4 gmamße
3.1 ‡mÒVmodH$
gmYm ]oJMm Ï`dÒWm[ZmH$naVm gm{[m AgyZ S>m{iÁmßZm gwIodUmam AgVm{.
]mJ{Vrb gai, bmß], AÈßX [≈>{ Zrag AmoU Hß$Q>midmU{ dmQ>VmV. ]mJ{Vrb Vm{MVm{[Um
Kmbod `mgmR>r Aem [≈>ÁmßM{ d{Ji{ flbm∞Q> [mS> `mMr AmdÌ`H$Vm AgV{. `moedm`
‡À`{H$ flbm∞Q>_‹`{ o^›Z ‡H$maMr d{Jir ]mJ H$amdr. gai a{f{Vrb [m`dmQ> AmoU dm\{$
Zrag dmQ>VmV; [aßVw diUmMr [m`dmQ> Z°goJ©H$ dmQ>V{. oZgJm©_‹`{ gai a{f{V H$mhrhr
ZgV{. ÂhUyZ gai a{f{V Mm°H$m{Zr dm\{$ qH$dm VmQ>d{ Z H$aVm À`mß¿`m gr_m dH´$mda
R>{dmÏ`mV. _mÃ KamMr Am{gar qH$dm g_m{aMr JÉr gai a{f{V R>{dmdr. ^m¡`mß¿`m AmoU
\$iPmS>mß¿`m Am{ir _emJV gwb^ hm{ `mgmR>r gai a{f{V R>{dmÏ`mV. Oo_Zrbm CVma
AgÎ`mg [m`Ë`m-[m`Ë`mZ{ g_[mVirV flbm∞Q> (Q>{a{g) [mS>md{V. VmQ>Ï`m¿`m dH´$mH$ma
gr_ma{fmß_wi{ d{Jd{JiÁm oXe{Z{ [mohÎ`mg PmS>{ oXgVmV. ohadi VwS>odbr OmD$ Z`{
ÂhUyZ [m` R>{d `mgmR>r g[mQ> XJS> R>{dmd{V. `m XJS>mßMr OmJm [mohO{ V{Ïhm ghO
]XbVm `{V{. ]mJ{Vrb _m{∑`m¿`m OmJr ZOa oIidyZ R>{dUma{ EH$M gwßXa PmS> Agmd{.
H$mhr Ï`∑Vr ]mJ{Vrb \$iPmS>mßdarb \$i{ H$YrM Vm{S>V ZmhrV. `m AmH$f©H$ aßJrV
\$imß¿`m ^mamZ{ dmH$b{b{ h{ PmS> [mhUmË`mMr —ÓQ>r oIidyZ R>{dV{.
eham_‹`{ OmJm (O_rZ) Iy[M _m°Î`dmZ AgV{. À`m_wi{ bhmZ Mm°ag OmJ{V
]mJ V`ma H$amdr bmJV{. `m bhmZ ]mJ{V gd© ‡H$maMr PmS>{ bmd `mMm Z{h_r ‡`ÀZ
H{$bm OmVm{. À`m_wi{ `m ]mJ{M{ gm¢X`© ZÓQ> hm{V{. `mgmR>r AmdÌ`H$ V{dT>ÁmM Jm{ÓQ>r
bhmZ ]mJ{V R>{dmÏ`mV. PmS>{ AmdÌ`H$ dmQ>Î`mg Wm{S>r d R>|JUr dmT>Umar PmS>{
oZdS>mdrV. H$maU _m{R>Ám CßM d•jmß_wi{ KamMr em{^m PmH$br OmV{. ]mJ{Vrb ohadirbm
Mm°ag AmH$ma Z X{Vm diUXma gr_m R>{dmÏ`mV. À`m_wi{ ohadirMm AmH$ma _m{R>m dmQ>Vm{
AmoU dH´$mH$ma gr_{da bmdb{br PmS>{ EH$m OmJ{dÍ$Z oXgVmV. `m_wi{ oZgJm©Mm Am^mg
oZ_m©U hm{Vm{. ]mJ{Mm flbm∞Q> EH$m Q>m{H$mbm ÈßX d XwgË`m Q>m{H$mbm AÈßX AgÎ`mg À`mM{
bhmZ flbm∞Q> [mS>md{V. Kam¿`m oIS>H$sVyZ bhmZ flbm∞Q> MmßJb{ oXgVmV. Jwbm]mMm
VmQ>dm AmoU ^mOrMm flbm∞Q> `mß¿`m_‹`{ d{btMm oOdßV [S>Xm R>{dmdm qH$dm ]mß]wMr gwa{I
odUb{br VmQ>r R>{dmdr.
]mJ{¿`m d{Jd{JiÁm ^mJmßodf`r _mohVr hm{B©b.
oOdßV Hwß$[U AmoU [S>Xm `mßodf`r _mohVr hm{B©b.
Am[Î`mbm ]mJ{Vrb `m{Ω` oR>H$mUr Zmdr›`[yU© g_yhmVrb PmS>{ bmdVm
`{Vrb.

3.2 odf`-odd{MZ
3.2.1 ]mJ{M{ oZaoZami{ ^mJ
]mJ qH$dm ]oJMm hm Oar EH$M dmQ>V Agbm Var À`mM{ d{Jd{Ji{ ^mJ AgVmV.
]mJ{bm [mÌd©^y_r AgV{. ]mJ{M{ Hwß$[U, ]mJ{Vrb ]mßYH$m_, q^Vr, oOdßV Hwß$[U d [S>X{,
_ßS>[, H$maßO{, [m `mMm hm°X, ododY [wVi{, [˙`mßM{ KaQ>{, OßJbr ‡m `mßM{ q[Oa{, Vwier
d•ßXmdZ, X{D$i, BÀ`mXr d{Jd{Ji{ ^mJ [S>VmV. `m_‹`{ ]mJ{Vrb OmJ{Zwgma ododYVm
AmT>iV{. ]mJ{_‹`{ H$_r OmJm AgÎ`mg H$_r ododYVm AmT>iV{.
3.2.2 [mÌd©^y_r AmoU q^Vr
‡À`{H$ ]mJ{bm [mÌd©^y_r AgV{. [mÌd©^y_rda S>m|Ja qH$dm Q>{H$S>r qH$dm Vbmd
qH$dm g_w– qH$dm ZXr AgV{. À`m_wi{ ]mJ{Mr em{^m dmT>V{. ZmaimMr qH$dm BVa CßM
PmS>mßMr [mÌd©^y_r ]mJ{¿`m gm¢X`m©V â Q>mH$V{.
XJS>r qH$dm odQ>mß¿`m q^Vt_wi{ ]mJ{Mr gr_m oZpÌMV H{$b{br AgV{. `m q^Vt¿`m
CßMr‡_mU{ À`mda d{Jd{JiÁm em{o^dßV d{br dmT>odVm `{VmV. XojU oXe{¿`m q^Vrda
dmT> `mg `m{Ω` Agb{br d{b CŒma oXe{¿`m q^Vrda ]h˛Xm dmT> `mg A`m{Ω` AgV{.
d{btMr oZdS> H$aVmZm \w$bmßMm d [mZm{iÁmMm aßJ q^Vr¿`m aßJmda CRy>Z oXgbm [mohO{.
bmb qH$dm o[diÁm odQ>mß¿`m q^Vrda ohadr [mZ{ AmoU JX© bmb, oZiÁm, OmßîÁm
d [mßT>Ë`m \w$bmß¿`m d{br CR>mdXma oXgVmV. q^VrMm aßJ o\$H$Q> qH$dm H$aS>m AgÎ`mg
À`mda Jwbm]r, o[diÁm, bmb AmoU oZiÁm \w$bmß¿`m d{br MmßJÎ`m oXgVmV. JS>X
qH$dm _mVH$Q> aßJmMr q^V AgÎ`mg gm{Z{ar qH$dm MßX{ar "Am`Ïhr' (h{S>{am) d{btZr
PmH$Vm `{VmV. ]mJ{Vrb q^V ^∑H$_ ]mßYH$m_ H{$b{br Agmdr. ¡`m q^Vrbm XwÈÒVrMr
JaO AgV{, Aem q^Vt¿`m ^{Jmß_‹`{ d{br¿`m _wiÁm KwgVmV. À`m_wi{ Vr q^V AmUIr
H$Ér qH$dm Ym{∑`mMr ]ZV{. H$YrH$Yr AY©dQ> PmH$b{br qH$dm AY©dQ> CKS>r q^V
AoYH$ gwßXa dmQ>V{.
3.2.3 Hwß$[U
^waQ>{ Mm{a d _m{H$mQ> OZmdamß[mgyZ ]mJ{Vrb PmS>mßM{ gßajU H$a `mH$naVm ]mJ{bm
_O]yV Hwß$[UmMr AmdÌ`H$Vm AgV{. À`mM‡_mU{ ]mJ{bm _O]yV ‡d{e¤mamMr JaO
AgV{. ‡d{e¤mam¿`m H$_mZrda OmB©OwB©Mr d{b MT>odVm `{V{. À`m_wi{ ]mJ{V oeaVmZmM
\w$bmß¿`m gwJßYmZ{ _Z ‡g›Z hm{V{. ]mJ{¿`m Hwß$[UmH$naVm oZaoZamiÁm ÈßXr¿`m bm{IßS>r
Vmam qH$dm Vma{¿`m OmiÁm odH$V o_iVmV. Hwß$[UmM{ Imß] `m{Ω` AßVamda _O]yV
H$m±H´$sQ>_‹`{ Q>mH$md{V. `m Hwß$[Umda d{br gm{S>Î`m_wi{ ]mJ{V ImOJr[Um R>{dVm `{Vm{.
Hwß$[U ]mß]yMr VmQ>r
XJS>r Hwß$[U H$m±H´$sQ>Mr Omir
AmH•$Vr 3.1 : Hwß$[UmM{ ‡H$ma
3.2.4 oOdßV Hwß$[U AmoU [S>Xm

]mJ{¿`m gr_{da qH$dm ]mJ{Mr oZaoZamiÁm flbm∞Q>_‹`{ od^mJUr H$a `mgmR>r oOdßV
Hwß$[U (h{O) C[`m{Jr [S>V{. `m Hwß$[Um¿`m PmS>mßMr ohadr JX© [mZ{, [mßT>ar qH$dm o\$H$Q>
\w$b{ N>mZ oXgVmV. `m Hwß$[UmMr hÏ`m À`m CßMrda N>mQ>Ur H$Í$Z oOdßV q^V V`ma
H$aVm `{V{. Hßw$[UmVrb PmS>mßZm d{Jd{JiÁm ‡m `mßMm AmoU _mUgmßMm AmH$ma X{Vm
`{Vm{. `m Hwß$[Ume{Omar ]g `mH$naVm ]mH{$, Iw¿`m© R>{dVm `{VmV qH$dm XJS>r [wVi{ R>{dVm
`{VmV. gXmhnaV Hwß$[UmMr PwS>[mßZm AmoU BVa PmS>mßZm gwßXa [mÌd©^y_r o_iV{. [aßVw
Hwß$[Um¿`m H$mhr PmS>mß¿`m VßVw_` [gaUmË`m _wiÁm e{Omar dmT>UmË`m PmS>mer
A›Z[m `mgmR>r Ò[Ym© H$aVmV. À`mgmR>r Hwß$[UmMr oZpÌMV KZVm R>{dU{ _hŒdmM{ AgV{.
flbm∞Q>Mr od^mJUr H$a `mgmR>r \w$bmßMr qH$dm bhmZ \$imßMr PwS>[{ CXmhaUmW©,
Jwbm] dm[aVm `{VmV. À`mßMr KZVm XmQ> Hwß$[Um[{jm H$_r AgV{. MmßJb{ oOdßV Hwß$[U
V`ma H$a `mgmR>r Vma{¿`m Hwß$[Um[{jm qH$dm q^VrM{ Hwß$[U V`ma H$a `m[{jm OmÒV df}
bmJVmV AmoU À`mßMr AoYH$ oZJm R>{dmdr bmJV{. [aßVw oOdßV Hwß$[UmMm aßJ, Í$[,
AmH$ma hm ]mJ{¿`m gm°ßX`m©V â Q>mH$Umam AgVm{. `moedm` oOdßV Hwß$[U h{ XrKm©`wfr
AgV{. _|XrM{ XmQ> Hwß$[U CßM dmT>y oXb{ H$s, À`mMm oOdßV ohaÏ`mJma [S>⁄m‡_mU{
C[`m{J hm{Vm{. `m_wi{ aÒÀ`mdarb ahXmar[mgyZ AobflV[Um o_iVm{.
3.2.5 _ßS>[
Hwß$[Um¿`m qH$dm q^Vr¿`m [mÌd©^y_rOdi Mm°ag qH$dm fQ>H$m{Zr _ßS>[ V`ma H$Í$Z
À`m¿`m AmYmamZ{ d{br dmT>odVm `{VmV. [aßVw _ßS>[ hm d{btMm ^ma gm{g `mBVH$m _O]yV
Agmdm. `m _ßS>[mda –mjm¿`m d{brgw’m dmT>odVm `{VmV. `m _ßS>[mbm aßJ X{D$Z À`mM{
AmUIr AmH$f©U dmT>odVm `{V{.
AmH•$Vr 3.2 : _ßS>[

3.2.6 Zmdr›`[yU© PmS>{
ode{fV: gwßXa AmH$ma, AoVe` AmH$f©H$ \w$b{, [mZ{, \$i{ qH$dm Im{S> Agb{b{
EH$mH$s PmS> ]mJ{V `m{Ω` OmJr dmT>dmd{. À`m¿`m^m{dVr â[ya _m{H$ir OmJm Agmdr H$s
O{U{H$Í$Z ]mJ{V o\$aUmË`m _mUgmbm V{ R>iH$[U{ oXgmd{. _m{R>Ám ]mJ{V VrZ qH$dm
Mma PmS>mßMm g_yh R>{dVm `{Vm{. H$mÌ_ra¿`m EH$m ]mJ{V Mma oMZma d•j Amh{V.
3.2.7 g_yhmVrb PmS>{
em{o^dßV [mZmßMr PmS>{ qH$dm \w$bPmS>{ g_yhm_‹`{ dmT>odVm `{VmV. V{Ïhm À`mßM{
aßJ IwbyZ oXgVmV. oZgJm©_‹`{ EH$mM ‡OmVrM{ PmS> ghgm AmT>iV Zmhr. CKS>Ám
OmJr bmJbrM oZaoZamiÁm CßMrMr PmS>{ dmT>b{br AmT>iVmV. _m{R>r PmS>{ AmoU
À`mImbr PwSw>[{ dmT>VmV. `moedm` _m{R>Ám PmS>m¿`m AmYmamZ{ d{br dmT>VmV. V{W{ _m{a
d BVa [jr, \w$b[mIa{ AmoU d›ÒrdZ AmT>iyZ `{V{.
3.2.8 _wbmßZm I{i `mMr OmJm
]mJ{¿`m aMZ{_‹`{ _wbmß¿`m I{i `m¿`m OmJ{Mmhr odMma H$amdm bmJVm{. bhmZ
_wbmßMr I{i `mMr OmJm Kam¿`m Odi Agmdr, O{U{H$Í$Z _wbmß¿`m AmB©bm oIS>H$sVyZ
_wbmßda bj R>{dVm `{B©b. _wb{ [S>br, À`mßZm IaMQ>b{ Va AmB©bm ÀdnaV _XV H$aVm
`{V{. _wbmßZm I{i `mgmR>r ]mJ{V bm{IßS>r Pm{[mim R>{dmdm.
AmH•$Vr 3.3 : _wbmßZm I{i `mgmR>r OmJm

3.2.9 hnaVJ•h (J´rZ hmD$g)
hnaVJ•hmMr AmdÌ`H$Vm
(1) ZmOyH$ d _hmJ \w$bmßM{ CÀ[mXZ H$aU{.
(2) o]Ja hßJm_mV ^mOr[mÎ`mMr o[H{$ K{U{.
(3) gwaojV am{[{ AmoU H$b_{ V`ma H$aU{.
hnaVJ•hmßM{ ‡H$ma
(1) ]m{JXm (Q>Z{b)
(2) Oo_Zr[mgyZ Oo_Zr[`™V (J´mDß$S> Qy> J´mDß$S>)
(3) Xw[maMr (J{]b)
(4) H$m∞›g{Q>
AmH•$Vr 3.4 : hnaVJ•h

(5) daß]m - gar (naO{g A∞ S> o\$am{O)
(6) Ïh{›bm{ ogÒQ>r_
_hmamÓQ≠> emgZmZ{ VrZ ‡H$maMr hnaVJ•h{ _m›` H{$br Amh{V. Vr Imbrb‡_mU{ -
(A) H$_r IMm©M{ AmoU hdm_mZ oZ`ßoÃV ZgUma{ hnaJ•h (OrEM-1)
(]) Wm{S>Ám ‡_mUmV hdm_mZ oZ`ßoÃV AgUma{ AmoU _‹`_ IMm©M{ hnaVJ•h
(OrEM-2)
(H$) hdm_mZmM{ gß[yU© oZ`ßÃU H$aUma{ OmÒV IMm©M{ hnaVJ•h (OrEM-3)
hnaVJ•hmVrb dZÒ[Vt¿`m JaO{‡_mU{ ‡H$me, Vm[_mZ d Am–©Vm `mßM{ oZ`ßÃU
H$aVm `{V{. ]mJ{V bhmZ hnaVJ•h ÒdV: ]mßYVm `{V{ qH$dm odH$V K{Vm `{V{. hnaVJ•h
]ßJÎ`mbJV ]mßYVm `{V{ qH$dm _m{H$iÁm ÒdVßÃ OmJ{V ]mßYVm `{V{. OmJm H$_r AgÎ`mg
hnaVJ•h ]ßJÎ`mbm Om{Sy>Z ]mßYmd{. À`m_wi{ ]ßJÎ`mVyZ hnaVJ•hmbm [mUr, drO d CÓUVm
`mßMm [wadR>m H$aVm `{Vm{. hnaVJ•hmMr d ]ßJÎ`mMr EH$ q^V AgÎ`mZ{ CÓUV{Mm Zme
H$_r hm{Vm{. ]ßJÎ`m¿`m gmdbr_wi{ `m hnaVJ•hmV gy`©‡H$me H$_r AgVm{. ]ßJÎ`m¿`m
[yd© qH$dm [pÌM_ oXe{¿`m q^Vrbm oMH$Qy>Z Agb{Î`m hnaVJ•hmV gy`©‡H$me H$_r
o_iVm{.
hnaVJ•hmV C[b„Y gy`©‡H$me dm[aU{ _hŒdmM{ AgV{. hnaVJ•hmV am{[{ dmT>dm`Mr
AgÎ`mg ohdmiÁmV XojU{H$Sy>Z qH$dm XojU-[yd© oXe{H$Sy>Z MmßJbm gy`©‡H$me o_iVm{.
hnaVJ•h [yd}bm AgÎ`mg gH$miMm gy`©‡H$me o_iVm{. ]ßJÎ`m¿`m CŒma{bm hnaVJ•h
AgÎ`mg gy`©‡H$me \$ma H$_r o_iVm{. À`m_wi{ gmdbrV dmT>Umar PmS>{ hnaVJ•hmV
dmT>dmdr bmJVmV. C›hmiÁmV PmS>mß¿`m gmbrZ{ qH$dm flbmpÒQ>H$¿`m OmirZ{ C›hmMr
Vrd´Vm H$_r H$aVm `{V{. [U ohdmiÁmV `m gmdbrMr JaO ZgV{. ohdmiÁmV AmH$memV
gy`© Imbr AgVm{. À`m_wi{ KamMr AmoU gXmhnaV PmS>mßMr gmdbr bmß] AgV{.
hnaVJ•hm]mh{arb Oo_Zrbm CVma R>{dmdm; ÂhUO{ [mdgmM{ [mUr hnaVJ•hmV Z oeaVm
CVmamZ{ dmhˇZ OmB©b. odO{Mm [wadR>m AIßoS>V Agmdm. Hw$eb H$mamoJamH$Sy>Z odO{¿`m
Vmam d [m `m¿`m ZiÁm gwÈdmVrbmM ]gdmÏ`m. ÂhUO{ [wT>{ XwÈÒVrMr JaO [S>Uma
Zmhr. dmË`mMm ‡oV]ßY H{$bm H$s, CÓUV{Mm Zme H$_r hm{Vm{.
hnaVJ•hmMm AmH$ma C[b„Y OmJm AmoU ^mßS>dbr IMm©[´_mU{ _`m©oXV R>{dmdm.
hnaVJ•h Iy[ bhmZ AgÎ`mg _m{R>Ám hnaVJ•hm¿`m VwbZ{V Vm[_mZmM{ oZ`ßÃU H$aU{
AdKS> AgV{. CÓUV{Mm Zmehr AoYH$ hm{Vm{. hnaVJ•hmMm AmH$ma Am[Umg hnaVJ•hmV
H$m{UVr o[H{$ oH$Vr j{ÃmV ø`md`mMr Amh{V, `mda Adbß]yZ AgVm{. hnaVJ•hmV H$m_
H$a `mgmR>r _m{H$ir OmJm bmJV{. À`moedm` hnaVJ•hm¿`m dmof©H$ IMm©Mm AßXmO
H$amdm.
hnaVJ•h ]mßYVmZm À`mMr ÈßXr oZpÌMV R>{dVm `{V{. AoYH$ OmJ{Mr JaO [S>Î`mg
bmß]r dmT>odVm `{V{. hnaVJ•hmVrb Am{Q>{ (]|M) q^Vrbm bmJyZ 60 V{ 120 g|_r. ÈßX
R>{dmd{ AmoU 75 V{ 90 g|_r. CßM R>{dmd{. Xm{Z Am{Q>Ámß_‹`{ H$_rV H$_r 60 g|_r.
_m{H$ir OmJm _mUgmßZm H$m_ H$a `mgmR>r R>{dmdr. ]mOyMr q^V d Am{Q>m `mßVrb AßVa
H$_rV H$_r 15 g|_r. R>{dmd{. ÂhUO{ hdm I{iVr amhV{. "J{]b' hnaVJ•hmMr _Ybr
CßMr H$_rV H$_r 240 g|_r. AmoU q^VrMr CßMr H$_rV H$_r 165 g|_r. R>{dmdr.
_m{H$iÁm OmJ{Vrb hnaVJ•hmMm AmH$ma H$_rV H$_r 240 g|_r. X 300 g|_r. (8 \y$Q>
X 10 \y$Q>) R>{dmdm. H$mM{M{ hnaVJ•h AgÎ`mg ‡À`{H$ 30 g|_r. ÈßXrH$naVm N[amMm
CVma 15 g|_r. R>{dmdm. \$m`]a Ωbmg d [m∞ocBoWbrZ (flbmpÒQ>H$)M{ hnaVJ•h AgÎ`mg
N>[amßMm CVma ‡À`{H$ 30 g|_r. ÈßXrH$naVm 17.5 V{ 21.5 g|_r. ( 7 V{ 8.5 BßM)
R>{dmdm. N>[amMm OmÒV CVma R>{dÎ`mZ{ dm\{$M{ [mUr AmVrb N>[amdÍ$Z Am{KiyZ PmS>mda
Z [S>Vm dmhˇZ ]mOybm [S>V{. À`m_wi{ am{JmßMm ‡mXw^m©d H$_r hm{Vm{.
AmXe© hnaVJ•hmMm gmßJmS>m H$_rV H$_r AgVm{. À`mMm N>[ambm AmYma o_iVm{
AmoU N>[amVyZ OmÒVrV OmÒV gy`©‡H$me hnaVJ•hmV `{Vm{. hm gmßJmS>m bmHy$S>,
A∞Î`wo_oZ`_, flbmpÒQ>H$, J∞ÎÏhZmB©¡S≤> bm{IßS>mMm AgVm{. hnaVJ•hmM{ N>fl[a H$mM,
Q>UH$ flbmpÒQ>H$, \$m`]a Ωbmg qH$dm flbmpÒQ>H$ o\$Î_M{ AgV{. `m ‡À`{H$mM{ \$m`X{
AmoU Vm{Q>{ odMmamV K{Vb{ [mohO{V. H$mM{M{ hnaVJ•h XrK© H$mi oQ>H$V{. À`mMm [m`m d
gmßJmS>m _O]yV Agmdm bmJVm{. [U À`mgmR>r gdm™V OmÒV IM© bmJVm{. Ï`dÒWm[ZmMm
IM© H$_r AgVm{. [U gmßJmS>m bmH$S>mE{dOr YmVyMm AgÎ`mg CÓUV{Mm Zme AoYH$
hm{Vm{. \$m`]a Ωbmg¿`m hnaVJ•hmMm oQ>H$mD$[Um À`m¿`m XOm©‡_mU{ AgVm{. hnaVJ•h
flbmpÒQ>H$ o\$Î_M{ AgÎ`mg EH$ qH$dm Xm{Z df} dm[aVm `{V{. À`m_wi{ À`mMm gmßJmS>m
VmÀ[waVm AgVm{. Xadfu qH$dm Xa XwgË`m dfu Ï`m[mar bm{H$ [m∞ocBoWbrZ ]XbVmV [U
gmßJmS>m AZ{H$ df} _O]yV R>{dVmV. `m‡_mU{ hnaVJ•h ]mßY `mMm IM© oQ>H$mD$[UmM{
dfm™V od^mJVm `{Vm{. EH$ Jm{ÓQ> bjmV R>{dbr [mohO{ H$s, hnaVJ•hmgmR>r CŒm_ ‡VrM{
gmohÀ` dm[amd{. AbrH$S>{ hnaVJ•hm¿`m N>[amgmR>r flbmpÒQ>H$ o\$Î_M{ Xm{Z Wa EH$Ã
AmßWaVmV. À`mZßVa `m Xm{Z Wamß_‹`{ hdm ^Í$Z Xm{›hr WamßV 2 g|_r. V{ 10 g|_r. AßVa
R>{dVmV. À`m_wi{ hnaVJ•hmVrb CÓUV{Mm Zme 30 Q>∑H{$ H$_r hm{Vm{.
H$mM{¿`m d \$m`]a Ωbmg¿`m hnaVJ•hm[{jm [m∞ocBoWbrZ¿`m hnaVJ•hmVyZ
odoH$aUmZ{ CÓUV{Mm Zme d{JmZ{ hm{Vm{. À`m_wi{ `m hnaVJ•hmV OmÒV CÓUVm bmJV{.
H$mM{¿`m hnaVJ•hm[{jm [m∞ocBoWbrZM{ hnaVJ•h K≈> AgV{. À`m_wi{ hdm AmV oeaÎ`mZ{
qH$dm JiVr_wi{ CÓUV{Mm Zme H$_r hm{Vm{.
bhmZ hnaVJ•hmH$naVm CÓUVm oZ_m©U H$a `mMr AmoU dm`wgßMmamMr gmYZ{
bmJVmV. ohdmiÁmV H$mhr ‡_mUmV CÓUVm gy`m©[mgyZ o_iV{. hnaVJ•hmVrb Vm[_mZ
dm`wgßMmamZ{ H$_r H$aVm `{V{. [U amÃr gy`m©[mgyZ CÓUVm o_iV ZgV{. À`m_wi{ Vm[_mZ
H$m`_ R>{d `mgmR>r "hrQ>a'Mm C[`m{J H$amdm bmJVm{. hnaVJ•hmV CÓUV{M{ odVaU
(g_ CÓUVm) VrZ ‡H$mamZ{ H$aVm `{V{. hnaVJ•hmV Ja_ hdm gm{Sy>Z, bhmZ hrQ>a¿`m
gmhmÊ`mZ{ AmoU ZiÁmßVyZ Ja_ [mUr qH$dm dm\$ gm{Sy>Z. CŒm_ XOm©¿`m hrQ>abm
W_m}ÒQ>∞Q> Om{S>b{bm AgVm{. À`m_wi{ CÓUV{M{ oZ`ßÃU H$aVm `{V{. H$mhr ‡H$maM{ hrQ>a
(AZÏh|Q>{S>) PmS>mßZm d _mUgmßZm hmZrH$maH$ dm`y ]mh{a Q>mH$VmV; ÂhUyZ hnaVJ•hmV
À`mßMm dm[a H$Í$ Z`{.
hnaVJ•hmV oH$Vr CÓUVm bmJV{, h{ hnaVJ•hm¿`m AmVrb AmoU hnaVJ•hm¿`m
]mh{arb H$_mb Vm[_mZmVrb \$aH$, hnaVJ•hmVrb [•ÓR>^mJmM{ j{Ã\$i, hnaVJ•hm¿`m
]mßYUrMm K≈>[Um AmoU dmam `mßda Adbß]yZ AgV{.
dm`wgßMma (Ïh|oQ>b{eZ)_wi{ hnaVJ•hmVrb hdm AmoU hnaVJ•hm¿`m ]mh{arb hdm
`mßV AXbm]Xb hm{V Ag{V. `mMr JaO hnaVJ•hmVrb Vm[_mZ H$_r H$a `mgmR>r,
AmX´©Vm (X_Q>[Um) H$_r H$a `mgmR>r AmoU H$m]©ZS>mÀm∞∑gmB©S>M{ ‡_mU H$_r
H$a `mgmR>r AgV{. hm hd{Vrb ]Xb oIS>H$s d Xma CKS>{ R>{dyZ qH$dm odO{¿`m [ßª`m¤ma{
H$aVm `{Vm{. À`mgmR>r hnaVJ•hmV [ßI{ AgVmV AmoU hnaVJ•hm¿`m q^VrV "E∑Pm∞ÒQ>>
\∞$Z' AgVm{.' [ßI{ W_m}{ÒQ>∞Q> bm Vma{Z{ Om{S>b{ H$s V{ Òd`ßMobV H$m_ H$aVmV. hnaVJ•hmVrb
hdm gVV I{iVr R>{d `mgmR>r AmoU CÓUV{¿`m H$mimV g_mZ Vm[_mZ R>{d `mgmR>r
bhmZ [ßI{ C[`m{Jr [S>VmV.
Ja_ hdm hbH$s AgÎ`mZ{ Vr da OmV{ AmoU N>[amVrb oIS>H$sVyZ ]mh{a [S>V{.
oVMr OmJm K{ `mgmR>r ]mh{arc WßS> hdm hnaVJ•hmV oeaV{.
AmH•$Vr 3.5 : hnaVJ•hmVrb hd{Mr hmbMmb

C›hmiÁmV hnaVJ•hmVrb Vm[_mZ WßS> R>{d `mgmR>r gmdbrMm C[`m{J H$aVmV.
À`mgmR>r flbmpÒQ>H$¿`m H$miÁm d ohaÏ`m OmiÁm odH$V o_iVmV. À`m_wi{ gy`©‡H$memMr
Vrd´Vm d CÓUVm H$_r hm{V{. O{Ïhm dfm©Vrb 1$0 V{ 15 oXdgmß[{jm AoYH$ H$mi
hnaVJ•hmVrb Vm[_mZ 32.22 Aße g{pÎgAg[{jm OmÒV AgV{ V{Ïhm "Hy$ba'Mm C[`m{J
H$amdm bmJVm{. H$m{aS>Ám ‡X{emV hnaVJ•hmVrb Vm[_mZ 20 Aße qH$dm À`m[{jm AoYH$
H$_r H$aVm `{V{.
hnaVJ•hmH$naVm ]amM IM>© H$amdm bmJVm{. hm IM© H$_r H$a `mgmR>r oZH•$ÓQ>
XOm©Mr C[H$aU{ dm[aU{ ehmU[UmM{ ZgV{. À`m_wi{ oZamem [Xar [S>V{.
hnaVJ•hmV o]`mß[mgyZ am{[{ V`ma H$aVmV AmoU \$mQ>Ámß[mgyZ H$b_{ V`ma H$aVmV.
hnaVJ•hmVrb AZwHy$b [napÒWVr_wi{ À`mßMr dmT> MmßJbr hm{V{ AmoU Vr oZam{Jr amhVmV.
gy ` © ‡ H$memÏòVna∑V AoYH$ ‡H$memgmR> r hnaVJ• h mV oXd{ ]Zodb{ b { AgVmV.
hnaVJ•hmVrb hdm-[mUr-Oo_Zr¿`m Vm[_mZmM{ oZ`ßÃU W_m}ÒQ>∞Q>¤ma{ H$aVm `{V{.
H$mhr OU Am[Î`m KamVM ^mOr[mÎ`mM{ ]r bmH$Sr qH$dm flbmpÒQ>H$¿`m Im{∑`mV
[{Í$Z am{[{ V`ma H$aVmV. ¯m am{[mß¿`m dmT>rgmR>r OmÒV Am–©Vm hdr AgÎ`mZ{ hr am{[{
flbmpÒQ>H$¿`m _m{R>Ám o[edrZ{ PmH$VmV. hrQ>a¿`m gmhmÊ`mZ{ Vm[_mZ dmT>dVmV. hr
gmYr [’V H$miOr K{VÎ`mg èÒdr hm{V{.
^mOr[mÎ`mMr am{[{ MmßJbr dmT> `mH$naVm ]amM CO{S> bmJVm{. À`mgmR>r H$_rV
H$_r 1,000 \y$Q> H±$S>bMm oXdm AmdÌ`H$ AgVm{. 40 d∞Q>M{ WßS> [mßT>a{ ‚Î`wam{gßQ> oXd{
PmS>mßM{ H$mhr g|_r.da 15 g|_r. AßVamda Q>mßJyZ R>{dÎ`mZ{ am{[mßH$naVm MmßJbm ‡H$me
o_iVm{. oXÏ`mVrb AßVa AmoU CßMr g_mZ R>{dÎ`mdaM PmS>mßZm g_mZ CO{S> o_iVm{.
40 d∞Q>M{ Xm{Z oXd{ 15 g|_r. CßMrda EH$Ã ]godÎ`mg PmS>mßZm 500 \y$Q> H±$S>b CO{S>
o_iVm{. na‚b{∑Q>a¿`m gmhmÊ`mZ{ AmUIr CO{S> o_iVm{.
‚Î`wam{gßQ> oXÏ`mMm XwJ©wU Agm H$s, h{ oXd{ OwZ{ Pmb{ H$s H$_r CO{S> X{VmV.
ÂhUO{ `m oXÏ`mßMm 8,000 Vmg ‡H$me o_imÎ`mZßVa À`mßMm ‡H$me ZdrZ oXÏ`m[{jm
oZÂÂ`m[{jm H$_r o_iVm{. ÂhUyZ h{ oXd{ H$mhr H$mimZßVa ]Xbmd{ bmJVmV. h{ oXd{ WßS>
AgÎ`mZ{ PmS>mß¿`m CO{S>mgmR>r MmßJb{ AgVmV.
]h˛V{H$ am{[mßH$naVm gwÈdmVrM{ 2 AmoU 3 AmR>dS>{ gVV CO{S> R>{dmdm. À`mZßVa
Xaam{O 4 V{ 8 Vmg PmS>{ AßYmamV R>{dmdrV.
]r CJd `mgmR>r hdm d Oo_ZrM{ `m{Ω` Vm[_mZ Agmd{ bmJV{. Oo_ZrM{ Vm[_mZ
21 V{ 24 Aße g{pÎgAg R>{dmd{ bmJV{. oXÏ`m_wi{ O_rZ C]Xma R>{dbr OmV{. OgOer
am{[mßMr dmT> hm{V AgV{ VgVg{ hiyhiy Vm[_mZ H$_r H$amd{. ÂhUO{ hnaVJ•hm]mh{a¿`m
Vm[_mZmV `m am{[mßMr bmdUr H$amd`mMr AgV{. hnaVJ•hmVrb hd{M{ Vm[_mZ OmÒV
AmoU ‡H$me H$_r AgÎ`mg am{[{ CßM dmT>VmV. Oo_ZrV Am{bmdm AmoU hd{V X_Q>[Um
AgÎ`mg am{[mßMr dmT> d{JmZ{ hm{V{. À`mgmR>r Oo_Zrbm [mUr ⁄md{ qH$dm hnaVJ•hmV
H•$oÃ_ YwH{$ V`ma H$amd{. hnaVJ•hmVrb oXÏ`mßM{ [m `m[mgyZ gßajU H$amd{.
hnaVJ•hmVrb PmS>mß¿`m MmßJÎ`m dmT>rgmR>r H$m]©ZS>mÀm∞∑gmB©S> dm`y AmdÌ`H$
AgVm{ . oXÏ`mMr CÓUVm ]mOy b m gma `mgmR> r bhmZ [ß I m dm[abm Va VmOm
H$m]©ZS>mÀm∞∑gmB©S> dm`y PmS>mß¿`m [mZmß¿`m gß[H$m©V `{Vm{. [ßª`mZ{ _ßX dmam PmS>mßda
J{bm [mohO{.
darb‡_mU{ PmS>mß¿`m MmßJÎ`m dmT>rgmR>r hnaVJ•hmVrb oZ`ßoÃV dmVmdaU
AmdÌ`H$ AgV{. À`mgm{]V hnaVJ•hmV bmJdS>rgmR>r CŒm_ ‡VrM{ o]`mU{ d H$b_{
dm[amdrV, Vg{M hnaVJ•hmVrb O_rZ qH$dm Hwß$S>ÁmßVrb _mVr gw[rH$ Agmdr. À`mVyZ
PmS>mß¿`m _wiÁmßZm â[ya A›Z–Ï`{, [mUr d hdm o_imbr [mohO{.
d{br dZÒ[VtZm _mßS>dmMm AmYma ⁄mdm bmJVm{. Q>m{_∞Q>m{Mr PmS>{ \$imß¿`m ^mamZ{
dmH$VmV. À`mßZm AmYma ⁄mdm bmJVm{. dmQ>mUm, K{dS>m d Q>m{_∞Q>m{Mr PmS>{ Xm{Ë`mßZr ]mßYyZ
À`m Xm{Ë`m da Q>mßJyZ R>{dVm `{VmV. H$mH$S>rM{ d BVa d{b _mßS>dmda MmßJb{ dmT>VmV.
–mjd{br _mßS>dmda dmT>dmÏ`m bmJVmV. À`m_wi{ hnaVJ•hmVrb AmVrb ^mJ em{o^dßV
oXgVm{.
\$iPmS>{ d ^m¡`mßMr PmS>{ `mßM{ dmË`m[mgyZ gßajU H$amd{ bmJV{. dmË`mZ{
hnaVJ•hm¿`m gmßJmS>ÁmM{ d N>VmM{ ZwH$gmZ hm{V{. dmË`mZ{ ]mh{aMr Yyi d H$Mam N>[amda
]gVm{ AmoU hnaVJ• h mVrb [mZmß d a ]gVm{ . À`m_w i { PmS> m ß Z m BOm hm{ V { . ÂhUy Z
hnaVJ•hmOdi dmaKQ>rMr PmS>{ bmdmdrV qH$dm PmS>mßM{ Hwß$[U H$amd{. R>|JUr d CßM
PmS>{, PwS[{ dmË`m¿`m oXe{bm bmdmdrV. 10 V{ 30 PmS>{ XmQ>rZ{ bmdbr Va dmË`mMm
d{J ]amM H$_r hm{Vm{. hr PmS>{ bmdVmZm C›hmiÁmVrb AmoU ohdmiÁmVrb dmË`m¿`m
oXe{Mm odMma H$amdm.

oOdßV Hwß$[U : ]mJ{Mr od^mJUr H$a `mH$naVm dm[amd`mM{ Hwß$[U
oOdßV [S>Xm : PmS>mßMm CßM [S>Xm; CXmhaUmW©, _|Xr¿`m XmQ> PmS>mßMm [S>Xm
_ßS>[ : d{bt¿`m AmYmamgmR>r Mm°ag qH$dm fQ>H$m{Zr AmH$mamMr bm{IßS>mMr dÒVy
3.4 gmamße
_mUgmbm Og{ oZaoZami{ Ad`d AgVmV, À`mM‡_mU{ ]mJ{M{ oZaoZami{ ^mJ
AgVmV. ]mJ{¿`m [mÌd©^y_rbm S>m|Ja, Q>{H$S>r, _m{R>r PmS>{ qH$dm q^V AgV{. q^Vr¿`m
CßMr‡_mU{ oZaoZamiÁm ‡H$ma¿`m d{br q^Vrda dmT>odVm `{VmV. ^waQ>{ Mm{a AmoU _m{H$mQ>
OZmdamß[mgyZ ]mJ{Vrb PmS>mßM{ gßajU H$a `mgmR>r _O]yV Hwß$[U AmoU ‡d{e¤ma
AmdÌ`H$ AgV{. ]mJ{Vrb oZaoZami{ od^mJ Xe©od `mgmR>r oOdßV Hwß$[U bmJV{. ImOJr
dmVmdaUmgmR>r oOdßV [S>⁄mMr JaO AgV{. gwßXa d{btZm dmT> `mgmR>r _ßS>[mMm AmYma
bmJVm{. ]mJ [mhUmË`mßZm AmÌM`©MoH$V H$a `mgmR>r ]mJ{V H$mhr Zmdr›`[yU© PmS>{
R>{dmdr bmJVmV. Z°goJ©H$ aßJgßJVr gmY `mgmR>r ]mJ{V g_yhmV (VmQ>Ï`mV) \w$bPmS>{
bmdmdr bmJVmV. Kam¿`m Odi bhmZ _wbmßZm I{i `mgmR>r _m{H$ir OmJm gm{S>mdr
bmJV{. À`m_wi{ KamVrb _mUgmßZm I{iUmË`m _wbmßda ZOa R>{dVm `{V{. hnaVJ•hmV
oZ`ßoÃV dmVmdaUmV \w$cmßM{ d o]Ja hßJm_mV ^mOr[mÎ`mM{ [rH$ K{Vm `{V{; Vg{M am{[{ d
H$c_{ V`ma H$aVm `{VmV.

1. ]mJ{Mr [mÌd©^y_r d q^Vr H$em AgmÏ`mV, `modf`r godÒVa _mohVr
obhm.
2. ]mJ{Vrb Hwß$[U, oOdßV Hwß$[U d [S>Xm `m KQ>H$mßodf`r godÒVa _mohVr
obhm.
3. hnaVJ•hmßM{ ododY ‡H$ma Z_yX H$Í$Z "gy`©‡H$memM{ hnaVJ•hmV _hŒd d
oZ`ßÃU' `modf`r godÒVa ^mÓ` H$am.
4. hnaVJ•hmV Imbrb KQ>H$mßM{ _hŒd odeX H$am.
i. hrQ>a
ii. dm`wgßMma
iii. oXdm
1. ]mJ{M{ oZaoZami{ ^mJ H$m{UV{ ? _ßS>[ KQ>H$modf`r _mohVr obhm.
2. oQ>[m obhm.
i. Zmdr›`[yU© PmS>{
ii. g_yhmVrb PmS>{
iii. _wbmßZm I{i `mgmR>r OmJm
3. hnaVJ•hmMr AmdÌ`H$Vm Ò[ÓQ> H$Í$Z _hmamÓQ≠> emgZmZ{ H$m{UVr VrZ ‡H$maMr
hnaVJ•h{ _m›` H{$br Amh{V, V{ obhm.
4. dm`wgßMma qH$dm Ïh|oQ>b{eZM{ hnaVJ•hmVrb _hŒd Ò[ÓQ> H$am.
5. hnaVJ•hmV ‡H$me, Vm[_mZ d Am–©Vm `mßM{ oZ`ßÃU H$g{ H$amd{ ?
6. Imbrb[°H$s H$m{UÀ`mhr EH$m KQ>H$mda Q>r[ obhm.
i. ]mJ{Mr [mÌd©^y_r AmoU q^Vr
ii. ]mJ{Vrb oOdßV Hwß$[U AmoU [S>Xm
7. ‚Î`wam{gßQ> oXÏ`mßM{ hnaVJ•hmV \$m`X{ d Vm{Q>{ obhm.
8. hnaVJ•hmM{ \$m`X{ Wm{S>∑`mV obhm.
1. Imbrb[°H$s H$m{UVm EH$ KQ>H$ ]mJ{Mm ^mJ Zmhr ?
(A) ]mJ{M{ Hwß$[U (B) _ßS>[ (C) H$maßO{ (D>) Ïh|oQ>b{eZ
2. ]mJ{¿`m [mÌd©^y_rgmR>r H$m{UÀ`m ‡H$maMr PmS>{ bmdmdrV ?
(A) ]wQ>H$s PmS>{ (B) CßM PmS>{ (C) PwS[{ (D>) d{br
3. Imbrb[°H$s H$m{UVm KQ>H$ ]mJ{Mr gr_m oZpÌMV H$aVm{ ?
(A) q^Vr (B) [mÌd©^y_r (C) _ßS>[ (D) [S>Xm
4. ]mJ{V ImOJr[Um R>{d `mgmR>r H$m` H$amd{ ?
(A) [mÌd©^y_r V`ma H$amdr (B) Hwß$[U V`ma H$amd{
(C) Hwß$[Umda d{br gm{S>mÏ`mV (D) oOdßV Hwß$[U bmdmd{
5. ]mJ{¿`m gr_{da qH$dm ]mJ{Mr oZaoZamiÁm flbm∞Q>_‹`{ od^mJUr H$a `mgmR>r
Imbrb[°H$s H$m{UVm KQ>H$ C[`m{Jr [S>Vm{ ?
(A) ]mß]yMr VmQ>r (B) H$m±H´$sQ>Mr Omir
(C) XJS>r Hwß$[U (D) oOdßV Hw$ß[U
6. Imbrb[°H$s H$m{UVm hnaVJ•hmMm ‡H$ma Zmhr ?
(A) OrEM-1 (B) OrEM-2 (C) OrEM-3 (D) OrEM-4
7. Imbrb[°H$s hnaVJ•hmMm H$m{UVm ‡H$ma OmÒV IMm©Mm Amh{ ?
(A) OrEM-1 (B) OrEM-2 (C) OrEM-3 (D) OrEM-4

8. Imbrb[°H$s H$m{UÀ`m ‡H$ma¿`m hnaVJ•hmV Vm[_mZmM{ oZ`ßÃU H$aU{ AdKS>
AgV{ ?
(A) Iy[ bhmZ (B) _m{R>{ (C) Iy[ _m{R>{ (D) `mß[°H$s Zmhr
9. hnaVJ•hmVrb Xm{Z Am{Q>Ámß_‹`{ H$_rV H$_r oH$Vr AßVa R>{dmd{ ?
(A) 30 g|_r. (B) 40 g|_r. (C) 50 g|_r. (D) 60 g|_r.
10. hnaVJ•hmVrb Vm[_mZ ................. Z{ H$_r H$aVm `{V{.
(A) hrQ>a (B) dm`wgßMma (C) oXdm (D) [m∞obWrZ
11. hnaVJ•hmVrb PmS>mß¿`m MmßJÎ`m dmT>rgmR>r H$m{UVm dm`y AmdÌ`H$ AgVm{?
(A) Am∞p∑gOZ (B) Zm`Q≠>m{OZ
(C) H$m]©ZS>mÀm∞∑gmB©S> (D) H$m]©Z_m{Zm∞∑gmB©S>
12. ^waQ>{ Mm{a AmoU _m{H$mQ> OZmdamß[mgyZ ]mJ{Vrb PmS>mßM{ gßajU H$a `mgmR>r
H$m` AmdÌ`H$ AgV{ ?
(A) _ßS>[ (B) Hwß$[U (C) oOdßV Hwß$[U (D) PmS>mßMr [mÌd©^y_r

KQ>H$ 4 : ]mJ{Vrb ]mßYH$m_{
AZwH´$_oUH$m
4.1 ‡mÒVmodH$
4.2 odf`-odd{MZ
4.2.1 ]mJ]oJ¿`mVrb ]mßYH$m_mM{ _hŒd
4.2.2 [m`dmQ>m
4.2.3 [m`Ë`m
4.2.4 q^Vr
4.2.5 H$maßOr
4.4 gmamße
4.1 ‡mÒVmodH$
]mJ]oJ¿`mV _mUgmß Z m o\$a `mgmR> r [m`dmQ> { M r AmdÌ`H$Vm AgV{ .
[mdgmiÁm_wi{ qH$dm PmS>mßZm d ohadirbm [mUr oXÎ`mZßVa O_rZ Am{br hm{V{. À`m_wi{
]mJ{V o\$aU{ H$R>rU hm{V{. Aem d{ir [m`dmQ>{Mm C[`m{J H$aVm `{Vm{. ]mJ{Vrb O_rZ
d{Jd{JiÁm [mVirMr AgÎ`mg Imb¿`m [mVirdÍ$Z da¿`m [mVirda Om `mg
[m`Ë`mßMr AmdÌ`H$Vm AgV{. `moedm` H$R>S>{, q^Vr, H$maßOr, [m `mM{ [mQ>, [m `mMm
oZMam, BÀ`mXr H$m_mßgmR>r ]mßYH$m_{ H$amdr bmJVmV.
]mJ]oJ¿`mVrb oZamoZamiÁm ]mßYH$m_mßMr _mohVr hm{B©b.
]mJ]oJ¿`mVrb [m`dmQ>m, [m`Ë`m, q^Vr AmoU H$maßOr H$er AgmdrV,
`modf`r _mohVr hmB©b.
Am[Î`m ]mJ{_‹`{ oZaoZamir ]mßYH$m_{ H$Í$Z ]mJ{Mr em{^m dmT>odVm
`{B©b.
4.2 odf`-odd{MZ
4.2.1 ]mJ]oJ¿`mVrb ]mßYH$m_mM{ _hŒd
_m{R>Ám ]oJ¿`m_‹`{ aÒV{ AmoU [m`dmQ>m R>{dmÏ`m bmJVmV. A›`Wm _mUg{ ohadi
VwS>drV OmVmV. \w$bPmS>mß¿`m VmQ>Ï`mVyZ o\$a `mgmR>r [m`dmQ>m H$amÏ`m bmJVmV.
bhmZ ]mJ{_‹`{ [m`dmQ> AmdÌ`H$ AgV{. Vr [mdgmiÁmV oZgaS>r ]Zy Z`{. _m{R>Ám
]oJ¿`mVrb O_rZ d{Jd{JiÁm [mVitda AgV{, V{Ïhm EH$m [mVirdÍ$Z XwgË`m
[mVirda Om `mgmR>r [∑∑`m [m`Ë`m ]mßY `mMr AmdÌ`H$Vm AgV{. H$maU H$¿¿`m
[mm`Ë`m _wgiYma [mdgmZ{ IMVmV. H$maßO{ d ododY aßJmßM{ odO{M{ oXd{ ]god `mgmR>r
AmH$f©H$ Ag{ ]mßYH$m_ H$a `mMr AmdÌ`H$Vm AgV{. amÃr¿`m d{ir H$maß¡`mVrb [m `mda
ododY aßJmß¿`m pXÏ`mßMr CKS>Pm[ H{$Î`m_wi{ ]mJ{Mr em{^m AoYH$M dmT>V{. PmS>mßH$naVm
d{Jd{JiÁm OmJr [mUr Z{ `mgmR>r CKS>{ [mQ> qH$dm ]ßX ZimMr AmdÌ`H$Vm AgV{.
[mdgm¿`m qH$dm qgMZm¿`m [m `mMm `m{Ω` oZMam hm{ `mgmR>r Ma qH$dm og_|Q>M{ [mB©[
Oo_ZrV JmS>md{ bmJVmV. gmd©OoZH$ ]oJ¿`m_‹`{ KmU hm{D$ Z`{ ÂhUyZ H$Mam-Hwß$S>ÁmßMr
AmdÌ`H$Vm AgV{. `moedm` bhmZ _wbmßH$naVm ododY ‡H$maMr I{iUr R>{dmdr bmJVmV.
]mJ{gmR>r [°emMr â[ya VaVyX AgÎ`mg N>m{Q>r AmJJmS>r, ‡moUgßJ´hmb`, _ÀÒ`mb`,
odkmZ gßJ´hmb`, a[{Q> H$a `mgmR>r Km{S>r, hŒmr `m Jm{ÓQ>r R>{dmÏ`m bmJVmV.
]mJ{Vrb gm_mZmMr Im{br
]mJ{H$naVm ododY ‡H$maM{ gmohÀ` bmJV{. CXm. IV{, Am°fY{ ([{ÒQ>rgmB©S>),
Ò‡{à, hm{O [mB©[, o]`mU{, AmYmamMr bmH$S>{, IwßQ>Ám, Xm{Ë`m, _m{OUrMm Q>{[, hÀ`ma{,
BÀ`mXr. ]mJ{¿`m AmH$mam‡_mU{ `m gm_mZmMr gßª`m H$_r-OmÒV AgV{. h{ gm_mZ
gmR>od `mgmR>r ]mJ{V d{Jir ÒdVßÃ Im{br Agmdr bmJV{. h{ gm_mZ KamV gmR>odb{ Va
bhmZ _wb{ h{ gm_mZ hmVmiVmV AmoU OI_r hm{VmV. Am°fY{ odfmar AgVmV. À`mßMm
Vrd´ dmg Kaâ [gaVm{. ÂhUyZ h{ gmohÀ` Kam[mgyZ Xya d{JiÁm Im{brV gmR>dyZ Hw$by[
bmdmd{. ÂhUO{ _wb{ À`m Im{brV OmUma ZmhrV. IV{, ‡oH´$`m H{$b{b{ o]`mU{, Am°fY{ d
hÀ`ma{ Òd¿N> H$m{aS>Ám OmJr gmR>dyZ R>{dmdr bmJVmV. hr Im{br gwaojV d _m{H$iÁm
hd{Mr Agmdr. IVm¿`m, Am°fYm¿`m d o]`m `m¿`m ‡À`{H$ o[edrda ZmdmM{ b{]b
Agmd{. ÂhUO{ _Oya Km{Q>mim H$aUma ZmhrV. ]mJ{Vrb H$m_ PmÎ`mZßVa hÀ`ma{ Òd¿N>
YwD$Z H$m{aS>r H$amdr. À`m hÀ`mamßda V{bmMm ]m{im o\$aodÎ`mg Vr JßOUma ZmhrV.
[Ãm hd{Z{ CSy>Z OmD$ Z`{

ÂhUyZ [H$S>
N>fl[a
AÒVa
Mm°H$Q>
VwiB©
[H$S>
oIS>H$s
Hw$cy[
grc
AmYma
AmS>dr \$ir \$aer \$iÁmßMr q^V
AmH•$Vr 4.1 : ]mJ{Vrb gm_mZmMr Im{br
4.2.2 [m`dmQ>m
gwÈdmVrbmM [m`dmQ> _O]yV ]mßYbr Va [wT>{ oV¿`m XwÈÒVrda OmÒV IM© H$amdm
bmJV Zmhr. IS>r qH$dm _wÍ$_ Q>mHy$Z V`ma H{$b{Î`m [m`dmQ>{da VU dmT>V{. `moedm`
oVMr d{im{d{ir XwÈÒVr H$amdr bmJV{. ]mJ{Vrb [m`dmQ> hr K≈> Agmdr. Vr oR>H$oR>H$mUr
X]b{br Zgmdr. Vg{M oVMm [•ÓR>^mJ d{S>mdmH$S>m Pmb{bm Zgmdm. [m`dmQ>{da VU dmTy>
X{D$ Z`{. [mdgmiÁmV `m [m`dmQ>m oZgaS>Ám ]ZUma ZmhrV, `mgmR>r `m{Ω` Vr H$miOr
d{irM ø`mdr.
H$m±H´$sQ>Mr [m`dmQ> oQ>H$mD$ AgV{. `mgmR>r ‡W_ Xm{ar VmUyZ d `m{Ω` AVßamda
IwßQ>Ám R>m{Hy$Z [m`dmQ>{Mr OmJm AmIyZ ø`mdr. À`mZßVa 22 g|_r. Im{br[`™V [m`dmQ>{Mr
OmJm AmIyZ ø`mdr. À`mZßVa 22 g|_r. Im{br[`™V [m`dmQ>{Mr OmJm Im{Xmdr. Im{Xb{br
_mVr gw[rH$ AgÎ`mg Vr dm‚`mH$naVm dm[amdr. Im{Xb{Î`m OmJ{¿`m Vimbm 15
g|_r. OmS>rMr IS>r, XJS> d odQ>mßM{ VwH$S>{ `mßMm Wa ⁄mdm. hm Wa R>m{Hy$Z K≈> d g[mQ>
H$amdm AmoU À`mda 7.5 g|_r. OmS>rMm H$m±H´$sQ>Mm Wa VwH$S>ÁmVwH$S>ÁmZ{ ⁄mdm. À`mgmR>r
AmH•$Vr 4.2 _‹`{ XmIodÎ`m‡_mU{ bmH$S>r Im{H{$ ]Zdmd{. H$m±H´$sQ>Mm Wa g_[mVirV
R>{d `mgmR>r "pÒ[naQ> b{Ïhb'Mm C[`m{J H$amdm.
AmH•$Vr 4.1 : pÒ[naQ> b{ÏhbZ{ AmH•$Vr 4.2 : H$m±H´$sQ>Mr [m`dmQ>

[mVir [mhU{ H$a `mMr [’V
H$m±H´$sQ>M{ o_lU V`ma H$aVmZm 1 ^mJ og_|Q>, 2 ^mJ dmiy, 3 ^mJ IS>r d
AmdÌ`H$ V{dT>{ [mUr o_gimd{. `m o_lUmMr bm[er ([{ÒQ>) ]Zdmdr. [m`dmQ>{da
H$m±H´$sQ>M{ o_lU Q>mH$Î`mZßVa [•>^mJ \$irZ{ Mm{[S>m H$Í$Z ø`mdm. H$m±H´$sQ> oOVH{$
OmÒV H$mi Am{bga amhrb oVVH{$ V{ AoYH$ _O]yV ]ZV{. H$m±H´$sQ> [∑H{$ hm{ `mg 3-4
oXdg bmJVmV. Aem ‡H$ma{ [m`dmQ>{Mm EH{$H$ VwH$S>m H$m±H´$sQ>Z{ âV Omdm. aßJrV [m`dmQ>
hdr AgÎ`mg H$m±H´$sQ>¿`m o_lUmV aßJrV [mdS>a o_gimdr. `moedm` [m`dmQ> V`ma
H$a `mgmR>r ehm]mXr \$aer qH$dm XJS> qH$dm odQ>m dm[aVm `{VmV.
XJS>r [m`dmQ> V`ma H$a `mgmR>r XJS>mM{ VwH$S>{ 5 g|_r. OmS> Agmd{V. XJS>mß¿`m
VwH$S>ÁmßMr ZmJ_m{S>r [m`dmQ> MmßJbr oXgV{. [m`dmQ>{gmR>r ehm]mXr \$aer dm[aÎ`mg
_YyZ_YyZ PmS>{ bmd `mgmR>r EH$m \$aerMr OmJm _m{H$ir gm{S>mdr. `m OmJ{V R>|JUr
[aßVw AmH$f©H$ AmoU gwJßYXm`H$ PwS>[{ bmdmdrV. EIm⁄m _mUgmZ{ hr PwS>[{ [m`mImbr
VwS>odbr Var ZwH$gmZ hm{Uma Zmhr. À`mgmR>r [woX›`mMr PwS>[{ `m{Ω` AgVmV. `moedm`
_mOm}am_, Ama{Zmna`m, S>m`ßWg, oOa∞oZ`_ d ‚bm∞∑g hr PwS>[{ bmdVm `{VmV. ]mJ{_‹`{
H$mhr oR>H$mUr [m`dmQ>{¿`m H$S>{bm [aßVw VmQ>Ï`mß¿`m gr_{da oVafl`m odQ>m bmdVmV.
XJS>mß¿`m, \$aer¿`m qH$dm odQ>mß¿`m [m`dmQ>{darb gmß‹`mV og_|Q> bmdmd{. À`m_wi{
[m`dmQ>{da VU dmT>Uma Zmhr.
[woXZm
XJS>r VwH$S>ÁmßMr [m`dmQ>
emhm]mXr \$aerMr [m`dmQ>
AmH•$Vr 4.3 : ododY ‡H$ma¿`m [m`dmQ>m

4.2.3 [m`Ë`m
]mJ{_‹`{ `m{Ω` oR>H$mUr XJS>r \$aer¿`m qH$dm odQ>mß¿`m [m`Ë`m ]mßYmÏ`mV. `m
[m`Ë`mßMm [m`m K≈> Agmdm. Xm{Z _mUgmßZm OdiOdi MmbVm `{B©b BV∑`m [m`Ë`m
ÈßX AgmÏ`mV.
AmH•$Vr 4.4 : [m`Ë`m
‡À`{H$ [màr 13 g|_r. [{jm CßM AmoU 41 g|_r.[{jm OmÒV ÈßXr Agmdr. H$mhr
OU ‡À`{H$ [màrbm qH$oMV CVma X{VmV. À`m_wi{ [màrbm _O]wVr `{D$Z H$_r PrO
hm{V{ Ag{ ÂhUVmV.
4.2.4 q^Vr
]mJ{Vrb Oo_Zr¿`m Xm{Z [mVit_‹`{ Iy[ V\$mdV AgÎ`mg da¿`m [mVirVrb
_mVr dmhˇZ OmD$ Z`{ ÂhUyZ [∑H$r XJS>r q^V ]mßYmdr bmJV{. gai C^r q^V oQ>H$V
Zmhr; ÂhUyZ q^Vrbm oVa[m CVma X{VmV. `m q^Vr_‹`{ \$Q>r R>{dÎ`mg À`mVyZ oZMË`mM{
[mUr oZKyZ OmV{ AmoU V{W{ PwS[{ dmT>odÎ`mg q^VrMr em{^m dmT>V{. Aer H$m{aS>r q^V
og_|Q>Mm dm[a Z H$aVm EH$_{H$mßda XJS> aMyZ ]mßYVm `{V{. `m q^Vrbm gmYmaU[U{ 23
g|_r. Im{b [m`m ø`mdm. `m H$m{aS>Ám q^Vr_‹`{ AmbH$m{o_bm, A∞brg_, A±S≠>m{g∞g,
Aam]rg, Am_}na`m, Amo]ÉQ>m, H∞$Â[mZwbm, S>m`ßWg, Bam{oS>`_, Am`]{arg, ‚bm∑g,
o‡_wbm, g∞∑gr \´{$O, g{S>_ d g{Â[aÏhrÏh_ Aer AZ{H$ em{o^dßV PwSw>[{ bmdVm `{VmV.
AmH•$Vr 4.5 : XJS>r q^V
4.2.5 H$maßOr
]mJ{Vrb H$maßOr hr V¡k _mUgmH$Sy>Z V`ma H$Í$Z ø`mdrV. H$maß¡`mMr _mohVr
Zgb{Î`m _mUgmZ{ V`ma H{$b{br H$maßOr H$mhr H$mimZ{ ]ßX [S>VmV d AS>MUr oZ_m©U
hm{VmV. [ydu ]mJ{V o]S>mMr ZjrXma H$maßOr dm[arV AgV. Ag{ o]S>mM{ OwZ{ H$maßO{
odH$V o_imÎ`mg ø`md{ AmoU Am[Î`m ]mJ{V ]gdmd{. g‹`m AZ{H$ ‡H$maMr AmYwoZH$
H$maßOr ]mOmamV odH$V o_iVmV. H$maß¡`m¿`m [m `m¿`m hm°XmßZm d{Jd{Jim AmH$ma
X{D$Z À`m_‹`{ H$_i{ dmT>odVm `{VmV.

H$m±H´$sQ> o_lU : 1 ^mJ og_|Q>, 2 ^mJ dmiy, 3 ^mJ IS>r d [wa{g{ [mUr `mßM{ o_lU.
4.4 gmamße
H$m`_¿`m ]mJ]oJ¿`m_‹`{ [m`dmQ>, [m`Ë`m, q^Vr, H$maßOr, [m `mM{ hm°X Ag{
AZ{H$ ‡H$maM{ ]mßYH$m_ H$a `mMr AmdÌ`H$Vm AgV{. ]mJ{_‹`{ H$m±H´$sQ>Mr [m`dmQ>
H$amdr, H$maU Vr oQ>H$mD$ AgyZ oVMr XwÈÒVr H$amdr bmJV Zmhr. `moedm` [m`dmQ>
]mßY `mH$naVm ehm]mXr \$aer, aßJrV XJS>mßM{ VwH$S>{ qH$dm odQ>m dm[aVm `{VmV. ehm]mXr
\$aer¿`m [m`dmQ>{da [woXZm qH$dm BVa PwS>[{ _YyZ_YyZ bmdVm `{VmV. ]mJ{Vrb [m`Ë`m
H$m±H´$sQ>¿`m qH$dm odQ>m d \$aer¿`m ]mßYVm `{VmV. ]mJ{Vrb Oo_Zr¿`m Xm{Z [mVitV
]arM V\$mdV AgÎ`mg da¿`m [mVir¿`m Oo_ZrVrb _mVr dmhˇZ OmD$ Z`{ ÂhUyZ
q^V ]mßYmdr. `m q^Vrda bhmZ em{o^dßV PwS>[{ dmT>odVm `{VmV. H$maßOr V`ma H$aVmZm
V¡k _mUgmßH$Sy>ZM V`ma H$Í$Z ø`mdrV.

1. ]mJ{_‹`{ ododY [m`dmQ>m H$em V`ma H$aVmV `modf`r godÒVa _mohVr
obhm.
2. ]mJ{_‹`{ [m`Ë`m AmoU q^Vr `mß¿`m AmdÌ`H$V{odf`r godÒVa _mohVr
obhm.
3. ]mJ]oJ¿`mVrb ]mßYH$m_mM{ _hŒd odeX H$Í$Z ]mJ{Vrb gm_mZm¿`m
Im{br¿`m AmdÌ`H$V{odf`r godÒVa _mohVr obhm.
4. oQ>[m obhm.
i. ]mJ{Vrb [m`Ë`m
ii. gm_mZmMr Im{br
iii. ]mJ{Vrb H$maßOr
1. "]mJ]oJ¿`mV ]mßYH$m_mM{ _hŒd AZ›`gmYmaU Amh{' Ò[ÓQ> H$am.
2. H$m±H´$sQ>Mr [m`dmQ> H$er V`ma H$aVmV ?
3. ]mJ{Vrb [m`dmQ>{M{ ‡H$ma obhm.
4. ]mJ{Vrb H$maß¡`mßMr AmdÌ`H$Vm Ò[ÓQ> H$am.
5. ]mJ{V XJS>r q^V ]mßY `mMr AmdÌ`H$Vm H$m AgV{ ?
6. ]mJ{H$naVm bmJUma{ ododY ‡H$maM{ gmohÀ` gmR>od `mH$naVm ]mJ{V H$m`
d H$er Ï`dÒWm H$amdr ?>
1. H$m{UVr [m`dmQ> OmÒV oQ>H$mD$ AgV{ ?
(A) XJS>r (B) H$m±H´$sQ>Mr (C) ehm]mXr \$aerMr (D) odQ>mMß r
2. [m`dmQ>{gmR>r ehm]mXr \$aer dm[aÎ`mg _YyZ_YyZ PmS>{ bmd `mgmR>r
H$m{UV{ PwSy>[ bmdmd{ ÂhUO{ hr PwS>[{ [m`mImbr VwS>odbr Var ZwH$gmZ
hm{Uma Zmhr ?
(A) [woXZm (B) Jwbm] (C) P|Sy> (D) A∞ÒQ>a
3. ]mJ{Vrb ‡À`{H$ [màr ........... g|_r.[{jm CßM Agmdr.
(A) 10 (B) 11 (C) 12 (D) 13
4. ]mJ{Vrb ‡À`{H$ [màrg CVma X{VmV. H$maU -
(A) CVa `mg gm{[{ OmV{ (B) Mmb `mg gm{[{ OmV{
(C) PrO H$_r hm{V{ (D) PrO OmÒV hm{V{.
5.$ ]mJ{Vrb q^V OmÒV H$mi oQ>H$mdr ÂhUyZ H$m` H$aVmV ?
(A) gai C^r q^V ]mßYVmV (B) q^Vrbm oVa[m CVma X{VmV
(C) q^Vt_‹`{ \$Q>r R>{dVmV (D) gbJ gai C^r q^V ]mßYVmV
6. [ydu ]mJ{V H$m{UÀ`m YmVyMr ZjrXma H$maßOr dm[aV ?
(A) bm{ISß >mMr (B) Vmß„`mMr (C) o]S>mMr (D) A∞Î`wo_oZA_Mr
7. ]mJ{Vrb q^Vt_‹`{ \$Q>r H$m R>{dVmV ?
(A) AmH$f©H$ oXg `mgmR>r (B) oZMË`mM{ [mUr oZKyZ Omd{ ÂhUyZ
(C) oQ>H$mD$[Um dmT>od `mgmR>r (D) `mß[°H$s Zmhr
8. "pÒ[naQ> b{Ïhb'Mm C[`m{J H$m{UÀ`m ‡H$maMr [m`dmQ> V`ma H$aVmZm H{$bm
OmVm{ ?
(A) odQ>mßMr (B) XJS>r (C) ehm]mXr \$aerMr (D) H$m±H´$sQ>Mr
9. XJS>mß¿`m, \$aer¿`m qH$dm odQ>mß¿`m [m`dmQ>{darb gmß‹`mV og_|Q> H$m
Am{VVmV ?
(A) _O]wVr `mdr ÂhUyZ (B) VU dmTy> Z`{ ÂhUyZ
(C) AmH$f©H$ oXgmd{ ÂhUyZ (D) `mß[°H$s Zmhr
KQ>H$ 5 : ohadirM{ ‡H$ma
AZwH´$_oUH$m
5.1 ‡mÒVmodH$
5.2 odf`-odd{MZ
5.2.1 ohadirM{ ‡H$ma
5.2.2 ohadi V`ma H$aU{
5.2.3 ohadirgmR>r JdVmMr oZdS>
5.2.4 ohadirgmR>r OmJm AmoU Oo_ZrMr oZdS>
5.2.5 ohadirMm AmH$ma
5.2.6 ohadirgmR>r Oo_ZrMr [yd©_emJV
5.2.7 JdVmMr bmdUr AmoU oZJm
5.4 gmamße
5.1 ‡mÒVmodH$
aÀZOoS>V Kambm ohaÏ`m [mMyZ{ Oer em{^m `{V{ Ver ]mJ bhmZ Agm{ qH$dm _m{R>r
Agm{, ohadirZ{ ]mJ{bm em{^m `{V{. H$m{aS>r ^y_r qH$dm XJS>r \$aer[{jm ohadi S>m{iÁmßZm
gwIX dmQ>V{. H$m{aS>r ^y_r qH$dm XJS>r \$aer C›hmV Vm[V{ AmoU dmVmdaUmMr CÓUVm
dmT>odV{. `mCbQ> ohadirZ{ dmVmdaUmV Jmadm oZ_m©U hm{Vm{. ZwgÀ`m ohadirda jUâ
]gmd{g{ dmQ>V{, bm{imd{g{ dmQ>V{ AmoU oXdgâm¿`m l_mßMm WH$dm Kmbdmdmgm dmQ>Vm{.
ÂhUyZ bhmZ ]mJ{V ohadirMr AmdÌ`H$Vm AgV{. gH$mir qH$dm gß‹`mH$mir ohadirda
Iw¿`m© _mßSy>Z H$m°Qw>ßo]H$ Jfl[m _maVm `{VmV.
ohadi _m{R>r AgÎ`mg Vr I{i `mgmR>r, [mQ>ugmR>r AmoU bΩZg_maß^mgmR>r
dm[aVm `{V{. EH$m A_{naH$Z b{IH$mZ{ ÂhQ>b{ Amh{ H$s, "ohadi ÂhUO{ Kam]mh{a¿`m
Im{brVrb JmobMm AgVm{'. ohadirgmR>r _m{R>r OmJm bmJV{, hm EH$ J°ag_O Amh{.
]mJ{Vrb CKS>Ám, _m{H$iÁm OmJ{V ohadi dmT>odVm `{V{. hr OmJm Mm°ag, Jm{bmH$ma,
bß]dVw©imH$ma qH$dm AoZò_V ZmJ_m{S>r gr_{Mr Agy eH$V{. ohadirMr AoZò_V
ZmJ_m{S>r gr_m, g^m{dVmb¿`m \w$bPmS>mßZr AoYH$ IwbyZ oXgV{. ohadirM{ j{Ã\$i
_m{R>{ AgÎ`mg Âm‹`^mJr EImX{ Zmdr›`[yU© PmS> qH$dm \w$bmßMm VmQ>dm R>{dVm `{Vm{.
ohadirM{ ‡H$ma _mhrV hm{Vrb.
ohadi V`ma H$a `m¿`m ododY [’Vr _mohVr hm{Vrb.
]mJ{V ohadi V`ma H$aVm `{B©b.
5.2 odf`-odd{MZ
5.2.1 ohadirM{ ‡H$ma
ohadirM{ gmYmaUV: VrZ ‡H$ma AgVmV - (1) em{o^dßV ohadi, (2) Z{h_r¿`m
dm[amMr ohadi, (3) odZmJdVmMr ohadi.
(1) em{o^dßV ohadi : ZmOyH$ JdVmMr _I_br ohadi H{$di bmß]yZ
]K `mgmR>r `m{Ω` AgV{. hr ohadi IMuH$ AgyZ [m`mImbr VwS>od `m¿`m H$m_mMr
ZgV{. `m ohadirgmR>r "\{$ÒQw>H$m' qH$dm "]|Q>-J´mg' (A∞J´m{ÒQ>rg) h{ JdV dm[aVmV.
JXuZ{ qH$dm dX©irZ{ hr ohadi Iam] hm{V{.
(2) Z{h_r¿`m dm[amMr ohadi : `m ohadirM{ JdV OmS>{âS>{ AgV{. _wbmßM{
I{iU{, ]mJS>U{, MmbU{ `m Jm{ÓQ>r hr ohadi ghZ H$Í$ eH$V{. `moedm` hr ohadi
V`ma H$a `mH$naVm IM© H$_r `{Vm{. [aßVw `m ohadirM{ JdV P[mQ>ÁmZ{ dmT>V AgÎ`mZ{
À`mMr dmaßdma N>mQ>Ur H$amdr bmJV{.
‡À`jmV ]mJ{V ohadi V`ma H$a `m[ydu Am[bm ohadirMm C‘{e oZpÌMV H$amdm
AmoU À`mZßVa darb[°H$s EH$m ohadir¿`m ‡H$mamMr oZdS> H$amdr.
(3) odZmJdVmMr ohadi : `m ‡H$mamV ohadirV JdV ZgyZ ohaÏ`mJma dZÒ[Vr
(CXmhaUmW©, Mm_m{_rb-Mm_m_{b_ Zm{]rb) AgVmV. `m dZÒ[Vt_wi{ O_rZ PmH$br
OmV{ d hr ohadi ‡{jUr` oXgV{. Xaam{O¿`m dm[amgmR>r hr ohadi `m{Ω` ZgV{. `m
ohadirda MmbVmZm [mZ{ MwaJiÎ`mg Jm{S> gwJßY hd{V XadiVm{. [aßVw gVV MmbÎ`mZ{
hr ohadi Iam] hm{V{. `m ohadir¿`m _‹`^mJr [wVim C^maU{ AoYH$ `m{Ω` AgV{.
5.2.2 ohadi V`ma H$aU{
(1) JdVm¿`m o]`mßMr [{aUr : _emJV H$Í$Z V`ma H{$b{Î`m g[mQ> Oo_ZrV
JdVm¿`m o]`mßMr [{aUr H$aVmV. g_mZ [{aUr H$a `mgmR>r ohadir¿`m gß[yU© OmJ{Mr
bhmZ [≈>rV od^mJUr H$aVmV. IwßQ>Ám R>m{Hy$Z IwßQ>ÁmßZm Xm{Ë`m ]mßYyZ flbm∞Q>Mr od^mJUr
H$aVmV. ‡À`{H$ [≈>rV JdVmM{ ]r \{$Hy$Z [{aUr H$aVmV. C›hmiÁmV O_rZ V`ma H{$Î`mg
VUmßM{ oZ`ßÃU hm{V{ AmoU [mdgmiÁm¿`m gwÈdmVrbm ]r [{aVm `{V{. ohadi V`ma
H$a `mgmR>r Xa h{∑Q>ar 30 oH$bm{ JdVmM{ ]r bmJV{. XmßVmiÁmZ{ (a{H$) ]r _mVrV
o_giyZ À`mda Í$i (am{ba) o\$aodVmV AmoU \$dmË`mZ{ [mUr X{VmV. `m_wi{ [m `mM{
IiJ{$ [S>V ZmhrV. gmYmaUV: 3 V{ 5 AmR>dS>ÁmßV JdVmM{ ]r CJdV{. [mD$g Z
[S>Î`mg ohadirbm oZò_V[U{ [mUr ⁄md{. JdVmMr CßMr 4 g|_r. dmT>Î`mZßVa `m
JdVmVrb VU hmVmZ{ C[Qy>Z H$mT>md{ d hbH$s H$m[Ur H$amdr. `mZßVa JdVmdÍ$Z
hbH$m Í$i o\$admdm. À`m_wi{ JdVmMr g_mZ dmT> hm{V{. hmVmZ{ EH$Xm qH$dm Xm{ZXm
H$m[Ur H{$Î`mZßVa, H$m[Ur `ßÃm¿`m (_m{da) gmhmÊ`mZ{ JdVmMr H$m[Ur H$amdr AmoU
Í$i o\$admdm. ¡`m oR>H$mUr JdV CJdb{b{ Zg{b Aem naH$mÂ`m OmJ{V [w›hm JdVmM{
]r [{amd{.
(2) JdVm¿`m _wiÁmßMr bmdUr : ohadi V`ma H$a `mgmR>r JdVm¿`m _wiÁm
Jm{im H$Í$Z 4 V{ 6 g|_r. bmß] VwH$S>{ H$amd{V. V`ma H{$b{Î`m Am{Î`m Oo_ZrV 10 V{
$15 g|_r. AßVamda hmVmZ{ _wiÁmß¿`m VwH$S>ÁmßMr bmdUr H$amdr. À`mda hbH$m Í$i
o\$adyZ JdVmbm _wi{ \w$Q>{[`™V oZò_V[U{ [mUr ⁄md{. H$mhr AmR>dS>ÁmßZßVa JdV
H$m[Urg V`ma hm{V{. gmYmaU[U{ 5 V{ 6 _oh›`mß¿`m H$mbmdYrV K≈> d g_mZ CßMrMr
ohadi V`ma hm{V{.

(3) Q>\©$ : H$m{H$UmV Omß‰`m XJS>m¿`m oeim H$mTy>Z ]mßYH$m_mgmR>r dm[aVmV,
À`mM‡_mU{ ohadir¿`m OmJ{Vrb _mVrgh JdVmM{ Mm°H$m{Zr „bm∞H$ H$mT>VmV. À`mßZm
Q>\©$ Ag{ ÂhUVmV. Q>\©$ V`ma H{$b{Î`m Oo_Zrda \$aer‡_mU{ EH$_{H$me{Omar gai a{f{V
]gdVmV. `m Xm{Z „bm∞H$_‹`{ \$Q> R>{dV ZmhrV. `m‡_mU{ Q>\©$Mr _mßS>Ur H{$Î`mZßVa
À`mda gw[rH$ _mVr [gÍ$Z ]´ÌmZ{ „bm∞H$_Yrb \$Q>t_‹`{ âVmV. À`mZßVa „bm∞H$da \$ir
R>{dyZ [m`mZ{ Xm]yZ g[mQ> H$aVmV qH$dm Í$i o\$adyZ g[mQ> H$aVmV AmoU [mUr KmbVmV.
`m‡_mU{ ZdrZ ohadi Wm{S>Ám AdYrV V`ma H$aVm `{V{. [aßVw `m [’VrZ{ ohadi H$a `mMm
IM© OmÒV hm{Vm{. `moedm` `m ‡H$maM{ JdVmM{ „bm∞H$ (Q>\©$) o_iU{hr _wÓH$sb AgV{.
(4) Q>\©$Mm b{[ : `m [’VrZ{ ohadi V`ma H$a `mgmR>r gwÈdmVrbm hair¿`m
_wiÁmßM{ 2 V{ 4 g|_r. bmß]rM{ VwH$S>{ H$Í$Z ø`md{V. EH$m S≠>__‹`{ h{ _wiÁmßM{ VwH$S>{ 2
^mJ, 1 ^mJ Hw$Ob{b{ IV, 1 ^mJ VmO{ e{U, 1 ^mJ _mVr `mß¿`m o_lUmV [mUr
Am{VyZ T>diyZ e{UH$mbm V`ma H$amdm. ohadirgmR>r V`ma H{$b{br O_rZ Am{br H$Í$Z
À`mda gS>m qe[Î`m‡_mU{ darb o_lU [gadVmV. `m Oo_ZrV Am{bmdm oQ>H$od `mH$naVm
OmS>{âS>{ e{UIV d _mVr¿`m o_lUmM{ Am¿N>mXZ [gadVmV. Xm{Z oXdgmßZßVa [mD$g
[S>bm Zmhr Va `m Oo_Zrbm [mUr ⁄md{. _wiÁmß¿`m VwH$S>Ám[mgyZ 15 oXdgmßV JdV
dmT>V{. À`mZßVa oZò_V[U{ JdV H$m[U{, Í$i o\$aodU{ d [mUr X{U{ hr H$m_{ H$amdr
ÂhUO{ ohadi K≈> V`ma hm{V{.
XwgË`m [’VrV JdVm¿`m Im{S>mM{ bhmZ VwH$S>{ H$Í$Z V`ma H{$b{Î`m Oo_Zrda
g_mZ [gadyZ X{VmV. À`mda _mVr AmoU dmiyM{ o_lU [mVi WamV [gadyZ hbH$m
Í$i o\$aodVmV d oZò_V AßVamZ{ [mUr X{VmV. `m [’VrZ{ [mdgmiÁmV ZdrZ ohadi
V`ma H$aVmV.
5.2.3 ohadirgmR>r JdVmMr oZdS>
JdVmM{ Xm{Z JQ> [S>VmV : (1) WßS> hdm_mZmV dmT>Uma{ JdV (Vm[_mZ 15 V{
24 Aße g{pÎgAg) AmoU (2) CÓU d g_erVm{ÓU hdm_mZmV dmT>Uma{ JdV (Vm[_mZ
26 V{ 35 Aß e g{ p ÎgAg). CXmhaUmW© , hair (]_w © S > m JdV). ohadirgmR> r
hdm_mZm‡_mU{ JdVmMr oZdS> H$amdr.

^maVr` [napÒWVrV ohadirgmR>r gm_m›`[U{ hair qH$dm Sy>]J´mg qH$dm ]_w©S>m
JdV (gm`Zm{S>m∞Z S>∞p∑Q>bm∞Z) dm[aVmV. h{ JdV CÓU hdm_mZmV AmoU gy`©‡H$memV
P[mQ>ÁmZ{ dmT>V{. h{ JdV H$mQ>H$ AgyZ dmaßdma H$m[Urbm MmßJbm ‡oVgmX X{V{. `moedm`
[wT>rb JdVmßMm ohadi V`ma H$a `mgmR>r C[`m{J H{$bm OmVm{ :
(1) Ym_U qH$dm AßOZ (g|H´$g ogobAmarg),
(2) ]agr_ (Q≠>m`\$m{ob`_ Ab{∑PmßoS≠>Z_),
(3) ÏhmB©Q> ∑bm{Ïha (Q≠>m`\$m{ob`_ na[{›g),
(4) oZi{ JdV qH$dm „Î`y J´mg,
(5) oMZr JdV qH$dm Mm`Zm J´mg.
5.2.4 ohadirgmR>r OmJm AmoU Oo_ZrMr oZdS>
ohadi V`ma H$a `mMr OmJm oXdgm¿`m [yU© gy`©‡H$memV Agmdr. _m{R>Ám
PmS>m¿`m gmdbrVrb OmJm ohadirgmR>r oZdSy> Z`{. H$maU PmS>mMr [mZ{ JiyZ ohadirda
[gaVmV AmoU ohadi _brZ d Hw$Í$[ oXgV{. Kam¿`m AmdmamV ohadi V`ma H$amd`mMr
AgÎ`mg Kam¿`m XojU ]mOyMr OmJm oZdS>mdr. V{ e∑` ZgÎ`mg ohadirMr OmJm
oH$_mZ XojU-[yd© qH$dm XojU-[pÌM_ oXe{bm Agmdr. ohadirgmR>r oZdS>b{br OmJm
MmßJbm oZMam hm{Umar Agmdr, [mUr gmMyZ amhUmar Zgmdr.
ohadirgmR>r [•ÓR>^mJmMr O_rZ hr [m{`Q>m`w∑V Agmdr d oH$_mZ 15 V{ 20
g|_r. Im{b Agmdr. Oo_ZrMm C[Wa [mUr YÍ$Z R>{dUmam AmoU OmÒVr¿`m [m `mMm
oZMam H$aUmam Agmdm. O_rZ hbH$s qH$dm IS>H$mi AgÎ`mg À`m Oo_Zrda
VbmdmVrb Jmi, e{UIV d ]marH$ dmiyM{ o_lU [gamd{. ohadirgmR>r O_rZ qH$oMV
AmÂb`w∑V (gm_y 5.5 V{ 6) Agmdr. Aem Oo_ZrV ohadirM{ JdV MmßJb{ dmT>V{.
5.2.5 ohadirMm AmH$ma
]mJ{Vrb C[b„Y OmJ{‡_mU{ ohadirMm AmH$ma AmoU j{Ã\$i R>{dmd{ bmJV{.
gmd©OoZH$ ]oJ¿`mVrb AmoU I{im¿`m _°XmZmVrb ohadirM{ j{Ã\$i _m{R>{ AgV{.
ohadir¿`m gr_{da dmof©H$, o¤dmof©H$ qH$dm ]h˛dmof©H$ \w$bPmS>mßM{ VmQ>d{ Agmd{V.
À`mZßVa PwS>[{ AmoU R>|JUr PmS>{ AgmdrV. `m gdm™Mm CÀH•$ÓQ> g_›d` gmY `mV `mdm.
ohadir¿`m OmJ{Mm AmH$ma Mm°ag, Mm°H$m{Zr, Jm{bmH$ma, bß]dVw©imH$ma qH$dm AoZò_V
AgVm{.
5.2.6 ohadirgmR>r Oo_ZrMr [yd©_emJV
ohadirgmR>r Oo_Zr V`ma H$aVmZm CŒm_ _emJV H$a `mMr AmdÌ`H$Vm AgV{.
_emJVr_‹`{ amohb{Î`m MwH$m ZßVa gwYmaVm `{V ZmhrV. C›hmiÁmV _mM©-Eo‡b _oh›`mV
O_rZ oH$_mZ 45 g|oQ>_rQ>a Im{b Im{XyZ K{D$Z XJS>Jm{Q>{ d PmS>mß¿`m _wiÁm d{MyZ
ø`mÏ`mV AmoU O_rZ C›hmV Vm[y ⁄mdr. À`m_wi{ VU d Oo_ZrVrb oH$S>tMm Zm`ZmQ>
hm{Vm{. _m›gyZ[yd© AH$mbr [mdgmZ{ T>{H$i{ \w$Q>VmV. `mZßVa dIaUr (Hw$idUr) H$Í$Z
O_rZ ^wg^werV H$Í$Z ø`mdr. `m Oo_Zrda \$ir o\$adyZ O_rZ g[mQ> H$amdr AmoU
100 Mm°ag _rQ>a OmJ{V 500 oH$bm{ MmßJb{ Hw$Ob{b{ VUodaohV e{UIV o_gimd{. `m
e{UIVmV ]marH$ dmiy o_gimdr. Im{bJQ> OmJm _mVr ^Í$Z ]wOdmdr AmoU À`mda
hbH$m Í$i o\$admdm. [mdgmiÁm¿`m Xm{Z qH$dm VrZ gar [S>Î`mZßVa hr O_rZ ohadi
bmd `mgmR>r V`ma hm{V{. `m Oo_Zrda Im{bJQ> OmJm oXgÎ`mg _mVr AmoU dmiy¿`m
o_lUmZ{ Vr ^Í$Z ø`mdr.
CŒm_ ohadi V`ma H$a `mgmR> r O_rZ g[mQ> AgU{ AmdÌ`H$ AgV{ .
_‹`^mJmH$Sy>Z gr_{¿`m oXe{Z{ CVma AgÎ`mg CŒm_ AgV{. H$maU À`m_wi{ _wgiYma
[mdgmM{ [mUr dmhˇZ OmV{. ohadirMr O_rZ oMH$Q> Zgmdr. `moedm` `m Oo_ZrVrb
[m `mMm MmßJbm oZMam hm{U{ AmdÌ`H$ AgV{. À`mgmR>r _m{R>Ám ohadir¿`m Oo_ZrImbr
oZMË`mM{ Zi JmS>md{V.
5.2.7 JdVmMr bmdUr AmoU oZJm
V`ma H{$b{Î`m Oo_ZrV ohadi V`ma H$a `m¿`m H$m{UÀ`mhr EH$m [’VrZ{ JdVmMr
bmdUr H$amdr. ohadir¿`m gr_{da XJS> qH$dm odQ>m ]gdmÏ`mV ÂhUO{ gr_{]mh{a
JdVmMr dmT> hm{Uma Zmhr. Ver dmT> Pmb{br oXgÎ`mg JdVmMr N>mQ>Ur H$amdr. V`ma
H{$b{Î`m ohadirMr Imbrb ‡H$ma{ H$miOr ø`mdr :
(1) ohadir¿`m OmJ{V _m{H$im [≈>m oXgÎ`mg V{W{ ZdrZ JdVm¿`m _wiÁm
bmÏmmÏ`mV AmoU Am¿N>mXZ H$amd{.
AmH$•Vr 5.1 : ohadir¿`m gr_{Mr N>mQ>Ur
(2) ohadirda MmbÎ`mg, I{iÎ`mg AmoU JdVmMr H$m[Ur H$a `mM{ `ßÃ
gVV MmbodÎ`mg ohadirImbMr O_rZ K≈> ]ZV{. Aem d{ir \$m{H©$¿`m
gmhmÊ`mZ{ Oo_ZrV ^m{H{$ [mS>mdrV.
(3) ohadirda VU oXgVmM V{ hmVmZ{ C[Qy>Z Q>mH$md{.
AmH$•Vr 5.2 : ImS>{ âU{ AmH$•Vr 5.3 : \$m{H©$Z{ ^m{H{$ [mS>U{

(4) ohadirbm R>amdrH$ oXdgmß¿`m AßVamZ{ oZò_V [mUr ⁄md{. [mUr X{VmZm
oH$_mZ 25 g|_r. Im{br[`™V O_rZ oÔbr [mohO{. [mdgm¿`m [m `mZ{
O_rZ oÔÎ`mg [mUr X{ `mMr JaO ZgV{.
(5) _oh›`mVyZ oH$_mZ EH$Xm Var ohadir¿`m JdVmMr H$m[Ur `ßÃmZ{ H$amdr
AmoU À`mdÍ$Z Í$i o\$admdm. À`m_wi{ XmQ> _I_br ohadi V`ma hm{V{.
JdV H$m[ `mMr `ßÃ{ (_m{da) ogqbS>a Q>mB©[ AmoU am{Q>ar Q>mB©[ Aem Xm{Z
‡H$maMr AgVmV. ogqbS>a Q>mB©[ `ßÃ hmVmZ{ Mmbdmd{ bmJV{, Va am{Q>ar
Q>mB©[ `ßÃ h{ _m{Q>aZ{ MmbV{.
(6) _oh›`mVyZ EH$Xm ohadirbm –dÍ$[ IV ⁄md{. À`mgmR>r 10 brQ>a [m `mV
90 J´∞_ A_m{oZ`_ gÎ\{$Q> odaKidmd{ qH$dm A_m{oZ`_ gÎ\{$Q> 2 ^mJ,
gw[a \$m∞Ò\{$Q> 1 ^mJ AmoU Â`wa{Q> Am∞\$ [m{Q>∞e 1 ^mJ `mßM{ o_lU V`ma
H$Í$Z 10 brQ>a [m `mV 90 J´∞_ o_giyZ ohadir¿`m JdVmda \$dmaUr
H$amdr.
(7) [mdgmim gwÍ$ hm{ `m[ydu dfm©VyZ EH$Xm ohadirda XmßVmi{ (a{H$) o\$admd{
AmoU ]marH$ dmiy d e{UIV `mßM{ 2:1 ‡_mUmVrb o_lU Oo_Zrda
[mVi [gamd{.
(8) dmidr, bmb d H$miÁm _wßΩ`m AWdm _wßJi{ `mß¿`m[mgyZ ohadirMr OmJm
_w∑V R>{dmdr. À`mgmR>r ]rEMgrMr ^wH$Q>r Ywaimdr.

Q>\$©$ : JdVm¿`m _wiÁmß¿`m MQ>B©Z{ Ï`m[b{bm Oo_ZrMm [•ÓR>^mJ.
bm∞Z : ]mJ{Vrb ohadi.
bm∞Z _m{da : ohadirM{ JdV H$m[UrM{ `ßÃ.
5.4 gmamße
bhmZ_m{R>Ám ]oJ¿`mßV ohadirMr AÀ`ßV AmdÌ`H$Vm AgV{. ohadirM{ em{o^dßV
ohadi AmoU Z{h_r¿`m dm[amMr ohadi Ag{ _wª` Xm{Z ‡H$ma [S>VmV. odZmJdVmMr
ohadi hmX{Irb ohadirMm ‡H$ma Amh{. ohadi ÂhUO{ Kam]mh{a¿`m Im{brVrb JmobMm
AgVm{. ohadirMm Mm°H$m{Zr, Jm{bmH$ma, bß]dVw©imH$ma AmoU AoZò_V Agm AmH$ma
AgVm{. JdVm¿`m o]`mßMr [{aUr H$Í$Z, JdVm¿`m _wiÁmßMr bmdUr H$Í$Z, Q>\©$ AmoU

Q>\©$Mm b{[ [gadyZ ohadi V`ma H$aVm `{V{. ^maVr` ohadirH$naVm hair, Ym_U qH$dm
AßOZ, ]agr_, ÏhmB©Q> ∑bm{Ïha, oZi{ JdV d oMZr JdV `mßMm C[`m{J H$aVmV. ohadirMr
OmJm ‡m_wª`mZ{ Kam¿`m XojU oXe{bm [aßVw [yU©[U{ gy`©‡H$memV Agmdr. [m{`Q>m`w∑V
qH$oMV AmÂb O_rZ ohadir¿`m dmT>rgmR>r `m{Ω` AgV{. ohadir¿`m Oo_Zrdarb
C[Wa [mUr YÍ$Z R> { d Umam AmoU OmÒVr¿`m [m `mMm oZMam hm{ U mam Agmdm.
ohadirgmR>r Oo_ZrMr [yd©_emJV H$Í$Z O_rZ g[mQ> H{$Î`mZßVa [mdgmiÁm¿`m
gwÈdmVrbm ohadir¿`m JdVmMr bmJdS> H$amdr. em{o^dßV ohadirMr Iy[ oZJm R>{dmdr
bmJV{. –dÍ$[ IV{, JdVmMr H$m[Ur, Í$i o\$aodU{, [mUr X{U{, oH$S>tM{ oZ`ßÃU H$aU{
hr H$m_{ oZò_V[U{ H$amdrV.

5.5.1Imbrb ‡ÌZmßMr CŒma{ godÒVa obhm.
1. ohadi V`ma H$a `m¿`m [’Vtodf`r godÒVa _mohVr obhm.
2. ohadi V`ma H{$Î`mZßVa oVMr H$m{UVr H$miOr K{VmV, `modf`r _mohVr
obhm.
3. ohadirgmR>r H$m{UÀ`m JdVmMr oZdS> H$amdr ? ohadirMm AmH$ma H$gm
Agmdm.
4. ohadirM{ ‡H$ma gmßJyZ CXmhaUmghrV Ò[ÓQ>rH$aU ⁄m. ohadirgmR>r
bmd `mV `{UmË`m H$m{UÀ`mhr [mM JdVmMr Zmd{ obhm.
1. ohadi V`ma H$a `mgmR>r JdVm¿`m o]`mßMr [{aUr H$er H$amdr ?
2. ohadi ÂhUO{ H$m` ? C⁄mZmVrb ohadirM{ _hŒd Ò[ÓQ> H$am.
3. ohadi V`ma H$a `mgmR>r H$m{UVr O_rZ oZdS>mdr ?
4. ohadirMr oZJm H$er R>{dmdr ?
5. Q>r[ obhm. - "Q>\©$Mm b{['.
6. ohadirgmR>r Oo_ZrMr [yd©_emJV H$em‡H$ma{ H$amdr ?
7. oQ>[m obhm :
i. ohadirgmR>r JdVm¿`m _wiÁmßMr bmdUr
ii. Q>\©$
8. \$aH$ Ò[ÓQ> H$am - Q>\©$ AmoU Q>\©$ b{[
1. ohadi V`ma H$a `mgmR>r _hmamÓQ≠>mV H$m{UV{ JdV gdm™V OmÒV C[`m{Jr
AgyZ À`mMm dm[a gdm©oYH$ hm{Vm{ ?
(A) hair (B) AßOZ (C) ]agr_ (D) Mm`Zm J´mg
2. ohadi bmdÎ`mda _oh›`mVyZ H$m{UV{ H$m_ EH$Xm H$aU{ AmdÌ`H$ Amh{ ?
(A) IV{ X{U{ d qZXUr H$aU{ (B) _mVrMr â X{U{ d Iwa[Ur H$aU{
(C) `ßÃmZ{ JdVmMr H$m[Ur H$Í$Z À`mda Í$i o\$adU{
(D) H$rQ>H$ZmeH$mMr ^wH$Q>r YwaiU{
3. ]mJ{_‹`{ em{o^dßV ohadi V`ma H$a `mgmR>r H$m{UÀ`m JdVmMm dm[a
H$aVmV ?
(A) AßOZ (B) ]agr_ (C) ]|Q>-J´mg (D) Mm`Zm J´mg
4. Imbrb[°H$s H$m{UVr ohadi OmÒV IMuH$ AgyZ H{$di bmß]yZ ]K `mgmR>r
`m{Ω` AgV{ ?
(A) Z{h_r¿`m dm[amMr ohadi (B) em{o^dßV ohadi
(C) odZmJdVmMr ohadi (D) `mß[°H$s Zmhr
5. H$m{UÀ`m ‡H$ma¿`m ohadirV JdV P[mQ>ÁmZ{ dmT>V AgÎ`mZ{ À`mMr
dmaßdma N>mQ>Ur H$amdr bmJV{ ?
(A) Z{h_r¿`m dm[amMr ohadi (B) em{o^dßV ohadi
(C) odZmJdVmMr ohadi (D) darb VrZhr ‡H$maMr ohadi
6. odZmJdVmMr ohadi V`ma H$a `mgmR>r Imbrb[°H$s H$m{UVm KQ>H$ C[`w∑V
Amh{ ?
(A) ]|Q>-J´mg (B) \{$ÒQw>H$m
(C) Mm_m{_rb-Mm_m_{b_ Zm{]rb (D) hair
7. ohadi V`ma H$a `mgmR>r h{∑Q>ar oH$Vr oH$bm{ JdVmM{ o]`mU{ bmJV{ ?
(A) 10 (B) 30 (C) 50 (D) 70
8. JdVmMr H$m[Ur H$a `mgmR>r H$emMm dm[a H$aVmV ?
(A) a{H$ (B) am{ba (C) „bm{Aa (D) _m{da
9. ohadir¿`m OmJ{Vrb _mVrgh JdVmM{ Mm°H$m{Zr „bm∞H$ H$mTy>Z gai a{f{V
]gdVmV. `m [’VrZ{ bmJdS H$m{UÀ`m ‡H$mamV H$aVmV ?
(A) Q>\©$ (B) Q>\©$Mm b{[
(C) JdVm¿`m _wiÁmßMr bmdUr (D) „bm∞H$
10. H$m{UÀ`m JdVmbm ]_w©S>m JdV Ag{hr ÂhUVmV ?
(A) AßOZ (B) ]agr_ (C) hair (D) Mm`Zm J´mg
11. H$m{UV{ JdV ohadi V`ma H$a `mgmR>r dm[aV ZmhrV ?
(A) AßOZ (B) bgyUJ´mg (C) „Î`y J´mg (D) Mm`Zm J´mg
12. Kam¿`m AmdmamV ohadi V`ma H$amd`mMr AgÎ`mg Kam¿`m H$m{UÀ`m
]mOyMr OmJm oZdS>U{ gdm™V `m{Ω` AgV{ ?
(A) [yd© (B) [pÌM_ (C) XojU (D) CŒma.

KQ>H$ 6 : ]mJ{Vrc PwS>[mßM{ ‡H$ma
AZwH´$_oUH$m
6.1 ‡mÒVmodH$
6.2 odf`-odd{MZ
6.2.1 PmS> AmoU PwSy>[ `mßVrc \$aH$
6.2.2 ]mJ{Vrc PwS>[mßM{ _hŒd
6.2.3 ]mJ{Vrc PwS>[mßM{ ‡H$ma
6.2.4 PwS>[mßMr oZdS>, Ao^d•’r AmoU oZJm
6.2.5 ]mJ{_‹`{ cmdm`Mr _hŒdmMr PwS>[{
6.4 gmamße
6.1 ‡mÒVmodH$
]mJ-]oJ¿`m_‹`{ AZ{H$ ‡H$maMr em{o^dßV [mZm{iÁmMr AmoU gwßXa \w$cmßMr
_m{R>r PmS>{ (d•j) Vg{M PwS>[{ cmdVmV. _m{R>Ám PmS>mH$naVm OmÒV OmJm cmJV{. À`m_wi{
\$∑V _m{R>Ám ]mJ-]oJ¿`mßV hr PmS>{ cmdU{ e∑` hm{V{. _mÃ PwS>[{ chmZ AmH$mamMr
AgÎ`m_wi{ chmZ-_m{R>Ám gd© ‡H$ma¿`m ]mJ{V cmdU{ ghO e∑` hm{V{. ]mJ{V
cmd `mgmR>r PwS>[mßM{ Agßª` ‡H$ma C[c„Y Amh{V. À`mVyZ Am[Î`m [gßVrMr PwS>[{
]mJ{V cmd `mgmR>r oZdS>Vm `{VmV. ]mJ{gmR>r PwS>[mßMr oZdS> H$aVmZm Am[cm C‘{e
Ò[Ô> Agmdm. H$mhr OUmßZm gH$mir X{d[yO{gmR>r Xaam{O \w$c{ cmJVmV Va H$mhtZm
\w$cXmUrV R>{d `mgmR>r \w$c{ cmJVmV. ]h˛V{H$ ^maVr`mßZm gwJßYr \w$c{ AmdS>VmV, Va
[mpÌM_mÀ` cm{H$mßZm gwJßYm[{jm \w$cmßMm AmH$ma d aßJ AoYH$ AmdS>Vm{. H$mhtZm em{o^dßV
[mZmßMr PwS>[{ AmdS>VmV. `moedm` oZÀ`m¿`m KaJwVr Am°fYtgmR>r cmJUmar Vwig,
g„Om, d{IßS>, JdVr Mhm, ogQ≠>m{Z{cm, ASw>igm, dmdqS>J, BÀ`mXr PwS>[{ ]mJ{V cmdVmV.
`m KQ>H$m¿`m A‰`mgmZßVa Am[Î`mcm -
PmS> AmoU PwSy>[ `mß_Yrc \$aH$ g_O{c.
]mJ{Vrc PwS>[mß¿`m ododY ‡H$mamßMr _mohVr hm{B©c.
PwS>[mßMr Ao^d•’r H$er H$amdr h{ g_O{c.
]mJ{gmR>r PwS>[mßMr oZdS> H$aVm `{B©c.
6.2 odf`-odd{MZ
6.2.1 PmS> AmoU PwSy>[ `mßVrc \$aH$
gßÒH•$V_‹`{ PwS>[mcm "jw[' AmoU BßJÓrV "e´]' Ag{ ÂhUVmV. gd©gmYmaU[U{
PmS> AmoU PwSy>[ `mßVrc \$aH$ À`mß¿`m AmH$mamdÍ$Z (chmZ-_m{R>{) H{$cm OmVm{. _mÃ
PwS>[mEdT>r R>|JUr PmS>{ Agy eH$VmV. À`m_wi{ AmH$mamdÍ$Z PmS> AmoU PwSy>[ `mßVrc
\$aH$ Ò[Ô> hm{V Zmhr. PmS> h{ EH$m Im{S>mda N>ÃrgmaI{ C^{ AgV{ Va PwS>[mcm Oo_ZrV
EH$m OmJ{VyZ AZ{H$ Im{S>{ `{VmV. `m Im{S>mßMr CßMr g_mZ AgV{. PmS>m¿`m ]m]VrV [yU©
PmS>mMm ^ma EH$m _wª` Im{S>mda AgVm{.
PmS> AmoU PwSy>[ `mßVrc hm \$aH$ g_OÎ`mZßVa À`mß¿`m dmT>r¿`m gd`r g_OVmV.
À`m‡_mU{ À`mßMr oZJm amImVm `{V{. PwS>[mcm diU X{D$Z N>mQ>Ur H$Í$Z `m{Ω` AmH$ma
X{Vm `{Vm{.
6.2.2 ]mJ{Vrc PwS>[mßM{ _hŒd
_m{R>Ám ]mJ-]oJ¿`mßV PmS>{ dmT> `mH$naVm â[ya OmJm AgV{. [aßVw chmZ ]mJ{V
OmJ{¿`m Q>ßMmB©_wi{ PwS>[mßZm OmÒV _hŒd AgV{. PwS>[m_wi{ ]mJ{cm em{^m `{V{. EH$Q>{
PwSy>[ qH$dm g_yhmVrc PwS>[mß_wi{ chmZ ]mJm AoVe` gwßXa oXgVmV. À`m_wi{ hßJm_r
\w$cPmS>mßZm AmoU ohadircm gwßXa [mÌd©^y_r o_iV{. ohadir¿`m gr_{da PwS>[{ N>mZ
oXgVmV. ]mJ{V PwS>[mßMm Hwß$[UmgmaIm dm[a H$Í$Z ]mJ{Mr od^mJUr H$aVm `{V{. CßM
dmT>UmË`m PwS>[mß_wi{ Om{amZ{ dmhUmË`m CÓU dmË`mß[mgyZ ZmOyH$ \w$cPmS>mßM{ gßajU
H$aVm `{V{. ]mJ{_Yrc Jwcm], VJa, gm`cr, A]m{cr, OmÒdßX, BÀ`mXr PwS>[mßMr \w$c{
X{d[yOm, hma, d{ `m, Jw¿N> AmoU \w$cXmUrV R>{d `mgmR>r C[`m{J [S>VmV.
6.2.3 ]mJ{Vrc PwS>[mßM{ ‡H$ma
PwS>[mßM{ _wª` Xm{Z ‡H$ma Amh{V ï (1) [mZJirMr PwS>[{ AmoU (2) gXmhnaV
PwS>[{.
(1) [mZJirMr PwS>[{
[mZJir¿`m PwS>[mßZm gwdmogH$ \w$c{ cmJV AgÎ`m_wi{ À`mßZm ]mJ{V _hŒdmM{
ÒWmZ AgV{. [mZJi PmÎ`mZßVa AmoU N>mQ>Ur H{$Î`mZßVa hr PwS>[{ od–z[ oXgVmV.
_mÃ ZdrZ [mcdr AmÎ`mZßVa hr PwS>[{ [w›hm gwßXa oXgVmV. `m PwS>[mßMr Jimc{cr [mZ{
Oo_Zrda [S>c{cr AgVmV. hr [mZ{ gVV PmSy>Z Jm{im H$amdr cmJVmV. `m_wi{ l_
dmT>VmV. [aßVw `mM [mZmß[mgyZ MmßJÎ`m ‡H$maM{ IV V`ma H$aVm `{V{.
(2) gXmhnaV PwS>[{
gXmhnaV ‡H$maMr PwS>[{ ohaÏ`m [mZm{iÁm_wi{ df©â ohadrJX© oXgVmV. `m
‡H$mamVrc PwS>[mßMr [mZJi hm{V ZgÎ`m_wi{ hr PwS>[{ df©â gwßXa oXgVmV.
]mJ{Vrc PwS>[mßM{ dJuH$aU [wT>rc‡_mU{ H$aVmV ï (1) \w$c{ `{Umar PwS>[{,
(2) [mZmßMr PwS>[{.
(1) \w$c{ `{Umar PwS>[{ ï \w$c{ `{UmË`m PwS>[mßM{ Xm{Z ‡H$ma [S>VmV ï (1) gwJßYr
\w$cmßMr PwS>[{, (2) ododY aßJmß¿`m gwdmg Zgc{Î`m \w$cmßMr PwS>[{. ^maVr`mßZm Mß[m
(Mm\$m), M_{cr AmoU amVamUr `mßgmaª`m gwJßYr \w$cmßMr PwS>[{ OmÒV AmdS>VmV.
`wam{[-A_{naH{$Vrc cm{H$mßZm hm gwJßY Vrd´ dmQ>Vm{. À`m_wi{ V{Wrc cm{H$ ododYaßJr _mÃ
\$magm gwdmg Zgc{Î`m \w$cmßMr PwS>[{ ode{f [gßV H$aVmV. CXmhaUmW©, Jwcm], J{cmoS>©`m.
(2) [mZmßMr PwS>[{ ï `m ‡H$mamVrc PwS>[mßMr [mZ{ gwa{I AgyZ Vr ododY
AmH$mamßMr d aßJmßMr AgVmV. `moedm` [mZmßda ododY aßJmß¿`m N>Q>m AmoU oR>[H{$
AgVmV.
6.2.4 PwS>[mßMr oZdS>, Ao^d•’r AmoU oZJm
(1) PwS>[mßMr oZdS>
]mJ{gmR>r PwS>[mßMr oZdS> H$aVmZm Imcrc ]m]r cjmV ø`mÏ`mV ï
(1) oZdS>c{cr PwS>[{ XrK© H$mi \w$cUmar AgmdrV.
(2) \w$cmßMm aßJ AmH$f©H$ d V{OÒdr Agmdm.
(3) oZdS>c{cr PwS>[{ Adf©U ghZ H$aUmar AgmdrV.
(4) [mZmßMr PwS>[{ gXmhnaV ‡H$mamMr AgmdrV.
(5) oZdS>c{cr PwS>[{ P[mQ>ÁmZ{ dmT>Umar AgmdrV.
(6) Am[cr oZdS> `m{Ω` AgÎ`mg AmoU `m{Ω` d{ir cmJdS> H{$cr AgÎ`mg
PwS>[mßH$S>{ dmaßdma cj ⁄md{ cmJV Zmhr.
(7) Ï`dÒWm[Zmcm gm{fl`m Agc{Î`m PwS>[mßMr N>mQ>Ur ∑doMVM H$amdr cmJV{.
`m d{ir H{$di dmic{Î`m AmoU am{JQ> \$mß⁄m N>mQ>mÏ`mV qH$dm ]wS>ImVyZ
ZdrZ \$mß⁄m dmT> `mgmR>r Ow›`m \$mß⁄mßMr N>mQ>Ur H$amdr.
(8) H$mhr PwS>[{ C›hmV Va H$mhr PwS>[{ gmdcrV MmßJcr dmT>VmV. H$mhr PwS>[{
CßM Va H$mhr R>|JUr dmT>VmV. H$mhr PwS>[{ [mUWi, ImadQ> Oo_ZrV Va
H$mhr PwS>[{ H$m{aS>Ám Oo_ZrV MmßJcr dmT>VmV. ÂhUyZ ]mJ{Vrc [napÒWVr
[mhˇZ PwS>[mßMr oZdS> H$amdr. Zg©arVyZ PwS>[{ odH$V AmUm`Mr AgÎ`mg
V{Wrc gd© PwS>[mßM{ oZarjU H$Í$Z Am[Î`m [gßVr¿`m PwS>[mMr oZdS>
H$amdr. OmÒV I[Umar PwS>[{ hr cm{H$o‡` AgVmV. H$maU Vr H$_r
ÃmgXm`H$ AgVmV.
(2) PwS>[mßMr Ao^d•’r
PwS>[mßMr Ao^d•’r o]`mß[mgyZ Vg{M N>mQ> H$c_, Xm] H$c_, ^{Q> H$c_, JwQ>r,
S>m{i{ ^Í$Z, BÀ`mXr [’VtZr H$aVmV.
Zg©arVyZ PwS>[{ odH$V AmUc{cr AgÎ`mg Vr ]mJ{V cmdVmZm ode{f H$miOr
ø`mdr. hr PwS>[{ cmd `mgmR>r gwÈdmVrcm `m{Ω` Vr OmJm oZdS>mdr. A`m{Ω` OmJr cmdc{cr
PwS>[{ oH$Vrhr gwßXa Agcr Var À`m_wi{ ]mJ{Mr em{^m dmT>V Zmhr. `moedm` À`mßMr dmT>
IwaQ>r amhˇZ OmÒV oZJm R>{dmdr cmJV{. `mgmR>r ]mJ{Vrc [yU© gy`©‡H$memMr, AY©dQ>
gmdcrMr qH$dm XmQ> gmdcrMr OmJm [mhˇZ À`m‡_mU{ PwS>[mMr OmJm oZoÌMV H$amdr.
H´$m{Q>Z¿`m PwS>[mgmR>r gmdcrMr qH$dm AY©dQ> gmdcrMr OmJm oZdS>mdr. ‡Ia C›hmMr
OmJm H´$m{Q>Zcm _mZdV Zmhr. ]mJ{V PwS>[mßMr cmJdS> [mdgmiÁmV H$aU{ AoYH$ `m{Ω`
AgV{.
O{W{ PwSy>[ cmdm`M{ Amh{ Aem oR>H$mUMr OmJm MmßJcr Im{XyZ ø`mdr AmoU
_mVrVrc ]h˛dfm©`w VUmßMr _wi{ d{MyZ ø`mdrV. À`m_wi{ qZXUrMm Ãmg H$_r hm{Vm{.
cmJdS>rgmR>r O_rZ gw[rH$ AgÎ`mg, cmJdS>r¿`m I»>ÁmV Wm{S>m hmS>mßMm Mwam
o_gimdm. `mÏòVna∑V IV{ X{ `mMr AmdÌ`H$Vm ZgV{. PwS>[m¿`m Im{S>mdarc _mVrMr
IyU Oo_Zr¿`m [•>^mJmOdi amhrc EdT>m Im{c I»>m H$amdm. À`mgmR>r Jm{c I»>Ámda
EH$ cmß] H$mR>r _‹`q]XyOdi AmS>dr R>{dmdr. À`m H$mR>rOdi PwS>[mdarc _mVrMr
IyU amhrc BV[V I»>m Im{c H{$Î`mZßVa `m I»>ÁmV PwSy>[ R>{dyZ PwS>[m¿`m _wiÁm
[gÍ$Z ⁄mÏ`mV AmoU I»>m _mVrZ{ ^Í$Z ø`mdm. `mZßVa hr _mVr [m`mßZr _wiÁmß^m{dVr
hiyhiy Xm]mdr.
PwS>[m¿`m cmJdS>r¿`m d{ir Oo_ZrMr pÒWVr AZwHy$c AgU{ AmdÌ`H$ Amh{.
PwS>[mMr ohdmiÁmV cmJdS> H{$Î`mg [mUr H$_r cmJV{. _wiÁmßMm O_ ]gyZ [wT>{ C]Xma
hdm_mZ PmÎ`mZßVa PwS>[mcm OmÒV [m `mMr AmdÌ`H$Vm AgV{. Hwß$S>Ámß_‹`{ PwS>[{
odH$V AmUc{cr AgÎ`mg Vr ]mJ{V cmdU{ AoYH$ gm{[{ AgV{. _wiÁmß¿`m h˛ßS>rgh
I»>ÁmV PwS>[mMr cmJdS> H$aVm `{V{. ]mJ{V cmdUrcm Cera AgÎ`mg PwS>[{ [mohO{
oVVH{$ oXdg Hwß$S>Ámß_‹`{ R>{dVm `{VmV. _mÃ À`mgmR>r ¯m Hwß$S>Ám Am{cga Mam_‹`{
R>{dmÏ`mV.
PwS>[mßMr ]mJ{V cmJdS> H{$Î`mZßVa À`mßZm H$mR>rMm AmYma X{ `mMr AmdÌ`H$Vm
AgV{. ode{fVï CßM PwS>[{ dmË`mZ{ S>m{cVmV. À`m_wi{ À`mß¿`m _wiÁm g°c hm{VmV, Vg{M
VwQ>VmV. À`mgmR>r PwSy>[ I»>ÁmV cmd `m[yduM H$mR>r I»>ÁmV am{dmdr. `m H$mR>rcm
Xm{ar¿`m gmhmÊ`mZ{ PwSy>[ g°c ]mßYmd{ AmoU H$mR>r d PwSy>[ `mß¿`m_‹`{ _D$ dÒVy R>{dmdr
qH$dm BßJÓr AmR> AmH$mamMr JmR> ]mßYmdr. À`m_wi{ PwS>[mM{ Im{S> H$mR>rcm IaMQ>Uma
Zmhr.
(3) PwS>[mßMr oZJm
‡À`{H$ PwS>[mcm IV{ d [mUr oH$Vr ⁄md{, diU H$g{ ⁄md{ h{ À`m PwS>[m¿`m
‡H$mamda AmoU ]mJ{Vrc [naoÒWVrda Adcß]yZ AgV{. ÂhUyZ ‡À`{H$mZ{ h{ Am[Î`m
AZw^dmZ{ R>admd{. PwS>[mßMr oZJm R>{d `mV Imcrc Xm{f Z{h_r AmT>iyZ `{VmV. À`mgmR>r
[wT>rc C[m``m{OZm H$amdr.
(1) PwS>[mßMm Z{h_r Bp¿N>V AmH$ma (CXmhaUmW©, Kw_Q>mH$ma, \w$cXmUrMm
AmH$ma) R>{dmdm.
(2) \$Q>r Agc{cm _wHw$Q> qH$dm XmQ>c{cm _wHw$Q> R>{dU{.
(3) oOdßV Hwß$[U qH$dm [S>⁄mgmR>r PwS>[mßMm C[`m{J H$amd`mMm PmÎ`mg
\$mß⁄mßMr ^mar N>mQ>Ur H$aU{ qH$dm \$mß⁄mßZm EH$_{H$s®V o_giy Z X{U{.
gd©gmYmaU[U{ PmS>mßMr N>mQ>Ur H{$Î`m_wi{ dmT>rcm CŒm{OZ o_iV{. e|S>ÁmMr \$mßXr
qH$dm Im{S>mdarc daMm S>m{im `m]m]VrV ‡]i AgVm{. À`mImcrc \$mßXrcm qH$dm
S>m{iÁmßZm Vm{ dmTy> X{V Zmhr. \$mß⁄mßM{ e|S>{ qH$dm Im{S>mdarc daMm S>m{im N>mQ>Î`mZ{
Imc¿`m \$mß⁄m dmT>VmV qH$dm Imc¿`m S>m{iÁmVyZ AßHw$a dmT>VmV. hcH$s N>mQ>Ur
H$a `m[{jm ^mar N>mQ>Ur H{$Î`m_wi{ PwS>[mMr Om{_mZ{ dmT> hm{V{. PwS>[mMm Ag_Vm{c
AmH$ma gwYma `mgmR>r H$amd`m¿`m N>mQ>Ur¿`m d{ir hm _w‘m cjmV ø`mdm. Om{_Xma
dmT>r¿`m \$mß⁄mßMr ^mar N>mQ>Ur H{$Î`mZßVa H$YrH$Yr AmUIr Om{_mZ{ \$mß⁄m dmT>VmV.
ÂhUyZ H$_Om{a \$mß⁄mßMr ^mar AmoU Om{_Xma dmT>r¿`m \$mß⁄mßMr hcH$s N>mQ>Ur H$amdr.
N>mQ>UrgmR>r YmaXma H$mÃr dm[amdr. N>mQ>UrZ{ OI_{VyZ am{JOßVy oea `mMm gß^d AgVm{.
6.2.5 ]mJ{_‹`{ cmdm`Mr _hŒdmMr PwS>[{
(A) em{o^dßV \w$cmßMr PwS>[{
(01) ]m∞Q>c ]é (H∞$ocÒQ>{_m∞Z c∞o›gAm{c∞Q>g)
(02) eßH$mgya (oggmco[oZ`m [ÎM{na_m)
(03) Èp∑_Ur (B∑Pm{am Ò[{grO)
(04) Jwc_{hßXr (c∞O{ÒQ≠>m{o_`m BßoS>H$m)
(05) OmÒdßX (oho]ÒH$g Ò[{grO)

(06) a∑V[Uu (`w\$m{ao]`m [ÎM{na_m)
(07) ]m{JZd{cr (]m{JZd{oc`m Ò[{grO)
(08) H$[]er (hm{ÂgoH$Am∞pÎS>`m gßJroZ`m)
(09) H$ h{a (Z{na`_ Am{ocE›S>a)
(10) o[dir H$ h{a (oWd{oQ>`m Z{ar\$m{oc`m)
(11) em{o^dßV S>moiß] (fl`woZH$m J´∞Z∞Q>_)
(12) VJa (Q>∞]aZr _m{›Q>∞Zr H$m{am{Zmna`m)
(13) A]m{cr (H´$m∞g∞›S≠>m AZS>Áwc{\$m{oc`m)
(14) oh_-Mß[m (_∞ΩZm{oc`m J´∞p›S>‚cm{am)
(15) A∞ÒQ>a (A∞ÒQ>a A_{cg)
(16) „c±H{$Q> ‚cm∞da/J{cmoS>©`m (J{cmoS>©`m [cM{cm)
(17) ‚cm∞∑g (‚cm∞∑g S≠>_m{›S>r)
(18) [m{a¿`wcmH$m ([m{a¿`wcmH$m Am{c{a∞og`m)
(19) gmpÎÏh`m (gmpÎÏh`m Òflc{›S>{›g)
(20) Jm{ÎS>Z am∞S> (gm∞ocS>∞Jm{ H∞$ZmS>{p›gg)
(21) Ïh]}Zm (Ïh]}Zm Am∞o\$ogZ∞crg)
(22) gXm\w$cr (pÏh®H$m am{oP`m)
(23) oPoZ`m (oPoZ`m ocZrA∞nag)
(24) g\{$X H$MZma (]mh˛oZ`m A∞∑`wo_Z∞Q>m)
(25) [mZ\w$Q>r (]´m`m{\$m`c_ H∞$ocogZ_)
(26) oMÃH$ (flcÂ]∞Jm{ H∞$[{p›gg)
(27) H•$ÓU H$_i ([∞og‚cm{am H{$Èoc`m)
(28) Jm{H$Uu (∑cm`Q>m{na`m Q>aZ{Q>m)
(29) Ωcm{ar occr (Ωcm{naAm{gm gw[]m©)
(30) ∑c{_∞oQ>g (∑c{_∞oQ>g ‚c∞Â`wcm)
(31) amZOmB© (∑c{am{S>{›S≠>mZ BZ_u)
(32) VwVma \w$cr (oQ>H$m{_m ÒQ>∞›g)
(33) Jwc]mg (o_a∞o]ocg Ocm[m)
(34) [m∞BZg{oQ>`m ([m∞BZg{oQ>`m [ÎM{na_m)
(Am)gwJßYr \w$cmßMr PwS>[{
(01) ohadm Mm\$m (AaQ>∞]m∞oQ≠>g Am{S>m{a∞Q>rgr_g)
(02) _|Xr (cm∞gm{oZ`m AÎ]m)
(03) [mnaOmVH$ (oZ∑Q>∞›Wg Aa]m∞aoQ≠>goQ>g)
(04) JßYamO (JmS>}oZ`m ‚cm{naS>m)
(05) _m{Jam (OoÒ_Z_ g∞Â]∞H$)
(06) oOamoZ`_ ([{cmaJm{oZ`_ Ò[{grO)
(07) eV[Ã Jwcm] (am{Pm g{p›Q>\$m{oc`m)
(08) amVamUr (g{ÒQ≠>_ Zm∞∑Q>Z©_)
(09) gm{ZMm\$m (_∞ΩZm{oc`m Mß[H$m)
(10) H$dR>r Mm\$m (_∞ΩZm{oc`m fl`wo_cm)
(B) em{o^dßV PwS>[{
(01) A∞H$moc\$m (A∞H$moc\$m odÎH{$p›g`mZm)
(02) Aa{oc`m (Aa{oc`m Ò[{grO)
(03) [∞Z∞∑g ([∞Z∞∑g Ò[{grO)
(04) H´$m{Q>m∞Z (H´$m{Q>m∞Z A∞am{_∞oQ>H$g)
(05) Jwcem_ (Ba∞p›W__ am{oP`_)
Omßîr \w$c{ (Ba∞p›W__ c∞p∑P‚cm{a_)
oZir \w$c{ (Ba∞p›W__ ZÏhm}g_)
(06) _m{a[ßIr (WwOm Am{naE›Q>∞ocg)
(07) oZdSw>ßJ (H∞$∑Q>g)
(08) ohadm Aem{H$ ( [m∞ocA∞pÎW`m cm±oJ\$m{oc`m)
(B©) Am°fYr PwS>[{
(01) Vwig (Am{og__ g±∑Q>_)
(02) H$mir Vwig (Am{og__ A_{naH∞$Z_)
(03) am_ Vwier (Am{og__ J´∞oQ>og__)
(04) H$m[ya Vwier (Am{og__ oH$oc_ßS>ÌM∞naH$_)
(05) ASw>igm (AYmQ>m{S>m dmogH$m)
(06) A∑H$cH$mT>m (A∞H∞$oc\$m BßoS>H$m)
(07) cmc XwYr (`w\$m{ao]`m ohQ>m©)
(08) [admZ ^{XH$ (]´m`m{\$m`c_ o[Z∞Q>_)
(09) K•VHw$_mar (A∞cm{ ]m]m©S>{o›gg)
(10) ^•ßJamO (d{S>{oZ`m H∞$c±S>Áwc{gr)
(11) –xU [wÓ[ (Î`wH$mg ocoZ\$m{oc`m)
(12) H$mi_{K (A∞›S≠>m{J´mo\$g [∞oZ∑`wc∞Q>m)
(13) [woXZm (_{›Wm AaÏh{p›gg)
(14) oZaJwS>r (pÏhQ>{∑g oZJwßS>m{)
(15) q[[ir ([m`[a cm±J_)
(16) d{IßS> (A∞H$m{ag H∞$c∞_g)
(17) _wÍ$S>e|J (h{oc∑Q>{nag Bgm{am)
(18) gVm\$ (Í$Q>m J´∞pÏhAm{c{›g)
(19) ]´mÂhr (hm`S≠>m{H$m{Q>mB©c EoeA∞oQ>H$m)
(20) ^wB©H$m{him (Am`[m{o_`m oS>oOQ>∞Q>m)
(21) AmÒHß$X (odWmoZ`m g∞pΩZ\{$am)
(22) [mZAm{dm (H$m{oc`g A∞am{_∞oQ>H$m)

e´]ar ï PwS>[mßMm g_yh
ÒQ≠>∞JqcJ e´] ï ZmJ_m{S>r \$mß⁄mßMr PwS>[{
CßM dmT>Umar PwS>[{ ï gmYmaUVï 3 V{ 4 _rQ>a CßM dmT>Umar PwS>[{
R>|JUr dmT>Umar PwS>[{ ï gmYmaUVï 0.4 V{ 1 _rQ>a CßM dmT>Umar PwS>[{
6.4 gmamße
PmS> h{ EH$m _wª` Im{S>mda N>Ãr‡_mU{ dmT>V{ AmoU PwS>[m¿`m \$mß⁄m Oo_Zr[mgyZ
g_mZ CßM dmT>VmV. chmZ-_m{R>Ám ]mJ{V PwS>[mßZm AÀ`ßV _hŒdmM{ ÒWmZ AgV{. PwS>[mßM{
[mZJirMr PwS>[{, gXmhnaV PwS>[{, \w$cUmar PwS>[{, [mcdrMr PwS>[{ Ag{ ododY ‡H$ma
Amh{V. ]mJ{_‹`{ `m{Ω` OmJr C›hmV, gmdcrV qH$dm oZ_-gmdcrV `m{Ω` ‡H$ma¿`m
PwS>[mMr cmJdS> H$amdr. PwS>[mßZm `m{Ω` AmH$ma X{ `mgmR>r diU ⁄md{ d N>mQ>Ur H$amdr.
Hwß$S>Ámß_‹`{X{Irc gwßXa PwS>[mßMr cmJdS> H$aVm `{V{.

6.5.1Imbrb ‡ÌZmßMr godÒVa CŒma{ obhm.
1. ]mJ{gmR>r PwS[mßMr oZdS> H$aVmZm H$m{UÀ`m ]m]r odMmamV K{U{ AmdÌ`H$
Amh{ ?
2. PwS[mßM{ ‡H$ma d À`mßM{ ]mJ{Vrb _hŒd `modf`r godÒVa _mohVr obhm.
3. PwS[mßMr Ao^d•’r d bmJdS> `modf`r godÒVa _mohVr obhm.
4. bmJdS>rZßVa PwS[mßMr oZJm H$er amImdr ?
6.5.2Imbrb ‡ÌZmßMr CŒma{ Wm{S>∑`mV obhm.
1. PmS> AmoU PwS>y[ `mßVrb \$aH$ CXmhaUmgh Ò[ÓQ> H$am.
2. ]mJ{Vrb PwS>[mßM{ ‡H$ma d À`mßMr CXmhaU{ obhm.
3. ]mJ{Vrb PwS>[mßM{ _hŒd Ò[ÓQ>> H$Í$Z ]mJ{Vrb PwS>[mßM{ dJuH$aU H$em
‡H$ma{ H$aVmV V{ obhm.
4. PwS>[m¿`m bmJdS>rgmR>r O_rZ H$er V`ma H$aVmV ?
5. ]mJ{Vrb PwS>[mßZm diU X{U{ d N>mQ>Ur H$aU{ `mßodf`r Wm{S>∑`mV _mohVr
obhm.
6. ‡À`{H$mMr [mM CXmhaU{ ⁄m.
i. em{o^dßV \w$bmßMr PwS>[{
ii. gwJßYr \w$bmßMr PwS>[{
7. Imbrb ‡H$ma¿`m PwS>[mßMr ‡À`{H$s [mM CXmhaU{ ⁄m.
i. em{o^dßV PwS>[{
ii. Am°fYr PwS>[{
1. Imbrb[°H$s H$m{UVr PwS>[{ em{o^dßV Amh{V ?
(A) H$m{bm, [∞Z∞∑g, A∞H$mobH$m (B) _m{Jam, amVamUr, [mnaOmV
(C) ]m∞Q>b]é, eßH$mgya, P∑Pm{am (D) darb[°H$s EH$hr Zmhr
2. Imbrb[°H$s H$m{UVm JQ> em{o^dßV PwSy>[ ‡H$mamV Amh{ ?
(A) _m{Jam, ohadm Mm\$m, amVamUr, gm{ZMm\$m
(B) Jm{ÎS>Z am∞S>, H$ h{a, a∑V[Uu, eßH$mgya
(C) H´$m{Q>m∞Z, [∞Z∞∑g, Aa{ob`m, Jwbem_
(D) oZaJwS>r, ASw>igm, Vwig, [mZAm{dm
3. Imbrb[°H$s H$m{UVm KQ>H$ PwS[mer gß]ßoYV Zmhr ?
(A) EH$ Im{S> (B) AZ{H$ Im{S>{
(C) jw[ (D) Im{S>mßMr g_mZ CßMr
4. H$[]er h{ PwSy[ H$m{UÀ`m ‡H$mamV _m{S>V{ ?
(A) em{o^dßV \w$bmßM{ PwSy[ (B) gwJßYr \w$bmßM{ PwSy[
(C) em{o^dßV [mZmßM{ PwSy[ (D) Am°fYr PwSy[
5. ASw>igm h{ PwSy[ H$m{UÀ`m ‡H$mamV _m{S>V{ ?
(A) em{o^dßV \w$bmßM{ PwS>y[ (B) gwJßYr \w$bmßM{ PwSy[
(C) em{o^dßV PwS>y[ (D) Am°fYr PwSy[
6. Imbrb[°H$s H$m{UV{ Am°fYr PwS>[ Zmhr ?
(A) ASw>igm (B) AmÒHß$X (C) JßYamO (D) ^•ßJamO
7. e´]ar ÂhUO{ H$m` ?
(A) PmS>mßMm g_yh (B) PwS>[mßMm g_yh
(C) ]m{am¿`m PmS>mßMm g_yh (D) Zg©ar
8. [mZmßMr PwS[{ H$m{UÀ`m ‡H$maMr AgmdrV ?
(A) [mZJirMr (B) H$mQ>{ar
(C) gXmhnaV (D) H$_r dmT>Umar
9. H´$m{Q>Z PwS[mgmR>r H$m{UVr OmJm MmßJbr AgV{ ?
(A) ‡Ia C›hmMr (B) AY©dQ> gmdbrMr
(C) [yU© gmdbrMr (D) darb VrZhr ‡H$maMr
10. PwS[m¿`m H$_Om{a \$mß⁄mßMr .......... AmoU Om{aXma dmT>r¿`m \$mß⁄mßMr
.............. N>mQ>Ur H$amdr.
(A) hbH$s, ^mar (B) hbH$s, hbH$s
(C) ^mar, hbH$s (D) ^mar, ^mar
11. oOdßV Hwß$[U qH$dm [S>⁄mgmR>r PwS[mßMm C[`m{J H$amd`mMm PmÎ`mg
\$mß⁄mßMr N>mQ>Ur H$er H$amdr ?
(A) hbH$s N>mQ>Ur H$amdr (B) ^mar N>mQ>Ur H$amdr
(C) N>mQ>Ur H$Í$ Z`{ (D) `m[°H$s Zmhr
12. Imbrb[°H$s H$m{UVm JQ> gwJßYr \w$bmßMr PwS[{ `m ‡H$mamVrb Amh{ ?
(A) a∑V[Uu, H$[]er, Èp∑_Ur
(B) _|Xr, ohadm Mm\$m, _m{Jam
(C) _m{a[ßIr, A∞H$mob\$m, [∞Z∞∑g
(D) H$mi_{K, AmÒHß$X, –xU [wÓ[

KQ>H$ 7 : Hwß$[U AmoU H$S>mßM{ ‡H$ma
AZwH´$_oUH$m
7.1 ‡mÒVmodH$
7.2 odf`-odd{MZ
7.2.1 Hwß$[UmM{ _hŒd
7.2.2 Hwß$[UmgmR>r `m{Ω` PmS>{
7.2.3 H$S>mßM{ (]m∞S>©a) _hŒd
7.2.4 H$S>mßM{ ‡H$ma
7.2.5 H$S>mßMr oZJm
7.4 gmamße
7.1 ‡mÒVmodH$
[mpÌM_mÀ` X{emßV AZ{H$ ]ßJÎ`mßg_m{arc AßJUmßV ohadi AmoU \w$cPmS>{ AgVmV;
[aßVw Hwß$[U ZgV{. À`m_wi{ ]mh{Í$Z OmUmË`m cm{H$mßZm `m ]mJm ghO[U{ ]KVm `{VmV.
^maVmV _mÃ Hwß$[Umoedm` ]mJ]oJMm AgU{ e∑`M Zmhr. H$maU `{W{ ^waQ>{ Mm{a d
_m{H$mQ> OZmdamßMm \$ma C[–d hm{Vm{. H$mQ>{ar Vmam dmH$dyZ qH$dm Vma{¿`m Hßw$[UmdÍ$Z
CS>Ám _mÍ$Z ^waQ>{ Mm{a ]mJ{V oeaVmV AmoU gwa{I Jwcm]mMr \w$c{ Vm{Sy>Z Z{VmV. `moedm`
_m{H$mQ> OZmdamß¿`m [m`Xir VwS>odcr OmD$Z \w$cPmS>mßMr ZmgmS>r hm{V{. ÂhUyZ ]mJ{^m{dVr
PmS>mßM{ XmQ> Hwß$[U Agmd{. OmÒdßXr¿`m \$mß⁄m EH$_{H$s®V JwßVyZ 8 \y$Q> CßMrM{ JX© ohad{
XmQ> Hwß$[U V`ma H$aVm `{V{. h{ Hwß$[U H$mQ>{odaohV AgyZ À`m[mgyZ gwa{I ohadmJma [S>Xm
(ÒH´$sZ) V`ma hm{Vm{. `moedm` X{d[yO{gmR>r OmÒdßXrMr \w$c{ o_iVmV. H$mQ>{ar XmQ>
Hwß$[UmH$naVm aßJr]{aß]r \w$cmßMr ]m{JZd{cr MmßJcr AgyZ Vr AoYH$ gwßXa oXgV{. Aem
‡H$ma¿`m PmS>m¿`m Hwß$[UmMr [mohO{ À`m CßMrda N>mQ>Ur H$aVm `{V{. ]mJ{Mr d{Jd{JiÁm
flcm∞Q>_‹`{ od^mJUr H$a `mgmR>r R>|J `m dmT>UmË`m PmS>mßMm C[`m{J H$aVmV. `m PmS>mß¿`m
a{fmßZm H$S>m AWdm oH$Zmar ÂhUVmV. `m oH$ZmatMr H$m°eÎ`mZ{ N>mQ>Ur H$Í$Z d{Jd{JiÁm
AmH•$À`m V`ma H$aVm `{VmV.
¯m KQ>H$m¿`m A‰`mgmZßVa Am[Î`mcm -
Hwß$[UmM{ d H$S>mßM{ _hŒd _mhrV hm{B©c.
H$S>mßM{ ‡H$ma _mhrV hm{Vrc.
Hwß$[UmgmR>r `m{Ω` Agc{Î`m PmS>mßMr _mohVr hm{B©c.
7.2 odf`-odd{MZ
7.2.1 Hwß$[UmM{ _hŒd

^waQ>{ Mm{a AmoU _m{H$mQ> OZmda{ `mß¿`m[mgyZ ]mJ]oJ¿`mM{ gßajU H$a `mgmR>r
Hwß$[U H$aU{ AmdÌ`H$ Amh{. ]mßYH$m_ H{$c{Î`m H$m±H´$sQ>¿`m qH$dm XJS>r qH$dm cm{IßS>r
Omir¿`m Hßw$[Um[{jm PwS>[mßM{ ohad{ Hwß$[U AoYH$ gwßXa oXgV{. _mÃ Hwß$[Um¿`m PmS>mß¿`m
_wiÁm \w$cPmS>mß¿`m VmQ>Ï`mV oeÍ$Z \w$cPmS>mßM{ ZwH$gmZ hm{D$ Z`{ `mgmR>r Hwß$[Um¿`m
PmS>mßMr oZdS> H$miOr[yd©H$ H$amdr. Hwß$[UmH$naVm `m{Ω` PmS>mßMr `mXr Imcr oXc{cr
Amh{. H$mhr d{im Hwß$[Um¿`m PmS>m[mgyZ \$imßM{ AWdm \w$cmßM{ CÀ[mXZ o_iodVm `{V{.
(CXmhaUmW©, OmÒdßX, H$adßX, odcm`Vr qMM)
7.2.2 Hwß$[UmgmR>r `m{Ω` PmS>{
(1) H$adßX (H∞$nagm H$amßS>mg) ï H$adßXmM{ PwSy>[ H$mQ>{ar AgÎ`m_wi{ À`m[mgyZ
_O]yV Hwß$[U V`ma H$aVm `{V{. À`mgmR>r [mdgmiÁmV o]`mß[mgyZ H$adßXmMr cmJdS>
H$amdr. \{$]´wdmar _oh›`mV H$adßXmcm \w$c{ `{VmV AmoU OyZ V{ gflQ>|]a _oh›`mßV H$miÁm
aßJmMr o[H$c{cr Jm{S> \$i{ o_iVmV. H$adßXm¿`m EH$m PmS>m[mgyZ gmYmaU[U{ 5 V{ 10
oH$cm{ \$i{ o_iVmV. H$adßXm¿`m o[H$c{Î`m \$imß[mgyZ [wqS>J, _waß]m AmoU O{cr ]ZodVm
`{V{. H$adßXm¿`m A[∑d ohaÏ`m \$imßM{ cm{UM{ V`ma H$aVmV.
(2) Sw>amßQ>m (Sw>amßQ>m flÎ`wo_ar) ï Sw>amßQ>m h{ PmS> H$mQ>{ar AgyZ V{ 2 V{ 3 _rQ>a CßM
dmT>V{. `m PmS>mßMr [mZ{ 3 V{ 7 g|oQ>_rQ>a cmß] AgyZ Vr OmÒdßXr¿`m [mZmßgmaIr AgVmV.
Sw>amßQ>m¿`m PmS>mM{ Im{S> H$mQ>{ar AgV{. Sw>amßQ>m¿`m PmS>mcm [mßT>Ë`m qH$dm oZiÁm aßJmMr
]marH$ \w$c{ `{VmV. Sw>amßQ>m¿`m PmS>mcm dmQ>m `m[{jm Wm{S>Ám _m{R>Ám AmH$mamMr \$i{
cmJVmV. `m \$imßMm aßJ V{OÒdr Zmna®Jr AgVm{. Sw>amßQ>m¿`m PmS>mMr Ao^d•’r ]r qH$dm
N>mQ> H$c_m[mgyZ H$aVmV. `m PwS>[mMm C[`m{J ‡m_wª`mZ{ Hwß$[UmgmR>rM H{$cm OmVm{.
(3) H$m{amßQ>r (]mc}na`m o‡Am{oZoQ>g) ï H$m{amßQ>r h{ H$mQ>{ar PwSy>[ 1 V{ 2 _rQ>a[`™V
CßM dmT>V{. `m PwS>[mMr [mZ{ 7 V{ 15 g|oQ>_rQ>a cmß] AgyZ [mZmß¿`m ]Jc{V H$mQ>{
AgVmV. `moedm` [mZmß¿`m ]Jc{VM \w$c{ `{VmV. \w$cmßMm AmH$ma hm CKS>c{Î`m
Vm|S>mgmaIm oXgVm{. `m PwS>[mM{ \$i h{ 2 g|oQ>_rQ>a cmß] AgyZ V{ ]wYcrgmaI{ oXgV{.
H$m{amßQ>r¿`m \$imV 2 o]`m AgyZ \$imda H{$g AgVmV. ]mJ{Vrc H$m{amßQ>rcm H$_r H$mQ>{
AgVmV AmoU \w$cmßMm aßJ [mßT>am qH$dm oZim AgVm{. d›` H$m{amßQ>rcm o[dir \w$c{
`{VmV AmoU hr d›` H$m{amßQ>r Hwß$[UmgmR>r `m{Ω` AgV{.
(4) H$madr (ÒQ≠>{o]c±Wg Ò[{grO) ï H$madr h{ ]h˛dmof©H$ PwSy>[ 2 V{ 3 _rQ>a CßM
dmT>V{. H$madrMr [mZ{ 10 V{ 20 g|oQ>_rQ>a cmß] AgVmV. H$madrMr [mZ{ AmoU \w$c{ hr
ASw>iem¿`m [mZm-\w$cmßgmaIr oXgVmV. H$madr¿`m PwS>[mcm [mßT>ar \w$c{ cmJVmV;
[aßVw ‡À`{H$ dfu \w$c{ `{VmVM Ag{ Zmhr. H$madr¿`m PwS>[mcm gmYmaU[U{ 7 V{ 10
dfm™Zr EH$XmM \w$c{ `{VmV. H$madrM{ \$i 5.8 g|_r. cmß] AgyZ À`mV 2 o]`m AgVmV.
H$madr \w$cÎ`mZßVa H$madr¿`m \w$cmß_YyZ _Y_mÌ`m _m{R>Ám ‡_mUmV _Y Jm{im H$aVmV.
hm _Y Am°fYmH$naVm dm[aVmV. H$madr¿`m [mZmV Am°fYr JwUY_© AgVmV. H$madr¿`m
dmic{Î`m H$mS>ÁmßMm C[`m{J Hw$S>mgmR>r H$aVmV. H$madrMr PwS>[{ [pÌM_ KmQ>mVrc
_mdi, H$m{H$U AmoU CŒma H$madma_‹`{ od[wc ‡_mUmV AmT>iVmV.
(5) dZOmB© (∑c{am{S>{›S≠>mZ BZ_}) ï dZOmB© h{ ]h˛dmof©H$ PwSy>[ 2 _rQ>a CßM
dmT>V{. dZOmB©Mr [mZ{ 3 V{ 5 g|oQ>_rQ>a cmß] dmT>VmV. dZOmB© hr C⁄mZmV Hwß$[UmH$naVm
cmdVmV V{Ïhm hr PwS>[{ 3 V{ 4 _rQ>a[`™V CßM dmT>VmV; [aßVw N>mQ>Ur H$Í$Z PwSy>[ 2 _rQ>a
CßM R>{dVmV. [wa{g{ [mUr C[c„Y AgÎ`mg `m PwS>[m¿`m \$mß⁄m d [mcdrMr P[mQ>ÁmZ{
dmT> hm{V{. [mUr o_imc{ Zmhr Var Mma-[mM _ohZ{ dZOmB©Mr PwS>[{ VJ YÍ$Z amhVmV.
`m H$mimV PwS>[mMr [mZ{ PS>VmV, dmT> Wmß]V{; [aßVw PwSy>[ _aV Zmhr. [mUr oXÎ`mZßVa
`m PwS>[mßMr dmT> [w›hm gwÍ$ hm{V{. dZOmB©¿`m PwS>[m¿`m _wiÁm Im{c [gaVmV. `m
PwS>[mMr [mZ{ H$Sy> AgÎ`m_wi{ OZmda{ ImV ZmhrV. `m PwS>[mcm ohdmiÁmV [mZmß¿`m
]Jc{V \w$c{ cmJVmV. hr \w$c{ gm`ßH$mir C_cVmV. `m PwS>[mcm Cß]am¿`m AmH$mamMr
0.6 g|oQ>_rQ>a cmß]rMr \$i{ cmJVmV. _hmamÔ≠>mVrc cm{Umdi{ `m oR>H$mUr hr PwS>[{
]Ë`mM ‡_mUmV AmT>iVmV. g_w–H$mR>r H$m{H$UmV `m PwS>[m¿`m d›` OmVr AmT>iVmV.
`m OmVrcm H$R>rU H$dMmMr \$i{ cmJVmV.
(6) H$mQ>{ _wHw$Q> (`w\$m{o]©`m Òflc{›S>{›g) ï H$mQ>{ _wHw$Q> h{ ]h˛dmof©H$ PwSy>[ 0.5 V{
1 _rQ>a CßM dmT>V{. `m PwS>[mMr [mZ{ 3 V{ 4 g|oQ>_rQ>a cmß] dmT>VmV. `m PwS>[mMr
cmJdS> ]mJ{Vrc Hwß$S>ÁmßV qH$dm Hwß$[UmH$naVm H$aVmV. `m PwS>[mM{ Im{S> H$mQ>{ar AgyZ
`m PwS>[mcm cmc aßJmMr em{o^dßV \w$c{ cmJVmV. ^maVmV `m PwS>[mcm o]`m YaV
ZmhrV. À`m_wi{ `m PwS>[mMr Ao^d•’ N>mQ> H$c_m[mgyZ H$aVmV.
(7) Q>UQ>Ur (c±Q>mZm H∞$_{am) ï Q>UQ>Ur¿`m AZ{H$ [m{Q>OmVr Amh{V. Q>UQ>UrMr
Hwß$[UmMr PwS>[{ 2 _rQ>a[`™V CßM dmT>VmV. Q>UQ>UrMr [mZ{ 5 V{ 8 g|oQ>_rQ>a cmß] AgyZ
IaIarV AgVmV. Q>UQ>Ur¿`m Im{S>mda Hß$Jm{a{ H$mQ>{ AgVmV. Q>UQ>UrMr \w$c{ hr Pw[∑`mßV
`{VmV. \w$cmß¿`m EH$m Pw[∑`mV 10-12 dVw©imH$ma \w$c{ AgVmV. \w$cmßMm aßJ odQ>H$ar
qH$dm cmc AgyZ Vm{ gVV ]XcV AgVm{. H$mhr d{im \w$cmßMm aßJ [mßT>am hm{Vm{. Q>UQ>UrM{
\$i{ gwÈdmVrcm ohaÏ`m aßJmMr AgVmV AmoU ZßVa Vr H$mir [S>VmV.
]mJ{V em{^{gmR>r oH$Zmarda cmd `mgmR>r dm[aÎ`m OmUmË`m Q>UQ>Urcm H$mQ>{
ZgVmV. `m OmVrMr PwS>[{ R>|JUr AgyZ À`mßZm gwßXa o[diÁm aßJmMr \w$c{ cmJVmV.
H$mhr C[OmVrMr \w$c{ [mßT>Ë`m qH$dm oZiÁm AmoU OmßîÁm aßJmMr AgVmV. `m
PwS>[mV ]wc]wc AmoU BVa [jr KaQ>r ]mßYVmV. h{ [jr Q>UQ>UrMr \$i{ ImVmV AmoU
o]`mßMm ‡gma H$aVmV. [w `mOdirc H$mÃO KmQ>mV, cm{UmdiÁmg AmoU _hmamÔ≠>mV hr
PwS>[{ gd©Ã AmT>iVmV.
(8) e{a (`w\$m{o]©`m oQ>Í$H$mcr) ï odX^m©V gm_m›`[U{ `m PwS>[mßMm XmQ>
Hwß$[UmgmR>r C[`m{J H$aVmV. `m PwS>[mcm [mZ{ ZgVmV. À`mE{dOr ohaÏ`m H$mS>Ám AgVmV.
`m PwS>[m¿`m H$mS>Ám _m{S>Î`mg AWdm Vm{S>Î`mg `mVyZ [mßT>am MrH$ oZKVm{. `m PwS>[mcm
H$sS> cmJV Zmhr. `m PwS>[mda _mXr AmoU Za \w$c{ hr d{Jd{Jir `{VmV. hr Xm{›hr
‡H$maMr \w$c{ o_iyZ \w$cm{am V`ma hm{Vm{. e{am‡_mU{ BVa H$mQ>{ar oZdSw>ßJmMm Hwß$[UmgmR>r
C[`m{J H{$cm OmVm{.
(9) _m{Jcr EaßS> (OmQ≠>m{[m Hw$aHw$g) ï `m PwS>[mßMr `m{Ω` À`m CßMrda N>mQ>Ur
H$Í$Z Hwß$[U V`ma H$aVm `{V{. `m PwS>[mMr [mZ{ 10 V{ 15 g|oQ>_rQ>a cmß] AgVmV. `m
PwS>[m_Yrc oMH$Q> AmoU oVIQ> oMH$m_wi{ OZmda{ `m PwS>[mcm Vm|S> cmdV ZmhrV.
EH$mM PmS>mda Za AmoU _mXr \w$c{ hr d{Jd{Jir cmJVmV. `m PwS>[mMr Ao^d•’r ]r
AmoU N>mQ>H$c_m[mgyZ H$aVm `{V{. `m PwS>[mMr [mZ{, \$i{ AmoU _wiÁm `mß_‹`{ Am°fYr
JwUY_© Amh{V. `m PwS>[m¿`m o]`mß[mgyZ oZKUmË`m V{cmMm C[`m{J ÀdMmam{Jmda Vg{M
gm]U V`ma H$a `mgmR>r H{$cm OmVm{.
(10) Jmad{c (a{Îd{ H´$s[a - Am`[m{o_`m [m_mQ>m) ï hr d{c Hwß$[Umda gm{S> `mg
MmßJcr Amh{. Jmad{c Iy[ [gaV{ AmoU gXm[Uu AgV{ À`m_wi{ `m d{cr[mgyZ XmQ>
gmdcr d Jmadm o_iVm{. `m d{ctZm oZiÁm aßJmMr \w$c{ [mZmß¿`m ]Jc{V cmJVmV.
\w$cmda o\$H$Q> Zjra{fm AgVmV. `m d{crM{ \$i Jm{cmH$ma AgyZ 2 g|oQ>_rQ>a Ï`mgmM{
AgV{. \$im_‹`{ AZ{H$ o]`m AgVmV. `m d{crMr [mZ{ 3 V{ 7 g|oQ>_rQ>a cmß] AgVmV.
hr d{c JwOamV d H$madma_Yrc OßJcmß_‹`{ AmT>iV{.
7.2.3 H$S>mßM{ (]m∞S>©a) _hŒd
]mJ{V [m`dmQ>{¿`m H$S>{Z{ AmoU ohadir¿`m gr_{da hßJm_r \w$cmßMr Pmca cmdVmV.
`mgmR>r \w$cUmË`m qH$dm em{o^dßV [mcdr¿`m, R>|J `m PmS>mßMm C[`m{J H$aVmV. `mVrc
H$mhr PmS>{ ohdmiÁmV Oo_Zr[`™V dmiVmV. [aßVw \{$]´wdmar-_mM© _oh›`mV [w›hm C^r
amhVmV. ]mJ{V H$mhr oR>H$mUr gai a{f{V AÈßX [≈>ÁmV XmQ> PmS>{ cmdc{cr AgVmV.
Aer H$S>m (]m∞S>©a) gwßXa oXgV Zmhr. `moedm` PmS>mß¿`m XmQ>r_wi{ qZXUr, N>mQ>Ur
AmoU Òd¿N>Vm hr H$m_{ H$aU{ AdKS> OmV{. ]mJ{_‹`{ diUXma H$S>m MmßJÎ`m oXgVmV.
H$m{UÀ`mhr ]mOyZ{ [mohcr Var hr diUXma H$S>mß_Yrc PmS>{ AmH$f©H$ dmQ>VmV. ]mJ{_‹`{
[m`dmQ>{¿`m H$S>{Z{ R>|JUr PmS>{ cmdmdrV. ÈßX [≈>ÁmV _m{R>r PmS>{ [mR>r_mJ{ AmoU chmZ
PmS>{ Xe©Zr ]mOycm amhVrc Aer cmJdS> H$amdr. XJS>r [m`dmQ> qH$dm oOdßV Hwß$[U
(h{O) `mß¿`m ]mOyZ{ H$S>m cmdÎ`mg À`m_‹`{ H$_rVH$_r 30 g|oQ>_rQ>a AßVa R>{dmd{.
`m_w i { Hw ß $ [UmMr N> m Q> U r H$aVmZm N> m Q> U r H$aUmË`mcm PmS> m ¿`m Xm{ › hr ]mOy ß Z m
o\$aVm `{V{.
7.2.4 H$S>mßM{ ‡H$ma
]mJ{Mr em{^m dmT>od `mgmR>r Imcrc ‡H$ma{ H$S>mßMr cmJdS> H$amdr ï
(1) ohadir¿`m gr_{da IwQß >Ám R>mH{ $y Z (AmH•$Vr 7.1 (A) _‹`{ XmIodÎ`m‡_mU{)
IwßQ>Ámß_YyZ hm{O [mB©[ Q>mH$mdm AmoU ohadirMr gr_m oZpÌMV H$amdr.
AmH•$Vr 7.1 (Am) ï ohadir¿`m gr_{da

AmH•$Vr 7.1 (A) ï ohadir¿`m gr_m oZpÌMV H$aU{ [Õ`mMr [≈>r Oo_ZrV JmS>U{
AmH•$Vr 7.1 (B) ï [m`dmQ>{¿`m ]mOyZ{ AmH•$Vr 7.1 (B©) ï R>|J `m dmT>UmË`m PmS>mß¿`m
R>|JUr PmS>{ cmdU{ _mJ{ CßM dmT>Umar PmS>{ cmdU{
(2) ohadirM{ JdV gVV [gaV AgÎ`mZ{ ohadirMr H$S>m Òd¿N> R>{dU{ AdKS>
OmV{, ÂhUyZ À`m gr_{da "H$m{Í$J{Q>{S>' [Õ`mMr [≈>r Oo_ZrV JmSy>Z R>{dmdr.
(AmH•$Vr 7.1 Am)
(3) \$aer¿`m [m`dmQ>{¿`m ]mOyZ{ R>|JUr dmT>Umar PmS>{ cmdmdrV.
(AmH•$Vr 7.1 B)
(4) [m`dmQ>{¿`m ]mOyZ{ ÈßX [≈>r AgÎ`mg CßM dmT>Umar PmS>{ [mR>r_mJ{ AmnU
R>|JUr dmT>Umar PmS>{ Xe©Zr ^mJmV amhVrc Aer cmJdS> H$amdr.
(AmH•$Vr 7.1 B©)
7.2.5 H$S>mßMr oZJm
AcrH$S>¿`m H$mimV H$S>{¿`m OmJ{V o_lPmS>{ cmd `mMr [’V Í$T> Pmc{cr
Amh{. À`m_‹`{ [mcdrMr ]h˛dmof©H$ PwS>[{, EH$ qH$dm Xm{Z chmZ PmS>{ AmoU H$mhr
dmof©H$ \w$cPmS>{ (CXmhaUmW©, S>{oc`m) cmdVmV. `m oH$Zmat_‹`{ df©â \w$cmßMm, [mZmßMm
d \$imßMm aßJ ]XcV AgVm{. PmS>{ d{Jd{JiÁm AmH$mamMr AgyZ À`mßMm AmH$mahr
]XcV AgVm{.
CKS>Ám OmJ{V cdH$a VU dmT>V{. o_l PmS>mß_‹`{ CKS>r OmJm amhV Zmhr. À`m_wi{
qZXUrMm Ãmg H$_r hm{Vm{. Oo_Zrda gmdcr AgUmË`m OmJ{V VU dmT>V Zmhr. \$aer¿`m
[m`dmQ>{_wi{ ohadirda PmS>{ [gaV ZmhrV. `moedm` ohadirM{ JdV H$m[U{ gm{[{ OmV{.
Hwß$[Um¿`m PmS>mß¿`m _wiÁm AYmer AgVmV. ¯m _wiÁm AmOy]mOy¿`m OmJ{V
oeÍ$Z [mUr AmoU A›Z–Ï`{ K{VmV. ÂhUyZ _YyZ_YyZ ¯m _wiÁm N>mQ>U{ AmdÌ`H$
Amh{.
]mJ{Vrc PmS>{ Om{_mZ{ dmT>Î`mZßVa Vr oZam{Jr amhVmV AmoU À`mßMr \$maer H$miOr
ø`mdr cmJV Zmhr. ÂhUyZ PmS>mßMr dmT> Om{_mZ{ hm{U{ AmdÌ`H$ Amh{. [aßVw PmS>mßMm Om{_
H$m`_ amhV Zmhr. hiyhiy PmS>{ jrU ]Zy cmJVmV. À`mß¿`m OmJr ZdrZ PmS>{ cmdmdr
cmJVmV. _wiÁmßMr od^mJUr H$Í$Z ZdrZ PmS>{ cmdVm `{VmV. ZdrZ cmdc{Î`m PmS>mßZm
H$mR>ÁmßMm AmYma X{U{ AmdÌ`H$ AgV{. Z{h_r AmYmamMr JaO Ag `m[yduM AmYma
⁄mdm. H$maU AmYma Z oXÎ`m_wi{ PmS>mMm AmH$ma ]XcVm{ AmoU EH$Xm AmH$ma ]Xccm
H$s Vm{ [yd©dV AmUU{ H$R>rU AgV{. AmYma oXc{cr PmS>{ hr dmË`mV VmR> C^r amhVmV.
AmYmam¿`m H$mR>rcm H{$ir¿`m gm{[Q>mZ{ qH$dm gwVirZ{ PmS>{ g°c ]mßYmdrV. `mgmR>r
OmÒV l_ [S>VmV. flcmpÒQ>H$Mr odO{Mr Vma odH$V o_iV{. `m Vma{M{ VwH$S>{ H$Í$Z
PmS>mM{ Im{S> d AmYmamMr H$mR>r `mß¿`m^m{dVr Vma{M{ d{Q>m{i{ H$Í$Z Vma{¿`m Xm{›hr Q>m{H$mßZm
[ri ⁄mdm. `m [’VrZ{ H$_r l_mßV OmÒV H$m_ hm{V{.
H$S>m ï (]m∞S>©a) ]mJ{_‹`{ ohadir¿`m H$S>{Z{ AWdm BVa oR>H$mUr cmdc{Î`m
]wQ>∑`m PmS>mß¿`m oH$Zmar.
]we ï PwSy>[
Hwß$[U ï (\{$›g) ]mJ{¿`m gßajUmgmR>r Kmcmd`mMr VQ>]ßXr
oOdßV Hwß$[U ï (h{O) ]mJ{^m{dVr cmdc{c{ PwS>[mßM{ Hwß$[U
7.4 gmamße
^waQ>{ Mm{a AmoU ^Q>∑`m OZmdamß[mgyZ ]mJ{Vrc PmS>mßM{ gßajU H$a `mgmR>r
]mJ{^m{dVr _O]yV Hwß$[UmMr AmdÌ`H$Vm AgV{. H$mQ>{ar Vma AmoU cm{IßS>r Omir qH$dm
q^Vr¿`m Hwß$[Um[{jm PmS>mßM{ ohad{ Hwß$[U N>mZ oXgV{ AmoU _O]yVhr AgV{. Hwß$[UmgmR>r
H$mQ>{ar PmS>mßMr qH$dm odZmH$mQ>Ámß¿`m PmS>mßMr oZdS> H$aVm `{V{. [mdgm¿`m [m `mda
dmT>UmË`m, H$_rVH$_r oZJm amImdr cmJUmË`m PmS>mßMr Hwß$[UmgmR>r oZdS> H$amdr.
oOdßV Hwß$[UmMr N>mQ>Ur H$Í$Z [mohO{ V{dT>r CßMr R>{dVm `{V{. `m Hwß$[UmMm [S>⁄m‡_mU{
C[`m{J hm{Vm{.
[m`dmQ>, ohadi, oOdßV Hwß$[U (h{O) `mß¿`m gr_m _`m©oXV R>{d `mgmR>r H$S>{Z{
(]m∞S>©aZ{) [mcdr¿`m PmS>mßMr AmoU \w$cPmS>mßMr Pmca AWdm oH$Zma R>{dVm `{V{. gai
a{f{[{jm diUXma oH$Zma AoYH$ gwßXa oXgV{. `mgmR>r `m{Ω` PmS>mßMr oZdS> H$Í$Z À`mßMr
oZJm R>{d `mMr AmdÌ`H$Vm AgV{.

7.5.1 Imbrb ‡ÌZmßMr godÒVa CŒma{ obhm.
1. H$S>mßMr oZJm H$er ø`mdr, `modf`r godÒVa _mohVr obhm.
2. H$S>mßM{ _hŒd gmßJyZ H$S>mßM{ ‡H$ma obhm.
3. Imbrb[°H$s H$m{UÀ`mhr Mma Hwß$[Um¿`m PmS>mßda godÒVa oQ>[m obhm ï
i. H$adßX
ii. Sw>amßQ>m
iii. H$m{amßQ>r
iv. H$madr
v. dZOmB©
4. oQ>[m obhm.
i. H$mQ>{ _wHw$Q>
ii. Q>UQ>Ur
iii. e{a
iv. _m{Jbr EaßS>
v. Jmad{b
1. Hß$S>mM{ _hŒd Ò[ÓQ> H$am.
2. Hwß$[UmM{ _hŒd Ò[ÓQ> H$Í$Z Hwß$[UmgmR>r `m{Ω` Agb{Î`m H$m{UÀ`mhr [mM
PmS>mßMr Zmd{ obhm.
3. H$S>mßMr bmJdS> H$m{UH$m{UÀ`m ‡H$ma{ H$aVmV ? PmS>mbm H$mR>rMm AmYma
X{VmZm H$m{UVr H$miOr ø`mdr ?
4. Hwß$[UmgmR>r `m{Ω` Agb{Î`m PmS>mßMr Zmd{ obhm.
5. H$adßX d H$madr `mM{ Hwß$[UmgmR>r bmJdS>rM{ _hŒd Ò[ÓQ> H$am.
6. H$m{amßQ>r d Q>UQ>Ur `mßM{ Hwß$[UmgmR>r bmJdS>rM{ _hŒd Ò[ÓQ> >H$am.
7. Hwß$[UmgmR>r bmJdS> H$a `mgmR>r `m{Ω` Agb{Î`m PmS>mßda oQ>[m obhm.
(\$∑V 2).
i. H$mQ>{ _wHw$Q>
ii. e{a
iii. _m{Jbr EaßS>
8. Jmad{b d dZOmB© `mßM{ Hwß$[UmgmR>r bmJdS>rM{ _hŒd Ò[ÓQ> H$am.
1. H$adßX `m Hwß$[UmgmR>r bmd `mV `{UmË`m PmS>mMr Ao^d•’r H$em[mgyZ
H{$br OmV{ ?
(A) N>mQ> (B) S>m{i{ H$b_ (C) \w$Q>d{ (D) o]`m
2. H$m{UÀ`m PmS>m¿`m dmib{Î`m H$mS>ÁmßMm C[`m{J Hw$S>mgmR>r H$aVmV ?
(A) H$adßX (B) H$m{amßQ>r (C) H$madr (D) dZOmB©
3. Hwß$[UmgmR>r bmd `mV `{UmË`m H$m{UÀ`m PwS>[mbm ^maVmV o]`m YaV
ZmhrV ?
(A) bmQ>Ur (B) H$mQ>{ _wHw$Q> (C) e{a (D) H$adßX
4. Hwß$[UmgmR>r bmd `mV `{UmË`m H$m{UÀ`m PmS>m¿`m \w$bmßMm aßJ odQ>H$ar
qH$dm bmb AgyZ Vm{ gVV ]XbV AgVm{ ?
(A) H$mQ>{ _wHw$Q> (B) e{a (C) dZOmB© (D) Q>UQ>Ur
5. Hwß$[UmgmR>r bmd `mV `{UmË`m H$m{UÀ`m PmS>mbm [mZ{ ZgyZ À`mE{dOr ohaÏ`m
H$mS>Ám AgVmV ?
(A) bmQ>Ur (B) H$mQ>{ _wHw$Q> (C) e{a (D) dZOmB©
6. H$m{UÀ`m PmS>m¿`m o]`mß[mgyZ oZKUmË`m V{bmMm C[`m{J ÀdMmam{Jmda Vg{M
gm]U V`ma H$a `mgmR>r H{$bm OmVm{ ?
(A) _m{Jbr EaßS> (B) dZOmB© (C) bmQ>Ur (D) H$mQ>{ _wHw$Q>
7. Hwß$[Um¿`m ]mOyZ{ H$S>m bmdÎ`mg À`m Xm{hm|_‹`{ H$_rV H$_r AßVa oH$Vr
AgV{ ?
(A) 100 g|_r. (B) 50 g|_r. (C) 30 g{ß_r. (D) 10 g|_r.
8. ohadirMr gr_m oZpÌMV H$a `mgmR>r bmdb{Î`m ]wQ>∑`m PmS>mß¿`m
oH$Zmarbm H$m` ÂhUVmV ?
(A) Hwß$[U (B) H$S>m (C) [S>Xm (D) [mÌd©^y_r
9. Imbrb[°H$s H$m{UV{ PmS> H$S>m ÂhUyZ bmdVmV ?
(A) S>{ob`m (B) e{a (C) dZOmB© (D) H$adßX

KQ>H$ 8 : em{o^dßV [mZmßMr AmoU \w$cmßMr PwS>[{
AZwH´$_oUH$m
8.1 ‡mÒVmodH$
8.2 odf`-odd{MZ
8.2.1 AmH$f©H$ [mZmßMr PwS>[{
8.2.2 AmH$f©H$ \w$cmßMr PwS>[{
8.4 gmamße
8.1 ‡mÒVmodH$
]mJ{_‹`{ AmH$f©H$Vm AmoU CR>mdXma[Um AmU `mgmR>r oZaoZamiÁm PwS>[mßMr
cmJdS> H$aVmV. PwS>[{ hr AmH$f©H$ [mZmßMr AmoU AmH$f©H$ \w$cmßMr Aer Xm{Z [´H$maMr
AgVmV. [mZmßMm AmH$ma, [mZmßdarc ododYaßJr oR>[H{$, \w$cmßMm aßJ, \w$c{ `{ `mMm
H$mcmdYr `mdÍ$Z ]mJ{V H$m{UV{ PwSy>[ H$m{R>{ cmdmd{ h{ R>aodc{ OmV{. `mgmR>r ‡À`{H$
PwS>[mMr JwUd°oeÔ>Á{ _mhrV AgU{ AmdÌ`H$ Amh{.
AmH$f©H$ [mZmß¿`m AmoU \w$cmß¿`m ododY PwS>[mßMr _mohVr hm{B©c.
AmH$f©H$ [mZmß¿`m d \w$cmß¿`m PwS>[mßMr Ao^d•’r AmoU cmJdS> H$aVm
`{B©c.
8.2 odf`-odd{MZ
8.2.1 AmH$f©H$ [mZmßMr PwS>[{

]mJ{V cmd `mgmR>r `m{Ω` Aem AmH$f©H$ [mZmßMr AZ{H$ PwS>[{ Amh{V. H$mhr PwS>[{
‡Ia gy`©‡H$memV MmßJcr dmT>VmV Va H$mhr PwS>[{ C›hm[{jm gmdcrV d KamV
dmT>>od `mgmR>r `m{Ω` Amh{V. gmdcrV qH$dm KamV dmT>UmË`m `m PmS>mßZm (CXmhaUmW©,
_Zrflc±Q>, \$Z©, H´$m{Q>Z) \w$c{ cmJV ZmhrV; [aßVw À`mßMr [mZ{ _mÃ em{o^dßV AgVmV.
H$ h{arM{ PmS> C›hmV Ag{c Va À`mcm â[ya \w$c{ cmJVmV. _mÃ gmdcrV PmS>mcm \w$c{
cmJV ZmhrV. d{IßS>, JdVr Mhm, ogQ≠>m{Z{cm JdV, Amiy, [mZAm{dm, BÀ`mXr odZm\w$cmßMr
PmS>{ C›hmV MmßJcr dmT>VmV.
`m JQ>mVrc PwS>[{ ‡m_wª`mZ{ [mZmßMm d°oeÔ>Á[yU© aßJ, AmH$ma qH$dm odÒVma `mgmR>r
cmdcr OmVmV. em{o^dßV [mZmßgmR>r cmd `mV `{Umar PwS>[{ ‡m_wª`mZ{ gmdcr qH$dm
H$_r gy`©-‡H$mem¿`m OmJ{V MmßJcr dmT>VmV.em{o^dßV \w$c{ `{Umar PwS>[{ C›hm_‹`{
MmßJcr dmT>VmV. ]h˛V{H$ PwS>[{ Hwß$S>r_‹`{ MmßJcr dmT>V AgÎ`m_wi{ ]ßJcm AWdm
B_maVr_Yrc AmVrc gOmdQ>rgmR>r dm[aVmV.
(1) A∞H∞$oc\$m (A∞H∞$oc\$m Ò[{grO) ï ododY aßJmß¿`m N>Q>m AgUma{ cmc^S>H$,
[m{[Q>r, o[diÁm, odQ>H$ar, Zmna®Jr aßJmMr [mZ{ AgUma{ h{ PwSy>[ Amh{. `m PwS>[m¿`m
[mZmß¿`m AmH$mamßVhr ododYVm AgyZ, cß]Jm{c, H$S>m _waS>c{c{, [yU© [mZ _waS>c{c{,
]marH$ [mÀ`mgmaI{ Ag{ [mZmßM{ oZaoZami{ AmH$ma AmT>iyZ `{VmV. [mZmßMm aßJ d AmH$ma
`mßdÍ$Z `m PwS>[mM{ AZ{H$ ‡H$ma [S>VmV. AZ{H$Xm gy`©‡H$me d hdm_mZm¿`m ‡^mdm_wi{
`m PwS>[m¿`m [mZmß¿`m aßJm_‹`{ ]Xc hm{VmZm oXgVm{. `m PwS>[mMr Ao^d•’r \$mQ>{
H$c_m[mgyZ H$aVmV.
(2) Aa{oc`m (Aa{oc`m Ò[{grO) ï Aa{oc`m¿`m oZaoZamiÁm ‡H$mamßVrc PwS>[{
EH$ V{ Xm{Z _rQ>a CßM dmT>VmV. `m PwS>[mM{ Im{S> _D$ AgyZ \$mß⁄m H$_r AgVmV. `m
PwS>[mMr dmT> gmdcrV MmßJcr hm{V{. `m PwS>[m¿`m [mZmßM{ oZaoZami{ AmH$ma AgyZ
À`mßda [mßT>Ë`m aßJmM{ S>mJ AgVmV qH$dm AY} [mZ [mßT>aQ> o[diÁm aßJmM{ AmoU À`mda
ohad{ S>mJ AgVmV. `m PwS>[mMr Ao^d•’r \$mQ>{ H$c_m[mgyZ H{$cr OmV{.
(3) H´$m{Q>m∞Z (H´$m{Q>m∞Z Ò[{grO) ï h{ PwSy>[ EH$ V{ VrZ _rQ>a CßM dmT>V{ AmoU
À`mM{ Im{S> H$R>rU AgV{. CR>mdXma d ododY aßJgßJVr AmoU [mZmß¿`m oZaoZamiÁm
AmH$mamß_wi{ H´$m{Q>m∞Z cm{H$o‡` Pmc{ Amh{. [mZmß¿`m AmH$mamZwgma H´$m{Q>m∞ZM{ AZ{H$ ‡H$ma
Amh{V.
H´ $ m{ Q > m ∞ Z Mr [mZ{ cmß ] , Amß „ `m¿`m [mZmgmaIr, cß ] Jm{ c , _m{ R > r , AmIy S > ,
nao]ZrgmaIr, ÒHý$gmaIr, ]XH$m¿`m [m`mgmaIr, JdVm¿`m [mÀ`mgmaIr Aem ododY
AmH$mamßMr AgVmV. H´$m{Q>m∞Z¿`m [mZmßMm aßJ cmc, odQ>H$ar, o[dim qH$dm ohadm AgVm{.
cmc [mZmßdaVr o[di{, ohad{, [mßT>a{ oR>[H{$ AgVmV. H´$m{Q>m∞ZMr Ao^d•’r \$mQ>{ H$c_m[mgyZ
qH$dm JwQ>r H$c_m[mgyZ H$aVmV.
(4) Ba∞›W{__ (Ba∞›W{__ Ò[{grO) ï `m PwS>[mMr CßMr AYm© V{ EH$ _rQ>a AgyZ
odÒVma _`m©oXV AgVm{. `m PwS>[mMr [mZ{ Wm{S>r\$ma eßH$a[miÁm¿`m AmH$mamgmaIr
cmß]Q> Mm°H$m{Zr AgVmV. [mZmßMm aßJ odQ>H$ar AgyZ À`mßda [m{[Q>r ohadQ> [mßT>a{ qH$dm
o[diÁm aßJmM{ S>mJ AgVmV. H$mhr ‡H$mamßV ohadr [mZ{ AmoU o[diÁm oeam qH$dm
o[dir [mZ{ AmoU ohaÏ`m oeam AgVmV. `m PwS>[mMr EH$oÃV cmJdS> H$aVmV qH$dm
ohadir¿`m H$S>{Z{, gmdcr_‹`{ cmd `mgmR>r dm[aVmV.
(5) J´mflQ>m{\$m`c_ ( J´mflQ>m{\$m`c_ o[∑Q>_) ï h{ PwSy>[ Ba∞›W{__¿`m PwS>[mgmaI{
AgV{. `m PwS>[mM{ aßJ CR>mdXma AgVmV. aßJr]{aßJr \$aer‡_mU{ [mZmßda ohadm aßJ
AmoU À`mda [mßT>a{ S>mJ qH$dm o[dim aßJ AmoU À`mda ohad{ S>mJ AWdm cmc aßJ AmoU
À`mda Jwcm]r S>mJ AmT>iVmV. `m PwS>[mMr Ao^d•’r \$mQ>{ H$c_m[mgyZ H$aVmV.
(6) Ama{gmB©Z (Ama{gmB©Z Ò[{grO) ï h{ cmc^S>H$ aßJmM{ ZmOyH$ PwSy>[ AgyZ
À`mMr CßMr 60 V{ 75 g{ß_r. BVH$s AgV{. h{ PwS[ gmdcrV MmßJc{ dmT>V{. `m PwS>[mMr
Ao^d•’r e|S>Ám¿`m \$mQ>{ H$c_m[mgyZ H$aVmV. `m PwS>[mMr [mZ{ a∑VmgmaIr AmH$f©H$
cmc aßJmMr AgyZ oeam [mßT>aQ> aßJm¿`m AgVmV. H$mhr ‡H$mamßV [mZ{ ohadQ> aßJmMr
AmoU oeam cmcga aßJm¿`m AgVmV.
(7) [∞Z∞∑g ([∞Z∞∑g Ò[{grO) ï h{ PwSy>[ Aa{oc`m dJm©Vrc AgyZ À`mMr [U©aMZm
_mÃ d{Jir AgV{. `m PwS>[mMr CßMr EH$ V{ Xm{Z _rQ>a AgyZ [mZ{ gwßXa naVrZ{ H$m[Î`mgmaIr
qH$dm o[gmË`mgmaIr oXgVmV. `m PwS>[m¿`m [mZmßMm aßJ [m{[Q>r ohadm AgyZ À`mda
ohad{, [mßT>a{, o\$H$Q> o[di{ S>mJ AgVmV. `m PwS>[mMr Ao^d•’r \$mQ>{ H$c_m[mgyZ
H$aVmV.
8.2.2 AmH$f©H$ \w$cmßMr PwS>[{
]mJ{V cmd `mgmR>r Agßª` em{o^dßV \w$cmß¿`m dZÒ[Vr (PmS>{) Amh{V. À`mVyZ
oZdS> H$a `mg â[ya dmd Amh{. `mVrc H$mhr cm{H$o‡` \w$cmßMr PwS>[{ [wT>rc‡_mU{
Amh{V.
(1) MßS>m{c (cmH©$Ò[a - S>{pÎ\$oZ`_ AOmgrg) ï `m dZÒ[VrM{ \y$c MßS>m{cgmaI{
oXgV{ ÂhUyZ oVcm MßS>m{c ÂhUVmV. hr dZÒ[Vr dmof©H$ AmoU ]h˛dmof©H$ AgyZ [mZ{
[ßª`mgmaIr AgVmV. `m PmS>mcm oZiÁm aßJmMr EH{$ar qH$dm Xwh{ar \w$c{ cmJVmV. `m
PmS>mMr cmJdS> â[ya D$Z `{UmË`m OmJr H$aVmV. `m PmS>mMr Ao^d•’r o]`mß[mgyZ
H$aVmV. `m ‡OmVr¿`m \w$cmßZm H$ÒVwarMm gwdmg AgVm{.
AmH•$Vr 8.1 ï MßS>m{c

(2) _woX´H$m (ec} [m∞[r qH$dm H$mZ© [m∞[r - [m[mÏha Ëhm{Bg) ï A\y$¿`m Hw$imVrc
`m dmof©H$ PmS>mM{ ]m|S> R>em‡_mU{ oXgV{. ÂhUyZ `m dZÒ[Vrcm _wo–H$m h{ Zmd [S>c{
Amh{. `m dZÒ[VrM{ PmS> 60 g|_r. CßM dmT>V{. \w$c{ EH{$ar qH$dm Xwh{ar H$[m¿`m AmH$mamMr
AgyZ cmß], gS>[mVi XmßS>Ámda `{VmV. \w$c{ [mßT>ar, Jwcm]r, oZir, V[oH$ar aßJmMr
AgVmV. `m PmS>m¿`m ec}-o_∑g≤S≤>, S>]c-o_∑g≤S≤>, ÒdrQ> ]´mà, A_{naH$Z naOZ `m
cm{H$o‡` OmVr Amh{V. `m \w$cPmS>mMr g_yhmV Vg{M VmQ>Ï`mV ]r [{Í$Z cmJdS> H$aVmV.
am{[{ CJdÎ`mZßVa am{[mßMr odaiUr H$amdr.
(3) XocV[Uu (H∞$oc\$m{oZ©`Z [m∞[r - BÌMÌMm{pÎP`m H∞$oc\$m{oZ©H$m) ï ]mJ{V
h{ H$mQ>H$ dmof©H$ \w$cPmS> 30 V{ 45 g|_r. CßM dmT>V{. `m PmS>mMr [mZ{ Mm{[S>r, oZiga,
ohadr, H$mVac{cr AgyZ Im{S> gS>[mVi AgV{. `m PmS>mMr \w$c{ _m{R>r gmYmaU[U{ 7.5
g|_r. Ï`mgmMr, ]er¿`m AmH$mamMr, EH{$ar, Xwh{ar qH$dm oZ_Xwh{ar AgVmV. \w$cmßMm aßJ
V{OÒdr o[dim, c{_Z, Zmna®Jr, o\$H$Q> o[dim, Zmna®Jr-cmc, Jwcm]r, JX© Zmna®Jr,
o[diga [mßT>am AgVm{. `m \w$cPmS>m¿`m H$mhr OmVtMr \w$c{ o¤aßJr AgVmV. `m
\w$cPmS>mcm cdH$a AmoU â[ya \w$c{ cmJVmV. \w$c{ amÃr o_Q>c{cr AgVmV. `m
\w$cPmS>m¿`m - Aam{am, H$ma_rZ qH$J, H´$m{_ ∑drZ, H´$m{gr, _mßS>marZ, o_H$mS>m{, a{S> oM\$,
‚c{_, \$màΩcm{, S>∞Pca, Ωcrq_J, Jm{ÎS>Z d{ÒQ>, gZg{Q> o_∑ÌMa d am∞]Q>© JmS>©Za `m
OmVr cm{H$o‡` Amh{V.
(4) Jw¿N>dVr (H±$S>r Q>‚Q> - B]{arg AÂ]{cmQ>m) ï h{ dmof©H$ \w$cPmS> 20 V{ 40
g|_r. CßM dmT>V{. `m \w$cPmS>mMr [mZ{ AÈßX AgyZ [mßT>ar, Jwcm]r, qH$dm OmßîÁm
aßJmMr \w$c{ Jw¿N>m_‹`{ cmJVmV. `m \w$cmßZm Jm{S> dmg AgVm{. `m \w$cPmS>m¿`m AmÎ]m
([mßT>ar), H$mo_©oZ`m, occrAmgrZm, [wa[wna`m, a{S> H$moS>©Zc `m _hŒdm¿`m OmVr AgyZ
`mßMr cmJdS> VmQ>Ï`mV qH$dm H$S>{Z{ H$aVmV. `moedm` `m \w$cPmS>mMr cmJdS> Hwß$S>ÁmßVhr
H$aVm `{V{. `mgmR>r gflQ>|]a-Am∞∑Q>m{]a _oh›`mßV ]r [{Í$Z ZßVa am{[mßM{ VmQ>Ï`mV ÒWcmßVa
H$amd{ qH$dm VmQ>Ï`mV ]r [{Í$Zhr `m \w$cPmS>mMr cmJdS> H$aVm `{V{.
(5) oVaßJr ([∞›gr - Ïhm`m{cm Q≠>m`H$ca hm∞Q>}›grg) ï oVaßJr h{ AÎ[Ordr ]h˛dmof©H$
PwSy>[ Amh{. `m PwS>[mcm EH{$H$Q>r oZir, [mßT>ar d cmc Aem VrZ aßJmßMr \w$c{ cmJVmV.
h{ PmS> 20 V{ 25 g|_r. CßM, AmQ>m{[era d [gaUma{ AgV{. `m PmS>mMr [mZ{ cmß] AgyZ
[mZmßMr oH$Zma H$mVac{cr AgV{. `m PmS>mMr \w$c{ hr oZir, Omßîr, cmc, ]´m±P,
o[dir, Zmna®Jr, Jwcm]r, _YmgmaIr cmc, H$mir qH$dm [mßT>ar Aem ododY aßJmßMr
AgVmV. `moedm` \w$cmßda gwa{I IwUm qH$dm [≈>{ qH$dm a{fm AgVmV. \w$cmßMm Ï`mg
10 V{ 15 g|_r. AgyZ À`mßZm ode{fVï gH$mir _Ywa gwdmg AgVm{. `m \w$cPmS>m¿`m
AZ{H$ OmVr Amh{V. `m \w$cPmS>mMr cmJdS> VmQ>d{, H$S>m, IS>H$ ]mJ, Hwß$S>Ám,
oIS>H$sVrc Im{H$s `mß_‹`{ H$aVmV. h{ \w$cPmS> AßeVï gmdcrV dmT>V AgÎ`mZ{ PwSy>[
qH$dm _m{R>Ám PmS>mImcr `m \w$cPmS>mMr cmJdS> H$aVm `{V{. oVaßJrMr cmß] X{R>mßMr \w$c{
\w$cXmUrVrc [m `mV VrZ V{ Mma oXdg MmßJcr amhVmV.
AmH•$Vr 8.2 ï oVaßJr
(6) AÈU[wÓ[ (BßoS>`Z q[H$ - S>m`mßWg Mm`Z|grg) ï h{ \w$cPmS> 30 V{
45 g|_r. CßM dmT>V{. `m \w$cPmS>mMr [mZ{ [mVi d cmß] AgVmV. `m \w$cPmS>mcm
â[ya \w$c{ cmJVmV. \w$c{ EH{$ar oH$ßdm Xwh{ar, _m{R>r (Ï`mg gw_ma{ 2.7 V{ 7.5 g|_r.),
V{OÒdr aßJmMr AmoU AmÎhmXH$maH$ gwJßYmMr AgVmV. \w$cmßMm aßJ Jwcm]r, Zmna®Jr,
cmc JX© Omßîm, o\$H$Q> Omßîm, H$miga V[oH$ar, V[oH$ar qH$dm [mßT>am AgVm{. hr
\w$cPmS>{ VmQ>d{, H$S>m, IS>H$]mJ, Hwß$S>Ámß_‹`{ cmd `mg AmoU H$Q> ‚cm∞dg©gmR>r CŒm_
AgVmV. `m PmS>mMr Ao^d•’r o]`mß[mgyZ H$aVmV. CŒma ^maVm¿`m _°XmZr ‡X{emV `m
\w$cPmS>m¿`m o]`mßMr [{aUr gflQ>|]a-Am∞∑Q>m{]a _oh›`mV H$aVmV. H$_r [mdgm¿`m (75
g|_r. [{jm H$_r) ‡X{emV `m \w$cPmS>m¿`m o]`mßMr [{aUr [mdgmiÁmV H$amdr.
(7) Km{i Jwcm] ([m{a¿`wcmH$m J´±oS>‚cm{am) ï ]mJm`Vr Oo_ZrV Km{i Jwcm]
VU ÂhUyZ dmT>V{. `m \w$cPmS>mMr ^mOr H$aVmV. ]mJ{V \w$cUmam Km{i Jwcm] gw_ma{ 10
V{ 15 g|_r. dmT>Vm{. Km{i Jwcm]mMr [mZ{ chmZ, _mßgc, AÈßX AgVmV. Km{i Jwcm]mMr
\w$c{ H$[m¿`m AmH$mamMr qH$dm Jwcm]mgmaIr M_H$Xma AgyZ gmYmaU[U{ 2.5 g|_r.
Ï`mgmMr AgVmV. \w$c{ Im{S>m¿`m e|S>Ámda EH{$H$Q>r cmJVmV. \w$cmßMm aßJ V{OÒdr
o[dim, Jwcm]r, Zmna®Jr, Omßîm qH$dm [mßT>am AgVm{. Km{i Jwcm]m¿`m H$mhr OmVt¿`m
\w$cmß_‹`{ [mH$iÁmßda gwa{I [≈>{ AmT>iVmV. Km{i Jwcm]mMr \w$c{ oXdgm C_cVmV
AmoU Xw[mar qH$dm T>Jmi oXdgmßV o_Q>VmV. â[ya \w$c{ `{UmË`m Km{i Jwcm]m¿`m PmS>mß_wi{
Oo_Zrda JmocMm V`ma hm{Vm{. \w$c{ EH{$ar AmoU Xwh{ar AgVmV. Km{i Jwcm]mMr "_∞oOH$
H$m[}Q>' hr OmV cm{H$o‡` Amh{. Km{i Jwcm]mMr cmJdS> O_rZ PmH$ `mgmR>r, IS>H$]mJ{V,
[m`dmQ>{¿`m H$S>{Z{ H$aVmV. Km{i Jwcm]mMr cmJdS> CWi Hwß$S>ÁmßV qH$dm [amVrV H$aVm
`{V{. ¯m \w$cPmS>mM{ ]r _mM© V{ _{ _oh›`mV [{aVmV AmoU am{[mßMr cmJdS> H$m`_ OmJr
qH$dm VmQ>Ï`mV H$aVmV.
(8) hm{cmocH$m (hm{ochm∞H$ - AmpÎW`m am{oP`m) ï _°XmZr ‡X{emV dmof©H$
AmoU S>m|Jar ‡X{emV ]h˛dmof©H$ Ag{ h{ \w$cPmS> Amh{. h{ PmS> 1.2 V{ 2.5 _rQ>a CßM
dmT>V{. `m \w$cPmS>mMr [mZ{ _yÃme`m¿`m AmH$mamMr AgVmV. Im{S>mda [mZmß¿`m ]Jc{V
o]ZX{R>mMr _m{R>r (8 V{ 13 g|_r.) \w$c{ cmJVmV. \w$cmßMm aßJ [mßT>am, o[dim, Jwcm]r,
Omßîm AmoU BVa AZ{H$ N>Q>mßMm AgVm{. \w$c{ EH{$ar, Xwh{ar qH$dm oZ_-Xwh{ar AgVmV.
`m \w$cPmS>m¿`m H$mhr OmVtMr \w$c{ H$mZ}eZgmaIr AgVmV. ode{fVï ZdrZ PwS>[mß¿`m
g_yhmV (e´]ar) cmd `mg h{ \w$cPmS> `m{Ω` Amh{. `m PmS>m¿`m cmJdS>r_wi{ naH$m_r
OmJm ^Í$Z oZKV{. JX©© ohaÏ`m Hwß$[Umcm em{^m X{ `mgmR>r `m \w$cPmS>mßMm C[`m{J
hm{Vm{. `m \w$cPmS>mßMr Am{irV qH$dm g_yhmV cmJdS> H$aVm `{V{. èÒdr cmJdS>rgmR>r
Im{c, gw[rH$ qH$dm CŒm_ oZMË`m¿`m Oo_ZrMr AmdÌ`H$Vm AgV{. `m \w$cPmS>mMr
cmJdS> ]r H$m`_ OmJr [{Í$Z H$amdr. Xm{Z PmS>mß_‹`{ 45 V{ 60 g|_r. AßVa R>{dyZ
am{[mßMr odaiUr H$amdr. _°XmZr [´X{emV gflQ>|]a-Am∞∑Q>m{]a _oh›`mV o]`mßMr [{aUr H$amdr.
(9) Vmß]S>r Xw[mar qH$dm ]ßYyH$ ([{›Q>m[{Q>g \$m{oZog`m) ï h{ dmof©H$ \w$cPmS> 1
V{ 1.5 _rQ>a CßM dmT>V{. `m \w$cPmS>mMr [mZ{ 10 V{ 15 g|_r. cmß] AgVmV. ^mVe{VrV
h{ \w$cPmS> VUmgmaI{ dmT>V{. `m PmS>mMr \w$c{ em{o^dßV AgyZ \w$cmß¿`m [mH$iÁm
cmc^S>H$ AgVmV. `m \w$cPmS>mM{ \$i ]m|S> ‡H$mamM{ AgV{.
(10) V{aS>m qH$dm ]mÎg_ (Bß[{e›g ]mÎgo_Zm) ï V{aS>m h{ ^maVr` \w$cPmS>
Amh{. "V{aS>ÁmMm aßJ VrZ oXdg' Aer _amR>rV ÂhU Amh{. d›` V{aS>m _mdiÁm
S>m|JaCVmamda â[ya ‡_mUmV AmT>iVm{. h{ PmS> [mdgmiÁmV dmT>V{. AmoU [mdgmiÁm¿`m
e{dQ>r `m PmS>mßZm \w$cmßMm ]hma `{Vm{. V{aS>Ám¿`m PmS>mcm [mZmß¿`m ]Jc{V \w$c{ cmJVmV.
\w$cmß¿`m Jwcm]r [mH$iÁmßda [mßT>Ë`m a{fm AgVmV. V{aS>ÁmMr [∑d \$i{ qH$oMV Y∑∑`mZ{
VS>H$VmV. V{aS>Ám¿`m [wÓH$i OmVr Amh{V. \w$cmßMm aßJ Jwcm]r, cmc, OmßîQ> cmc,
oZim d [mßT>am AgVm{. H$mhr OmVt¿`m \w$cmßV gwa{I oR>[H{$ AgVmV. V{aS>ÁmM{ PmS> 45
g|_r. CßM dmT>V{. V{aS>Ám¿`m R>|J `m OmVr 30 g|_r. CßM dmT>VmV. V{aS>ÁmMr cmJdS>
C›hmiÁmV d [mdgmiÁmV H$aVm `{V{. C›hmir hßJm_mVrc cmJdS>rgmR>r OmZ{dmar-
\{$]´wdmar _oh›`mV AmoU [mdgmir cmJdS>rgmR>r OyZ-Owc° _oh›`mßV ]r [{amd{. V{aS>ÁmMr
cmJdS> VmQ>Ï`mV, Hwß$S>ÁmßV Vg{M [m`dmQ>{¿`m H$S>{Z{ H$amdr. V{aS>ÁmMr "BÂ[{e›g gwcVmZr'
hr OmV ]h˛dfm©`w AgyZ KamVrc Hwß$S>ÁmßV MmßJcr dmT>V{. `m OmVrM{ e|S>{ IwSy>Z PwS>[r
dmT> R>{dmdr.
(11) oÃ[mcr (ZmÒQw>oQ>©`_ - Q≠>m{[wAm{c_ _mOg) ï oÃ[mcrMr R>|JUr PmS>{ 25 V{
30 g|_r. CßM dmT>VmV. `m \w$cPmS>m¿`m CßM dmT>UmË`m OmVr gmYmaU[U{ 1.8 V{ 2.8
_rQ>a CßM dmT>VmV. `m CßM dmT>UmË`m OmVtZm AmYma ⁄mdm cmJVm{. `m PmS>mMr [mZ{
_m{R>r d Jm{cmH$ma AgyZ Im{S> Vma{gmaI{ AgV{. `m PmS>mMr \w$c{ Jm{S> dmgmMr AgyZ
\w$cmßMm aßJ Zmna®Jr, Zmna®Jr-cmc AgVm{. \w$cm¿`m [mH$iÁmßda gwa{I oR>[H{$ AgVmV.
\w$c{ EH{$ar AWdm Xwh{ar AgVmV. `m \w$cPmS>m¿`m CßM dmT>UmË`m OmVr H$_mZrda
AWdm Hwß$[Umda qH$dm IwßQ>mda d{cr‡_mU{ dmT>VmV. R>|J `m OmVr Hwß$S>ÁmßV qH$dm
oIS>H$sVrc Im{∑`mV qH$dm oH$ZmargmR>r cmdVmV. `m PmS>mMr \w$c{ (H$Q> ‚cm∞dg©)
À`mß¿`m AmH$f©H$ [mZmßgh [wÓ[aMZ{V dm[aVm `{VmV.
VmQ>Ï`mV `m \w$cPmS>mMr cmJdS> H$m`_ OmJr ]r [{Í$Z H$Í$Z ZßVa am{[mßMr
odaiUr H$Í$Z Xm{Z PmS>mßVrc AßVa 25 V{ 30 g|_r. R>{dmd{. _°XmZr ‡X{emV `m \w$cPmS>mMr
[{aUr gflQ>|]a-Am∞∑Q>m{]a _oh›`mßV AmoU S>m|Jar ‡X{emV _mM©-Eo‡c_‹`{ H$amdr.
(12) oZir oH$Zma (`w[mQ>m{na`_ [wa[wna`_) ï `m EH$ _rQ>a CßM dmT>UmË`m
\w$cPmS>mßMr cmJdS> H$S>{Z{ (]m∞S>©a) H$aVmV. `m \w$cPmS>mßMr [mZ{ 5 V{ 7 g|_r cmß]
AgVmV. \w$cmßM{ Jm|S>{ OmßîÁm qH$dm oZiÁm aßJmM{ AgVmV.
(13) H$cdU© qH$dm H∞$ocAm{pflgg (H$m{naAm{flgrg qQ>∑Q>m{na`m) ï `m \w$cPmS>mcm
S>{Pr‡_mU{ o[dir d V[oH$ar qH$dm cmc-V[oH$ar aßJmMr \w$c{ `{VmV. `m \w$cPmS>m¿`m
CßM OmVtMr PmS>{ 60 V{ 90 g|_r. AmoU R>|J `m OmVtMr PmS>{ 25 V{ 30 g|_r. CßM
dmT>VmV. `m PmS>mcm Mm{[S>r, H$mVac{cr ohadr [mZ{ AgyZ Im{S> Vma{gmaI{ AgV{. `m
\w$cPmS>m¿`m o]`mßMr [{aUr OmZ{dmar-\{$]´wdmar, OyZ-Owc° AmoU gflQ>|]a-Am∞∑Q>m{]a
_oh›`mßV H$amdr. S>m|Jar ‡X{emV o]`mßMr [{aUr _mM©-Eo‡c AmoU Am∞JÒQ> V{ Am∞∑Q>m{]a
`m H$mimV H$amdr. [{aUrZßVa EH$ _oh›`m¿`m AßVamZ{ am{[mßMr VmQ>Ï`mV cmJdS> H$amdr.
`m \w$cPmS>mMr cmJdS> VmQ>Ï`mV, dmof©H$ d o_l, oH$ZmargmR>r AmoU \w$cmßgmR>r (H$Q>
‚cm∞dg©) H$aVmV. hr \w$cPmS>{ H$mQ>H$ AgyZ À`mßda oH$S>r d am{JmßMm C[–d hm{V Zmhr.
(14) oXZZ{Ã qH$dm S>{Pr (]{crg [{a{›Zrg) ï h{ dmof©H$ \w$cPmS> 25 V{ 30
g|_r. CßM dmT>Uma{ AgyZ \w$cPmS>mMr [mZ{ chmZ [≈>Ám‡_mU{ AgVmV. PmS>mM{ Im{S>
OmS> AgV{. `m \w$cPmS>mcm 2.5 V{ 5 g|_r. Ï`mgmMr \w$c{ 15 g|_r. cmß] XmßS>Ámda
`{VmV. \w$cmßMm aßJ [mßT>am, Jwcm]r qH$dm cmc AgVm{. \w$c{ EH{$ar qH$dm Xwh{ar AgVmV.
`m \w$cPmS>mMr R>|JUr OmV (occr[wQ>) 15 g|_r. CßM dmT>V{. hr \w$cPmS>{ VmQ>Ï`mV,
H$S>{cm AmoU IS>H$]mJ{V cmd `mg `m{Ω` Amh{V. hr \w$cPmS>{ Hwß$S>ÁmßV qH$dm oIS>H$sVrc
Im{∑`mVhr cmdVm `{VmV. `m \w$cPmS>m¿`m cmJdS>rgmR>r gflQ>|]a-Am∞∑Q>m{]a _oh›`mV
am{[dmoQ>H{$V dm‚`mV ]r [{amd{. `m \w$cPmS>mcm \{$]w´dmar-_mM© _oh›`mßV \w$c{ cmJVmV.
S>m|Jar ‡X{emV `m \w$cPmS>mM{ ]r \{$]´wdmar-_mM© _oh›`mV [{amd{. S>m|Jar ‡X{emV hr PmS>{
o¤dmof©H$ AgVmV.
(15) Oa]{am (Oa]{am Om_{gm{Zr) ï h{ ]h˛dfm©`w PmS> 30 V{ 45 g|_r. CßM dmT>V{.
`m \w$cPmS>mMr [mZ{ 15 g|_r. cmß], ÈßX AmoU H$mVac{cr AgVmV. `m \w$cPmS>mMr
\w$c{ 12 V{ 15 g|_r. Ï`mgmMr, S>{PrgmaIr, EH{$ar AWdm Xwh{ar AmH$f©H$ aßJN>Q>{Mr
AgyZ [mVi [mH$iÁmßMr AgVmV. `m PmS>mMr \w$c{ cmß], ]marH$, [U©aohV XmßS>Ámda
`{VmV. \w$cmßMm aßJ [mßT>am, o[dim, Zmna®Jr, odQ>H$ar-cmc, Jwcm]r AmoU ododY N>Q>mßMm
AgVm{. Oa]{am¿`m H$mhr OmVtZm Xm{ZaßJr \w$c{ `{VmV.
(16) [{Qw>oZ`m ([{Qw>oZ`m J´±oS>‚cm{am) ï h{ dmof©H$ \w$cPmS> AoVe` AmH$f©H$
AmoU cm{H$o‡` Amh{. [{Q>woZ`m¿`m AmYwoZH$ OmVr gßH$naV (hm`]´rS>) Amh{V. `m
\w$cPmS>mMr CßMr 25 V{ 30 g|_r. AgyZ PmS>{ [gaV dmT>VmV. `m \w$cPmS>mMr [mZ{
chmZ, Jm{cmH$ma d OmS> AgVmV. \w$cmßMm AmH$ma VwVmargmaIm AgyZ da¿`m ^mJmMm
Ï`mg 15 V{ 20 g|_r AgVm{. [{Qw>oZ`m¿`m \w$cmßZm [mßT>am, Jwcm]r, H´$s_gZ, cmc,
o\$H$Q> oZim, o[dim qH$dm Omßîm Agm AmH$f©H$ aßJ
AgVm{. [{Qw>oZ`m¿`m H$mhr OmVtMr \w$c{ XwaßJr AmoU
MmßXUrgmaIr AgVmV qH$dm Xwh{ar AgVmV. [{Qw>oZ`m¿`m
PmS>mcm â[ya AmoU XrK© H$mi[`™V \w$c{ `{VmV. [{Qw>oZ`mM{
ododY ‡H$ma Amh{V.
[{Qw>oZ`mMr cmJdS> VmQ>Ï`mV, H$S>{cm, g_yhmV, IS>H$
]mJ{V, oIS>H$sVrc Im{∑`mV, Q>mßJc{Î`m Q>m{[crV AmoU
AmH•$Vr 8.3 ï [{Q>woZ`m Hwß$S>ÁmßV H$aVmV. H$m[c{cr \w$c{ \w$cXmUrV R>{dVmV.
_°XmZr ‡X{emV [{Q>woZ`mM{ ]r Am∞JÒQ> V{ Am∞∑Q>m{]a AmoU H$mhr d{im gm°Â` hdm_mZmV
_mM© V{ OyZ _oh›`mV [{aVmV. S>m|Jar ‡X{emV _mM©-Eo‡c_‹`{ [{Qw>oZ`m¿`m o]`mßMr [{aUr
H$aVmV. [{Qw>oZ`mM{ ]r ]marH$ AgÎ`m_wi{ V{ dmiyV o_giyZ [{aUr H$aVmV. o]`mß¿`m
[{aUr[mgyZ EH$ _oh›`mZßVa [{Qw>oZ`mMr am{[{ H$m`_ OmJr cmdVmV. [{Qw>oZ`m¿`m Xwh{ar
\w$cmß¿`m OmVtMr Ao^d•’r N>mQ> H$c_m[mgyZ H$aVmV. [{Qw>oZ`m¿`m PmS>mcm o]`mß¿`m
[{aUr[mgyZ VrZ V{ gmS>{VrZ _oh›`mßZr \w$c{ cmJVmV.
(17) hZw_ßV (ÒZ∞[S≠>∞JZ, A±oQ>oËhZ_ _mOg) ï h{ EH$ cm{H$o‡` dmof©H$ \w$cPmS>
Amh{. `m \w$cPmS>mMr [mZ{ chmZ, AÈßX AmoU Mm{[S>r AgVmV. `m PmS>mMr \w$c{
ZirgmaIr AgyZ CßM VwË`mV cmJVmV. \w$cmßMm aßJ [mßT>am, o[dim, cmc, Zmna®Jr,
Omßîm, Jwcm]r, Zmna®Jr-cmc d _Í$Z AgVm{. \w$cmMm AmH$ma S≠>∞JZ¿`m Vm|S>mgmaIm
AgVm{. \w$cmßMm AmH$ma OmVtZwgma o^›Z AgVm{. `m \w$cPmS>m_‹`{ CßM (90 V{ 120
g|_r.), _‹`_ (60 V{ 75 g|_r.) d R>|J `m (30 V{ 45 g|_r.) Aem ododY OmVr
Amh{V. `m \w$cPmS>m¿`m H$mhr OmVr Xwh{ar \w$cmß¿`m Amh{V. `m OmVr hm{ochm∞H$ d
MßS>m{c \w$cPmS>mV o_l [mÌd©^y_rda cmdmÏ`mV. `m \w$cPmS>m¿`m _‹`_ CßMr¿`m OmVr
VmQ>Ï`mV d Hwß$S>ÁmßV cmdmÏ`mV. R>|J `m OmVr H$S>m qH$dm IS>H$]mJ{V cmdmÏ`mV. `m
\w$cPmS>mMr H$m[c{cr \w$c{ \w$cXmUrV XrK© H$mi oQ>H$VmV. `m \w$cPmS>m¿`m R>|J `m
OmVr (CXmhaUmW©, Q>m∞_ WÂ], _∞oOH$ H$m[}Q> d am∞H$ hm`]´rS>) oIS>H$sVrc Im{∑`mV
cmd `mg C[`m{Jr [S>VmV. am{[dmoQ>H{$V o]`mßMr [{aUr gflQ>|]a qH$dm Am∞∑Q>m{]a _oh›`mV
H$amdr. [{aUrZßVa EH$m _oh›`mZ{ am{[{ Mma [mZmßda AmÎ`mZßVa am{[mßMr cmJdS> H$m`_
OmJr H$amdr. H$_r [mdgm¿`m ‡X{emV `m \w$cPmS>m¿`m o]`mßMr [{aUr OyZ-Owc° _oh›`mßV
H$aVm `{V{. `m \w$cPmS>mßM{ ]marH$ ]r H$miOr[yd©H$ [{amd{ AmoU dmiy¿`m qH$dm [mZmß¿`m
IVm¿`m [mVi WamZ{ PmH$md{. `mZßVa H$miOr[yd©H$ [mUr ⁄md{. OmVrZwgma o]`mß¿`m
[{aUr[mgyZ AS>rM V{ Mma _oh›`mßZr `m \w$cPmS>mcm \w$c{ cmJVmV.
(18) ‚cm∞∑g (‚cm∞∑g S≠>_m|S>r) ï h{ dmof©H$ \w$cPmS> AgyZ `m PmS>mcm \w$c{
e|S>Ámda g°c qH$dm K≈> Pw[∑`mV cmJVmV. \w$cmßMm aßJ V{OÒdr AgVm{. `m \w$cPmS>mßMr
Ao^d•’r o]`mß[mgyZ H$aVmV. `m \w$cPmS>mMr cmJdS> â[ya gy`©‡H$mem¿`m OmJr H$amdr
AmoU Om{am¿`m dmË`m[mgyZ \w$cPmS>mM{ gßajU H$amd{. O_rZ Am{cga R>{dmdr. ‚cm∞∑g¿`m
PmS>mMr CßMr 30 V{ 45 g|_r. AgV{. \w$c{ cß]Jm{c AmH$mamMr, em{o^dßV AmoU o[dir,
cmc d [mßT>ar Aem aßJmMr AgVmV. `m \w$cPmS>mcm C›hmiÁmV \w$c{ cmJVmV. `m
\w$cPmS>m¿`m Bgm]{cm, oS>\$m`›g d ÒZm{]c `m ‡_wI OmVr Amh{V. ÒQ>ma ‚cm∞∑gMr
\w$c{ VmaH{$‡_mU{ oXgVmV.
(19) gmpÎÏh`m (gmpÎÏh`m H$mp∑goZ`m) ï gmpÎÏh`mMr PmS>{ CßM (60 V{ 90
g|_r.) qH$dm R>|JUr (20 V{ 30 g|_r.) AgVmV. hr \w$cPmS>{ PwS>[r AgVmV. `m
\w$cPmS>mMr [mZ{ JX© ohadr AgyZ [mZm{iÁm¿`m e|S>Ámda \w$cmßMm Vwam AgVm{. \w$cmßMm
aßJ Jwcm]r qH$dm Omßîm AgVm{. gmpÎÏh`m¿`m AZ{H$ OmVr Amh{V. gmpÎÏh`mMr PmS>{
VmQ> Ï `mV, Hw ß $ S> Á mß V , IS> H $ ]mJ{ V AmoU [mÌd© ^ y _ rda cmd `mg `m{ Ω ` Amh{ V .
gmpÎÏh`m¿`m PmS>mßMr cmJdS> e´]ar, CßM PmS>mImcr, AY©dQ> gmdcr¿`m H$m{[Ë`mV
qH$dm Kam_‹`{ H$aVm `{V{. _°XmZr ‡X{emV _mM©-Eo‡c_‹`{ gmpÎÏh`m¿`m o]`mßMr [{aUr
H$amdr. ]r ]marH$ AgÎ`m_wi{ H$miOr[yd©H$ [{amd{ AmoU dmiy d [mZmß¿`m IVm¿`m
[mVi WamZ{ PmH$md{. [{aUrZßVa 10 V{ 15 oXdgmßV o]`m hiyhiy CJdVmV. cmJdS>rgmR>r
am{[{ V`ma PmÎ`mZßVa am{[mßMr cmdUr H$m`_ VmQ>Ï`mV H$amdr. [{aUr[mgyZ VrZ V{ gmS>{VrZ
_oh›`mßZr gmpÎÏh`mcm \w$c{ cmJVmV.
(20) gw[ma\w$cr (Jm∞Â\´{$Zm Ωcm{]m{gm) ï h{ ^maVr` \w$cPmS> 45 V{ 60 g|_r. CßM
dmT>V{. `m \w$cPmS>m¿`m R>|J `m OmVrMr PmS>{ 25 g|_r. CßM dmT>VmV. `m PwS>[r PmS>mMr
[mZ{ cmß] AmoU AÈßX AgVmV. `m \w$cPmS>mcm [mZm{iÁm¿`m da, cmß] XmßS>rda
gw[margmaI{ \w$cmßM{ Jm|S>{ `{VmV. \w$cmßMm aßJ Omßîm, Jwcm]r, o\$H$Q> Zmna®Jr qH$dm
[mßT>am AgVm{. H$mJXmgmaIr hr \w$c{ \$ma oQ>H$mD$ AgVmV. cmß] XmßS>Ám¿`m \w$cmßgmR>r
(H$Q> ‚cm∞dg©) `m \w$cPmS>mMr cmJdS> VmQ>Ï`mV AmoU H$S>{cm H$amdr. `m \w$cPmS>m¿`m
R>|J `m OmVr IS>H$]mJ{gmR>r `m{Ω` AgVmV. `m PmS>mMr \w$c{ dmidyZ [wÓ[aMZ{V dm[aVm
`{VmV. H$maU \w$c{ dmiÎ`mZßVahr \w$cmßMm aßJ H$m`_ amhVm{.
`m \w$cPmS>m¿`m cmJdS>rgmR>r _{-OyZ _oh›`mV qH$dm OmZ{dmar-\{$]´wdmar_‹`{ ]r
[{amd{. OmZ{dmar-\{$]w´dmar_‹`{ [{ac{Î`m o[H$mMr \w$c{ C›hmiÁmV o_iVmV. IS>H$]mJ{gmR>r
15 V{ 25 g|_r. CßM dmT>UmË`m "occr[wQ> ]S>r' (Omßîr \w$c{) d "gr[r' ([mßT>ar \w$c{)
`m OmVr `m{Ω` Amh{V.
(21) H$m|]S>ÁmMm Vwam (H$m∞∑g - g{cm{og`m H´$sÒQ>mQ>m) ï `m \w$cPmS>m¿`m CßM
(90 g|_r.) d R>|J `m OmVr (25 V{ 50 g|_r.) Amh{V. `m PmS>m¿`m e|S>Ámda
H$m{ß]S>Ám¿`m VwË`m‡_mU{ \w$c{ cmJVmV. \w$cmßMm aßJ _I_cr-Omßîm, cmc, V{OÒdr-
cmc, Zmna®Jr, Jwcm]r, o[dim, gm{Z{ar-o[dim, Zmna®Jr oH$ßdm [mßT>am AgVm{. `m PmS>mMr
\w$c{ gw_ma{ 15 V{ 20 g|_r. ÈßX AgVmV. ]mJ{¿`m aÒÀ`m¿`m ]mOyZ{ PwS>[r Hwß$[UmOdi,
VmQ>Ï`mV o_l, dmof©H$ H$S>{Z{ (]m∞S>©a) qH$dm Hwß$S>ÁmßVrc cmJdS>rgmR>r h{ \w$cPmS> `m{Ω`
Amh{. `m \w$cPmS>mMr \w$c{ dmidyZ R>{dÎ`mg À`mßMm aßJ XrK© H$mi[`™V oQ>H$Vm{. `m
\w$cPmS>mM{ H$miÁm aßJmM{ ]marH$ ]r _{-OyZ qH$dm OmZ{dmar-\{$]´wdmar _oh›`mßV [{amd{.
am{[{ 4 V{ 6 [mZmßda AmÎ`mZßVa À`mßMr H$m`_ OmJr cmJdS> H$amdr.
(22) _amßQ>m (_amßQ>m AÈßS>rZ{gr) ï h{ \w$cPmS> H$X©irgmaI{ AgyZ V{ 1 _rQ>a CßM
dmT>V{. `m \w$cPmS>mMr [mZ{ 25 V{ 30 g|oQ>_rQ>a cmß] AmoU 8 V{ 10 g|oQ>_rQ>a ÈßX
AgVmV. `m \w$cPmS>m¿`m [mZmda Vmß]S>Ám a{fm AgVmV. `moedm` [mZm¿`m Imc¿`m
]mOyg Jwcm]r N>Q>m AgVmV. `m \w$cPmS>mcm X_Q> AmoU gmdcrMr OmJm _mZdV{.
(23) `mam{ (AoMoc`m o_oc\$m{oc`_) ï h{ \w$cPmS> 60 g|_r. CßM dmT>Uma{
AgyZ PmS>mMr [mZ{ gwßXa AgVmV. `m \w$cPmS>mcm Jw¿N>mV AZ{H$ chmZ [mßT>ar \w$c{
`{VmV. h{ \w$cPmS> hc∑`m a{VmS> qH$dm IS>H$mi [m{`Q>m Oo_ZrV, ]mJ{¿`m H$m{aS>Ám
H$m{[Ë`mV, C›hm¿`m OmJr dmT>V{. h{ \w$cPmS> q^Vrda dmT>V{. o]`mß[mgyZ dmT>c{Î`m
PmS>mßZm EH$ dfm©Z{ \w$c{ cmJVmV. `m \w$cPmS>mMr Ao^d•’r od^mJUrZ{ hm{V{.
AmH•$Vr 8.4 ï `mam{
(24) Acrg_ (Acrg_ gm∑gmQ>mB©c) ï `m ]h˛dfm©`w PmS>mß[mgyZ MQ>B© V`ma
H$aVm `{V{. h{ EH$ cm{H$o‡` PmS> AgyZ À`mMr CßMr 15 V{ 23 g|_r. AgV{. `m \w$cPmS>mcm
AZ{H$ H$aS>r [mZ{ AgVmV. `m \w$cPmS>mcm \{$]´wdmar-_mM© _oh›`mV o[dir, o\$∑H$Q>
o[dir AmoU [mßT>ar \w$c{ Jw¿N>mV cmJVmV.
AmH•$Vr 8.5 ï Acrg_ AmH•$Vr 8.6 ï am∞H$ OÒ_rZ

(25) am∞H$ OÒ_rZ (A±S≠>m{g{g cmZwOrZm{gm) ï h{ \w$cPmS> 15 g|_r. CßM AgyZ
[gaQ> dmT>V{. `mMr [mZ{ H$aS>Ám-ohaÏ`m aßJmMr AgyZ ]wS>mVyZ dmT>VmV. \w$cmßMm aßJ
Jwcm]r AgyZ \w$c{ Jw¿N>mV `{VmV. OyZ-Owc° _oh›`mßV ]r [{Í$Z am{[mßMr cmJdS> H$amdr.
hr PmS>{ CVmamda dmT>VmV. `m \w$cPmS>mMr Ao^d•’r _wimßMr od^mJUr H$Í$Z H$aVm
`{V{. `m \w$cPmS>mßMr C›hm¿`m OmJr cmJdS> H$Í$ Z`{. `m H$mQ>H$ ]h˛dfm©`w PmS>mßZm
C›hmiÁmV \w$c{ `{VmV.
(26) g±S>dQ>© (Aa{Zmna`m \$m{ocAm{cmgm) ï h{ H$mQ>H$, ]h˛dfm©`w \w$cPmS>
5 V{ 15 g| _ r. Cß M dmT> V { . `m \w $ cPmS> m Mr [mZ{ ]marH$ AgVmV. \w $ c{ _m{ R > r
AmoU [mßT>Ë`m aßJmMr AgVmV. `m \w$cPmS>mMr Ao^d•’r od^mJUr H$Í$Z H$aVm
`{V{. C›hm¿`m OmJr hr \w$c{PmS>{ MmßJcr dmT>VmV. `m \w$cPmS>mcm IS>H$mi O_rZ
_mZdV{.
(27) KßQ>r[wÓ[ qH$dm ]{c ‚cm∞da (H∞$Â[mZwcm J´±oS>g) ï h{ \w$cPmS> chmZ
AgyZ 7 V{ 10 g|_r. CßM dmT>V{. `m \w$cPmS>mcm KßQ>rgmaIr C^r \w$c{ EH{$H$Q>r `{VmV.
\w$c{ V{OÒdr oZiÁm qH$dm JX© OmßîÁm aßJmMr AgVmV. \w$c{ EH{$ar qH$dm Xwh{ar AgVmV.
`m \w$cPmS>mMr cmJdS> CŒm_ oZMË`m¿`m Oo_ZrV o]`mß[mgyZ qH$dm N>mQ> H$c_m[mgyZ
H$aVmV. `m \w$cPmS>m¿`m cmJdS>rgmR>r gwÈdmVrcm ]r Hwß$S>ÁmßV [{amd{ AmoU À`mZßVa
am{[mßMr cmJdS> IS>H$]mJ{V H$amdr.
AmH•$Vr 8.7 ï g±S>dQ>© AmH•$Vr 8.8 ï KßQ>r[wÓ[

(28) H$m∞Q>Z BÒQ>a (H$m∞Q>Z BÒQ>a _m`H´$m{o\$cm) ï h{ \w$cPmS> H$mQ>H$ AmoU
R>|JU{ AgyZ C^Q> qH$dm [gaQ> dmT>V{. hr \w$cPmS>{ XmQ>rZ{ dmT>VmV. hr gXmhnaV PwS>[{
60 V{ 90 g|_r. CßM AgVmV. `m \w$cPmS>mMr \w$c{ [mßT>Ë`m aßJmMr AgyZ ]h˛Ym EH{$H$Q>r
`{VmV. \w$cmßMm AmH$ma chmZ AgyZ [mH$iÁm [gaUmË`m AgVmV. `m \w$cPmS>mcm
â[ya \$i{ cmJVmV. `m \w$cPmS>m¿`m cmJdS>rgmR>r ]r ‡W_ Hwß$S>rV [{amd{ AmoU À`mZßVa
am{[mßMr H$m`_ OmJr cmJdS> H$amdr.
AmH•$Vr 8.9 ï H$m∞Q>Z BÒQ>a

(29) H{$ea (H´$m{H$g gQ>m`Ïhg) ï h{ H$mQ>H$, Hß$XdJu`
\w$cPmS> Im{S>odaohV Amh{. `m \w$cPmS>mMr [mZ{ JdVmgmaIr
oXgVmV. `m \w$cPmS>mMr em{o^dßV \w$c{ [mßT>ar, o\$∑H$Q>
Omßîr, o[dir qH$dm JX© OmßîÁm aßJmMr AgVmV. `m
\w$cPmS>m¿`m dmT>rgmR>r C›hmMr JaO AgV{. `m \w$cPmS>mMr
Ao^d•’r _wiÁmßMr od^mJUr H$Í$Z H$aVmV. `m \w$cPmS>mda
AZ{H$ [mZ{ AgVmV. `m PmS>m¿`m \w$cmß¿`m ÒÃrH{$gam[mgyZ
"H{$ea' o_iV{. `m \w$cPmS>mcm Am∞JÒQ-gflQ>|]a _oh›`mV
\w$c{ cmJVmV.
(30) BnaoQ≠>oM`_ (BnaoQ≠>oM`_ pÒQ≠>∑Q>_) ï h{ ]h˛dfm©`w
H$mQ>H$ \w$cPmS> 15 V{ 30 g|_r. CßM dmT>V{. `m \w$cPmS>mMr
AmH•$Vr 8.10 ï H{$ea [mZ{ H$S>H$ AmoU C^r AgVmV. `m \w$cPmS>mcm oZiÁm

aßJmMr \w$c{ VwË`m_‹`{ cmJVmV. \w$cmMm Ï`mg 6 o_oc_rQ>a AgVm{. \w$cPmS>mMr Ao^d•’r
o]`mß[mgyZ qH$dm _wiÁmß¿`m od^mJUrZ{ H$aVm `{V{. h{ \w$cPmS> IS>H$]mJ{gmR>r CŒm_
Amh{.
AmH•$Vr 8.11 ï BnaoQ≠>oM`_ AmH•$Vr 8.12 ï ]JiÁmMr Mm{M
(31) ]JiÁmMr Mm{M (Bam{oS>`_ grHw$Q>mna`_) ï h{ H$mQ>H$ [aßVw dmof©H$ \w$cPmS>

Amh{. h{ \w$cPmS> C^Q> qH$dm [gaQ> [aßVw 15 V{ 38 g|_r. CßM dmT>V{. `m \w$cPmS>mM{
Im{S> ]h˛Xm cmc aßJmM{ AgV{. `m \w$cPmS>mMr [mZ{ Jw¿N>mZ{ dmT>V AgyZ H$mVac{cr
AgVmV. \w$c{ chmZ AgyZ cmc, Jwcm]r qH$dm OmßîÁm aßJmMr AgVmV. h{ \w$cPmS>
cmJdS>rgmR>r gm{[{ AgyZ `m PmS>mMr Ao^d•’r o]`mß[mgyZ H$aVmV. `m \w$cPmS>mMr
cmJdS> H$m{UÀ`mhr ‡H$ma¿`m Oo_ZrV [aßVw C›hm¿`m OmJr H$aVmV.
(32) O|oQ>`Zm (O|oQ>`mZm H∞$M{o_naH$m) ï h{ ]h˛dmof©H$ \w$cPmS> 5 V{ 15 g|_r.
CßM dmT>V AgyZ [mZ{ Jw¿N>mV AgVmV. `m PmS>mMr \w$c{ [mZm¿`m ]Jc{V qH$dm e|S>Ámda
dmT>VmV. `m PmS>mMr \w$c{ V{OÒdr oZiÁm aßJmMr AgyZ 3 g|_r. cmß] AgVmV. `m
\w$cPmS>mcm C›hmMr OmJm AoYH$ _mZdV{. `m \w$cPmS>mMr Ao^d•’r o]`mß[mgyZ H$aVmV.
`m \w$cPmS>m¿`m "O|oQ>`mZm Hw$am{' `m ‡OmVrMr \w$c{ JX© oZiÁm aßJmMr AgyZ \w$cm¿`m
AmV [mßT>am oR>[H$m AgVm{.
O|oQ>`mZm H∞$M{o_naH$m O|oQ>`mZm Hw$am{
AmH•$Vr 8.13 ï O|ßoQ>`mZm
(33) oMaÒWm`r [wÓ[ (h{ocH´$sg_ ]∞´p∑Q>Q>_) ï h{ dmof©H$ H$mQ>H$ \w$cPmS> 75
V{ 90 g|_r. CßM dmT>V{. `m \w$cPmS>mcm cß]dVw©imH$ma Q>m{H$Xma [mZ{ AgVmV. hr \w$c{
XrK© H$mi oQ>H$VmV. `m \w$cmßMm aßJ Jwcm]r, o[dim, JX© cmc qH$dm [mßT>am AgVm{. `m
\w$cPmS>mMr \w$c{ AJXr H$mJXr \w$cmgmaIr AgyZ dmiÎ`mZßVa XrK© H$mi oQ>H$VmV.
`m \w$cPmS>mcm â[ya \w$c{ cmJVmV. `m \w$cPmS>mMr AY©[∑d \w$c{ Vm{Sy>Z Jw¿N>m_‹`{
cmdyZ H$m{aS>Ám, WßS> d dmË`m¿`m OmJr dmi `mgmR>r Q>mßJyZ R>{dVmV. hr gwH$c{cr \w$c{
ZßVa [wÓ[aMZ{V dm[aVmV. `m \w$cPmS>m¿`m cmJdS>rgmR>r ]r gflQ>|]a-Am∞∑Q>m{]a _oh›`mßV
[{amd{. o]`mß¿`m [{aUr[mgyZ EH$ _oh›`mZßVa am{[mßMr cmJdS> VmQ>Ï`mV H$amdr. S>m|Jar
‡X{emV `m \w$cPmS>m¿`m cmJdS>rgmR>r _mM©-Eo‡c _oh›`mßV ]r [{amd{. o]`mß¿`m
[{aUr[mgyZ gmS>{VrZ V{ Mma _oh›`mßZr `m \w$cPmS>mcm \w$c{ cmJVmV. H$m{UÀ`mhr ‡H$ma¿`m
Oo_ZrV OmÒV IV{ Z KmcVm [aßVw C›hm¿`m OmJr `m \w$cPmS>mMr cmJdS> H$amdr.
AmH•$Vr 8.14 ï oMaÒWm`r [wÓ[

(34) Amam∞ZMr XmT>r (hm`[{naH$_ H∞$crogZ_) ï h{ \w$cPmS> gXmhnaV [aßVw
R>|JU{ AgV{. `m \w$cPmS>mMr \w$c{ _m{R>r (gw_ma{ 8 g|_r. Ï`mgmMr) AgyZ EH{$H$Q>r
cmJVmV. ohdmiÁmV Coeam `m \w$cPmS>mßMr N>mQ>Ur H$amdr cmJV{. `m PmS>m¿`m \w$cmßMm
aßJ o[dim, ∑doMV Jwcm]r qH$dm Omßîm AgVm{. CŒm_ oZMË`m¿`m Oo_ZrV [aßVw
C›hm¿`m OmJr `m \w$cPmS>mMr cmJdS> H$amdr. `m \w$cPmS>mMr Ao^d•’r o]`mß[mgyZ
qH$dm \$mQ>{ H$c_mß[mgyZ H$aVm `{V{.
AmH•$Vr 8.15 ï Amam∞ZMr XmT>r
(35) occr (occr`_ Z{[mc{›g) ï h{ H$mQ>H$, ]h˛dfm©`w, Hß$XdJu` \w$cPmS>

Amh{. `m PmS>mMr \w$c{ AmH$f©H$, C^r, AmS>dr AWdm PwH$c{cr, EH{$H$Q>r qH$dm Jw¿N>mV
AgVmV. h{ \w$cPmS> 1 _rQ>a CßM dmT>V{. `m PmS>m¿`m \w$cmßZm _Ywa gwdmg AgVm{. \w$c{
ohadQ>, o[dir qH$dm Zmna®Jr aßJmMr AgVmV. occr¿`m AZ{H$ ‡OmVr AmoU hm`]´rS>
OmVr Amh{V. >
AmH•$Vr 8.16 ï occr
(36) Èp∑_Ur qH$dm aßOZm (E∑Pm{am H$mp∑goZ`m) ï h{ gXm[Uu \w$cPmS> XrS>
_rQ>a CßM dmT>V{. `m \w$cPmS>mcm V{OÒdr JX© cmc aßßJmMr \w$c{ df©â cmJVmV.
AmH•$Vr 8.17 ï Èp∑_Ur

`m \w$cPmS>mMr Ao^d•’r o]`mß[mgyZ Vg{M Xm] H$c_mZ{ H$aVm `{V{. `m \w$cPmS>mcm
cmJdS>rgmR>r C›hmMr OmJm cmJV{.
(37) _{H$m{Zm∞pflgg (_{H$m{Zm∞pflgg ]{Q>m∞oZog\$m{oc`m) ï `m ]h˛dfm©`w PmS>m_‹`{
o[diÁm aßJmMm ag AgVm{. h{ \w$cPmS> EH$ V{ XrS> _rQ>a CßM dmT>V{. `m \w$cPmS>m¿`m
e|S>Ámda oZiÁm aßJmMr \w$c{ cmJVmV. `m \w$cPmS>mMr Xwgar ‡OmVr (qgpflcog\$m{oc`m)
60 g|_r. CßM dmT>V{. `m ‡OmVr¿`m PmS>mßZm AmH$mer oZiÁm aßJmMr \w$c{ `{VmV.
AmH•$Vr 8.18 ï _{H$m{Zm∞pflgg

(38) _Q>}p›g`m qH$dm oZir KßQ>m (_Q>}p›g`m H$m{Ïh|oQ≠>`mZm) ï `m \w$cPmS>mcm
o\$H$Q> oZiÁm aßJmMr \w$c{ cmJVmV. \w$cm_‹`{ ÒÃrH{$ga hm \w$cm]mh{a AgVm{.
AmH•$Vr 8.19 ï oZir KßQ>m

AY©dQ> gmdcrV h{ PmS> MmßJc{ dmT>V{. `m \w$cPmS>mMr Ao^d•’r ]r qH$dm _wimß¿`m
od^mJUrZ{ H$aVm `{V{.
(39) Am∞∑P∞ocg (Am∞∑P∞ocg c∞p∑Q>`m) ï h{ EH$ H$mQ>H$ AmoU ]h˛dmof©H$
\w$cPmS> Amh{. `m \w$cPmS>mcm [mZm¿`m ]{M∑`mV EH$ qH$dm AZ{H$ \w$c{ `{VmV. \w$cmßMm
aßJ [mßT>am, Jwcm]r, cmc, qH$dm o[dim AgVm{. `m \w$cPmS>mMr cmJdS> \{$]´wdmar-_mM©
qH$dm Am∞JÒQ>-gflQ>|]a _oh›`mV Hß$X_wiÁmßMr od^mJUr H$Í$Z H$aVmV.
AmH•$Vr 8.20 ï Am∞∑P∞ocg

(40) [m{Q>|oQ>cm ([m{Q>{ßoQ>cm A∞pÂ]JwAm) ï h{ H$mQ>H$ ]h˛dfm©`w \w$cPmS> 1 V{ 2
_rQ>a CßM dmT>V{ qH$dm À`mMm JmocMm V`ma hm{Vm{. `m PmS>mMr [mZ{ oÃXcr AgVmV.
AmH•$Vr 8.21 ï [m{Q>|oQ>cm

`m \w$cPmS>mMr o[dir \w$c{ 25 o__r. Ï`mgmMr AgVmV. `m \w$cPmS>mMr Ao^d•’r
]r qH$dm N>mQ> H$c_mZ{ H$aVmV. `m \w$cPmS>m¿`m cmJdS>rgmR>r Im{S>mM{ N>mQ> ‡W_
Hwß$S>rV cmdmd{V d À`mZßVa ]mJ{V C›hm¿`m OmJr Im{c gw[rH$ Oo_ZrV cmdmd{V.
(41) o‡_am{O (o‡Â`wcm S>|oQ>∑`wcmQ>m) ï h{ H$mQ>H$ \w$cPmS> 25 V{ 38
g|_r. CßM dmT>V{. `m \w$cPmS>mcm XmQ> _wiÁm AgVmV. `m \w$cPmS>m¿`m [mZmßda [mßT>ar
^wH$Q>r AgV{. `m PmS>mcm \w$c{ XmQ> Jw¿N>mV cmJVmV. \w$cmßMm aßJ Omßîm qH$dm JX©
Omßîm AgyZ \w$cmß¿`m _‹`^mJr o[dim aßJ AgVm{. `m \w$cPmS>mMr Ao^d•’r
o]`mß[mgyZ H$aVm `{V{. `m \w$cPmS>m¿`m cmJdS>rgmR>r gwÈdmVrcm ]r [{Í$Z am{[{ V`ma
H$amdr AmoU À`mZßVa am{[mßMr H$m`_ OmJr cmJdS> H$amdr. `m \w$cPmS>m¿`m AZ{H$
gßH$naV OmVr C[c„Y Amh{V.
AmH•$Vr 8.22 ï o‡_am{O

(42) gXm\w$cr ([{naqdH$c - qdH$m am{oP`m AmoU qdH$m AÎ]m) ï h{ \w$cPmS>
gw_ma{ 60 g|_r. CßM dmT>V{. `m \w$cPmS>mMr [mZ{ M_H$Xma, ohaÏ`m aßJmMr, Mm{[S>r
AmoU cß]dVw©imH$ma AgVmV. `m PmS>mMr \w$b{ Jm{bmH$ma, M[Q>r AgyZ _‹`^mJr
oR>[H$m AgVm{. `m \w$bPmS>mbm C›hmiÁmV d [mdgmiÁmV Iy[ \w$b{ bmJVmV. `m
\w$bPmS>mMr Ao^d•’r ]r d N>mQ> H$b_mZ{ H$aVmV. H$H©$am{Jmdarb C[MmamgmR>r Am°fYr
dZÒ[Vr ÂhUyZ ¯m dZÒ[Vrbm _mJUr Amh{.
(43) bw[rZ (bw[rZg Q≠>m`H$ba) : h{ dmof©H$ \w$bPmS> Amh{. h{ \w$bPmS> 45 V{
75 g|_r. CßM dmT>V{. `m \w$bPmS>mMr [mZ{ ]m{Q>m‡_mU{ AgVmV. `m \w$bPmS>mbm
dmQ>m `mgmaIr bhmZ \w$b{ bmß] VwË`mV [mZm{iÁm¿`m da bmJVmV. \w$bmßMm aßJ [mßT>am,
Jwbm]r qH$dm o\$H$Q> oZim AgVm{. `m \w$bPmS>mMr „Î`y ]m∞Z{Q> hr R>|JUr OmV 25 V{
30 g|_r. CßM dmT>V{. `m OmVr¿`m \w$bmßMm aßJ JX© oZim AgVm{. `m \w$bPmS>mMr
AmH•$Vr 8.23 ï bw[rZ

bmJdS> VmQ>Ï`mV, H$S>{bm d Hwß$S>ÁmßV AmoU IS>H$]mJ{V H$aVm `{V{. `m \w$bPmS>mMr
\w$b{ \w$bXmUrgmR>r C[`m{Jr [S>VmV. `m \w$bPmS>mMr bmJdS> H$m`_ OmJr ]r [{Í$Z
H$aVmV. _°XmZr ‡X{emV [{aUr gflQ>|]a-Am∞∑Q>m{]a _oh›`mV H$amdr. [{aUr[ydu ]r H$mhr
Vmg [m `mV oÔV R>{dmd{. `m PmS>m¿`m bmJdS>rgmR>r AßeV: gmdbrMr AmoU CŒm_
oZMË`mMr, hbH$s d Am{bga O_rZ AmdÌ`H$ AgV{.

dmof©H$ : (A∞›`wAb) hr PmS>{ EH$ dfm©[{jm H$_r OJVmV. `mßZm hßJm_r PmS>{
Ag{hr ÂhUVmV.
o¤dmof©H$ : (]mÀ∞›`wAb) ]r CJdÎ`m[mgyZ ]rOm{À[mXZ hm{B©[`™V OrdZMH´$
[yU© H$a `mg `m PmS>mbm dmT>rM{ Xm{Z hßJm_ bmJVmV.
]h˛dmof©H$ ([{aroZ`b) : Xm{Z dfm™[{jm AoYH$ H$mi[`™V OJUmar PmS>{.
8.4 gmamße
]mJ{V bmd `mgmR>r Agßª` em{o^dßV [mZmßMr d hßJm_r \w$bmßMr dmof©H$ AmoU
]h˛dmof©H$ PmS>{ C[b„Y Amh{V. `m PmS>mßMr bmJdS> ]mJ{Vrb VmQ>Ï`mV, H$S>{bm
[mÌd©^y_rda, [m`dmQ>{¿`m ]mOybm, Hwß$[Um¿`m ]mOybm IS>H$ ]mJ{V, Hwß$S>ÁmßV, oIS>H$sVrb
Im{∑`mV H$aVmV. hr \w$bPmS>{ \w$bmßgmR>r (H$Q> ‚bm∞dg©) bmdVm `{VmV. hr PmS>{
am{[dmoQ>H{$V odH$V o_iVmV qH$dm ÒdV: À`mßMr Ao^d•’r H$aVm `{V{. am{[dmoQ>H{$Vrb
PmS>mßMr gy˙_ [mhUr H$Í$Z Am[Î`m AmdS>rMr oH$S>r AmoU am{JaohV PmS>{ oZdS>mdrV.
hr PmS>{ oZdS>VmZm ]mJ{Vrb aßJgßJVr, [mZmßMm AmH$ma, \w$bmßMm aßJ, \w$b{ `{ `mMm
H$mbmdYr, BÀ`mXr ]m]tMm odMma H$amdm.

8.5.1 Imcrc ‡ÌZmßMr CŒma{ godÒVa ochm.
1. Imcrc dZÒ[VtMr JwUd°oeÔ>Á{ ochm.
(A) A∞H∞$oc\$m (B) Aa{oc`m (C) H´$m{Q>m∞Z (D) Ba∞›W{__
2. em{o^dßV \w$cmß¿`m d [mZmß¿`m ‡À`{H$s [mM dZÒ[VtMr Zmd{ ochm.
3. hm{cmocH$m d oVaßJr `m PmS>mßMr godÒVa _mohVr ochm.
4. V{aS>m (]mÎg_) `m \w$cPmS>mM{ Ao^d•’rgh dU©Z ochm.
8.5.2 Imcrc ‡ÌZmßMr CŒma{ Wm{S>∑`mV ochm.
1. em{o^dßV d•j H$emcm ÂhUVmV ? C⁄mZoZo_©VrgmR>r dm[aÎ`m OmUmË`m
Mma em{o^dßV [mZ d•jmßMr Zmd{ ochm.
2. XocV[Uu dZÒ[VrMr JwUd°oeÓQ>Á{ Z_yX H$Í$Z cm{H$o‡` OmVr ochm.
3. Jw¿N>dVr d AÈU[wÓ[ `m \w$cPmS>mßM{ cmJdS>rgh dU©Z H$am.
4. Imcrc \w$cPmS>mßda oQ>[m ochm (\$∑V 2).
(A) H$cdU© (B) oXZZ{Ã (C) Oa]{am
5. H$m{UÀ`mhr [mM \w$cmß¿`m PwS>[mßMr Zmd{ X{D$Z EH$mMr JwUd°oeÔ>Á{ ochm.
6. oÃ[mcr `m \w$cPmS>mMr d°oeÔ>Á{ ochˇZ cmJdS>rgß]ßYr _mohVr ochm.
7. J´mflQ>m{\$m`c_, Ama{gmB©Z d [∞Z∞∑g `m em{o^dßV PmS>mßM{ C⁄mZmVrc _hŒd
Ò[Ô> H$am.
8. H$m∞Q>Z BÒQ>a d H{$ea `m \w$cPmS>mßMr _mohVr ochm.
8.5.3 Imcrc ‡ÌZmßMr CŒma{ À`mImcrc oXc{Î`m [`m©`mß_YyZ oZdSy>Z ochm.
1. H$m{UÀ`m PwS>[mMr \w$c{ H$mJXr \w$cmgmaIr oXgVmV d Vr dmiÎ`mdahr
XrK© H$mi oQ>H$VmV ?
(A) h{crH´$m`g_ (B) H$m∞Z©‚cm∞da (C) [m∞[r (D) S>{Pr
2. V{aS>m (]mÎg_) `m \w$cPmS>mM{ "Q>M - _r - Zm∞Q>' (_cm Ò[e© H$Í$ ZH$m)
Ag{ Xwga{ Zmd H$m [S>c{ Amh{ ?
(A) V{aS>Ám¿`m PmS>mdarc \w$c{ Ò[e© H$aVmM JiVmV.
(B) V{aS>Ám¿`m PmS>mdarc [∑d ]m|S>mcm Ò[e© H$aVmM \$i oQ>MV{.
(C) V{aS>Ám¿`m PmS>mdarc [mZmßZm Ò[e© H$aVmM [mZ{ o_Q>VmV.
(D) darc[°H$s H$m{UV{hr H$maU Zmhr.
3. V{aS>Ám¿`m PmS>mMm e|S>m IwS>cm ÂhUO{ V{ PmS> ....
(A) CßM dmTV{ (B) R>|JU{ dmT>V{
(C) PwS>[r dmT>V{ (D) _aV{
4. S>{Pr `m \w$cPmS>mMr cmJdS> EH$mM oR>H$mUr oH$Vr df} oQ>H$V{ ?
(A) EH$ df© (B) Xm{Z V{ VrZ df}
(C) Mma df} (D) [mM df}
5. gXm\w$cr¿`m PmS>mda H$m{UÀ`m hßJm_mßV \w$c{ AgVmV ?
(A) [mdgmim (B) ohdmim
(C) C›hmim (D) `m VrZhr hßJm_mV
6. H$m{UÀ`m PmS>m¿`m \w$cmßZm H$ÒVwarMm gwdmg AgVm{ ?
(A) MßS>m{c (B) _wo–H$m (C) Jw¿N>dVr (D) XocV[Uu
7. _wo–H$m `m \w$cPmS>mM{ Zmd "_wo–H$m' Ag{ H$m [S>c{ ?
(A) \y$c È[`m¿`m Zm `mgmaI{ AgV{.
(B) PmS>mM{ ]m|S> R>em‡_mU{ oXgV{.
(C) PmS>mMr [mZ{ ]m{Q>mgmaIr AgVmV.
(D) darc[°H$s H$m{UV{hr H$maU Zmhr.
8. H$m∞Q>Z BÒQ>a `m \w$cPmS>mMr Ao^d•’r H$er H$aVmV ?
(A) _wZÏ`m[mgyZ (B) Hß$Xm[mgyZ
(C) N>mQ> H$c_ (D) o]`mß[mgyZ
9. "_∞oOH$ H$m[}Q>' hr cm{H$o‡` OmV H$m{UÀ`m \w$cPmS>mMr Amh{ ?
(A) V{aS>m (B) Km{iJwcm] (C) hm{cmocH$m (D) oÃ[mcr
10. H$m{UÀ`m PmS>m¿`m \w$cmßMm AmH$ma S≠>∞JZ¿`m Vm|S>mgmaIm AgVm{ ?
(A) hZw_ßV (B) gmpÎÏh`m (C) ‚cm∞∑g (D) gw[ma\w$cr
11. H$m{UÀ`m PmS>mMr \w$c{ dmiÎ`mZßVahr \w$cmßMm aßJ H$m`_ amhVm{ ?
(A) H$m|]S>ÁmMm Vwam (B) gw[ma\w$cr (C) _amßQ>m (D) `mam{
12. "am∞H$ OÒ_rZ' `m \w$cPmS>mcm H$m{UÀ`m hßJm_mßV \w$c{ `{VmV ?
(A) C›hmim (B) [mdgmim
(C) ohdmim (D) `m VrZhr hßJm_mßV

KQ>H$ 9 : KamV R>{d `mgmR>r em{o^dßV PmS>mßMr oZdS>,
_mßS>Ur AmoU oZJm
AZwH´$_oUH$m
9.1 ‡mÒVmodH$
9.2 odf`-odd{MZ
9.2.1 KamVrb [napÒWVr
9.2.2 PmS>mßMr oZdS>
9.2.3 PmS>mßMr _mßS>Ur
9.2.4 PmS>mßMr oZJm
9.2.5 `m{Ω` PmS>mßMr _mohVr
9.4 gmamße
9.1 ‡mÒVmodH$
_m{R>Ám ehamVrb dmT>À`m bm{H$gßª`{_wi{ ]mJ{gmR>r naH$m_r OmJm o_iU{ Xwo_©i
AgV{. [aßVw Varhr _mUgmßMm oZgJm©Mm hÏ`mg _mÃ gwQ>V Zmhr. À`m_wi{ KamV dmT>UmË`m
`m{Ω` PmS>mßMr oZdS> _mUgmßZr H{$br Amh{. ¯m PmS>mßMr `m{Ω` _mßS>Ur H{$Î`mg hr PmS>{
oZam{Jr amhVmV AmoU KamMr em{^m dmT>od `mg _XV H$aVmV. `m_wi{ _mUgmßM{ _Z
‡g›Z amhV{. Kam‡_mU{M H$m`m©b`mMr X{Irb hr PmS>{ em{^m dmT>odVmV. g‹`m KamV
R>{d `mMr AZ{H$ em{o^dßV PmS>{ (BZS>m{Aa flb±Q>≤g≤) odH$V o_iVmV. À`mVyZ Am[Î`m
AmdS>r¿`m PmS>mßMr oZdS> H$aVm `{V{. ]h˛V{H$ Kamß_‹`{ _Zrflb±Q> d BßoS>`m-a]a hr PmS>{
AmT>iVmV. `moedm` hm°er Hw$Qw>ß]m¿`m KamßV ododY ‡H$maMr em{o^dßV PmS>{ AmT>iVmV.
KamV R>{d `mgmR>r em{o^dßV PmS>mßMr oZdS> H$aVm `B©b.
KamV R>{d `mgmR>r em{o^dßV PmS>mßMr _mßS>Ur H$aVm `{B©b.
KamVrb em{o^dßV PmS>mßMr oZJm amIVm `{B©b.
9.2 odf`-odd{MZ
9.2.1 KamVrb [napÒWVr
KamVrb ‡À`{H$ oOdßV PmS> odoeÓQ> (AZwHy$b) [napÒWVrV oZam{Jr amhˇZ AmH$f©H$
oXgV{. am{[dmoQ>H{$VyZ odH$V AmUb{Î`m PmS>mbm odoeÓQ> [napÒWVrV KamV R>{dU{
AmdÌ`H$ AgV{.
(1) Vm[_mZ : Am[br Ka{ ohdmiÁmV ]mh{a¿`m dmVmdaUm[{jm C]Xma AgVmV
AmoU C›hmiÁmV WßS> AgVmV. KamVrb PmS>mßM{ oIS>H$sVyZ `{UmË`m dmË`m¿`m
Pm{Vm[mgyZ gßajU H$a `mMr AmdÌ`H$Vm AgV{. À`mM‡_mU{ Vm[_mZmVrb odf_
]Xbm[mgyZ gßajU H$amd{ bmJV{. ZmOyH$ PmS>{ amÃr oIS>H$s¿`m \$irda R>{dy Z`{V.
KamVrb PmS>{ \w$b `mH$naVm C]Xma Vm[_mZ bmJV{; [aßVw Vm[_mZ OmÒV AgÎ`mg
\w$b{ H$m{_{OVmV AmoU ZßVa _aVmV.
(2) ‡H$me : ]h˛V{H$ PmS>{ gy`©‡H$memV MmßJbr dmT>VmV. H$maU [mZmßZm A›Z
V`ma H$a `mH$naVm ÂhUO{ ‡H$me-gßÌb{fU ‡oH´$`m hm{ `mgmR>r gy`©‡H$memMr JaO AgV{.
H$mhr PmS>{ V{OÒdr gy`©‡H$memV Va H$mhr PmS>{ H$_r gy`©‡H$memV dmT>VmV. gm‹`m
ohaÏ`m [mZmß¿`m PmS>m[{jm ododY aßJmß¿`m [mZmß¿`m PmS>mßZm OmÒV ‡H$me bmJVm{. [aßVw
OmÒV gy`©‡H$mem_wi{ H$mhr d{im [mZmßM{ ZwH$gmZ hm{V{. PmS>{ MmßJbr \w$b `mgmR>r
(CXmhaUmW©, ohfl[rÒQ≠>_) MmßJbm ‡H$me bmJVm{. [aßVw OmÒV ‡H$memZ{ \w$bYmaU{Mm
H$mi H$_r hm{Vm{. KamVrb H$mhr PmS>{ ‡À`j gy`©‡H$me ghZ H$aVmV. H$_r ‡H$memV
PmS>{ oZÒV{O AmoU IwaQ>r amhVmV AmoU Im{S> bmß], ]marH$ AmoU H$_Om{a amhV{. H$mhr
OmVtZm gmYr [mZ{ `{VmV d hr [mZ{ H$mhr oXdgmßZßVa OyZ hm{D$Z o[dir [S>VmV AmoU
JiVmV. Aer H$_Om{a PmS>{ oH$S>r-am{JmßZm bdH$a ]ir [S>VmV. Im{brVrb Z°goJ©H$
‡H$me hm oIS>∑`mßMm AmH$ma, CßMr, gßª`m d oXem `mßda Adbß]yZ AgVm{. KamVrb
PmS>{ oIS>H$s[mgyZ Xya AßVamda R>{dÎ`mg PmS>mbm ‡H$me H$_r [S>Vm{. C›hmiÁm[{jm
ohdmiÁmV Z°goJ©H$ ‡H$me H$_r AgVm{. Aem d{ir PmS>mMr OmJm ]Xbmdr bmJV{.
O{Ïhm PmS>mM{ Im{S> ‡H$mem¿`m oXe{bm dmH$b{b{ AgV{ V{Ïhm [mUr X{ `m¿`m d{ir Hwß$S>r
qH$oMV o\$admdr. ]h˛V{H$ PmS>mßZm oXdgm¿`m 12 V{ 14 Vmg ‡H$memMr AmdÌ`H$Vm
AgV{. PmS>m¿`m oZam{Jr dmT>rgmR>r Oa ‡H$me H$_r [S>V Ag{b Va H•$oÃ_ oXÏ`mß¿`m
gmhmÊ`mZ{ ‡H$memMm H$mbmdYr dmT>dmdm.
9.2.2 PmS>mßMr oZdS>
PmS>mßMr oZdS> H$a `m[ydu Am[Î`m KamVrb [napÒWVr CXmhaUmW©, KamVrb ‡À`j
d A‡À`j ‡H$memMm H$mbmdYr, KamVrb Vm[_mZ, KamVrb WßS> qH$dm C]Xma dmVmdaU
`mßMm H$miOr[yd©H$ odMma H$amdm AmoU À`mZßVa `m{Ω` [napÒWVrZwgma PmS>mßMr oZdS>
H$amdr.
(A) KamVrb ‡À`j ‡H$memV dmT>Umar PmS>{
C]Xma Im{br, Vm[_mZ 18 Aße g{pÎgAg qH$dm À`m[{jm OmÒV AgÎ`mg
(01) AZZg : PmS> H$mQ>H$ Zmhr. OmÒV X_Q>[Um bmJVm{.
(02) ]m{JZd{br : PmS> H$mQ>H$ Zmhr.
(03) `w\$m{o]©`m [Îd{na_m : PmS> H$mQ>H$ Zmhr.
(04) oho]ÒH$g am{Pm - gm`Z{›grg : PmS> H$mQ>H$ Zmhr.
(05) ohfl[rÒQ≠>_ : H$mhr OmVr H$mQ>H$ ZmhrV.
(06) OÒQ>rog`m : PmS> H$mQ>H$ Zmhr.
(07) Am{[p›Q>`m : H$mhr OmVr H$mQ>H$ ZmhrV.
(08) g{Z{ogAm{ : H$mhr OmVr H$mQ>H$ ZmhrV.
(09) gm{bmZ_ H∞$pflgH∞$ÒQ≠>_ : PmS> H$mQ>H$ Zmhr d OmÒV X_Q>[Um bmJVm{.
(Am) WßS> Im{br d Vm[_mZ 5 V{ 18 Aße g{pÎgAg AgÎ`mg
(01) o]b]oJ©`m : PmS> H$mQ>H$ Zmhr.
(02) ]´m{dmob`m : PmS> H$mQ>H$ Zmhr.
(03) H∞$pflgH$_ : PmS> H$mQ>H$ Zmhr d OmÒV X[Q>[Um bmJVm{.
(04) ∑bm{am{\$m`Q>_ : PmS> H$mQ>H$ Zmhr.
(05) p∑bpÏh`m : PmS> H$mQ>H$ Zmhr.
(06) H$m{ob`g : PmS> H$mQ>H$ Zmhr d OmÒV X_Q>[Um bmJVm{.
(07) gm`∑bm{_{Z : H$mhr OmVr H$mQ>H$ ZmhrV d OmÒV X_Q>[Um bmJVm{.
(08) EM{Ïh{na`m : PmS> H$mQ>H$ Zmhr.
(09) Oa]{am : PmS> H$mQ>H$ Zmhr.
(10) hm`qgWg : PmS> H$mQ>H$ Zmhr.
(11) OÒ_rZ_ : H$mhr OmVr H$mQ>H$ ZmhrV.
(12) H$mbmßMm{B© : PmS> H$mQ>H$ Zmhr.
(13) Z{arZ{ : H$mhr OmVr H$mQ>H$ ZmhrV.
(14) [{bmJm}oZ`_ : PmS> H$mQ>H$ Zmhr.
(15) ÒQ≠>{flQ>m{H$m[©g : PmS> H$mQ>H$ Zmhr d OmÒV X_Q>[Um bmJVm{.
(16) d{ÎW{Bo_`m : PmS> H$mQ>H$ Zmhr.
(B) KamVrb A‡À`j ‡H$memV dmT>Umar PmS>{
C]Xma Im{br, Vm[_mZ 18 Aße g{pÎgAg qH$dm AoYH$, _‹`_ ‡H$me.
(01) A∞oS>`m›Q>_ : H$mhr OmVr H$mQ>H$ ZmhrV d OmÒV X_Q>[Um bmJVm{.
(02) gd© ]´m{_{ob`mS> : PmS>{ H$mQ>H$ ZmhrV d OmÒV X_Q>[Um bmJVm{.
(03) H∞$bmoS>`_ : PmS> H$mQ>H$ Zmhr.
(04) H$m{oS>`m`_ : : PmS> H$mQ>H$ Zmhr d AoYH$ X_Q>[Um bmJVm{.
(05) oH´$flQ>m›Wg : : PmS> H$mQ>H$ Zmhr AmoU OmÒV X_Q>[Um bmJVm{.
(06) oS>\{$Z]{oH$`m : PmS> H$mQ>H$ Zmhr AmoU OmÒV X_Q>[Um bmJVm{.
(07) hm{od`m : PmS> H$mQ>H$ Zmhr.
(08) hm`[m{ÒQ>{g : PmS> H$mQ>H$ Zmhr.
(09) H$m{hb{na`m : PmS> H$mQ>H$ Zmhr d OmÒV X_Q>[Um bmJVm{.
(10) _mßS>{pÏhb : PmS> H$mQ>H$ Zmhr d OmÒV X_Q>[Um bmJVm{.
(11) _mamßQ>m : PmS> H$mQ>H$ Zmhr d OmÒV X_Q>[Um bmJVm{.
(12) oZAm{a{J{ob`m : : PmS> H$mQ>H$ Zmhr d OmÒV X_Q>[Um bmJVm{.
(13) [{[am{o_`m : PmS> H$mQ>H$ Zmhr d OmÒV X_Q>[Um bmJVm{.
(14) o[ob`m : PmS> H$mQ>H$ Zmhr d OmÒV X_Q>[Um bmJVm{.
(15) g|Q> [mob`m : PmS> H$mQ>H$ Zmhr d OmÒV X_Q>[Um bmJVm{.
(16) gm›g{pÏhEna`m : PmS> H$mQ>H$ Zmhr.
(17) e{‚b{am : PmS> H$mQ>H$ Zmhr.
(18) qgqZoO`m : PmS> H$mQ>H$ Zmhr d OmÒV X_Q>[Um bmJVm{.
(19) Ò[∞Wr\$m`_b : PmS> H$mQ>H$ Zmhr d OmÒV X_Q>[Um bmJVm{.
(20) ÒQ>{\$mZm{Q>rg : PmS> H$mQ>H$ Zmhr d OmÒV X_Q>[Um bmJVm{.
(21) ÒQ>{flQ>m{H$m[©g : PmS> H$mQ>H$ Zmhr d OmÒV X_Q>[Um bmJVm{.
(22) qgJm{oZ`_ : PmS> H$mQ>H$ Zmhr d OmÒV X_Q>[Um bmJVm{.
(23) Wß]oO©`m : PmS>$ H$mQ>H$ Zmhr.
(24) Q≠>∞S>{gH±$oe`m : H$mhr OmVr H$mQ>H$ AgVmV AmoU AoYH$ X_Q>[Um bmJVm{.
(B©) C]Xma Im{br (Vm[_mZ 18 Aße g{pÎgAg d AoYH$) d H$_r ‡H$me
(01) AmÒflb{oZ`_ : H$mhr OmVr H$mQ>H$ ZmhrV.
(02) H∞$bmoW`m : PmS> H$mQ>H$ Zmhr d OmÒV X_Q>[Um bmJVm{.
(03) Mm_mS>m{na`m : PmS> H$mQ>H$ Zmhr d OmÒV X_Q>[Um bmJVm{.
(04) grg : PmS> H$mQ>H$ Zmhr.
(05) S≠>∞grZm : PmS> H$mQ>H$ Zmhr d OmÒV X_Q>[Um bmJVm{.
(06) Eo[og`m : PmS> H$mQ>H$ Zmhr d OmÒV X_Q>[Um bmJVm{.
(07) o\$≈>m{oZ`m : PmS> H$mQ>H$ Zmhr d OmÒV X_Q>[Um bmJVm{.
(08) h{S>{am : H$mhr OmVr H$mQ>H$ ZmhrV d AoYH$ X_Q>[Um bmJVm{.
(09) o\$bm{S>{›S≠>m∞Z : PmS> H$mQ>H$ Zmhr.
(C) WßS> Im{br (Vm[_mZ 5 V{ 18 Aße g{pÎgAg) d _‹`_ ‡H$me
(01) Eo‡\$m`b_ : PmS> H$mQ>H$ Zmhr d OmÒV X_Q>[Um bmJVm{.
(02) Eo[‡{_Z_ : PmS> H$mQ>H$ Zmhr.
(03) \∞$Q>og`m : PmS> H$mQ>H$ Zmhr.
(04) J´{pÏhob`m : PmS> H$mQ>H$ Zmhr d OmÒV X_Q>[Um bmJVm{.
(05) _m∞›ÒQ>{am : PmS> H$mQ>H$ Zmhr
(06) flb∞oQ>g{na`_ : PmS> H$mQ>H$ Zmhr d OmÒV X_Q>[Um bmJVm{.
(07) o‡_wbm _mbH$m{BS>g≤ d o‡_wbm Am∞]H$m{oZH$m : PmS> H$mQ>H$ Zmhr.
(08) e{‚b{am : PmS> H$mQ>H$ Zmhr d OmÒV X_Q>[Um bmJVm{.
(09) Ò[m_m©o›Z`m : PmS> H$mQ>H$ Zmhr d OmÒV X_Q>[Um bmJVm{.
(D$) WßS> Im{br (Vm[_mZ 5 V{ 18 Aße g{pÎgAg) d H$_r ‡H$me
(01) A∞pÒ[oS>ÒQ≠>m : PmS> H$mQ>H$ Zmhr.
(02) \∞$Q>e{S>{am : AoYH$ X_Q>[Um bmJVm{.
(03) h{S>{am : H$mhr OmVr H$mQ>H$ ZmhrV d AoYH$ X_Q>[Um bmJVm{.
(04) flQ>{arg : PmS> H$mQ>H$ Zmhr d OmÒV X_Q>[Um bmJVm{.
(05) Ëhm{eoggg : PmS> H$mQ>H$ Zmhr.
9.2.3 PmS>mßMr _mßS>Ur
KamVrb PmS>mßMr _mßS>Ur V{OÒdr ‡H$mem¿`m Im{br[mgyZ V{ H$_r ‡H$mem¿`m
_mJm©V H$aVm `{V{. Im{brMr em{^m dmT>{b Aem ‡H$ma{ PmS>mßMr _mßS>Ur H$amdr. gm‹`m,
o\$H$Q> aßJm¿`m q^VrOdi \w$bPmS>{ CRy>Z oXgVmV. [gaUmar PmS>{ Q>mßJÀ`m Hwß$S>ÁmßV d
H$[mQ>mda R>{dmdrV. ZmOyH$ \w$bmßMr AmoU [mZmßMr PmS>{ S>m{iÁmß¿`m [mVirV R>{dmdrV.
d{btZm AmYmamZ{ `m{Ω` diU ⁄md{. bm{H$ar, _{UMQ> qH$dm H$aS>Ám [mZmßZm V{OÒdr
gy`©‡H$me AoYH$ _mZdVm{. oIS>H$s[mgyZ Xya¿`m H$m{[Ë`mV \$Z© d H$S>H$ [mZmßMr PmS>{
R>{dmdrV. _YyZ_YyZ PmS>{ qH$oMV V{OÒdr ‡H$memV R>{dmdrV. Òd`ß[mH$Ka qH$dm ÒZmZJ•h
Aem oR>H$mUr Vm[_mZ d X_Q>[Um hm ]XbV AgVm{. V{Ïhm V{W{ hr odf_Vm ghZ
H$aUmar PmS>{ R>{dmdrV. A∞pÒ[oS>ÒQ≠>m, ∑bm{am{\$m`Q>_, oggg AßQ>moQ>©H$m d gm›g{pÏhEna`m
hr AmH$f©H$ [mZmßMr PmS>{ odf_ [napÒWVr ghZ H$aVmV. PmS>mß¿`m Hwß$S>ÁmßMm AmH$ma d
aßJ KamMr em{^m dmT>odUmam Agmdm. AbrH$S>{ flbmpÒQ>H$¿`m Hwß$S>Ám odH$V o_iVmV.
À`mßZm [mUr Kmb `mMr AmdÌ`H$Vm H$_r ‡_mUmV AgV{. Òd`ß[mH$mMr ^mßS>r, oH$Q>br
d [mÃ{ Hwß$S>ÁmßgmR>r dm[aVm `{VmV. Q>mßΩmÀ`m PmS>mßgmR>r flbmpÒQ>H$M{ AmdaU Agb{Î`m
Vmamß¿`m Q>m{[Î`m dm[amÏ`mV. `moedm` _mVr¿`m, Q>{amH$m{Q>m Hwß$S>Ám, bmH$S>r d Xm{arZ{
odUb{Î`m Q>m{[Î`mhr dm[aVm `{VmV.
9.2.4 PmS>mßMr oZJm
KamVrb ]h˛V{H$ [mZmß¿`m PmS>mßMr odoeÓQ> JaO [war H{$Î`mg, H$_r oZJm R>{dyZ-
X{Irb hr PmS>{ MmßJbr dmT>odVm `{VmV. H$mhr PmS>mßZm (CXmhaUmW©, A∞H$moc\$m) â[ya
‡H$memMr AmdÌ`H$Vm AgV{. H$mhr PmS>{ H$_r ‡H$mem¿`m H$m{[Ë`mV X{Irb dmT>VmV.
H$mhr PmS>mßZm (CXmhaUmW©, S≠>∞grZm) gVV Am{bga O_rZ bmJV{. [aßVw H$mhr PmS>{
(CXmhaUmW©, S>{pÎdhÎg Am`Ïhr) [m `m¿`m Xm{Z [mit_‹`{ O_rZ H$m{aS>r R>{dÎ`mg
MmßJbr dmT>VmV. PmS>mß¿`m Z°goJ©H$ dmT>rgmR>r, Z°goJ©H$ ‡H$me A[wam AgÎ`mg H•$oÃ_
‡H$me 12 V{ 16 Vmg R>{dmdm. H$_r ‡H$memV gd©gmYmaU[U{ PmS>{ H$_rV H$_r df©â
oOdßV amhVmV. PmS>mß¿`m [mZmßZm OmÒV CÓUVm bmJUma Zmhr, `mMr H$miOr ø`mdr.
Ò[m∞Q>bmB©Q> PmS>m[mgyZ H$_rV H$_r EH$ _rQ>a Xya R>{dmdm. ‚bS>bmB©Q> PmS>m[mgyZ 60
g|_r. R>{dmdm. BVa odO{M{ oXd{ PmS>m[mgyZ EdT>{ Xya R>{dmd{V H$s, PmS>mMr [mZ{ hmVm¿`m
Ò[em©bm Ja_ bmJy Z`{V. Q>Áy] bmB©Q> PmS>m[mgyZ 15 g|_r. Odi R>{dbr Var PmS>mßMr
[mZ{ Ja_ hm{ `mMr ^rVr ZgV{.
KamV R>{d `mgmR>r PmS>{ odH$V K{ `m[ydu À`m PmS>mßM{ gy˙_ oZarjU H$amd{. ‡W_
[mZmßM{ oZarjU H$amd{. À`mßMm AmH$ma d aßJ kmZH$m{emV oZX}oeV H{$Î`m‡_mU{ Agmdm.
PmS>mß¿`m [mZmßMr oH$Zma V[oH$ar Zgmdr. PmS>mbm OmÒV IV{ oXÎ`mMr qH$dm OmÒV
CÓUVm o_imÎ`mMr hr IyU AgV{. PmS>mMr ImbMr [mZ{ o\$H$Q> qH$dm o[dir ZgmdrV.
Vr A`m{Ω` [’VrZ{ [mUr oXÎ`mMr IyU AgV{. Im{S>mdarb [mZmß¿`m AßVamM{ oZarjU
H$amd{. PmS>mßMr P[mQ>ÁmZ{ dmT> Ïhmdr ÂhUyZ À`mßZm IV AmoU [mUr OmÒV ‡_mUmV
oXb{ OmV{. À`m_wi{ hr PmS>{ Oar CßM dmT>b{br oXgV Agbr Var H$_Om{a AgVmV.
Im{S>mdarb [mZmßMr naH$m_r OmJm ZdrZ [mZ{ ^Í$Z H$mT>VmV. ÂhUyZ PwS>[r dmT>rM{, XmQ>
[mZm{iÁmM{ PmS> oZdS>md{. ZdrZ \$mß⁄mß¿`m e|S>Ámßda _mdm, [mßT>ar _mer, H$m{ir,
Idb{ H$sS>, o_ob]J `m oH$S>r ZgÎ`mMr ImÃr H$Í$Z ø`mdr. À`mM‡_mU{ Hwß$S>ÁmßVrb
_mVrMm [•ÓR>>^mJ _wiÁm dmT>Î`m qH$dm Hwß$S>rVrb Imbrb ^m{H$mVyZ ]mh{a AmÎ`m AgVrb
Va V{ PmS> XrK© H$mi Hwß$S>rV dmT>b{ Amh{, Ag{ g_Omd{. Ag{ PmS> Ia{Xr H$Í$ Z`{.
`moedm` [mZ{ gwH$b{br AgVrb qH$dm ZdrZ [mZ{ BVamß[{jm bhmZ AgVrb Va À`m
PmS>mda OmÒV XmQ>rMm [naUm_ PmÎ`mM{ g_Omd{.
VwÂhr oZdS>b{b{ PmS> Kar AmUmd{ AmoU V{ Òd`ß[mH$ Im{crVrc "qgH$' (Q>mH$s)
_‹`{ R>{dmd{. [•>^mJm[mgyZ Imc[`™V Hwß$S>rcm [mUr ⁄md{. ÂhUO{ _mVrVrc OmÒVrM{
jma [m `mV odaKiVmV. H$maU AmYrM PmS>mMr P[mQ>ÁmZ{ dmT> hm{ `mH$naVm OmÒV
IV{ oXc{cr AgVmV. OmÒV jmam_wi{ ode{fVï _mVr H$m{aS>r Agcr Va PmS>{ OiVmV.
À`mZßVa h{ PmS> AYm© Vmg ]mOycm R>{dmd{ AmoU [w›hm [mUr ⁄md{. VÈU PmS>{ Ow›`m
PmS>m[{jm ZdrZ [napÒWVrer cdH$a O_dyZ K{VmV. [aßVw À`mgmR>r À`mß¿`m _wiÁmßMr
MmßJcr dmT> Pmc{cr Agmdr. Varhr VÈU PmS>mßMr H$miOr ø`mdr cmJV{. À`mZßVa h{
PmS> WßS> OmJr R>{dmd{. ÂhUO{ [mZmßVyZ [m `mMm Zme H$_r hm{Vm{. _mVr Am{cga R>{dmdr
d X_Q>[Um 70% R>{dmdm. À`mgmR>r [mZmda oXdgmVyZ EH$Xm qH$dm Xm{ZXm ]marH$ VwfmamßMm
\$dmam _mamdm. `m PmS>mcm Vm]S>Vm{] IV X{D$ Z`{.
9.2.5 `m{Ω` PmS>mßMr _mohVr
(1) A∞H$moc\$m (A∞H$moc\$m odÎH{$ogAmZm) ï `m PmS>mMr N>mQ>Ur H$Í$Z 60
V{ 90 g|_r. CßM R>{dVm `{V{ qH$dm 1 V{ 1.5 _rQ>a CßMr[`™V PmS> dmTy> X{Vm `{V{.
A∞H$moc\$m¿`m [mZmßMm aßJ Vmß„`mgmaIm AgVm{. `m PmS>mcm Mma qH$dm À`m[{jm AoYH$
Vmg ‡À`j gy`©‡H$me cmJVm{. H•$oÃ_ ‡H$me AmoU Z°goJ©H$ ‡H$me 12 Vmg cmJVm{. `m
PmS>m¿`m MmßJÎ`m dmT>rgmR>r amÃrM{ Vm[_mZ 15 V{ 18 Aße g{pÎgAg d oXdgmM{
Vm[_mZ 24 V{ 29 Aße g{pÎgAg AmdÌ`H$ AgV{. `m PmS>mcm gm[{j Am–©Vm 40%
cmJV{. `m PmS>mMr Ao^d•’r Im{S> N>mQ>m[mgyZ df©â H$aVm `{V{.
(2) oOa∞oZ`_ ([{cmJm}oZ`_ Ò[{grO) ïoOa∞oZ`_M{ CJ_ÒWmZ XojU Amo\´$H{$V
Amh{. `m \w$cPmS>m_‹`{ AZ{H$ ‡OmVr Amh{V. gwdmogH$ [mZmß¿`m OmVr Amh{V.
oOa∞oZ`__‹`{ Hwß$S>rVrc PmS> gmYmaU[U{ 75 g|_r. CßM dmT>V{. `m PmS>mM{ Im{S> H$UIa
AgyZ À`mcm AZ{H$ \$mß⁄m AgVmV. `m PmS>mMr [mZ{ Jm{cmH$ma AmoU 15 g|_r. ÈßX,
_yÃme`m¿`m AmH$mamMr AgVmV. `m PmS>m¿`m _wiÁm VßVw_` AgVmV. VmQ>Ï`m¿`m
cmJdS>rg h{ PmS> `m{Ω` Amh{. `m PmS>mMr \w$c{ Jm{cmH$ma, M[Q>r, EH{$ar AWdm Xwh{ar
AgVmV. \w$cmßMm aßJ cmc, Jwcm]r, JX© Jwcm]r, Omßîm AgVm{. oOa∞oZ`_¿`m PmS>mcm
gm°Â` hdm_mZ _mZdV{. `m PmS>mMr Ao^d•’r ]r qH$dm e|S>Ám¿`m N>mQ>mZ{ H$aVmV. KamV
cmd `mgmR>r h{ PmS> `m{Ω` Amh{. cmJdS>rgmR>r [yU© gy`©‡H$me, â[ya [mUr, WßS> Vm[_mZ
AmoU CŒm_ oZMË`mMr O_rZ AmdÌ`H$ AgV{.
(3) \∞$Z _{S>Zh{Aa \$Z© (A∞oS>`m›Q>_ Q>{Z{a_) ï `m PmS>mcm Vma{gmaI{ ]marH$
Im{S> d \$mß⁄mßda [ßª`mgmaIr gwßXa ZmOyH$ [mZ{ AgVmV. `m PmS>mMr [mZ{ gwadmVrcm
Jwcm]r AgyZ ZßVa ohadr ]ZVmV. h{ PmS> 15 V{ 50 g|_r. CßM dmT>V{. `m PmS>mcm
oXdgmM{ Vm[_mZ 15 V{ 21 Aße g{pÎgAg AmoU X_Q> dmVmdaU _mZdV{. `m PmS>m¿`m
Hwß$S>rVrc _mVr Z{h_r Am{cga R>{dmdr. À`mgmR>r _m{OH{$ [mUr ⁄md{. odH$V K{Vc{Î`m
ZdrZ PmS>mcm 6 _ohZ{[`™V IV X{D$ Z`{. À`mZßVa 6 _oh›`mßZr `m PmS>mcm –dIV
⁄md{. Hwß$S>rVrc o_lUmV 1 ^mJ [m{`Q>m_mVr, 1 ^mJ Hw$Oc{Î`m [mZmßM{ IV, 1 ^mJ \$a
PmS>m¿`m gmcrM{ MyU©, 1 ^mJ dmiy d 2 M_M{ hmS>mßMm Mwam Agmdm.
(4) [mßT>am amOm (Mm`ZrO EÏhaJ´rZ - A∞ΩcmAm{Z{_m H∞$Â`wQ>mQ>_) ï h{ PmS>
H$mQ>H$ AgyZ Im{cr¿`m AßYmË`m H$m{[Ë`mV O{W{ BVa ZmOyH$ PmS>{ _aVmV Aem oR>H$mUr
MmßJc{ dmT>V{. gm‹`m [m `mVhr dmT>V{. `m PmS>m¿`m AZ{H$ OmVr Amh{V. h{ PmS> 30 V{
60 g|_r. CßM dmT>V{. `m PmS>mMr [mZ{ M_H$Xma JX© ohaÏ`m aßJmMr AgyZ À`mda o\$H$Q>
o[diÁm aßJmMr Zjr AgV{. `m PmS>mMr [mZ{ 15 V{ 20 g|_r. cmß] d 5 V{ 7.5 g|_r ÈßX
AgVmV. `m PmS>m¿`m MmßJÎ`m dmT>rgmR>r amÃrM{ Vm[_mZ 18 V{ 21 Aße g{oÎgAg
AmoU oXdgmM{ Vm[_mZ 24 V{ 29 Aße g{pÎgAg AmdÌ`H$ AgV{.
(5) Q>m`Ja A∞cm{ (A∞cm{ Ïh∞naEJmQ>m) ï h{ PmS> AoVe` AmH$f©H$ PmS> AgyZ
`m¿`m [mZmßda M≈>{ AgVmV. h{ PmS> ‡H$memV dmT>c{ H$s [mZmßdarc M≈>{ ]´m±P aßJmM{
]ZVmV. O{W{ Mma qH$dm AoYH$ Vmg ‡À`j gy`©‡H$me o_iVm{ Aem oR>H$mUr h{ PmS>
MmßJc{ dmT>V{. Hwß$S>rVrc ZdrZ PmS>mcm df©â IV X{D$ Z`{. df©âmZßVa PmS>mcm –dIV
⁄md{. `m PmS>mMr Ao^d•’r _wZÏ`m[mgyZ H$aVmV.
(6) Zma\$m{H$ Am`cßS> [mB©Z (AamH$mna`m h{Q>{am{o\$cm) ï h{ gwßXa, XrK© H$mi
OJUma{ PmS> AgyZ EH$m dfm©V 7.5 V{ 15 g|_r. CßM dmT>V{. `m PmS>m¿`m \$mß⁄mßda XmQ>
1.25 g|_r. cmß] H$mQ>{ AgVmV. h{ PmS> A‡À`j V{OÒdr ‡H$memV qH$dm [S>⁄mVyZ
[mPaUmË`m gy`©‡H$memV (Hwß$S>rV) MmßJc{ dmT>V{. h{ PmS> ohdmiÁmV [yU© gy`©‡H$me
ghZ H$aV{. `m PmS>m¿`m Hßw$S>rVrc _mVr qH$oMV Am{cga R>{dmdr. ZdrZ odH$V AmUc{Î`m
PmS>mcm 6 _oh›`mß[`™V IV X{D$ Z`{. À`mZßVa Xa 3 qH$dm 4 _oh›`mßZr PmS>mcm IV
⁄md{.
(7) ]{Jm{oZ`m ï ]{Jm{oZ`mM{ a{∑g ]{Jm{oZ`m, Ëhm`Pm{_mQ>g ]{Jm{oZ`m AmoU ]mÒH{$Q>
]{Jm{oZ`m Ag{ VrZ ‡H$ma Amh{V. a{∑g ]{Jm{oZ`mMr [mZ{ V{OÒdr, gwa{I, cmc, Jwcm]r,
Í$[{ar, H$aS>Ám, OmßîÁm AmoU V[oH$ar aßJmßMr AgVmV. Ëhm`Pm{_mQ>g ]{Jm{oZ`mM{
Im{S> qH$dm Hß$X agXma AgyZ [mZ{ cmß] X{R>mMr AgVmV. ]mÒH{$Q> ]{Jm{oZ`mMr [mZ{
Q>mßJÀ`m Q>m{[crV V{OÒdr aßJmMr oXgVmV. `m PmS>mMr Ao^d•’r Hß$Xm[mgyZ H$aVmV. hr
PmS>{ A‡À`j V{OÒdr ‡H$memV qH$dm [S>⁄mVyZ [mPaUmË`m gy`©[´H$memV df©â MmßJcr
dmT>VmV.
(8) _m∞›ÒQ>{am (_m›ÒQ>{am S>{ocogAm{gm) ï `m PmS>mMr [mZ{ 20 V{ 30 g|_r. cmß],
Jm{cmH$ma AmoU H$mVac{cr AgVmV. `m PmS>m¿`m [mZmßMm Ò[e© [m∞oce H{$c{Î`m
Mm_S>Ám‡_mU{ dmQ>Vm{. [mZ{ o\$H$Q> ohaÏ`m V{ JX© ohaÏ`m aßJmMr AgVmV. V{OÒdr
A‡À`j qH$dm [S>⁄mVyZ [mPaUmË`m gy`©[´H$memV h{ PmS> MmßJc{ dmT>V{.
(9) BßoS>`m-a]a PmS> (\$m`H$g BcmpÒQ>H$m S>{H$m{am) ï h{ PmS> AoVe` cm{H$o‡`
Amh{. `m PmS>mMr M_H$Xma JX© ohaÏ`m aßJmMr, cß]dVw©imH$ma [mZ{ 10 V{ 25 g|_r. cmß]
AmoU 5 V{ 7.5 g|_r. ÈßX AgVmV. `m PmS>m¿`m [mZmßMr _‹` era darc ]mOyZ{ [mßT>ar
Va Imcrc ]mOyZ{ cmc AgV{. Xm{Z V{ Mma \y$Q> CßMrMr hr PmS>{ odH$V o_iVmV. hr
PmS>{ 3 V{ 4 _rQ>a CßM dmT>VmV. À`m d{ir À`mßMr ImcMr [mZ{ Jimc{cr AgVmV. ÂhUyZ
PmS>mMr N>mQ>Ur H$amdr. hr PmS>{ A‡À`j V{OÒdr ‡H$memV qH$dm [S>⁄mVyZ [mPaUmË`m
gy`©‡H$memV MmßJcr dmT>VmV. amÃrM{ Vm[_mZ 18 V{ 21 Aße g{pÎgAg AmoU oXdgmM{
Vm[_mZ 24 V{ 29 Aße g{pÎgAg AmdÌ`H$ AgV{. `m PmS>m¿`m Hwß$S>rVrc _mVr gVV
qH$oMV Am{cga R>{dmdr. ZdrZ odH$V AmUc{Î`m PmS>mcm 6 _oh›`mß[`™V IV X{D$ Z`{.
À`mZßVa 6 _oh›`mß¿`m AßVamZ{ IV ⁄md{. chmZ Hwß$S>rVrc _wiÁm XmQ>Î`m Var Vm]S>Vm{]
PmS> XwgË`m Hwß$S>rV cmd `mMr AmdÌ`H$Vm ZgV{. Hwß$S>rVrc o_lUmV 1 ^mJ [m{`Q>m
_mVr, 1 ^mJ Hw$Oc{Î`m [mZmßM{ IV, 1 ^mJ ]mßYH$m_mMr dmiy AmoU ]mXcrâ _mVrV
AYm© M_Mmâ gw[a \$m∞Ò\{$Q> (20%), 1 M_Mmâ MwZIS>rM{ MyU© AmoU 2 M_M{
5ï10 ï5 o_lIV o_gimd{. PmS> \$ma _m{R>{ dmT>Î`mg Oo_ZrcJV 15 V{ 20 g|_r.
CßMrda \{$]w´dmar V{ _mM© `m H$mimV H$m[md{. À`m_wi{ ZdrZ dmT> hm{V{. `m PmS>mMr
Ao^d•’r JwQ>r[mgyZ H$aVmV.
AmH•$Vr 9.1 ï BßoS>`m a]a
(10) \$Z© ï \$Z©Mr odZm\w$cmßMr PmS>{ _m{R>r AgVmV. Vg{M [m `mda VaßJUmar
]marH$ (CXmhaUmW©, ^mVImMamV dmT>Umam APm{cm) PmS>{ AgVmV. H$mQ>H$ PmS>{
IS>H$]mJ{V dmT>VmV. KamV dmT>od `mgmR>r ododY ‡H$maM{ CXmhaUmW©, A∞Ò[amJg
\$Z©, ]c \$Z©, [˙`mßM{ KaQ>{ \$Z©, ]m∞ÒQ>Z \$Z©, ]´{H$ ]Z©, harU [m` \$Z©, Jm{ÎS>Z [m∞cr[m∞S>r
\$Z©, hm{cr \$Z©, c|S> \$Z©, gwH{$er \$Z©, gem¿`m [m`mM{ \$Z©, Imar¿`m [m`mM{ \$Z©,
Vcdma \$Z©, Q>{]cmda R>{d `mM{ \$Z©, pÏh∑Q>m{na`m \$Z©, BÀ`mXr \$Z© C[c„Y Amh{V.
\$Z©Mr [mZ{ gwa{I AgVmV. \$Z©Mr PmS>{ \$aerdarc qH$dm q^Vrdarc Hwß$S>ÁmßV, Q>mßJÀ`m
Q>m{[crV qH$dm H$mM[mÃmV cmdVm `{VmV. \$Z©Mr Ao^d•’r ]rOmUy (Ò[m{Ag©) [mgyZ
hm{V{. h{ ]rOmUy Ywir¿`m V[oH$ar H$Umß‡_mU{ ]marH$ AgVmV.
AmH•$Vr 9.2 ï \$Z©M{ ododY ‡H$ma

Am∞Zm©_|Q>c \$m{ocEO flc±Q≤>g≤ ï em{o^dßV [mZmßMr PmS{.
BZS>m{Aa flc±Q≤>g≤ ï KamV dmT>Umar PmS>{.
9.4 gmamße
gwßXa, ZjrXma Vg{M ododY aßJmß¿`m [mZmßMr PmS>{ Kam¿`m Im{crV, J•hem{^{gmR>r
dmT>odVm `{VmV. H$mhr PmS>mßZm `m{Ω` dmT>rgmR>r Òd¿N> gy`©‡H$memMr AmdÌ`H$Vm AgV{.
Va H$mhr PmS>{ _ßX gy`©‡H$memV MmßJcr dmT>VmV. H$mhr PmS>mßZm CÓU C]Xma hdm_mZ
cmJV{. Im{crVrc [napÒWVr‡_mU{ À`mßMr oZdS> H$Í$Z _mßS>Ur H$amdr cmJV{ AmoU
À`mßMr H$miOr ø`mdr cmJV{.
KamV R>{d `mgmR>r PmS>{ odH$V K{ `m[ydu À`m PmS>mßM{ gy˙_ oZarjU H$amd{.
PmS>m¿`m [mZmßMm aßJ, AmH$ma, Xm{Z [mZmßVrc AßVa, Hwß$S>rVrc _mVrMm [•>^mJ, Hwß$S>r¿`m
VimVrc ^m{H$, BÀ`mXr Jm{Ô>tM{ oZarjU H$amd{. ZdrZ \$mß⁄mß¿`m e|S>Ámßda oH$S>tMm
‡mXw^m©d AgÎ`mg, PmS>m¿`m _wiÁm Hwß$S>r¿`m [•>^mJmda Amc{Î`m AgÎ`mg AWdm
Hwß$S>r¿`m VimVrc ^m{H$mVyZ ]mh{a Amc{Î`m AgÎ`mg Aer Hwß$S>r Ia{Xr H$Í$ Z`{.

1. KamV R>{d `mgmR>r em{o^dßV PmS>mßZm KamVrb [napÒWVr H$er Agmdr ?
2. KamV R>{d `mV `{UmË`m PmS>mßMr oZJm H$er amImdr, À`m]‘b godÒVa
_mohVr obhm.
3. KamV R>{d `mgmR>r `m{Ω` Agb{Î`m Imbrb PmS>mßMr _mohVr obhm.
(\$∑V 4).
i. oOa∞oZ`_ ii. [mßT>am amOm
iii. BßoS>`m-a]a PmS> iv. A∞H$mob\$m
v. Q>m`Ja
4. KamV R>{d `mgmR>r P>mS>mßMr oZdS> H$aVmZm H$m{UÀ`m Jm{ÓQ>tMm odMma H$amdm
bmJVm{ ? KamVrb ‡À`j ‡H$memV dmT>UmË`m d A‡À`j ‡H$memV
dmT>UmË`m ‡À`{H$s [mM PmS>mßMr Zmd{ obhm.
1. KamV R>{d `mgmR>r PmS>mß¿`m —ÓQ>rZ{ ‡H$memM{ _hŒd Ò[ÓQ> H$am.
2. KamV R>{d `mgmR>r PmS>mßMr Vm{S>Ur H$aVmZm H$m{UVr H$miOr ø`mdr ?
3. KamV R>{d `mgmR>r PmS>mß¿`m —ÓQ>rZ{ Vm[_mZmM{ _hŒd Ò[ÓQ> H$am.
4. KamV R>{d `mgmR>r PmS>mßMr oZdS> H$aVmZm H$m{UÀ`m Jm{ÓQ>r odMmamV
ø`mÏ`mV ? KamVrc ‡À`j ‡H$memV dmT>UmË`m [mM PmS>mßMr Zmd{ obhm.
5. WßS> Im{br d Vm[_mZ 5 V{ 18 Aße g{pÎgAg AgÎ`mg H$m{UVr PmS>{
Aem Im{brV R>{d `mgmR>r `m{Ω` AgVmV, À`mßMr [mM Zmßd{ obhˇZ Wm{S>∑`mV
À`mßMr JwUd°oeÓQ>Á{ obhm.
6. KamVrb C]Xma Im{br d H$_r ‡H$memV dmT>UmË`m [mM PmS>mßMr Zmd{
obhˇZ À`mßMr d°oeÓQ>Á{ obhm.
7. WßS> d _‹`_ ‡H$me AgUmË`m Im{brgmR>r `m{Ω` Agb{Î`m [mM PmS>mßMr
Zmd{ obhˇZ À`mßMr d°oeÓQ>Á{ obhm.
8. KamV R>{d `mgmR>r `m{Ω` Agb{Î`m PmS>mßZm IV{ H$_r qH$dm OmÒV PmÎ`mg
À`mMm PmS>mßda H$m{UVm [naUm_ oXgyZ `{Vm{ ?
1. KamVrb PmS>{ \w$b `mH$naVm H$g{ Vm[_mZ bmJV{ ?
(A) AVr WßS> (B) C]Xma (C) WßS> (D) Iy[ OmÒV
2. Am[br Ka{ ohdmiÁmV ]mh{a¿`m dmVmdaUm[{jm ............... d
C›hmiÁmV ................ AgVmV.
(A) C]Xma, C]Xma (B) WßS>, WßS>
(C) C]Xma, WßS> > (D) WßS>, C]Xma
3. ‡H$megßÌb{fU‡oH´$`m hm{ `mgmR>r H$emMr JaO AgV{ ?
(A) gy`©‡H$me (B) Am∞p∑gOZ (C) gmdbr (D) C]Xma Vm[_mZ
4. Imbrb[°H$s H$m{UVr PmS>{ KamVrb ‡À`j ‡H$memV (Vm[_mZ 18 Aße
g{pÎgAg[{jm OmÒV) dmT>VmV.
(A) o]b]oJ©`m, H$m{ob`g, Z{arZ{ (B) ]m{JZd{br, AZZg, g{Zm{ogAm{
(C) Eo[‡{_Z_, \∞$Q>og`m, _m∞›Q>{am (D) A∞pÒ[oS>ÒQ≠>m, h{S>{am, flQ>{arg
5. ‡H$megßÌb{fU‡oH´$`{V H$m{UVm KQ>H$ AmdÌ`H$ Zmhr ?
(A) gy`©‡H$me (B) H$m]©ZS>mÀm∞∑gmB©S
(C) hnaV–Ï` (D) Am∞p∑gOZ
6. Imbrb[°H$s H$m{UVr PmS>{ WßS> Im{brV (Vm[_mZ 5 V{ 18 Aße g{oÎgAg)
d H$_r ‡H$memV dmT>VmV ?
(A) A∞pÒ[oS>ÒQ≠>m, h{S>{am (B) AmÒflb{oZ`_ S≠>∞grZm
(C) ohfl[rÒQ≠>_, g{Z{ogAm{> (D) A∞oS>`m›Q>_, hm{od`m
7. PmS>mß¿`m [mZmßMr oH$Zma V[oH$ar H$m hm{V{ ?
(A) OmÒV IV{ oXÎ`m_wi{ (B) H$_r IV{ oXÎ`m_wi{
(C) H$_r CÓUVm o_imÎ`m_wi{ (D) gy`©‡H$me H$_r o_imÎ`m_wi{
8. H$m{UVr PmS>{ ZdrZ [napÒWVrer bdH$a O_dyZ K{VmV ?
(A) OwZ{ PmS> (B) VÈU PmS (C) _m{R>{ PmS> (D) `mß[°H$s Zmhr
9. A∞H$mob\$m¿`m [mZmßMm aßJ H$gm AgVm{ ?
(A) o[dim (B) V[oH$ar (C) MmßXrgmaIm (D) Vmß„`mgmaIm
10. A∞H$mob\$m `m PmS>mMr Ao^d•’r H$er H$aVmV ?
(A) [mMa H$b_ (B) Im{S> N>mQ>m[mgyZ
(C) N>mQ> H$c_ (D) JwQ>r H$b_
11. H$m{UÀ`m PmS>mM{ Im{S> Vma{gmaI{ ]marH$ AgyZ \$mß⁄mßda [ßª`mgmaIr gßwXa
ZmOyH$ [mZ{ AgVmV.
(A) oOa∞oZ`_ (B) A∞H$mob\$m
(C) \∞$Z _{S>Zh{Aa \$Z© (D) [mßT>am amOm
12. Q>m`Ja A∞bm{ PmS>mMr Ao^d•’r H$em[mgyZ H$aVmV ?
(A) N>mQ> H$b_ (B) Hß$Xm[mgyZ
(C) _wZÏ`m[mgyZ (D) [mMa H$b_

KQ>H$ 10 : oZdSw>ßJmM{ ‡H$ma
AZwH´$_oUH$m
10.1 ‡mÒVmodH$
10.2 odf`-odd{MZ
10.2.1 oZdSw>ßJmMr d°oeÔ>Á{
10.2.2 oZdSwßJ AmoU agmi dZÒ[VtM{ ‡H$ma
10.2.3 oZdSw>ßJmMr Ao^d•’r
10.2.4 oZdSw>ßJmMr oZJm
10.4 gmamße
10.1 ‡mÒVmodH$
e{Vm¿`m AmoU ]mJ{¿`m Hwß$[Umcm dmT>Umar oZdSw>ßJmMr H$mQ>{ar AmoU odZmH$mQ>ÁmMr
(CXmhaUmW©, e{a) PmS>{ Am[Î`m [naM`mMr Amh{V. oZdSw>ßJmM{ Hwß$[U BVH{$ XmQ> dmT>V{
H$s, À`mVyZ _mUgmßZm AmoU OZmdamßZm oeaVm `{V Zmhr. "ZmJ\$Ur'M{ H$mQ>{ earamMm
Xmh H$aVmV [U À`mMr cmc]wßX \$i{ MdXma AgVmV.
^maVmV [ydu ZmJ\$Ur hr C[–dr H$mQ>{ar PwS>[{ Iy[ ‡_mUmV hm{Vr. [aßVw À`mß¿`mda
H$m{MrZr`c oH$S>{ Am∞ÒQ≠>{oc`mVyZ AmUyZ gm{S>Î`m_wi{ À`mßMm Zme Pmcm Amh{. h{ oH$S>{
ZmJ\$UrÏòVna∑V Xwga{ H$m{UV{hr PwSy>[ ImV ZmhrV. H$mhr oZdSw>ßJmßM{ Im{S> M|SygmaI{
Jm{c AgyZ gdm™Jmda H$mQ>{ AgVmV. `moedm` \w$c{hr `{VmV. oZdSw>ßJm¿`m "]´˜H$_i'
Zmdm¿`m ‡H$mam_‹`{ \w$c{ amÃrM C_cVmV AmoU gH$mir o_Q>VmV.
oZdSw>ßJm¿`m gw_ma{ 2,000 ‡OmVr Amh{V. gwa{I oXgUmË`m oZdSw>ßJmMr cmJdS>
]mJ{V, JÉrda qH$dm KamVrc chmZ-_m{R>Ám Hwß$S>ÁmßV H$aVm `{V{.
oZdSw>ßJmMr d°oeÔ>Á{ g_OVrc.
oZdSw>ßJm¿`m ododY ‡H$mamßodf`r _mohVr hm{B©c.
oZdSw>ßJmMr Ao^d•’r H$er H$amdr h{ g_O{c.
10.2 odf`-odd{MZ
10.2.1 oZdSw>ßJmMr d°oeÔ>Á{
]h˛gßª` ‡H$ma¿`m oZdSw>ßJmMr PmS>{ _yiMr XojU A_{naH$m d _{p∑gH$m{ `m X{em¿`m
dmidßQ>mVrc Amh{V. V{W{ [mD$g H$_r AmoU AYyZ_YyZ [S>Vm{. `moedm` V{W{ Vm[_mZ
AoVodf_ AgV{. [aßVw H$mhr \w$cUma{ oZdSw>ßJ _yiM{ _‹` d XojU A_{naH$m IßS>mVrc,
C]Xma d X_Q> OßJcmVrc (a{Z \$m∞a{ÒQ>) Amh{V. h{ oZdSw>ßJ d BVa agXma PmS>{ (g∑`wcßQ>)
`mß_‹`{ \$aH$ Amh{. oZdS>wßJmcm BßJÓrV "H∞$∑Q>g' ÂhUVmV. hm e„X J´rH$ ^mf{Vrc
"H$m∑Q>m{g' (ÂhUO{ H$mQ>{ar PmS>) `m e„Xm[mgyZ ‡MmamV Amcm Amh{. oZdSw>ßJmM{ ododY
AmH$ma AgyZ oZdSw>ßJmcm AmH$f©H$ H$mQ>{ d H{$g AmoU ZmOyH$ gwßXa \w$c{ AgVmV. H$mhr
oZdSw>ßJmßMr \w$c{ gwdmogH$ AgVmV. agXma PmS>mßMr [mZ{, _wiÁm d Im{S> OmS> AgVmV.
À`m_‹`{ [m `mMm gmR>m AgVm{. XwÓH$mimV `m gmR>c{Î`m [m `mMm PmS>mßZm C[`m{J
hm{Vm{; CXmhaUmW©, Km`[mV, ]h˛V{H$ oZdSw>ßJmM{ Im{S> agXma AgV{. oZdSw>ßJ AoVe`
H$mQ>H$ AgyZ V{ ‡oVHy$c [napÒWVrVhr dmT>VmV. [m `mMr ]MV H$a `mgmR>r À`mßMr
[mZ{ ]marH$ AgVmV. AoVH$m{aS>Ám hdm_mZmV oZdSw>ßJmMr [mZ{ JiVmV. oZdSw>ßJmMr
PmS>{ 1 BßMm[mgyZ V{ 50 \w$Q>mß[`™V CßM dmT>VmV. D$Z AmoU CÓU-H$m{aS>Ám dmË`mß_wi{
oZdSw>ßJmM{ PmS> dmiy Z`{ ÂhUyZ oZdSw>ßJmMm H$_rVH$_r ^mJ CKS>m AgVm{. H$YrH$Yr
[naoÒWVrZwgma oZdSw>ßJmMm AmH$ma ]XcVm{. `m PmS>mcm [mUr â[ya o_imÎ`mg PmS>mMm
odÒVma hm{Vm{ AmoU [m `mMr Q>ßMmB© AgÎ`mg AmHwß$MZ hm{V{. oZdSw>ßJm¿`m H$mhr ‡OmVtda
Vr˙U H$mQ>{ qH$dm cm{H$ar‡_mU{ H{$g AgVmV. H$mQ>{ AWdm H{$gmß_wi{ _mßgc D$Vtda
gmdcr amhˇZ H$S>H$ C›hm[mgyZ PmS>mM{ gßajU hm{V{. H$mQ>Ámß_wi{ OZmda{ PmS>mcm Vm|S>
cmdV ZmhrV.
gmYmaU[U{ oZdSw>ßJmßZm [mZ{ ZgVmV. [aßVw ]h˛V{H$ BVa agXma PmS>mßZm (g∑`wcßQ>)
agXma OmS> [mZ{ AgVmV. `m [mZmßVrc [m `mMr ]MV H$a `mgmR>r [mZmßda _{UmM{
AmdaU AgV{.
oZdSw>ßJ AmoU BVa agXma (_mßgc) PmS>mßZm `m{Ω` [naoÒWVr o_imcr Va H$_rVH$_r
H$miOr K{D$Z AZ{H$ df} PmS>{ CŒm_ AdÒW{V amhVmV. dmidßQ>mV dmT>Umar hr PmS>{
C]Xma dmVmdaUmV 10 V{ 30% gm[{j Am–©V{Vhr dmT>VmV. hr PmS>{ Oo_Zrda, C›hmVrc
Hwß$S>ÁmßV, oIS>H$s¿`m \$irda AmoU Q>mßJÀ`m Q>m{[Î`mßV MmßJcr dmT>VmV.
10.2.2 oZdSw>ßJ AmoU agmi dZÒ[VtM{ ‡H$ma
oZdSw>ßJ AmoU agmi dZÒ[VtM{ 2,000 [{jmhr AoYH$ ‡H$ma Amh{V.
AmH•$Vr 10.1 ï em{o^dßV oZdSw>ßJmM{ ‡H$ma

(1) AS>{oZ`_ ï `mg dmidßQ>r Jwcm] (S>{PQ>© am{P) Ag{ ÂhUVmV. [yd© Amo\´$H{$Vrc
hm ‡H$ma OmS> ]wß‹`mMm AgVm{. `mcm Jwcm]r aßJmMr \w$c{ `{VmV. `m¿`m dmT>rgmR>r
gy`©‡H$me AmoU AoYH$ Am–©Vm `mßMr JaO AgV{.
(2) ‡{Q>r [{]Îg ï `mM{ CJ_ÒWmZ XojU Amo\´$H{$V Amh{. PmS>m¿`m AÈßX
Im{S>mda OmS>-_mßgc [mZ{ XmQ>rdmQ>rZ{ Amc{cr AgVmV. [mZ{ ohadr AgyZ ∑doMV À`mda
cmc oR>[H{$ AgVmV. KamV, H$_r CO{S>mV hm ‡H$ma MmßJcm dmT>Vm{.
(3) „c∞H$ Q≠>r ï XojU Amo\´$H{$Vrc hm oZdSw>ßJ aßJrV [mZmß_wi{ \$maM gwa{I
oXgVm{. N>m{Q>Ám \$mßXrda Jm{cmH$ma [mZ{ AgVmV. `mg S>{PrgmaIr \w$c{ `{VmV. _m{H$iÁm
OmJr cmd `mg hm ‡H$ma `m{Ω` Amh{.
(4) o[Z Ïhrc ï H∞$Zar ]{Q>mV `mM{ CJ_ÒWmZ AgyZ, ]wQ>∑`m Im{S>mda Í$[{ar
H$S>mßMr OmS> [mZ{ Jm{cmH$ma [’VrZ{ cmJVmV. ohdmim gß[VmZm `mg gm{Z{ar \w$cmßM{ Vwa{
cmJVmV. KamVÎ`m[{jm _m{H$iÁm OmJr `mMr dmT> MmßJcr hm{V{.
(5) AJ{Ïh ï `mg g|Q>Áwar flc±Q> Ag{ ÂhUVmV. `mM{ _yiÒWmZ XojU A_{naH{$V
Amh{. À`m_wi{ À`mg A_{naH$Z Km`[mV Ag{hr ÂhUVmV. `mMr [mZ{ cmß]-OmS> AgyZ
[mZmß¿`m H$S>m o[diÁm AgVmV. `mV ZwgÀ`m ohaÏ`m [mZmßMrhr EH$ OmV Amh{. `m
PmS>mcm \w$cmßMm gm{Q> `{ `mg ]amM H$mi cmJVm{. H$m{aS>Ám hd{V AmoU â[ya CO{S>mV
hm ‡H$ma MmßJcm dmT>Vm{.
(6) `yW A∞›S> Am{ÎS> oZdSw>ßJ ï `m oZdSw>ßJmM{ _yiÒWmZ H∞$Zar ]{Q>mdarc Amh{.
`m oZdSw>ßJmcm chmZ AmoU gai Im{S>mda cm|]À`m \$mß⁄m `{VmV. o[dir \w$c{ Km{gmV
`{VmV. C›hmiÁmV [mZJi hm{V{. KamV R>{d `mg hm ‡H$ma `m{Ω` Amh{.
(7) c{g A∞cm{ ï `mcm aßJrV H$m{a\$S> Ag{hr ÂhUVmV. Amo\´$H$m IßS>mV `m¿`m
AZ{H$ OmVr Amh{V. em{^{M{ PmS> Vg{M Am°fYr dZÒ[Vr ÂhUyZhr h{ ‡H$ma cmdc{ OmVmV.
`m PmS>mMr [mZ{ OmS> AmoU oMH$Q> agmZ{ âc{cr AgVmV. cmc, o[dim, BÀ`mXr
aßJmMr \w$c{ XmßS>Ámda `{VmV. KamV AmoU ]mh{a Aem Xm{›hr oR>H$mUr cmd `mg `m{Ω`
AgV{.
(8) a∞Q>Q>{c oZdSw>ßJ ï h{ _{p∑gH$Z oZdSw>ßJ ÂhUyZ Am{iIc{ OmV{. ghO[U{
dmT>Umar OmV, cm|]À`m gd`r_wi{ h±qJJ ]mÒH{$Q>gmR>r dm[aVm `{V{. `m oZdSw>ßJmM{ Im{S>
o[diga aßJmM{ AmoU H$mQ>{ar AgyZ À`mcm cmc-Jwcm]r aßJmMr \w$c{ `{VmV. [amdoV©V
‡H$memV hr PmS>{ MmßJcr dmT>VmV.
(9) ÒQ>ma oZdSw>ßJ ï Q>{∑gmg dmidßQ> h{ `mM{ CJ_ÒWmZ Amh{. `m oZdSw>ßJmMm
AmH$ma VmË`mgmaIm AgVm{ ÂhUyZ `mcm ÒQ>ma oZdSw>ßJ Ag{ ÂhUVmV. `m oZdSw>ßJmMr
[mZ{ OmS>, _mßgc AmoU Jm{cmH$ma AgVmV. _‹`^mJr \w$c{ cmJVmV. \w$c{ amÃr o_Q>VmV
d gH$mir [w›hm C_cVmV. \w$cmßMm aßJ o\$H$Q> Jwcm]r AgVm{. Kam_‹`{ Hwß$S>rV cmd `mg
hm ‡H$ma `m{Ω` Amh{. _mÃ `m oZdSw>ßJmcm Wm{S>m d{i gy`©‡H$me o_iU{ AmdÌ`H$ AgV{.
(10) g±S> S>m∞ca ï _{p∑gH$Z dmidßQ>mV oZdSw>ßJmMm hm ‡H$ma AmT>iVm{. ]wQ>H$m,
[gaQ> AmoU OmS> oeamßMm hm oZdSw>ßJ o]ZH$mQ>ÁmMm Amh{. `m oZdS>wßJmcm o[diÁm
aßJmMr \w$c{ `{VmV. \w$cmZßVa N>mZ \$i{ cmJVmV. KamV R>{d `mgmR>r hm ‡H$ma `m{Ω`
Amh{.
(11) o]e[ H∞$[ ï g±S> S>m∞ca[´_mU{M hm o]ZH$mQ>ÁmMm oZdSw>ßJ AgyZ `mda
\$∑V 5 oeam AgVmV. `m oZdSw>ßJmMr \w$c{ AoYH$ [gaQ> AgyZ o\$H$Q> o[diÁm aßJmMr
AgVmV. `m oZdSw>ßJmcm H$m{aS>{ hdm_mZ AoYH$ _mZdV{, À`m_wi{ KamV R>{d `mg hm
‡H$ma `m{Ω` Amh{.
(12) [m{Zr Q>{c ï `m oZdSw>ßJmM{ _yiÒWmZ Q>{∑gmg Amh{. `m oZdSw>ßJmMr \$maM
H$_r H$miOr ø`mdr cmJV{. `m oZdSw>ßJmMr Hwß$S>r ]Xc `mMr e∑`Vm{ JaO [S>V Zmhr.
`m oZdSw>ßJmMr [mZ{ cmß] ohaÏ`m aßJmMr AmoU \w$c{ [mßT>Ë`m aßJmMr AgVmV.
(13) ∑cmBßq]J Am∞oZ`Z ï hm ‡H$ma H$mßXm Hw$imVrc AgyZ XojU Amo\´$H{$V
gm[S>Vm{. d{cr‡_mU{ À`mMr dmT> hm{V{. `m PmS>mcm \$mß⁄mß¿`m e|S>Ámßda VmamH•$Vr, chmZ
[mßT>aQ> \w$c{ cmJVmV. `m PmS>mcm â[ya ‡H$me AmoU X_Q> hdm _mZdV{. À`m_wi{ Kam[{jm
]mh{a hm ‡H$ma MmßJcm dmT>Vm{.
(14) Eoc\ß$Q> Q≠>r ï hm ‡H$ma _yiMm H∞$oc\$m{oZ©`m am¡`mVrc Amh{. `m oZdSw>ßJmM{
Im{S> hŒmr¿`m [m`mgmaI{ OmS> AgyZ OmS> gmc AgV{. Im{S>mda 36 [mZmß¿`m \$mß⁄m
AgyZ [mZ{ gwJßYr AgVmV. AÀ`ßV gmdH$me dmT>Umam hm oZdSw>ßJ ]m{Zgm`gmR>r dm[acm
OmVm{.
(15) gJwAmam{ ï h{ oZdSw>ßJ gd© oZdSw>ßJmß_‹`{ _m{R>{ _mÃ gdm™[{jm gmdH$me
dmT>Uma{ Amh{. h{ oZdSw>ßJ _yiM{ _{p∑gH$m{ X{emVrc Amh{. `m oZdSw>ßJm¿`m Im{S>mda 12 V{
30 oeam AgVmV. Im{S>m¿`m ImcM{ H$mQ>{ AmoU darc ^mJmVrc H$mQ>{ `mß¿`m aßJmV
AmoU AmH$mamV \$aH$ AgVm{. hm oZdSw>ßJ 10 dfm™¿`m H$mimV \$∑V 15 g|oQ>_rQ>a
EdT>mM dmT>Vm{. d`m¿`m 40 dfm™ZßVa Vm{ \w$cVm{. `m oZdSw>ßJmMr \$i{ Jm{S> AgVmV. `m
oZdSw>ßJmMm [yU© AmH$ma dmT> `mgmR>r gw_ma{ 150 df} cmJVmV.
(16) Jm{ÎS>Z Am{ÎS> _∞Z oZdSw>ßJ ï KamV 25 g|oQ>_rQ>a AmoU _m{H$iÁm _°XmZmV
15 _rQ>a[`™V dmT>Umam hm oZdSw>ßJ _yiMm _‹` A_{naH{$Vrc Amh{. `m oZdSw>ßJm¿`m
Im{S>mda XmQ> C^Q> oeam AmoU [wßO∑`mV H$mQ>{ AgVmV. \w$c{ N>m{Q>r AmoU ododY aßJmßV
`{VmV.
(17) [{Èdm`Z A∞[c oZdSw>ßJ ï hm oZdSw>ßJ KamV 25 g|oQ>_rQ>a V{ 2 _rQ>a CßM
dmT>Vm{ Va _m{H$iÁm OmJr 6 _rQ>a[`™V CßM OmVm{. ogqcS>a¿`m AmH$mamMm AmoU Om{_Xma
dmT>rMm hm oZdSw>ßJ _yiMm d{ÒQ> BßS>rOMm Amh{. hm oZdSw>ßJ g_wX´g[mQ>rda X_Q> hd{V
dmT>Vm{ Vg{M S>m|Jami ^mJmV WßS> AmoU H$m{aS>Ám hdm_mZmVhr dmT>Vm{. `m oZdSw>ßJm¿`m
Im{S>mda CßM oeam AgVmV AmoU gwB©gmaI{ H$mQ>{ AgVmV. `m oZdSw>ßJmcm ZagmiÁm¿`m
AmH$mamMr, [mßT>Ë`m aßJmMr \w$c{ `{VmV. \w$c{ \$∑V amÃrM C_cVmV.
(18) am{Par dmB©Z oZdSw>ßJ ï XojU Amo\´$H{$Vrc d{crgmaIm AmoU 1 _rQ>a
cmß] [gaUmam hm g∑`ycßQ> oZdSw>ßJ ‡H$ma Amh{. `m oZdSw>ßJmMr dmT> OmS> Hß$Xm[mgyZ
H{$cr OmV{. `m oZdSw>ßJmMr [mZ{ ]Xm_r AmH$mamMr, Í$[{ar AmoU _wS>[c{cr AgVmV. `m
oZdSw>ßJm¿`m [mZm¿`m X{R>mOdi Xa ohdmiÁmV cmß]Q>-Omßîr \w$c{ Km{gmV cmJVmV.
`m oZdSw>ßJm¿`m Im{S>mM{ VwH$S>{ AWdm H$mßX{ [mdgmiÁmV cmdyZ ZdrZ PmS>{ V`ma H$aVmV.
ohdmiÁmV `m oZdSw>ßJmMr dmT> hm{V Zmhr. h±qJJ ]mÒH{$Q> Vg{M XwgË`m PmS>mOdi
cmd `mg hm ‡H$ma `m{Ω` Amh{.
(19) [r-ZQ> oZdSw>ßJ ï hm OmS>, ]wQ>∑`m Im{S>mMm AmoU amßJUmam oZdSw>ßJ
_yiMm AO~oQ>Zm `m X{emVrc Amh{. `m oZdSw>ßJm¿`m Im{S>mda 6 V{ 9 oeam AgVmV. `m
oZdSw>ßJmM{ Im{S> ZirgmaI{ Jm{cmH$ma AgV{. H$S>H$ C›hmV Im{S>mßMm aßJ ^waH$Q> (Ïhm`c{Q>)
hm{Vm{. \w$c{ _m{R>r, KßQ>{¿`m AmH$mamMr, AZ{H$ [mH$iÁmßMr cmc aßJmMr AgVmV.
oXdmUIm›`mV, J∞carV R>{d `mg hm [´H$ma `m{Ω` g_Ocm OmVm{.
(20) [m{g_ oZdSw>ßJ ï hm d{crgmaIm dmT>Umam g∑`ycßQ> oZdSw>ßJ Amh{. `m
oZdSw>ßJmcm –mjd{crgmaI{ VUmd{ `{VmV. hm ‡H$ma _yiMm XojU Amo\´$H{$Vrc Amh{.
Am[Î`mH$S>{ `m oZdSw>ßJmcm H$mS>d{c ÂhUyZ Am{iIVmV. Vwierd•ßXmdZmda MT>od `mg
hm oZdSw>ßJ MmßJcm Amh{. `m oZdSw>ßJmcm chmZ \w$cmßM{ AmoU \$imßM{ Km{g cmJVmV. hm
oZdSw>ßJ h±qJJ ]mÒH{$Q>_‹`{ cmd `mgmR>r CŒm_ Amh{. hm oZdSw>ßJ C›hmiÁmV - [mdgmiÁmV
MmßJcm dmT>Vm{. Im{S>mßM{ H$mßS>{ cmdyZ `m oZdSw>ßJmMr Ao^d•’r H$aVmV.
(21) ogÎÏha Q>m∞M© ï XojU A_{naH{$Vrc h{ oZdSw>ßJ AmVm OJâ dmT>odc{
OmV{. `m oZdSw>ßJm¿`m Im{S>mMm AmH$ma Q>m∞M©[´_mU{ AmoU aßJ Í$[{ar AgVm{. ÂhUyZ `m
oZdSw>ßJmcm ogÎÏha Q>m∞M© Ag{ Zmd [S>c{ Amh{. `m oZdSw>ßJmMm AmH$ma C^Q> AmoU CßMr
EH$ V{ XrS> _rQ>a[`™V AgV{. [yU© dmT> PmÎ`moedm` `m oZdSw>ßJmcm \w$c{ cmJV ZmhrV.
chmZ Idc{, chmZ H$mQ>ÁmßM{ AßJâ [wßOH{$ AmoU da¿`m ^mJmV gd©Ã N>m{Q>r, cmß]Q>,
Vmß]S>r \w$c{ `mß_wi{ h{ oZdSw>ßJ gwßXa oXgV{.
(22) o_gwar o[ZHw$eZ ï `m oZdSw>ßJmM{ _yiÒWmZ H∞$ZS>m `m X{emV AgyZ hm
‡H$ma BVaÃ AoYH$ cm{H$o‡` Pmc{cm Amh{. hm oZdSw>ßJ ]gH$Q> ÈßX AgyZ e|S>Ámda \w$c{
cmJÎ`mZßVa \$maM AmH$f©H$ oXgVm{. o[ZHw$eZ_‹`{ Q>mM `m Q>m{MyZ R>{dÎ`m‡_mU{
IdÎ`mda H$mQ>{ AgVmV. \w$c{ o[dir, _m{R>r AmoU C^Q> AgVmV. hm oZdSw>ßJ \$∑V
25-30 g|oQ>_rQ>a CßM dmT>Vm{. KamV, oIS>H$sV R>{d `mg `m{Ω` Amh{.
(23) ogÎÏha H´$mD$Z ï h{ oZdSw>ßJ XojU Amo\´$H{$Vrc AgZ g∑`ycßQ> oZdSw>ßJ
ÂhUyZ Am{iIc{ OmV{. `m oZdSw>ßJmMr [mZ{ H$m{]r¿`m [mZm‡_mU{ _mÃ OmS> AmoU [gaQ>
AgVmV. `m oZdSw>ßJmcm H$m{]r‡_mU{M cmß] XmßS>Ámda \w$c{ cmJVmV. \w$c{ e|Xar aßJmMr
AmoU Jm{cga cmß]Q> AgVmV.
(24) ogÎÏha S>m∞ca flc±Q> ï hm ‡H$ma g∑`ycßQ>_‹`{ _m{S>V AgyZ À`mM{ _yi
ÒWmZ XojU Amo\´$H{$V Amh{. `m PmS>mMr [mZ{ Jm{cga, OmS> ^wa∑`m aßJmMr [U cmcga
H$S>m Agc{cr AgVmV. \w$c{ oM_wH$cr, [mßT>ar AgVmV. ZßVa \w$c{ cmcga hm{VmV.
[mZm\w$cmßgh hm oZdSw>ßJ gwßXa oXgVm{. Q>{]cmda _mßS>UrgmR>r hm ‡H$ma `m{Ω` Amh{. `mVrc
BVa ‡H$mamßg OS>{ flc±Q>, Mm`ZrO a]a flc±Q>, ÒH$mac{Q> [|Q> ]é, Z{H$c{g ÏhmB©Q>, pÒQ≠>®J
Am∞\$ ]Q>Z Aer Zmd{ AgyZ KamV _mßS>Urg C[`w∑V Amh{V.
(25) [|Q>{S> c{S>r ï h{ g∑`ycßQ> oZdSw>ßJ _yiM{ AO~oQ>Zm `{Wrc AgyZ KamVrc
_mßS>UrgmR>r gwa{I Amh{. `m oZdSw>ßJmMr [mZ{ Q>m{H$mH$S>{ cmcga, C^Q> AmoU Jm{cmH$ma
dmT>VmV. ∑doMV ‡gßJr `m oZdSw>ßJmcm _‹`^mJr Jwcm]r aßJmMm \w$cmßMm Vwam `{Vm{. h{
oZdSw>ßJ H$mQ>H$ AgyZ ghO[U{ H$m{R>{hr dmT>V{. `mVrc Xwgam ‡H$ma _{p∑gH$Z ÒZm{ ]m∞c
ÂhUyZ Am{iIcm OmVm{. À`m¿`m [mZmßda [mßT>aQ> ^wH$Q>rM{ AmdaU AgV{. À`m_wi{ h{
oZdSw>ßJ ]\©$ [S>Î`mgmaI{ oXgV{.
(26) ÒQ≠>m∞]{ar h{Ohm∞J ï oZdSw>ßJmMm _{p∑gH$m{_Yrc hm ‡H$ma Iy[M cm{H$o‡`
Amh{. EH$ Im{S>mMm, ]wQ>H$m, 21 oeamßMm, ^wa∑`m H$mQ>ÁmßMm AmoU Jwcm]r \w$cmßMm hm
oZdSw>ßJ \$maM gwßXa Amh{. hm oZdSw>ßJ 35 V{ 50 g|oQ>_rQ>a dmT>Vm{ AmoU cJ{M \w$cmda
`{Vm{. `mVrc C[‡H$mahr gwßXa AgyZ À`mg a{Z]m{ oZdSw>ßJ ÂhUVmV. `mM{ Im{S> Bß–YZwÓ`m¿`m
aßJm‡_mU{ M_H$V{.
(27) ]´{Z oZdSw>ßJ ï oZdSw>ßJmMm hm ‡H$ma Rw>gRw>grV R>|JUm _mÃ X{IUm Amh{. `m
oZdSw>ßJm¿`m Im{S>mda e{H$S>m{ cmQ>mH•$Vr oeam AmoU AYyZ_YyZ cmß]ga AmoU ]wQ>H{$ Ag{
Xm{Z ‡H$maM{ H$mQ>{ AgVmV. À`m_wi{ hm oZdSw>ßJ _|XyVyZ _ÇmmVßVyM{ Omi{ [gamd{ Vgm
oXgVm{ AmoU ÂhUyZM À`mg ]´{Z oZdSw>ßJ h{ Zmd [S>c{ Amh{. `m oZdSw>ßJmcm gy`©‡H$me
AmoU _m{H$ir hdm _mZdV{, Vg{M Ò\w$aX X´Ï`hr _m{R>Ám ‡_mUmV cmJV{. JÉrda Vg{M
am∞H$ JmS>©ZgmR>r hm oZdSw>ßJ C[`w∑V Amh{.
(28) BÒQ>a occr oZdSw>ßJ ï `m oZdSw>ßJmMm AmH$ma ]wQ>H$m, [gaQ> AgyZ Vm{
BÒQ>a occrgmaIm oXgVm{. hm oZdSw>ßJ gwÈdmVrg OcX dmT>Vm{ AmoU cJ{M \w$cmda
`{Vm{. `m oZdSw>ßJmcm [mßT>aQ>-Jwcm]r aßJmMr \w$c{ cmß] XmßS>Ámda `{VmV. \w$c{ ‡m_wª`mZ{
amÃr AßYmamV \w$cVmV. `m \w$cmßZm _ßX dmg `{Vm{. `m oZdSw>ßJm¿`m Im{S>mda OmS> V[oH$ar
aßJm¿`m a{fm AgVmV. `m oZdSw>ßJmMr dmT> 25 g|oQ>_rQ>aBVH$s hm{V{.
(29) ∑drZ Am∞\$ X ZmB©Q> ï OcX dmT>Umam, cmß] XmßS>Ámda \w$c{ `{Umam AmoU
dfm©VyZ 3 d{im \w$c{ `{Umam oZdSw>ßJmMm hm ‡H$ma KamV R>{d `mg `m{Ω` Amh{. `m oZdSw>ßJmMr
\w$c{ [mßT>ar-Jwcm]r AmoU cmc aßJmMr AgyZ À`mg "pÏhZrcm' gmaIm gwdmg AgVm{. `m
oZdSw>ßJmMr \w$c{ amÃr C_cVmV AmoU g^m{dVr hm JßY XadiVm{. `mdÍ$Z `mg ∑drZ
Am∞\$ X ZmB©Q> qH$dm amVamUr oZdSw>ßJ Ag{ ÂhUVmV.
(30) ]Q>Z oZdSw>ßJ ï `m oZdSw>ßJmM{ Mma-[mM g|oQ>_rQ>a Ï`mgmM{ N>m{Q>{-N>m{Q>{
Jm{i{ XmQ>rdmQ>rZ{ dmT>VmV. `m oZdSw>ßJm¿`m Im{S>mda 25-30 dVw©i{ AmoU [mßT>aQ> N>m{Q>{
H$mQ>{ AgVmV. `m oZdSw>ßJm¿`m e|S>Ámda VwË`mgmaIr cmc cmß]Q> \w$c{ `{VmV. [gaQ>
Hwß$S>rV Vg{M oS>e JmS>©Z ‡H$mamV hm oZdSw>ßJ gwa{I oXgVm{.
(31) ÒZm{-]m∞c oZdSw>ßJ ï C^Q> AmH$mamMm, AßJâ a{e_r cd Agc{cm hm
oZdSw>ßJ gmdH$me dmT>Vm{. df©âmV hm oZdSw>ßJ O{_V{_ 5 g|oQ>_rQ>a[`™V dmT>Vm{. `m
oZdSw>ßJmMr OmÒVrV OmÒV dmT> AYm© _rQ>a BVH$s hm{V{ AmoU ZßVa e|S>ÁmOdi Im{S>\$mß⁄m
\w$Q>VmV. `m oZdSw>ßJmcm gd©gmYmaU[U{ \w$c{ `{V ZmhrV.
(32) H$mD$ hm∞Z© oZdSw>ßJ ï `m oZdSw>ßJmMm AmH$ma AmoU À`mdarc H$mQÁmßMm
AmH$ma hm JmB©¿`m oeßJmßgmaIm oXgVm{. À`mdÍ$Z `m oZdSw>ßJmcm "H$mD$ hm∞Z©' Ag{ Zmd
[S>c{ Amh{. Amo\´$H$m AmoU aoe`mVrc aIaIrV ‡X{emV `m ‡H$maM{ gw_ma{ 1,500
‡H$ma ApÒVÀdmV Amh{. am∞H$ JmS>©ZgmR>r hm ‡H$ma `m{Ω` Amh{.
(33) ]mÒH{$Q> ]m∞c oZdSw>ßJ ï \w$Jra AmH$ma, CWi-C^Q> oeam AmoU À`mda
oM_wH$cr \w$c{ `{Umam hm ‡H$ma ]mÒH{$Q> ]m∞cgmaIm oXgVm{. `m oZdSw>ßJm¿`m Im{S>mda
]marH$ cd AgV{. H$mhr C^Q> AmoU ]wQ>H{$ ‡H$ma EH$oÃV dmT>odÎ`mg gwßXa oXgVmV.
(34) Q>m`Ja Om∞ oZdSw>ßJ ï hm ‡H$ma g∑`ycßQ>_‹`{ _m{S>Vm{. OmS> ohadr [mZ{
AmoU AmV dmic{Î`m H$S>mda ]wQ>H{$ AUHw$MrXma H$mQ>{ `m_wi{ `m oZdSw>ßJmM{ [mZ dmKm¿`m
O]S>ÁmgmaI{ oXgV{. `m oZdSw>ßJmcm gy`©\w$cmgmaI{ AZ{H$ [mH$iÁmßM{ o[di{ \y$c `{V{.
ohaÏ`m [mZmßV o[di{ \y$c \$maM em{^yZ oXgV{.
(35) o\$e-hˇH$oZdSw>ßJ ï `mg ]∞ac oZdSw>ßJ Ag{hr ÂhUVmV. `m oZdSw>ßJmMm
AmH$ma q[[mgmaIm AgVm{ AmoU À`mda _mg{ [H$S> `m¿`m JimgmaI{ H$mQ>{ AgVmV.
`m oZdSw>ßJm¿`m Im{S>mda chmZ_m{R>{ H$mQ>{ AmoU e|S>Ámda cmc _‹` Agc{cr o[dir
\w$c{ AgVmV. À`m_wi{ hm oZdSw>ßJ gwßXa oXgVm{. "oS>e JmS>©Z'gmR>r hm ‡H$ma AoYH$
MmßJcm Amh{.
(36) [{p›gc cr\$ oZdSw>ßJ ï o]ZIm{S>mMm, cmß] [mZmßMm, [{p›gcgmaIm, [mZmßda
oR>[H{$ AmoU [≈>{ Agc{cm hm ‡H$ma g∑`ycßQ>_‹`{ _m{S>Vm{.
(37) J´rZm{od`m ï hm oZdSw>ßJ Imcr [gaQ> AmoU da C^Q> oZ_wiÀ`m AmH$mamMm
AgVm{. `m oZdSw>ßJmMr chmZ Jm{cga OmS> AmoU ohadrJma [mZ{ CVaßS>rgmaIr dmQ>VmV.
`m oZdSw>ßJmcm o[diÁm \w$cmßMm Km{g e|S>Ámda cmJVm{. hm ‡H$ma g∑`ycßQ>_‹`{ _m{S>Vm{.
KamV AmoU am∞H$ JmS>©ZgmR>r hm ‡H$ma MmßJcm Amh{.
(38) Ò[m`S>a oZdSw>ßJ ï hm ohaÏ`m aßJmMm AmoU À`mda o[di{ H$mQ>{ Agc{cm
‡H$ma Amh{. H$m{ir oH$S>ÁmgmaI{ 6-8 Idc{ À`mda cmJVmV. oZiga Jwcm]r aßJmMm
\w$cmßMm Vwam `{Vm{. H$c_ H$Í$Z dmT>od `mg hm ‡H$ma gm{[m Amh{.
(39) S>mp›g®J ]m{›g oZdSw>ßJ ï `m oZdSw>ßJmM{ Im{S> C^Q> hmS>mgmaI{ AgyZ
À`mda VwaiH$ _mÃ cmß] H$mQ>{ AgVmV. gwÈdmVrg Im{S> gai dmT>V{ [U [wT>{ V{ dmH$V{.
`m oZdSw>ßJmcm e|S>ÁmH$S>{ _m{R>{ \y$c cmJV{. dmË`m_wi{ Im{S> hcc{, H$s XmÍ$S>Ám
_mUgmgmaI{ oXgV{. ÂhUyZ À`mg "S≠>ßH$g© S≠>r_' Ag{ ÂhUVmV. am∞H$ JmS>©Z_‹`{ AWdm
Hwß$[UmgmR>r hm ‡H$ma MmßJcm Amh{.
(40) Eoc\ß$Q> BAa ï `m oZdSw>ßJmcm hŒmr¿`m H$mZm¿`m AmH$mamMr [mZ{ cmJVmV.
[mZ{ ohadr AgyZ À`mda [mßT>Ë`m N>Q>m AgVmV. Im{S> V[oH$ar AgV{. darc [mZm¿`m
X{R>mVyZ ÒH$mac{Q> aßJrV \w$cmßM{ Km{g cmJVmV. oºg_g H$mimV hm oZdSw>ßJ `{Vm{.
(41) pÒ‡®J Am∞\$ ]rS>g≤ AmoU Jwg]{ar oZdSw>ßJ ï h{ Xm{›hrhr ‡H$ma g∑`ycßQ>_‹`{
_m{S>VmV. Im{S>{ chmZ ]marH$ AmoU d{crgmaIr dmT>VmV. À`mda _ `mgmaI{ Idc{
cQ>H$VmV. \w$c{ ]émgmaIr chmZ AmoU M[Q>r AgyZ cmcga AgVmV. h±qJJ
]mÒH{$Q>gmR>r h{ Xm{›hr ‡H$ma CŒm_ Amh{V.
(42) Am∞J©Z [mB©[ oZdSw>ßJ ï hm ‡H$ma AÀ`ßV cm{H$o‡` Amh{. Am∞J©Z [mB©[¿`m
AmH$mamMr AZ{H$ Im{S>{ g_yhmV dmT>VmV. BZS>m{Aa Vg{M oS>e JmS>©ZgmR>r hm EH$ gwa{I
‡H$ma Amh{.
(43) AJ{Ïh oZdSw>ßJ ï h{ oZdSw>ßJ Km`[mVmgmaI{ oXgV Agc{ Var À`mda \y$c
cmJÎ`mZßVa \$ma gwa{I oXgV{. _YyZ H$m|] `{D$Z À`mda _m{R>{ o[di{ \y$c cmJV{.
(44) ]S>© Z{ÒQ> oZdSw>ßJ ï [˙`m¿`m KaQ>Ám¿`m AmH$mamM{ h{ oZdSw>ßJ o[diÁm
H$mQ>ÁmßZr odUc{c{ oXgV{. ohadr, OmS> [mZ{ AmoU [mZmß¿`m oZ_wiÀ`m Q>m{H$mg oM_wH$Î`m
H$mQ>ÁmßMm [wßOH$m \$maM em{^yZ oXgVm{. oS>e JmS>©ZgmR>r hm ‡H$ma MmßJcm Amh{.
10.2.3 oZdSw>ßJmMr Ao^d•’r
oZdSw>ßJ AmoU BVa agXma (_mßgc) PmS>mßMr Ao^d•’r ]r, Im{S>mM{ AmoU [mZmßM{
N>mQ>, Hß$X, _wZd{ AmoU ^{Q> H$c_m¤ma{ (J´mp‚Q>®J) H$aVm `{V{. H$m{aS>Ám hßJm_mV 1 ^mJ
dmiy d 1 ^mJ Hw$Oc{Î`m [mZmßM{ IV `mß¿`m o_lUmV AmoU Am{Î`m hßJm_mV 2-3 ^mJ
dmiy AmoU 1 ^mJ [mZmßM{ IV `mß¿`m o_lUmV N>mQ> cmdmd{V. oZdSw>ßJm¿`m H$mhr
‡OmVtM{ N>mQ> cmd `m[ydu Wm{S>m d{i H$m{aS>Ám gmdcrV R>{dVmV À`m_wi{ `m N>mQ>mßZm
_wiÁm \w$Q>VmV.
oZdSw>ßJmMr Ao^d•’r H$c_ [’VrZ{hr H$aVm `{V{. oZdSw>ßJmM{ H$c_ H$a `mgmR>r
[wT>rc [’Vr dm[aVmV.
(1) g[mQ> H$c_ (‚c∞Q> J´mp‚Q>®J) ï `m [’VrV S>m{iH$mßS>r (gm`Z) AmoU
IwßQ>am{[ (ÒQ>m∞H$) AmS>d{ g[mQ> H$m[yZ EH$_{H$mßda ]godVmV. Xm{Z ^mJ EH$Ã Om{S>VmZm,
‡À`{H$m_Yrc [{er¿`m aMZmßM{ H$S>{ [aÒ[amßer e∑` V{dT>{ OwiVrc `mH$S>{ cj ⁄md{.
gm`Z AmoU ÒQ>m∞H$ `mßM{ H$m[ EH$mM _m[mM{ ø`md{V. gm`Z h{ ÒQ>m∞H$da Xm]yZ ]gdmd{.
ÂhUO{ AmVrc [m{H$irVrc hdm oZKyZ OmV{. Om{S>c{c{ Xm{›hr ^mJ EH$oÃV amh `mgmR>r
V{ Q>mMUrZ{ AWdm H$mQ>ÁmZ{ AWdm a]a ]±S>Z{ K≈> ]mßYyZ R>{dmd{V. EH$Ord PmÎ`mda a]a
]±S> gm{Sy>Z Q>mH$mdm. oZdSw>ßJmMm AWdm ]mîrMm H$mQ>m dm[acm AgÎ`mg Vm{ H$mTy>Z
Q>mH$ `mMr AmdÌ`H$Vm Zmhr.
(2) am{[mM{ H$c_ (grS>qcJ J´mp‚Q>®J) ï `m [’VrV CJdV{ am{[ AWdm _yi \w$Qy>
[mhUma{ Idc{ gm`Z ÂhUyZ dm[aVmV. ÒQ>m∞H$¿`m S>m{∑`mda, \$mß⁄mßda AWdm ]Jc{V
¡`m Im{]Ur AgVmV À`m oR>H$mUr ]{VmMm H$m[ K{D$Z À`mV am{[mM{ ]yS> K≈> ]godVmV.
(3) ]mOy H$c_ (gmB©S> J´mp‚Q>®J) ï `m [’Vr_‹`{ H$c_ H$a `mgmR>r ÒQ>m∞H$
AmoU gm`Z EH$_{H$mßer o_iV{OwiV{ oZdS>md{V. ‡À`{H$mg 45 AßemV [yU© H$m[ H$amd{V
AmoU ZßVa V{ EH$_{H$mßV Xm]yZ ]gdmd{V.
(4) [mMa H$c_ (∑c{‚Q> J´mp‚Q>®J) ï ¡`m oZdSw>ßJmM{ Im{S> cdMrH$ AgV{
Aem oZdSw>ßJm¿`m Ao^d•’rgmR>r [mMa H$c_ [’V dm[aVmV. H$c_ H$a `mgmR>r `m{Ω`
ÒQ>m∞H$Mr oZdS> H$Í$Z À`mMm e|S>m H$m[yZ Q>mH$mdm. H$m[m¿`m _Ym{_Y oZ_wiVr Im{]U
H$amdr. gm`Z \$mßXrcm oZ_wiVr [mMa VmgyZ ø`mdr. ZßVa gm`Z \$mßXr ÒQ>m∞H$_‹`{ Iw[gyZ
K≈> ]gdmdr.
(5) IwßQ>r H$c_ (ÒQ>∞] J´mp‚Q>®J) ï h{ H$c_ [mMa H$c_mgmaI{M H$aVmV.
\$aH$ EdT>mM H$s ÒQ>m∞H$Mm e|S>m Z H$m[Vm ]mOyg AWdm Im{S>m¿`m Imß⁄mda, IdÎ`m¿`m
oR>H$mUr Im{cda H$m[ K{VmV. gm`Z _mÃ [mMa H$c_m‡_mU{ [U oZ_wiV{ Jm{cga H$Í$Z
V{ ÒQ>m∞H$_‹`{ Iw[gyZ [∑H{$ ]gdVmV.
oZdSw>ßJmM{ H$c_ H$aVmZm [wT>rc H$miOr ø`mdr.
(1) oZdSw>ßJmMr OcX dmT>rMr d{i dJiyZ BVa d{ir H$c_{ H$amdrV.
(2) H$c_ H$aVmZm Òd¿N>Vm amImdr. EH$ H$m[ K{VÎ`mZßVa Xwgam H$m[ K{ `m[ydu
MmHy$ oZO™VyH$ H$amdm. `mgmR>r ]waerZmeH$mV AWdm Ja_ [m `mV qH$dm
AÎH$m{hm{c_‹`{ MmHy$ ]wS>dyZ ø`mdm.
(3) H$c_ H$aVmZm oZdSw>ßJmMm H$mQ>{ar ^mJ hmVmg ]m{MVm{ ÂhUyZ hmV_m{O{
dm[amd{V AWdm oM_Q>ÁmMm, H$mJXmMm qH$dm H$m[S>mMm dm[a H$amdm.
(4) ÒQ>m∞H$ - gm`Z Om{S>VmZm Q>mMUrE{dOr ]mîrMm H$mQ>m dm[amdm. Vm{hr
]waerZmeH$mV ]wS>dyZ dm[amdm. YmVy[{jm dZÒ[VrM{ H$mQ>{ dm[aU{ gm{[{ AgV{.
H$mQ>{ _mÃ dmic{c{ ø`md{V.
(5) H$c_ H{$Î`mZßVa V{ EH$X_ AßYmamV AWdm H$S>H$ C›hmV R>{dy Z`{.
10.2.4 oZdSw>ßJmMr oZJm
oZdSw>ßJm¿`m PmS>mß¿`m H$mhr odoeÔ> JaOm [yU© H$amÏ`m cmJVmV. Z°goJ©H$
[napÒWVrV oZdSw>ßJmMr PmS>{ â[ya gy`©‡H$memV, [m `m¿`m Q>ßMmB©V AmoU AÎ[ H$mi
dmT>r¿`m hßJm_mV OJVmV.
(1) oZdSw>ßJm¿`m dmT>rH$naVm â[ya ‡H$me cmJVm{. KamVrc ‡H$me H$_r [S>V
AgÎ`mg C›hm¿`m OmJr oZdSw>ßJ R>{dmd{. oIS>H$sVrc oZdSw>ßJmßZm H•$oÃ_
‡H$me ⁄mdm. KamVrc oZdSw>ßJmßZm _YyZ_YyZ Kam]mh{a gmdcrV _mÃ Òd¿N>
gy`©‡H$memV R>{dmd{.
(2) oZdSw>ßJ dmT> `m¿`m hßJm_mV C]Xma Vm[_mZmMr AmdÌ`H$Vm AgV{.
Im{crM{ Vm[_mZ g_mYmZH$maH$ AgV{. oZdSw>ßJmcm \w$c{ cmJ `mgmR>r
ohdmiÁmM{ WßS> Vm[_mZ cmJV{. amÃrM{ oH$_mZ Vm[_mZ 4.5 - 7 Aße
g{pÎgAg AmoU oXdgmM{ oH$_mZ Vm[_mZ 18 Aße g{pÎgAg AgVmZm
oZdSw>ßJmcm \w$c{ cmJVmV. `m[{jm OmÒV Vm[_mZmV oZdSw>ßJmcm \w$c{ cmJV
ZmhrV.
(3) BVa PmS>mß‡_mU{ oZdSw>ßJmßZm [mUr X{D$ Z`{. oZdSw>ßJm¿`m PmS>mßZm H$m{aS>Ám
hdm_mZmV dmT> `mMr gd` PmÎ`m_wi{ V{ OmÒV [mUr K{D$ eH$V ZmhrV.
OmÒV [m `mZ{ oZdSw>ßJ gS>VmV.

oZdSw>ßJmMm ‡H$ma, Hwß$S>rMm [´H$ma, PmS>mMm AmH$ma AmoU dfm©Vrc hßJm_ `mßda
oZdSw>ßJmcm oH$Vr [mUr ⁄md{ h{ Adcß]yZ AgV{. oZdSw>ßJmMr ¡`m hßJm_mV oH´$`merc
dmT> hm{V{ V{Ïhm [m `m¿`m Xm{Z [mitVrc _YÎ`m H$mimV _mVr [yU©[U{ H$m{aS>r R>{dmdr.
hm H$mi H$mhr oXdgmß[mgyZ V{ Xm{Z AmR>dS>Ámß[`™V AgVm{. ohdmiÁmV ]h˛V{H$ oZdSw>ßJm¿`m
‡OmVr AY© gw·mdÒW{V amhVmV. À`mßMr dmT> OdiOdi Wmß]c{cr AgV{. `m H$mim_‹`{
oZdSw>ßJmcm AoVe` H$_r [mUr ⁄md{. _mÃ oZdSw>ßJ gwH$Uma ZmhrV `mMr H$miOr ø`mdr.
ÂhUO{ gmYmaU[U{ 2 V{ 3 AmR>dS>ÁmßVyZ EH$XmM [mUr ⁄md{. _mVr¿`m Hßw$S>Ámß[{jm
flcmpÒQ>H$¿`m d oMZr _mVr¿`m Hwß$S>ÁmßVyZ [m `mMm Zme H$_r hm{V AgÎ`mZ{ dmaßdma
[mUr ⁄md{ cmJV Zmhr. oZdSw>ßJm[{jm BVa _mßgc PmS>mßZm Wm{S>{ OmÒV [mUr ⁄md{ cmJV{.
ÂhUyZ [m `m¿`m Xm{Z [mitVrc _YÎ`m H$mimV _mVr _‹`_ H$m{aS>r hm{D$ ⁄mdr.
ohdmiÁmV PmS>{ gwHy$ Z`{V ÂhUyZ [mUr ⁄md{. gp¿N>– Hwß$S>rVrc PmS>mcm 2 AmR>dS>ÁmßVyZ
EH$Xm AmoU oN>–{ Zgc{Î`m Hwß$S>rVrc PmS>mcm À`m[{jm H$_r [mUr ⁄md{. `m PmS>mßZm
Z{h_r H$m{aS>Ám AmoU C›hmiÁm¿`m oXdgmßV oZò_V [mUr ⁄md{. X_Q> d T>Jmi oXdgmßV
oZdSw>ßJmcm [mUr X{D$ Z`{. oZdSw>ßJmcm gH$mir [mUr X{U{ CŒm_ AgV{. H$maU À`m d{ir
PmS>m¿`m _wiÁm [mUr em{fVmV AmoU OmÒVr¿`m [m `mMr dm\$ hm{V{. oZdSw>ßJmcm H$m{_Q>
[mUr ⁄md{. WßS> [mUr X{D$ Z`{. H$maU À`m_wi{ [mZ{ JiVmV.

oZdSw>ßJ ï (H∞$∑Q>g) H$mQ>{ar PmS>
[aOrdr PmS>{ ï XwgË`m PmS>mda dmT>Umar PmS>{
agXma qH$dm _mßgc PmS>{ ï (g∑`ycßQ>) `m PmS>mßM{ Im{S> AmoU [mZ{ OmS> AgyZ
À`mß_‹`{ [m `mMm gmR>m AgVm{.
10.4 gmamße
oZdSw>ßJ AmoU agXma (_mßgc) PmS>{ _yiMr dmidßQ>mV dmT>Umar Amh{V. dmidßQ>mV

[mD$g \$ma H$_r [S>Vm{ AmoU hdm_mZ \$ma odf_ AgV{. Aem ‡oVHy$c [napÒWVrV hr
PmS>{ dmT>VmV. ÂhUyZ ]mJ{V qH$dm KamV hr PmS>{ dmT>odVmZm Aer [napÒWVr oZ_m©U
H$amdr cmJV{. oZdSw>ßJmcm [mUr _m{OH{$ ⁄md{. oZdSw>ßJm¿`m dmT>rgmR>r â[ya gy`©‡H$me
Agmdm cmJVm{. H$mhr oZdSw>ßJmßZm \w$c{ cmJV ZmhrV. H$mhr oZdSw>ßJ oXdgm \w$cVmV Va
H$mhr amÃr \w$cVmV. _mßgc PmS>mßMr [mZ{, Im{S> d _wiÁm OmS> AgVmV. À`m_‹`{
XwÓH$mimgmR>r [m `mMm gmR>m H{$c{cm AgVm{. H$S>H$ D$Z d CÓU dmË`mß[mgyZ gßajU
H$a `mgmR>r oZdSw>ßJmM{ Im{S> d [mZmßda _{UmM{ AmdaU AgV{. `moedm` `m PmS>mßda
H$mQ>{ d cm{H$argmaI{ H{$g AgVmV.

1. oZdSwßJmMr d°oeÓQ>Á{ godÒVa[U{ obhm.
2. oZdSwßJmM{ H$b_ H$a `mgmR>r ¡`m [’Vr dm[aVmV, À`mßMr \$∑V Zmd{ X{D$Z
H$b_ H$aVmZm H$m{UVr H$miOr ø`mdr, V{ obhm.
3. oZdSwßJm¿`m H$b_ H$a `mgmR>r dm[a `mV `{UmË`m [’VtM{ godÒVa odd{MZ
H$am.
10.5.2. Imbrb ‡ÌZmßMr CŒma{ Wm{S>∑`mV obhm.
1. oZdSw>ßJmMr oZJm amIVmZm ‡H$me Ï`dÒWm[Z H$g{ H$amd{ V{ godÒVa[U{
obhm.
2. dmVmdaUm¿`m ododY KQ>H$mßer OwidyZ K{ `mgmR>r oZdSwßJmV H$m{UH$m{UVr
d°oeÓQ>Á{ AgVmV ?
3. oZdSw>ßJmM{ g[mQ> H$_b d IwßQ>r H$b_ H$g{ H$aVmV ?
4. oZdSw>ßJm¿`m Ao^d•’rgmR>r am{[mM{ H$b_, ]mOy H$b_ d [mMa H$b_
`mßodf`r _mohVr obhm.
5. oZdSw>ßJmM{ [mUr Ï`dÒWm[Z H$g{ H$amd{ ?
6. oZdSw>ßJmM{ H$b_ H$aVmZm H$m{UVr H$miOr ø`mdr ?
7. oZdSw>ßJmM{ H$m{UV{hr [mM ‡H$ma obhm.
8. oQ>[m obhm. (\$∑V 2)
i. AJ{Ïh ii. ÒQ>ma oZdSw>ßJ
iii. gJwAmam{ iv. am{Par dmB©Z oZdSw>ßJ
10.5.3 Imbrb ‡ÌZmßMr CŒma{ À`mßImbrb oXb{Î`m [`m©`mß_YyZ oZdSy>Z
obhm.
1. H$m{UÀ`m oZdSw>ßJmMr \w$b{ amÃrM C_bVmV d gH$mir o_Q>VmV ?
(A) AS>m{oZ`_ (B) ]´˜H$_i
(C) Eob\$ßQ> Q≠>r (D) ogÎÏha Q>m∞M©
2. H$m{MrZr`b oH$S>{ H$m{UÀ`m PwS>[mÏòVna∑V Xwga{ H$m{UV{hr PwSy>[
ImV Zmhr ?
(A) ZmJ\$Ur (B) ]´˜H$_i (C) Km`[mV (D) AS>{oZ`_
3. oZdSw>ßJmbm BßJÓrV H$m` ÂhUVmV ?
(A) ]m{›gm` (B) Abm{B© (C) H∞$∑Q>g≤ > (D) Ò[mB©Z Q≠>r
4. H$m{UÀ`m H$b_m¿`m [’VrV S>m{iH$mßS>r (gm`Z) AmoU IwßQ>am{[ (ÒQ>m∞H$)
AmS>dr g[mQ> H$m[yZ EH$_{H$mßda ]gdmdrV ?
(A) [mMa H$b_ (B) IwßQ>r H$b_
(C) am{[mM{ H$b_ > (D) g[mQ> H$b_
5. ¡`m oZdSw>ßJmM{ Im{S> bdMrH$ AgV{ Aem oZdSw>ßJm¿`m Ao^d•’rgmR>r
gmYmaU[U{ H$m{UVr H$b_ [’Vr dm[aVmV ?
(A) [mMa H$b_ (B) am{[mM{ H$b_
(C) g[mQ> >H$b_ (D) ]mOy H$b_
6. oZdSw>ßJm¿`m H$m{UÀ`m H$b_ [’VrV _yi \w$Qy> [mhUma{ Idb{ gm`Z
ÂhUyZ dm[aVmV ?
(A) [mMa H$b_ (B) am{[mM{ H$b_
(C) g[mQ> H$_b (D) ]mOy H$b_
7. oZdSw>ßJmbm \w$b{ bmJ `mgmR>r H$g{ Vm[_mZ bmJV{ ?
(A) ohdmiÁmM{ CÓU (B) C›hmiÁmM{ CÓU
(C) ohdmiÁmM{ WßS> > (D) C›hmiÁmM{ WßS>
8. OmÒV [mUr oXÎ`mZ{ oZdSw>ßJ .................
(A) Om{_mZ{ dmT>V{ (B) dmT> IwßQ>V{
(C) gS>V{ > (D) H$m{UVmhr \$aH$ [S>V Zmhr
9. oZdSw>ßJmM{ ÒQ>m∞H$ gm`Z Om{S>VmZm H$emMm C[`m{J H$aU{ g`wp∑VH$
AgV{ ?
(A) Q>mMUrMm (B) Vma{Mm
(C) dmib{Î`m H$mS>ÁmßMm (D) Xm{Ë`mMm
10. Imbrb[°H$s H$m{UVm oZdSw>ßJmMm ‡H$ma Zmhr ?
(A) AJ{Ïh (B) „b∞H$ Q≠>r (C) Eob\ß$Q> Q≠>r (D) oºg_g Q≠>r
11. Imbrb[°H$s oZdSw>ßJmMm H$m{UVm ‡H$ma am∞H$ JmS>©ZgmR>r `m{Ω` Amh{ ?
(A) H$mD$ hm∞Z© oZdSw>ßJ (B) o\$e hy>H$ oZdSw>ßJ
(C) Am∞J©Z [mB©[ oZdSw>ßJ > (D) ]S>© Z{ÒQ> oZdSw>ßJ
12. "Eob\ß$Q> BAa' ¯m oZdSw>ßJmM{ Zmd Ag{ H$m [S>b{ ?
(A) hŒmr¿`m H$mZm¿`m AmH$mamMr [mZ{ AgÎ`m_wi{
(B) hŒmr¿`m H$mZm¿`m AmH$mamMr \w$b{ AgÎ`m_wi{
(C) oºg_g H$mimV hm oZdSw>ßJ `{Vm{ ÂhUyZ
(D) `mß[°H$s Zmhr.

AoYH$ dmMZmgmR>r gßX^©J´ßW
(01) [mQ>rc A. Ï`ß., _hmamÓQ≠>mVrc \$iPmS>{, [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>c ‡H$meZ.
(02) [mQ>rc A. Ï`ß., \$i]mJ ï VŒd{ AmoU [’Vr, [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>c ‡H$meZ.
(03) X{e_wI ‡. [w., ^maVmVrc \$iPmS>mßMr cmJdS>, [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>c ‡H$meZ.
(04) [mQ>rc A. Ï`ß., H$mi{ A. am., _hmamÓQ≠>mVrc \$iPmS>{, [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>c ‡H$meZ.
(05) [mQ>rc A. Ï`ß., ^m{a{ X. [mß., H$m{aS>dmhˇ \$iPmS>{, [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>c ‡H$meZ.
(06) e{VH$ar _mogH$mMm \$cm{À[mXZ ode{fmßH$, OyZ-Am∞JÒQ>, 1990, H•$fr gßMmcZmc`,
[wU{.
(07) ]´m˜UJmdH$a S>r. Or., \$i]mJm AmoU _hmamÓQ≠>, [wU{, amO{e ‡H$meZ.
(08) amh˛S>H$a dm. ]., H$sQ>H$emÒÃ - H$sQ>H$mßM{ AX≤^yV OrdZ, [wU{, oOkmgm ‡H$meZ.
(09) [rH$gßajU _mJ©Xoe©H$m (^mJ 1 d 2) 1981, H•$fr gßMmcZmc`, [wU{.
(10) amh˛S>H$a dm. ]., \w$c]mJ, [wU{, AVwc ]wH$ EO›gr.
(11) [mQ>rc Am. ]m., gwßXa Am[cr \w$c]mJ, [wU{, _{hVm [p„cqeJ hmD$g.
(12) [mQ>rc A. Ï`ß., am{[dmoQ>H$m gßJm{[Z, [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>c ‡H$meZ.
(13) [mQ>rc A. Ï`ß., \$iPmS>mßMr A›Z–Ï`{ d IV{, [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>c ‡H$meZ.
(14) IwÒ[{ d. gr. AmoU O. am. [mQ>rc, VU{ AmoU À`mßMm ]ßXm{]ÒV, [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>c
‡H$meZ.
(15) H$m{[{c±S> Ec. Am{., o‡p›g[Îg Am∞\$ grS> gm`›g A±S> Q>{∑Zm∞cm∞Or, oXÎcr, gwaOrV
[p„cH{$eZ.
(16) ÌdmQ≤>©P≤ E_., JmB©S> Qy> H$_oe©Ab hm`S≠>m{[m{oZ∑g, BÛmB©b, BÛmB©b `woZÏhog©Q>r
‡{g.
(17) [Q>dY©Z S>„Î`y. S>r., hm`S≠>m{[m{oZ∑g, [wU{, lrH$mßV dm_Z [Q>dY©Z.
(18) S>Ωbg O{. Eg., A∞S>Ïhm›g JmB©S> Qy> hm`S≠>m{[m{oZ∑g, bßS>Z, [{Îhm_ ]w∑g obo_Q>{S>.
(19) d|H$Q>am_Z Or. Eg., AÎJbm ]m`m{\$oQ>©bm`Pg© A±S> amB©g H$pÎQ>Ïh{eZ, Zdr
oXÑr, Qw>S>{ A±S> Qw>_m∞am{P q‡Q>g© A±S> [o„beg©.

(20) g{Z Eg. [r. AmoU [r. [mbrV (gß[mXH$), ]m`m{\$oQ>©bm`Pg© [m{Q>|oeA∞obQ>rO
A±S> ‡m∞„b{Âg, H$m{cH$Vm, Z`m ‡m{H$me.
(21) [mQ>rb [mß. b. AmoU ‡. h. agmi (gßH$bH$), oOdmUy IV{ - H$_r IMm©M{
H•$ofVßÃkmZ, H•$ofAUwOrdemÒÃ od^mJ, H•$fr _hmod⁄mb`, [wU{.
(22) oeaH$mßS>{ am. o[., Oo_ZrVrb [mUrem{Y d dm[a, [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>b ‡H$meZ.
(23) H$mi{ gwIX{d AmoU AmZßX Mm°Jwb{., o[H$mßZm [mUr, [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>b ‡H$meZ.
(24) _Ja Eg. Eg., oR>]H$ qgMZ [’V, [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>b ‡H$meZ.
(25) ^wO]i ^r. Jm{., [rH$-gßOrdH$mßMr oH$_`m, [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>b ‡H$meZ.
(26) ZJaH$a odO` AmoU _mbVr ZJaH$a, ]m{Zgm` - dm_Zd•jH$bm, [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>b
‡H$meZ.
(27) YmßS> brbm, ]m{Zgm` H$ÎMa, Zdr oXÎbr, Am∞∑g\$S>© A±S> Am`]rEM [p„bqeJ
Hß$[Zr.
(28) H$mim{I{ O. od., gm]i{ am_Mß–, Amß]m bmJdS>, [wU{, AZ_m{b ‡H$meZ.
(29) ^wO]i o^. Jm{., Amß]amB©, [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>b ‡H$meZ.
(30) [mQ>rb A. Ï`ß., H{$ir-]mJ, [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>c ‡H$meZ.
(31) Mm°Yar H{$. Jm{., qb]ydJu` \$iPmS>{, [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z{Q>b ‡H$meZ.
(32) ^wO]i o^. Jm{., –mj ]mJ, [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>b ‡H$meZ.
(33) ^wO]i o^. Jm{{., oZ`m©Vj_ –mj, [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>b ‡H$meZ.
(34) –mjgßohVm (OZab pÏhQ>rH$ÎMa), [wU{, _hmamÓQ≠> am¡`, –mj ]mJmB©VXma gßK.
(35) ^wO]i o^. Jm{., JU{e S>mqi], [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>b ‡H$meZ.
(36) gßKdr H$. D$., S>mqi]mMr bmJdS>, [wU{ H$m±oQ>Z|Q>b ‡H$meZ.
(37) S>mqi] CÀ[mXZ, \$bm{À[mXZ od^mJ, [wU{.
(38) [{Í$Mr bmJdS>, \$bm{À[mXZ gßMmbZmb`, [wU{.
(39) ^wO]i o^. Jm{., oMHy$ d obMr bmJdS>.
(40) [mQ>rb d{. H$m., AßoOamMr bmJdS>, [wU{ H$m±oQ>Z|Q>b ‡H$meZ.
(41) I°a{ od. Am., AßOra ]mJ, [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>b ‡H$meZ.
(42) ^wO]i o^. Jm{., H$Î[d•j Zmai, [wU{ H$m±oQ>Z|Q>b ‡H$meZ.
(43) IM} Ama. E_., ÒQ≠>m∞]{ar CÀ[mXZ VßÃ - odH´$sÏ`dÒWm, [wU{, ¤maH$m ‡H$meZ.
(44) I°a{ odH$mg, ÒQ≠>m∞]{ar bmJdS>, [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>b ‡H$meZ.
(45) ^wO]i o^. Jm{, oMHy$ AmoU obMr bmJdS>, [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>b ‡H$meZ.
(46) [mßS>{ amO _Ur d hare Mß– e_m©, oX obMr, Zdr oXÎbr, ^maVr` H•$of AZwgßYmZ
[nafX.
(47) ]mahmV{ Mß–H$mßV, Amdim d•j A_•VmMm, Ah_XZJa, _yZb±S> ‡H$meZ.
(48) ]iramOm : H$m{aS>dmhˇ \$i]mJm ode{fmßH$, (OyZ 1988).
(49) ]m{g Q>r. H{$. AmoU Eg. H{$. o_Ãm (gß[mXH$), \´w$Q≤>g≤ Q≠>m∞o[H$b A±S> g]Q≠>m∞o[H$b,
H$m{cH$Vm, Z`m ‡m{H$me.
(50) amh˛S>H$a dm. ]., o_aMr CÀ[mXZ, ‡oH´$`m d Ï`m[ma, _wß]B©, _Zm{odH$mg ‡H$meZ.
(51) ^wO]i o^. Jm{., I°a{ od. Am., gßH$naV Q>m{_∞Q>m{, [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>b ‡H$meZ.
(52) H$Q>Ámb Eg. Eb. M…>m H{$. Eb., Ïh{oOQ>{]b J´m{BßJ BZ BßoS>`m, Zdr oXÎbr,
Am∞∑g\$S>© A±S> Am`]rEM [p„bqeJ Hß$[Zr.
(53) hm{_a Wm∞Â[gZ, odÎ`_ H{$br, Ïh{oOQ>{]b H´$m∞flg, Zdr oXÑr, Q>mQ>m _∞H$J´m∞-ohb
Hß$[Zr obo_Q>{S>.
(54) ]m{g Q>r. H{$., gm∞_ E_. Or., Ïh{oOQ>{]b H´$m∞flg Am∞\$ BßoS>`m, H$m{cH$Vm, Z`m
‡m{H$me (1986).
(55) Mm°Yar ]r., Ïh{oOQ>{]Îg, Zdr oXÑr, Z∞eZb ]wH$ Q≠>ÒQ>, BßoS>`m (1977).
(56) dm∞H$a O{. gr., oS>grO{g Am∞\$ Ïh{oOQ>{]b H´$m∞flg, ›`y`m∞H©$, _∞H$J´m-ohb ]wH$
Hß$[Zr.
(57) _hmH$mi H{$. J., gXmdV} H•$. Õ`ß. ^maVmV ^mOr[mÎ`mMr bmJdS>, ZmJ[ya,
_hmamÓQ≠> od⁄m[rR> J´ßWoZo_©Vr _ßS>i.
(58) H$mi{ [mßSw>aßJ AmoU gabm H$mi{, ^mOr[mbm CÀ[mXZ, [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>b ‡H$meZ
(1988).
(59) H$mi{ [mßSw>aßJ AmoU gabm H$mi{, H$mßXm-bgyU CÀ[mXZ, [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>b ‡H$meZ.
(60) H$mi{ [mßSw>aßJ AmoU gabm H$mi{, H$m{]rdJu` ^m¡`m, [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>b ‡H$meZ.
(61) ]m{g Q>r. H{$. AmoU Eb. [r. `mXd, H$_oe©`b ‚bmdg© BZ BßoS>`m, H$m{cH$Vm,
Z`m ‡m{H$me.
(62) [mb. ]r. [r., am{P BZ BßoS>`m, Zdr oXÑr, ^maVr` H•$of AZwgßYmZ [nafX.
(63) bmg©Z Ama. E., BßQ≠>m{S>∑eZ Qy> ‚bm{naH$ÎMa, ‚bm{naS>m, A∞H∞$S>{o_H$ ‡{g.
(64) aßYdm Or. Eg. AmoU _wIm{[m‹`m`, ‚bm{naH$ÎMa BZ BßoS>`m, _wß]B© AbmB©S>
[p„beg© ‡m`Ïh{Q> obo_Q>{S>.
(65) Jm{[mbÒdm_r`ßJma Or. Eg., Hß$pflbQ> JmS>©qZJ BZ BßoS>`m, ]ßJbm{a.
(66) M…>m H{$. Eb., Am∞Z©_|Q>b hm∞oQ>©H$ÎMa, Zdr oXÑr, ^maVr` H•$of AZwgßYmZ [nafX.
(67) ]iramOm : \w$be{Vr ode{fmßH$, [wU{, H•$ofodkmZ ‡H$meZ (Am∞∑Q>m{]a 1991).
(68) o^. Jm{. ^wO]i, [wÓ[-^maVr, [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>b ‡H$meZ.
(69) \$S>Urg ^m. A., [wÓ[amO Jwbm], [wU{, H$m±oQ>Z|Q>b ‡H$meZ.
(70) gß[Xm, [wÓ[e{Vr-C⁄m{J 2000 ode{fmßH$, [wU{, _amR>m M|]a Am∞\$ H$m∞_g© A±S>
BßS>ÒQ≠>rO, [wU{ (Eo[´b 1994).
(71) e{VH$ar-\w$be{Vr ode{fmßH$, H•$fr ImV{, _hmamÓQ≠> am¡`, [wU{, (OmZ{dmar-\{$]´wdmar
1995).
(72) H{$. E_. [r. ZÂ]rgmZ, oS>PmB©Z Eob_|Q≤>g≤ Am∞\$ b±S>ÒH{$[ JmS>©qZJ, Zdr oXÎbr,
Am∞∑g\$S>© A±S> Am`]rEM [p„bqeJ Hß$[Zr ‡m`Ïh{Q> obo_Q>{S>.
(73) oÃd{Xr ‡oV^m, hm{_ JmS>©qZJ, Zdr oXÑr, ^maVr` H•$of AZwgßYmZ [nafX.
(74) qOXmb Eg. Eb., Am∞Zm©_|Q>b ]Î]g≤ flb±Q>≤g≤, Zdr oXÑr, ^maVr` H•$of AZwgßYmZ
[nafX.
(75) [r. H$MÍ$, h±S>]wH$ Am∞\$ am∞H$ JmS>©qZJ Am∞Z X ohÎg, Zdr oXÑr, ^maVr` H•$of
AZwgßYmZ [nafX.
(76) [r. H$MÍ$, BßQ≠>m{S>∑eZ Qy> JmS>©qZJ, Zdr oXÑr, ^maVr` H•$of AZwgßYmZ [nafX.
(77) _∞H$Z AmoU MmÎg©, 100 „`woQ>\w$b Q≠>rO Am∞\$ BßoS>`m, _wß]B©, S>r. ]r. Vmam[m{admbm
g›g A±S> Hß$[Zr ‡m`Ïh{Q> obo_Q>{S>.
(78) aßYdm Or. Eg., M…>m, H{$. Eb. AmoU XboOV qgJ, oX \{$_g JmS>©›g Am∞\$
BßoS>`m, _Îhm{Ãm [p„bqeJ hmD$g, BßoS>`m.
(79) aßYdm E_. Eg., ‚bm∞dna®J Q≠>rO, Zdr oXÎbr, Z∞eZb ]wH$ Q≠>ÒQ> BßoS>`m.
(80) ^wO]i o^. Jm{., Zg©ar JmB©S>, [wU{, < ‡H$meZ.

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H¥${f {dkmZ {dÚmemIm

`ed§Vamd MìhmU _hmamï´> _wŠV {dÚmnrR>, Zm{eH$

{ejUH«$_ … AGR 101-104

Aä`mgH«$_ … AGR 104 : àm§JU CÚmZ … nmR>çnwpñVH$m -1

1.2.2 [ag]mJ{gmR>r OmJ{Mr oZdS> AmoU AmIUr

‡mßJU C⁄mZ ï [mR>Á[wpÒVH$m -1 ï 4

1.3 [mna^mofH$ e„XmW©

1.5 gamdmgmR>r Òdm‹`m`

CKS>Ámdarb ]mJ : H$m`m©b` qH$dm ]ßJÎ`m[mgyZ CVaÀ`m Oo_Zrda Aer ]mJ

2.3 [mna^mofH$ e„XmW©

2.5 gamdmgmR>r Òdm‹`m`

‡mßJU C⁄mZ ï [mR>Á[wpÒVH$m -1 ï 23

‡mßJU C⁄mZ ï [mR>Á[wpÒVH$m -1 ï 25

Hwß$[U ]mß]yMr VmQ>r

XJS>r Hwß$[U H$m±H´$sQ>Mr Omir

AmH•$Vr 3.1 : Hwß$[UmM{ ‡H$ma

3.2.4 oOdßV Hwß$[U AmoU [S>Xm

AmH•$Vr 3.2 : _ßS>[

AmH•$Vr 3.3 : _wbmßZm I{i `mgmR>r OmJm

AmH•$Vr 3.4 : hnaVJ•h

AmH•$Vr 3.5 : hnaVJ•hmVrb hd{Mr hmbMmb

3.3 [mna^mofH$ e„XmW©

3.5 gamdmgmR>r Òdm‹`m`

‡mßJU C⁄mZ ï [mR>Á[wpÒVH$m -1 ï 38

‡mßJU C⁄mZ ï [mR>Á[wpÒVH$m -1 ï 39

[Ãm hd{Z{ CSy>Z OmD$ Z`{

AmH•$Vr 4.1 : ]mJ{Vrb gm_mZmMr Im{br

AmH•$Vr 4.1 : pÒ[naQ> b{ÏhbZ{ AmH•$Vr 4.2 : H$m±H´$sQ>Mr [m`dmQ>

XJS>r VwH$S>ÁmßMr [m`dmQ>

emhm]mXr \$aerMr [m`dmQ>

AmH•$Vr 4.3 : ododY ‡H$ma¿`m [m`dmQ>m

‡mßJU C⁄mZ ï [mR>Á[wpÒVH$m -1 ï 44

AmH•$Vr 4.4 : [m`Ë`m

4.3 [mna^mofH$ e„XmW©

4.5 gamdmgmR>r Òdm‹`m`

‡mßJU C⁄mZ ï [mR>Á[wpÒVH$m -1 ï 51

‡mßJU C⁄mZ ï [mR>Á[wpÒVH$m -1 ï 52

AmH$•Vr 5.2 : ImS>{ ^aU{ AmH$•Vr 5.3 : \$m{H©$Z{ ^m{H{$ [mS>U{

5.3 [mna^mofH$ e„XmW©

‡mßJU C⁄mZ ï [mR>Á[wpÒVH$m -1 ï 56

5.5 gamdmgmR>r Òdm‹`m`

‡mßJU C⁄mZ ï [mR>Á[wpÒVH$m -1 ï 59

‡mßJU C⁄mZ ï [mR>Á[wpÒVH$m -1 ï 65

6.3 [mna^mofH$ e„XmW©

6.5 gamdmgmR>r Òdm‹`m`

‡mßJU C⁄mZ ï [mR>Á[wpÒVH$m -1 ï 71

7.2.1 Hwß$[UmM{ _hŒd

AmH•$Vr 7.1 (Am) ï ohadir¿`m gr_{da

7.5 gamdmgmR>r Òdm‹`m`

‡mßJU C⁄mZ ï [mR>Á[wpÒVH$m -1 ï 81

8.2.1 AmH$f©H$ [mZmßMr PwS>[{

AmH•$Vr 8.1 ï MßS>m{c

AmH•$Vr 8.5 ï Acrg_ AmH•$Vr 8.6 ï am∞H$ OÒ_rZ

AmH•$Vr 8.7 ï g±S>dQ>© AmH•$Vr 8.8 ï KßQ>r[wÓ[

‡mßJU C⁄mZ ï [mR>Á[wpÒVH$m -1 ï 95

AmH•$Vr 8.9 ï H$m∞Q>Z BÒQ>a

‡mßJU C⁄mZ ï [mR>Á[wpÒVH$m -1 ï 96

AmH•$Vr 8.11 ï BnaoQ≠>oM`_ AmH•$Vr 8.12 ï ]JiÁmMr Mm{M

(31) ]JiÁmMr Mm{M (Bam{oS>`_ grHw$Q>mna`_) ï h{ H$mQ>H$ [aßVw dmof©H$ \w$cPmS>

AmH•$Vr 8.14 ï oMaÒWm`r [wÓ[

AmH•$Vr 8.15 ï Amam∞ZMr XmT>r

(35) occr (occr`_ Z{[mc{›g) ï h{ H$mQ>H$, ]h˛dfm©`w, Hß$XdJu` \w$cPmS>

AmH•$Vr 8.17 ï Èp∑_Ur