E 101 W

H¥${f {dkmZ {dÚmemIm
èd§Vamd MìhmU _hmamï´> _wŠV {dÚmnrR>, Zm{eH$
{ejUH«$_ … AGR 101-104

101 : _mir à{ejU
Aä`mgH«$_ … AGR 101 : ~mJH$m_mMr _ybVÎdo Am{U H$m`©nÕVr … H$m¶©nwpñVH$m
AZwH«$‘{UH$m
àmË`{jH$ 1 : nag~mJoMm ZH$mem V`ma H$ê$Z AmIUr H$aUo
àmË`{jH$ 2 : ~mJoVrb O{‘ZrMr VnmgUr Am{U ‘mVr narjU H$aUo
àmË`{jH$ 3 : ~mJoVrb PmS>mPwS>nm§Mr IÈ>m ImoXZy bmJdS> H$aUo
àmË`{jH$ 4 : ~mJogmR>
m r Hw$§S>çm§Mr {ZdS> H$ê$Z PmSo> bmdUo
àmË`{jH$ 5 : ~mJH$m‘mgmR>r bmJUmè`m gmYZm§Mr AmoiI Am{U dmna H$aUo
àmË`{jH$ 6 : ~mJoVrb H$mS>rH$Mè`mnmgyZ H§$nmoñQ> IV V`ma H$aUo
àmË`{jH$ 7 : KaÀ`m Kar Jm§Sy>iIV (ìh{‘©H$ånmoñQ>) V`ma H$aUo
àmË`{jH$ 8 : ~mJoVrb PmS>m§Zm nmUr XoUo
àmË`{jH$ 9 : ~mJoVrb PmS>m§Zm IVo XoUo
àmË`{jH$ 10 : ~mJoVrb PmS>m§Zm AmYma XoUo d g§ajU H$aUo
Please sent your Feedback to: The Director, School of Agricultural Sciences, Yashwantrao Chavan Maharashtra
Open University, Nashik – 422 222, Phone : 0253-2230340,
0253 2230340, Email: suryagun@hotmail.com
‡mÀòjH$ 1 : [ag]mJ{Mm ZH$mem V`ma H$Í$Z AmIUr H$aU{
1.1 Co‘ÓQ>
¯m ‡mÀòjH$mZßVa Am[Î`mcm -
★ ]mJ{gmR>r C[b„Y Agb{Î`m Oo_ZrMr _m{OUr, AmIUr AmoU ZH$mem V`ma H$aVm
`{B©b.
1.2 AmdÌ`H$ _mohVr

]mJ V`ma H$a `mgmR>r C[b„Y Agb{br OmJm ‡W_ _m{OyZ K{U{ AmdÌ`H$ Amh{.
OmJm bhmZ qH$dm _m{R>r Ag{b À`m‡_mU{ ]mJ{Mm dm[a oZpÌMV H$amdm. gmd©OoZH$ ]mJ{gmR>r
_m{R>r OmJm bmJV{. bhmZ OmJ{V H$m°Qw>ßo]H$ ImOJr ]mJ V`ma H$aVm `{V{. VwbZmÀ_H$ —ÓQ>rZ{
C[b„Y Agb{br OmJm _m{R>r AgÎ`mg \$iPmS>{, ohadi (bm∞Z) H$maßO{, [m `mMm hm°X,
oOdßV Hwß$[U, H$S>m, [m`dmQ>, aÒVm, ^mOr[mbm, \w$bmßMr hßJm_r PmS>{, ]h˛dfm©`w PwS>[{,
hnaVJ•h, am{[dmoQ>H$m, Hß$[m{ÒQ>Mm I»>m, [˙`mßMm q[Oam, IS>H$-]mJ, BÀ`mXr KQ>H$mßMm
g_md{e H$aVm `{Vm{. _mÃ OmJm bhmZ AgÎ`mg `mß[°H$s AZ{H$ Jm{ÓQ>r H$_r H$Í$Z ]mJ{V
Am[Î`m AmdS>r¿`m Jm{ÓQ>tMm \$∑V g_md{e H$aVm `{Vm{ AmoU À`m‡_mU{ ]mJ{Mm AmamIS>m
V`ma H$aVm `{Vm{. ÂhUyZ ‡W_ ]mJ{V Am[Î`mbm H$m{UÀ`m Jm{ÓQ>r AmdÌ`H$ dmQ>VmV, À`mßMr
`mXr H$amdr. AmdÌ`H$ dmQ>Î`mg EIm⁄m gwßXa ]mJ{bm ^{Q> X{D$Z hr `mXr oZpÌMV H$amdr.
1.3 AmdÌ`H$ gmohÀ`

eßâ \w$Q>r _m{O `mMm Q>{[, bmß] gwVr Xm{Ë`m, â[ya IwßQ>Ám, Mw›`mMr ^wH$Q>r, 12
\y$Q> bmß] bmH$S>mMr OmS> \$ir, pÒ[naQ> b{Ïhb, bmH$S>r hmVm{S>m, J´m\$[{[a, [{p›gb,
]mJH$m_mMr _ybVŒd{ AmoU H$m`©[’Vr ï H$m`©[wpÒVH$m ï 2
Im{S>a]a, \$mdS>{, Q>m{[Î`m (K_{br), BÀ`mXr.
1.4 H$m`©[’Vr AmoU oZarjU{

(1) ZH$mem V`ma H$aU{ : ]mJ{¿`m OmJ{¿`m H$m{[Ë`mda IwßQ>Ám R>m{Hy$Z ]mJ{Mr
OmJm _m{Om. À`m‡_mU{ J´m\$[{[ada ]mJ{Mm ZH$mem [{p›gbZ{ V`ma H$am. `m ZH$memV ]mJ{¿`m
OmJ{Vrb aÒV{, [m`dmQ>, Hwß$[U, oOdßV Hwß$[U (h{O) AmoU q^Vr XmIdm. ZH$mem („Î`y-
q‡Q>) [∑H$m PmÎ`mZßVa ]mJ{Mr AmIUr H$am.
(2) Oo_ZrM{ g[mQ>rH$aU : ‡W_ OmJ{Mr [mhUr H$am. H$m{R>{ CßMdQ>{ Amh{V AmoU
H$m{R>{ I»>{ Amh{V V{ [mhm. XJS>Jm{Q>{ AgÎ`mg V{ d{MyZ Hwß$[Um]mh{a Q>mH$m qH$dm IS>H$]mJ{gmR>r
dm[am. CßMdQ>ÁmMr O_rZ \$maer Z Im{XVm ‡W_ I»>{ ]wOdm. bmH$S>mMr \$ir, pÒ[naQ>
b{Ïhb, IwßQ>Ám AmoU Xm{ar¿`m gmhmÊ`mZ{ g_mZ [mVirdarb flbm∞Q>Mr AmIUr H$am. À`m
flbm∞Q>¿`m gr_m IwßQ>Ám AmoU Xm{arZ{ XmIdm qH$dm Mw›`mMr ^wH$Q>r Q>mHy$Z XmIdm. flbm∞Q>_Yrb
O_rZ g[mQ> H$am. Oo_Zrbm OmÒV CVma AgÎ`mg Hß$Qy>a (g_[mVirVrb a{fm) AmIm.
(3) ]mJ{Vrb [m`dmQ> : ]mJ{Vrb [m`dmQ>m _hŒdm¿`m AgVmV. À`mßda
]mJ{Mr [wT>rb AmIUr Adbß]yZ AgV{. [m`dmQ>m ]mJ{V o\$a `m¿`m C[`m{Jm¿`m
AgmÏ`mV. À`m _mJm©Z{ H$m{R>{Var [m{hm{MVm `md{, ]mJ{V o\$aVm `md{. [m`dmQ>{Z{ ]mJ{Mm
g_Vm{b gmYbm [mohO{, em{^m dmT>br [mohO{. gai [m`dmQ>{[{jm diUXma [m`dmQ> ]mJ{V
AoYH$ em{^yZ oXgV{. [m`dmQ>m _wª` aÒÀ`mbm Om{S>b{Î`m AgmÏ`mV. `m aÒÀ`mZ{
]mJ{H$naVm bmJUmË`m gmohÀ`mMr (]r, am{[{, IV{, Am°fY{, ]mJ{Vrb H$Mam, hÀ`ma{, BÀ`mXr)
dmhVyH$ H$am`Mr AgV{. hm aÒVm gw_ma{ 4 \y$Q> ÈßXrMm AmoU H$m±H´$sQ>Mm qH$dm \$aer¿`m
VwH$S>ÁmßMm [∑H$m Agmdm. [m`dmQ>m oZ_-[∑∑`m (odQ>m d _wÍ$_) AgmÏ`mV. ÂhUO{
[mohO{ V{Ïhm ]XbVm `{VmV. H$YrH$Yr [mdgmM{ [mUr dmhˇZ Om `mg [m`dmQ>{Mm
C[`m{J hm{V{.

AmH•$Vr 1.1 : [m `mMm oZMam AmH•$Vr 1.2 : [m`dmQ>
(4) [m `mMm oZMam : Oo_ZrVrb OmÒVr¿`m [m `mMm oZMam Pmbm [mohO{,

À`m_wi{ ]mJ{Vrb PmS>{ oZam{Jr amhVmV. AmH•$Vr 1.1 _‹`{ XmIodÎ`m‡_mU{ [m`dmQ>{¿`m
_wª` Zir 10 g|_r.
C[Zir 7 g|_r.
C[Zir 7 g|_r.
AmH•$Vr 1.3 : oZMË`m¿`m ZiÁmßMr aMZm

Oo_ZrV (V) AmH$mamMm 1.5 V{ 2 \y$Q> Im{brMm Ma IUm. À`m¿`m Vimer 1 \y$Q> bmß]
AmoU 1 g|_r. OmS>rMm og_|Q>Mm [mB©[ EH$_{H$mßZm Om{Sy>Z R>{dm. Om{S>mV og_|Q> ^Í$ Z`{.
H$maU `m Om{S>mVyZ [mUr ZiÁmß_‹`{ oeaV{. H$m°bm‡_mU{ ^mOb{Î`m _mVr¿`m [∑∑`m AIßS>
ZiÁm Hwß$^mamH$Sy>Z V`ma H$adyZ K{Vm `{VmV. À`m og_|Q>¿`m ZiÁmß[{jm ÒdÒV [S>VmV. `m
ZiÁmßda odQ>mßM{ VwH$S>{, Hß$H$a, XJS>, OmS> _wÍ$_ `mßMm 1 \y$Q> OmS>rMm Wa ⁄m. `m Wamda
OmS> dmiyMm qH$dm amI{Mm Wa ⁄m. À`mZßVa gdm™V da IS>rMm dH´$mH$ma Wa ⁄m. `m [m`dmQ>{da
Í$i o\$adyZ [m`dmQ> [∑H$s H$am. [m`dmQ>{da VU dmTy> X{D$ ZH$m. ^mar Oo_ZrVyZ `m‡_mU{
[m `mMm oZMam H$aU{ AmdÌ`H$ AgV{. H$mhrOU [m`dmQ>{Mr gr_m oZpÌMV H$a `mgmR>r
oVafl`m odQ>m bmdyZ À`mßZm Mw›`mMm aßJ X{VmV. À`mZßVa [m`dmQ>{¿`m H$S>{bm [mbdrMr R>|JUr
PmS>{ qH$dm R>|JUr \w$bPmS>{ bmdm.
(5) ]mJ{^m{dVr Hwß$[U : ]mJ{¿`m gßajUmgmR>r Hwß$[U AmdÌ`H$ AgV{. ]mJ{^m{dVr
q^V qH$dm H$mQ>{ar Vma qH$dm bm{IßS>r OmirM{ Hwß$[U AgV{. À`mE{dOr oOdßV PmS>mßM{ Hwß$[U
V`ma H$aVm `{V{. Vma{M{ qH$dm og_|Q>¿`m [S>⁄mßM{ Hwß$[U H{$Î`mg Aem Hwß$[Umda em{o^dßV
d{br dmT>odVm `{VmV.
(6) oOdßV Hwß$[U : ]mJ{Mr od^mJUr H$a `mgmR>r R>|JU{ oOdßV Hwß$[U (h{O) R>{dVmV.
h{ Hwß$[U bdH$a dmT>UmË`m ]h˛dfm©`w gXm[Uu PwS>[mßM{ AgV{. À`mßMr Ao^d•’r ]r`m,
_wimßM{ qH$dm Im{S>mM{ N>mQ> `mß[mgyZ H$aVm `{V{. oOdßV Hwß$[Um_wi{ ]mJ{Vrb bhmZ PmS>mßM{
dmË`m[mgyZ gßajU hm{V{.
AmH•$Vr 1.4 : dmof©H$ oH$ZmatMm AmamIS>m (flb∞Z)

(7) VmQ>d{ : ]mJ{V VmQ>d{ (dm\{$) V`ma H{$Î`mg À`mßM{ [wT>rb‡_mU{ \$m`X{
hm{VmV :
(01) OmÒV CÀ[mXZ o_iV{. H$_r OmJ{V OmÒV PmS>{ bmdVm `{VmV.
(02) H$ÓQ> H$_r [S>VmV. Im{XU{ AmXr [yd©_emJV H$_r H$amdr bmJV{.
(03) ZdrZ ]mJH$m_ H$aUmË`m _mUgmßZm d _wbmßZm H$m_ H$a `mg gm{[{ OmV{. [mR>
dmH$dmdr bmJV Zmhr.
(04) ]mJ{Vrb VU H$mT> `mM{ H$m_ gm{[{ AgV{. VU C[QyZ H$mT>Vm `{V{.
(05) em{o^dßV PmS>{ VmQ>Ï`mV gwßXa oXgVmV.
(06) PmS>mßMm \{$a[mbQ> ghO H$aVm `{Vm{.
(07) hb∑`m Oo_ZrgmR>r VmQ>d{ AoYH$ `m{Ω` AgVmV.
(08) VmQ>Ï`mßMm AmH$ma [mohO{ À`m‡_mU{ _`m©oXV R>{dVm `{Vm{.
(09) VmQ>Ï`mV ]r [{aU{, am{[ bmdU{ hr H$m_{ ghO H$aVm `{VmV.
(10) VmQ>Ï`mV o_l, AmßVa qH$dm o_Ã PmS>{ bmdVm `{VmV.
(11) bhmZ ]mJ{gmR>r VmQ>d{ gm{`rÒH$a AgVmV.
(12) [mdgmiÁmVhr VmQ>d{ H$m{aS>{ amohÎ`mZ{ gd© H$m_{ H$aVm `{VmV.
ohadir¿`m OmJ{V (bm∞Z) VmQ>Ï`mßMm AmH$ma Mm°H$m{Zr AgÎ`mg "bm∞Z _m{Aa'Z{
JdV H$m[ `mg Mma d{im dimd{ bmJV{.
_mgir‡_mU{ VmQ>Ï`mßMm AmH$ma AgÎ`mg \$∑V Xm{Z d{im dimd{ bmJV{.
(H$) Mm°H$m{Zr VmQ>dm (I) _mgir¿`mAmH$mamMm VmQ>dm (J) Jm{bmH$ma VmQ>dm AmI `mMr [’Vr
AmH•$Vr 1.5 : ododY AmH$mamßM{ VmQ>d{
oedm` Mm°H$m{Zr VmQ>Ï`mß[{jm _mgir¿`m AmH$mamM{ qH$dm Jm{bmH$ma VmQ>d{ AoYH$ gwßXa
oXgVmV.
Jm{bmH$ma, dVw©imH$ma qH$dm _mgir¿`m AmH$mamM{ VmQ>d{ AmI `mH$naVm _‹`^mJr
EH$ IwßQ>r R>m{H$m. À`m IwßQ>rbm Xm{arM{ EH$ Q>m{H$ ]mßYm. Xm{arM{ Xwga{ Q>m{H$ \$mdS>Ámbm ]mßYm.
\$mdS>ÁmZ{ Oo_ZrV Jm{bmH$ma CWi Zmbr (Ma) AmIm.
VmQ>Ï`m_‹`{ hßJm_r H$mQ>H$ AWdm oZ_H$mQ>H$ \w$bPmS>{ qH$dm o¤dmof©H$ \w$bPmS>{
bmdm. CßM PmS>{ _‹`^mJr AmoU R>|JUr PmS>{ g_m{a bmdm. O_rZ hbH$s AgÎ`mg VmQ>Ï`mbm
amgmòZH$ IV{ ⁄m.
\w$bmßM{ OmÒV CÀ[mXZ o_i `mgmR>r _‹` hßJm_mV Wm{S>r amgmòZH$ IV{ ⁄m. H$_r
H$mbmdYr¿`m PmS>mbm ]r bdH$a bmJV{. ]r Yab{ H$s \w$b{ `{ `mM{ ]ßX hm{V{. ÂhUyZ XrK©
H$mi \w$b{ o_i `mgmR>r gwH$b{br \w$b{ ]r Ya `m[ydu IwSy>Z Q>mH$m.
(8) Vi{ ([m±S>) : bhmZ ViÁm_wi{ ]mJ{bm Iy[ em{^m `{V{. ViÁm_‹`{ ]{Sy>H$
amhVmV AmoU V{ Jm{JbJm`r d BVa H$sQ>H$mßMm Zme H$aVmV. Vi{ _m{R>{ Agmd{ Ag{ Zmhr. 3
\y$Q> ÈßXrM{ MmbV{. ViÁmMr Im{br H$_rV H$_r 2 \y$Q> Agmdr AmoU H$mR> CWi Agmd{V.
ViÁmV [m `mMm gmR>m amhmdm ÂhUyZ Vimer [m∞obWrZ H$mJXmM{ Am¿N>mXZ ⁄m. h{ Vi{
CKS>Ámda R>{dm. ViÁmV H$_i{ dmT>odVm `{VmV AmoU H$mR>mda \w$bPmS>{ dmT>dyZ Z°goJ©H$
dmVmdaU oZ_m©U H$aVm `{V{.
(9) BVa : ]mJ{ _ Yrb Jm{ i m H{ $ b{ Î `m H$MË`m[mgy Z Hß $ [m{ Ò Q> IV V`ma
H$a `mgmR>r I»>m AmoU ]mJ{Mr hÀ`ma{ d BVa gm_mZ R>{d `mgmR>r bhmZ Im{br
AmdÌ`H$ AgV{. â[ya OmJm AgÎ`mg gemßMm q[Oam, ]XH$ AmoU H$m|]S>ÁmßM{ IwamS>{,
[˙`mßMr (CXmhaUmW©, H$]yVa) KaQ>r, hnaVJ•h (J´rZ hmD$g) R>{dVm `{V{. _m{R>r PmS>{
bmdVm `{VmV. À`mßMr OmJm ZH$memV XmIdm. Z_w›`mXmIb EH$m ]mJ{Mm ZH$mem
gm{]V oXbm Amh{.

Q> M B
J
] 1 2
H$
I
4 3
K>
N>> R>
N>> S>
OmJ{¿`m C[b„YV{‡_mU{ dVw©imMm Ï`mg H$_r-AoYH$ R>{dVm `{Vm{.
(H$) ^mOro[H{$ (M) \$iPmS>{

dm\$m 1 : \$idJu` ^m¡`m (N>) R>|JUr \$iPmS>{
dm\$m 2 : _yidJu` ^m¡`m (O) oOdßV Hwß$[U
dm\$m 3 : H$mßXm, bgyU (P>) Hß$[m{ÒQ> I»>m
dm\$m 4 : e|JdJu` ^m¡`m (Q>) hnaVJ•h
(I) \$aerM{ VwH$S>{ KmVb{br [∑H$s OmJm (R>) em{o^dßV PmS>{
(J) IS>H$]mJ (S>>) [˙`mßM{ KaQ>{
(K) [m `mMm hm°X (T>>) [˙`mßM{ KaQ>{
AmH•$Vr 1.6 : bhmZ ]mJ{Mm ZH$mem

oZaoZamiÁm AmH$mamM{ XJS>
h{S>
[m `Mr [mVir
b[b{br [mB©[ bmB©Z

Vi{
C[Zir 7g|_r.
AmH•$Vr 1.7 : Y]Y]m
Am[br oZarjU{ Zm|Xdm.
1.5 gamdmgmR>r Òdm‹`m`

Am[Î`m JmdmVrb J´m_[ßMm`V, emim, X{D$i, ghH$mar ]±H$, gmd©OoZH$ g^mJ•h,
Ò_•oVH|$– `mß¿`mg_m{a naH$mÂ`m OmJ{V ]mJ V`ma H$a `mgmR>r ]mJ{Mm ZH$mem V`ma H$am.
À`mgmR>r J´m\$[{[a, [{p›gb AmoU Im{S>a]aMm dm[a H$am.

‡mÀòjH$ 2 : ]mJ{Vrb Oo_ZrMr V[mgUr AmoU _mVr [arjU
H$aU{
2.1 Co‘ÓQ>
★ ]mJ{Mr bmJdS> H$a `mgmR>r oZdS>b{Î`m Oo_ZrMr V[mgUr H$Í$Z Oo_ZrVrb
C[b„Y A›Z–Ï`mßMm AßXmO K{Vm `{B©b.
2.2 AmdÌ`H$ _mohVr

IS>H$mda hdm_mZmMm [naUm_ hm{D$Z O_rZ V`ma hm{V AgV{. H$miÁm (]{gm∞ÎQ>,
Q≠>∞[) IS>H$m[mgyZ H$mir O_rZ V`ma Pmb{br Amh{. Omß‰`m aßJm¿`m b∞Q>{amB©Q> IS>H$m[mgyZ
Vmß]S>r O_rZ V`ma Pmb{br Amh{.
hdm_mZmMm dmT>UmË`m o[H$mda [naUm_ hm{V AgVm{. hdm_mZm‡_mU{ Vg{M
hßJm_m‡_mU{ o[H$mMr oZdS> H$amdr bmJV{. [mdgmim, ohdmim AmoU C›hmim `m
hßJm_mgmR>r `m{Ω` Aem dmof©H$ PmS>mßMr oZdS> H$amdr bmJV{. gd©gmYmaU gm°Â` hdm_mZmV
df©â AZ{H$ ‡H$maMr o[H{$ K{Vm `{VmV.
]mJ{M{ ÒWmZ oZpÌMV H$aU{ _hŒdmM{ AgV{. _m{R>Ám PmS>mMr XmQ> gmdbr ]mJ{V
[S>V AgÎ`mg ]mJ{Vrb bhmZ PmS>mßMr MmßJbr dmT> hm{V Zmhr. _m{R>Ám PmS>m¿`m
_wiÁm ]mJ{V oeÍ$Z ]mJ{Vrb Oo_ZrVrb A›Z–Ï`{ AmoU [mUr em{fyZ K{VmV. XojU
oXe{bm CVma AgUmar O_rZ C]Xma AgV{. S>m|Jami ‡X{emVrb Im{b Xar_‹`{ H$S>H$
WßS>r OmÒV H$mi amhV{. ]mJ{Mr O_rZ C]Xma Amh{ H$s WßS> Amh{ À`m‡_mU{ \$iPmS>mßMr,
^m¡`mßMr AmoU \w$bPmS>mßMr oZdS> H$amdr bmJV{. d{JmZ{ dmhUmË`m dmË`mß_wi{ ]h˛V{H$

\$imßM{ AmoU ^m¡`mßM{ CÀ[mXZ KQ>V{. AmH$f©H$ \w$b{ o]KS>VmV. ÂhUyZ dmhV{ dma{
AS>od `mgmR>r oOdßV Hwß$[U V`ma H$aU{ AmdÌ`H$ AgV{. oOdßV Hwß$[UmVrb PmS>mß[mgyZ
\$i{, ^m¡`m AmoU \w$b{ o_iVmV. oedm` N>mQ>Ur H{$Î`m_wi{ ga[Uhr o_iV{.

Oo_ZrMm Z_wZm K{ `mgmR>r ÒHý$ oJa_rQ>, giB©, Hw$Xi, \$mdS>{, Iwa[{, K_{b{,
flbmpÒQ>H$Mr o[edr, BÀ`mXr.

Oo_ZrMr emÒÃr` V[mgUr _mVr [arjU ‡`m{Jemi{V H$aVmV. [aßVw gm_m›`
_mUgmbm T>m{]i _mZmZ{ Am[Î`m Oo_ZrMr V[mgUr H$aVm `{V{.
(1) Oo_ZrMm ‡H$ma

Am[Î`m ]mJ{Vrb Am{Î`m Oo_ZrMm Wm{S>m Z_wZm Vw_¿`m ]m{Q>m_‹`{ Mm{im. ¡`m
Oo_ZrV dmiyM{ ‡_mU OmÒV AgV{ Vr ]m{Q>mßZm aIaIrV bmJV{. JmimMr O_rZ ]m{Q>mß_‹`{
gßJoOË`m‡_mU{ Mm{[S>r bmJV{. oMH$U (∑b{) O_rZ ]m{Q>mßZm oMH$Q>V{.
À`mZßVa Am{Î`m Oo_Zr¿`m Z_w›`mMm M|Sy> ]Zod `mMm ‡`ÀZ H$am. VihmVmda
Mm{iyZ JmimMr [wßJir V`ma H$am AmoU [wßJirMr d{Q>m{ir (]mßJS>r) V`ma H$a `mMm
‡`ÀZ H$am. oMH$U _mVrMr ]mßJS>r ]Zy eH$V{; [U dmiy¿`m Oo_ZrMm M|Sy>X{Irb ]ZodVm
`{V Zmhr. [wßJir oOVH$s bdMrH$ AgV{ oVVH{$ oMH$U _mVrM{ (∑b{) ‡_mU AoYH$
AgV{; _mÃ Jmim¿`m Oo_ZrMr ]mßJS>r H$_Om{a AgV{.
(2) Oo_ZrMr gßaMZm
Oo_ZrMr gßaMZm MmßJbr AgÎ`mg VihmVmda R>{db{bm Am{Î`m _mVr¿`m
Jm{iÁmMm Mwam hm{Vm{, [U Yyi hm{V Zmhr; H$UrXma _mVrM{ Jm{i{ VihmVmda amhVmV
qH$dm H$m±H´$sQ>‡_mU{ Am{br _mVr K≈> amhV Zmhr. CŒm_ gßaMZ{¿`m Oo_ZrV gy˙_ oOdmUy
dmT>VmV AmoU dmT>UmË`m PmS>mß¿`m _wiÁmßMr MmßJbr dmT> hm{V{.
Oo_ZrV gw_ma{ 2 \y$Q> Im{b I»>m IUm AmoU Oo_ZrVrb WamßM{ oZarjU H$am.
Oo_Zr¿`m [•ÓR>^mJm[mgyZ Im{b JS>X aßJmMm Wa Agmdm, JmßSw>imßMr â[ya o]i{ AgmdrV.
hd{Mr [m{H$ir Agmdr. oedm` bmß] dmT>b{Î`m oZam{Jr _wiÁm AgmÏ`mV. Oo_ZrMr
gßaMZm gwYma `mH$naVm Oo_ZrV g|o–` IV{ (e{UIV, Hß$[m{ÒQ> IV, ohadirM{ IV,
BÀ`mXr) o_gim. Oo_ZrMm [•ÓR>^mJ> o[H$mßZr qH$dm o[H$mß¿`m H$mS>mßZr PmH$b{bm R>{dm.
AmdÌ`H$ Ag{b V{ÏhmM O_rZ Im{Xm. O_rZ Am{br AgVmZm À`m Oo_ZrdÍ$Z Mmby
ZH$m.
(3) Oo_ZrVrb [m `mMm oZMam

[mdgmM{ [mUr Oo_ZrV Z _waVm [•ÓR>^mJmda gmMb{b{ amhV AgÎ`mg À`m
Oo_ZrVyZ [m `mMm oZMam ZrQ>[U{ hm{V Zmhr. `mMr H$maU{ em{Ym.
(A) Oo_ZrMm ‡H$ma : Jmim¿`m AmoU oMH$U _mVr¿`m Oo_ZrVyZ [m `mMm
oZMam ZrQ>[U{ hm{V Zmhr. Oo_ZrMr gßaMZm ]Xbbr H$s [m `mMm oZMam MmßJbm hm{Vm{.
Aem Oo_ZrV AÈßX dm\{$ V`ma H$am. ÂhUO{ [m`dmQ>{V ]gyZ dm‚`mV H$m_ H$aVm `{V{.
g|o–` IV{ o_giyZ JmXrdm\{$ V`ma H$am.
(Am) Q>UH$ Wa : Oo_Zr¿`m C[WamV Q>UH$ Wa AgÎ`mg À`mVyZ [mUr oPa[V
Zmhr. hm Wa \$m{S>bm AgVm [mUr oPa[V{. odoeÓQ> Im{br[`™V Xadfu ZmßJaUr H{$Î`mg
Agm H$S>H$ Wa oZ_m©U hm{Vm{.
(B) Im{bJQ> OmJm : da gmßoJVÎ`m‡_mU{ Im{Xb{Î`m I»>ÁmV [mdgmM{ [mUr
Jm{im hm{V{. I»>ÁmVrb [mUr _wa `mg H$mhr oXdg bmJV AgVrb Va [m `mMm oZMam
ZrQ>[U{ hm{V Zmhr, Ag{ g_Omd{. Aem Oo_ZrV oZMË`mgmR>r ZiÁm Q>mH$m.
(4) Oo_ZrMr AmÂbodÂbVm

AmÂb Oo_Zr¿mm Oo_Zr¿`m gw[rH$V{da [naUm_ hm{Vm{. ÂhUyZ Oo_ZrMm gm_y

([rEM) C[H$aUmZ{ _m{Om. À`mgmR>r d{Jd{JiÁm oR>H$mUmßhˇZ Oo_ZrMm Z_wZm ø`m.
Oo_ZrMm ← AmÂb →← CXmgrZ →← odÂb →

gm_y
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Oo_ZrVrb A›Z–Ï`{ ]h˛V{H$ ^m¡`mßM{ A›Z–Ï`{ PmS>mßZm

dmhˇZ J{br Amh{V. d \$imßM{ MmßJb{ C[b„Y AdÒW{V
JmßSw>i{ qH$dm gy˙_ CÀ[mXZ o_iV{. ZmhrV.
oOdmUy ZmhrV.
AmÂb Oo_ZrMr gwYmaUm MwZm qH$dm S>m{bm{_mB©Q> o_giyZ H$aVm `{V{. odÂb
(ImadQ>) O_rZ gwYmaU{ AdKS> AgV{. Aem Oo_ZrV gVV â[ya g|o–` IV{ Kmbm.
Oo_Zr¿`m Z_w›`m¿`m [•W∑H$aU Ahdmbm‡_mU{ Oo_ZrV MwZm AWdm oOflg_ o_gim.
H$mhr amgmòZH$ IVmß_wi{ O_rZ AmÂb ]ZV{.
(5) ZdrZ flbm∞Q>_Yrb Oo_ZrM{ Ï`dÒWm[Z
oMH$U AmoU JmimMr O_rZ
(1) O_rZ Am{bga AgVmZm ÂhUO{M OmÒV Am{br qH$dm OmÒV H$m{aS>r ZgVmZm
O_rZ Im{Xm.
(2) Am{bga Oo_ZrdÍ$Z Mmb `mM{ e∑`Vm{ Q>mim.
(3) hr O_rZ _wimV gw[rH$ AgV{. [aßVw Oo_ZrMr gßaMZm gwYma `mgmR>r â[ya
g|o–` IV{ o_gimdr bmJVmV.
(4) JmXrdm‚`m¿`m qH$dm g[mQ> dm‚`m¿`m [• Ó R> ^ mJmda [{ a b{ b { ]r
PmH$ `mH$naVm Hw$Ob{Î`m ]marH$ e{UIVmMm qH$dm Hw$Ob{Î`m [mZmß¿`m
IVmMm [mVi Wa ⁄m, ÂhUO{ [•ÓR>^mJmda H$S>H$ [m[w–m ([m{[S>m) V`ma
hm{Uma Zmhr. H$S>H$ [m[w–m \$m{Sy>Z ÈOb{Î`m o]`mßM{ ZmOyH$ AßHw$a da `{V
ZmhrV. o]`mU{ CJdUrM{ ‡_mU KQ>V{.
(5) ]r CJd `mH$naVm C]Xma O_rZ bmJV{. ÂhUyZ ]r [{aÎ`mZßVa dm\{$
dmib{Î`m JdVmZ{, [|T>ÁmZ{ qH$dm dV©_mZ[Ãm¿`m H$mJXmZ{ PmH$m. ]r
CJdÎ`mZßVa h{ Am¿N>mXZ H$mTy>Z Q>mH$m.
(6) Oo_Zrbm `m{Ω` Aem o[H$mßMr bmJdS>
dmiyMr O_rZ
(1) dmiy¿`m Oo_ZrV â[ya g|o–` IV{ gVV o_gim; ÂhUO{ Oo_ZrMr gßaMZm
gwYmaV{ AmoU O_rZ [mUr YÍ$Z R>{dV{.
(2) AmdÌ`H$ AgÎ`mgM Aer O_rZ Im{Xm. H$maU hr O_rZ Im{XÎ`mZßVa
bdH$a dmiV{ AmoU g|o–` [XmWm™M{ bdH$a odKQ>Z hm{V{.
(3) Oo_Zr¿`m [•ÓR>^mJmda Am¿N>mXZ ⁄m. ÂhUO{ dm\{$¿`m Í$[mZ{ Oo_ZrVrb
[mUr CSy>Z OmUma Zmhr.
(4) dmiy¿`m Oo_ZrV A›Z–Ï`mßM{ ‡_mU \$maM H$_r AgV{, ÂhUyZ A›Z–Ï`{
[waod `mgmR>r Aem Oo_ZrV g|o–` IV{ ⁄m.
(5) Oo_Zr¿`m gßaMZ{Mm odMma H$Í$Z `m{Ω` o[H$mßMr bmJdS> H$am.
(V∑Vm 2.1 [hm.)
V∑Vm 2.1 : Oo_Zr¿`m ‡H$mam‡_mU{ o[H$mßMr oZdS>
V[erb oMH$U O_rZ dmiyMr O_rZ JmimMr O_rZ

hr o[H{$ ]h˛Ym MmßJbr H$m{]rdJu` JmOa, ]rQ>Í$Q>, ]rQ>Í$Q>, H$mßXm,
dmT>VmV. o[H{$, ]Q>mQ>{
_yidJu` o[H{$, JmOa (Oo_Zr¿`m
AÎ[_wXVrMr [•ÓR>^mJmda [m[w–m
o[H${ Zgmdm.)
hr o[H${ MmßJbr dmT>V JmOa, \w$bH$m{]r, ]Q>mQ>{, AÎ[_wXVrMr
ZmhrV. dmQ>mUm, H$mH$S>r, ogb{ar, o[H{$
AÎ[_wXVrMr XrK© _wXVrMm
o[H{$ dmQ>mUm
(7) A›Z–Ï`mßMm A^md AgUmË`m Oo_Zr
Oo_ZrV dmT>UmË`m o[H$mßM{ AmoU VUmßM{ oZarjU H$am. gw[rH$ Oo_ZrV o[H{$
AmoU VU{X{Irb Om{_mZ{ dmT>VmV. o[H$mßMr AWdm VUmßMr dmT> IwaQ>r Pmb{br oXgÎ`mg
Oo_ZrV Afi–Ï`mßMm A^md AgÎ`mM{ g_Om. bdH$a dmT>UmË`m ohadir¿`m o[H$mMr
[{aUr H{$Î`mghr Oo_ZrMr gw[rH$Vm g_OV{.
Oo_ZrV o[H$mßMr MmßJbr dmT> Z hm{ `mMr H$maU{ A›Z–Ï`mß¿`m A^mdm‡_mU{M
[m `mMm dmB©Q> oZMam, Oo_Zr¿`m gßaMZ{Vrb o]KmS> qH$dm AmÂbVm, BÀ`mXr Agy
eH$VmV. ÂhUyZ Oo_Zr¿`m Z_w›`mMr ‡`m{Jemi{V V[mgUr H$Í$Z ø`m.
Oo_ZrMm Z_wZm H$gm ø`mdm ?
(1) oJao_Q>mZ{ (AmJa) Oo_ZrV 20 g|_r. Im{b ^m{H$ [mS>m. oJa_rQ> Am{Ty>Z
H$mT>m. À`mbm oMH$Q>b{br _mVr Òd¿N> H$m[S>r o[edrV Jm{im H$am. `m‡_mU{ gß[yU©
e{VmV oR>H$oR>H$mUr _mVrMm Z_wZm Jm{im H$am. _mVrM{ gd© Z_wZ{ EH$oÃV H$Í$Z MmßJb{
o_gim. Im{br¿`m gmdbrV dmidm. gw_ma{ AYm© oH$bm{ _mVrMm Z_wZm H$m[S>r o[edrV
]ßX H$Í$Z e{VH$Ë`mM{ Zmd, gÏh} Zß]a, ]mJm`Vr H$s H$m{aS>dmhˇ, Z_wZm K{VÎ`mMr VmarI,
[yduM{ K{Vb{b{ [rH$, BÀ`mXr _mohVrgh _mVr [arjU ‡`m{Jemi{V V[mgUrgmR>r [mR>dm.
(2) oJa_rQ> (AmJa) Z o_imÎ`mg \$mdS>Ám¿`m gmhmÊ`mZ{ Oo_ZrMm Z_wZm
ø`m. \$mdS>ÁmZ{ 22 g|_r. Im{b AmoU 7.5 g|_r ÈßX IiJm H$Í$Z À`mVrb _mVrMm
Z_wZm ø`m.
‡`m{Jemi{¿`m AhdmbmdÍ$Z Am[Umßg Oo_ZrMm gm_y, ZÃ, Ò\w$aX, [mbme
AmoU BVa gy˙_ A›Z–Ï`mßMr Oo_ZrVrb [mVir AWdm ‡_mU g_OV{. Oo_ZrVrb hr
A›Z–Ï`{ (_yb–Ï`{) o[H$mH$naVm ‡À`j C[b„Y AgVmV. [U H$mhr Oo_ZtVrb A›Z–Ï`{
C[b„Y AdÒW{V ZgVmV. CXmhaUmW©, oMH$U Oo_ZrV A›Z–Ï`mßMm â[ya gmR>m AgVm{;
[U Vr o[H$mßZm C[b„Y ZgVmV. hr A›Z–Ï`{ o[H$mßZm C[b„Y hm{ `mgmR>r Oo_ZrV
g|o–` IV{ o_gim qH$dm ohadirM{ [rH$ JmS>m. ‡`m{Jemi{¿`m AhdmbmV amgmòZH$
IV{ oH$Vr ⁄mdrV, hr oe\$mag AgV{; [aßVw g|o–` e{Vr [’VrMm Adbß] H$am`Mm
AgÎ`mg amgmòZH$ IVmß¿`mE{dOr IS>H$mßMm Mwam, e{VmVrb H$mS>rH$Mam dm[am.
V∑Vm 2.2 : IS>H$mß¿`m MyUm©Mr IV{
IS>H$mßM{ MyU© _wª` A›Z–Ï` C[`m{J

am∞H$ \$m∞Ò\{$Q> Ò\w$aX Ò\w$aXmMr C[b„YVm dmT>V{.
S>m{bm{_mB©Q> H∞$oÎe`_, _∞ΩZ{oe`_ H∞$oÎe`_ d _∞ΩZ{oe`_Mr C[b„YVm
dmT>V{.
am∞H$ [m{Q>∞e [mbme [mbmemMr C[b„YVm dmT>V{. _mÃ
[mbme hiyhiy _w∑V hm{Vm{.
oOflg_ H∞$pÎe`_ d JßYH$ H∞$pÎe`_ d JßYH$mMr C[b„YVm
dmT>V{.
(8) Oo_ZrVrb oH$S>r qH$dm am{JOßVy

bmJdS> H$amd`m¿`m H$mhr Oo_ZrßV oH$S>r AmoU am{JOßVyßMm ‡mXw^m©d OmÒV
AgÎ`mg o[H$mßM{ \$ma ZwH$gmZ hm{V{. oH$S>r AmoU am{Jmß¿`m oZ`ßÃUmMm IM© dmT>Vm{.
CXmhaUmW©, H$mhr Oo_ZrßV h˛_Ur AiÁmßMm ‡mXw^m©d OmÒV AgVm{. ¯m AiÁm gVV
Oo_ZrV amhVmV AmoU PmS>mß¿`m _wiÁm ImVmV. gyÃH•$_r Oo_ZrVrb _wiÁmßda JmR>r
H$Í$Z À`mV amhVmV.À`m_wi{ PmS>mßZm _wiÁmß_YyZ [wa{em ‡_mUmV A›Z–Ï`mßMm [wadR>m
hm{V Zmhr. PmS>{ IwaQ>r amhVmV. Oo_ZrVrb ]waer_wi{ am{[{ _aVmV, gS>VmV. e{OmË`m¿`m
e{VmVrb o[H$mßMr [mhUr H$am AmoU Mm°H$er H$am. Aem Oo_ZrV odoeÓQ> oH$S>r d
am{JmßZm ‡oVH$maH$ Agb{br o[H{$ ø`m. H$]yVa, H$mdi{, [m{[Q> `mßgmaI{ [jr AmoU
gemßgmaI{ ‡mUrX{Irb ]mJ{Vrb o[H$mßM{ ZwH$gmZ H$aVmV.
(9) Oo_ZrVrb VU{
Oo_ZrV dmof©H$ AmoU ]h˛dfm©`w VU{ dmT>VmV. dmof©H$ VUmßM{ oZ`ßÃU H$aU{ gm{[{
Amh{. CXmhaUmW©, qZXUr, Iwa[Ur, Am¿N>mXZ, VUZmeH{$ `mßMm C[`m{J H$Í$Z dmof©H$
VUmßM{ oZ`ßÃU H$aVm `{V{. [aßVw ]h˛dfm©`w VUmßM{ CXmhaUmW©, hair, dmgZ, bÏhmim
(ZmJa_m{Wm), Hwß$Xm, H$mßg, BÀ`mXr
]mJH$m_mMr VUmß
_ybVŒd{ M{ oZ`ß
AmoU H$m`©[Ã’Vr
U H$aU{
ï H$m`©[wpAdKS>
ÒVH$m ï 15AgV{.

Am[Î`m [nagamVrb Oo_ZrMr ^m° o VH$ V[mgUr H$am. _mVrMm Z_w Z m
oe\$maer‡_mU{ K{D$Z [•W∑H$aUmgmR>r ‡`m{Jemi{V [mR>dm. gm{]V AmdÌ`H$ _mohVr
obhˇZ [mR>dm. ‡`m{Jemi{Mm Ahdmb o_imÎ`mZßVa À`mM{ dmMZ H$am. H$mhr ]m]r
g_OÎ`m ZmhrV Va V¡kmßZm odMmam. `m AhdmbmVrb oe\$maet‡_mU{ o[H$mßMr oZdS>
H$am. Oo_ZrMr gwYmaUm d Ï`dÒWm[Z H$aVmZm IVmßMr _mÃm R>adm.

‡mÀòjH$ 3 : > ]mJ{Vrb PmS>mPwS>[mßMr I»>m Im{XyZ
bmJdS> H$aU{
3.1 Co‘ÓQ>{
★ PmS>mPwS>[mßMr bmJdS> H$a `mgmR>r I»>m IUyZ K{U{ AmoU I»>m ^Í$Z K{U{ `m
]m]tM{ kmZ ‡mflV hm{B©b.
★ I»>ÁmV PmS>mPwS[mßMr bmJdS> H$aVm `{B©b.
3.2 AmdÌ`H$ _mohVr

PmS>mPwS[mßMr bmJdS> [mdgmiÁm¿`m gwÈdmVrbm H$amdr. À`mgmR>r bmJdS>rMr
[yd©V`mar [mdgmim gwÍ$ hm{ `m[yduM H$amdr. I»>{ Im{X `m[ydu Oo_ZrMr [mhUr H$Í$Z
BVa PmS>{PwS>[{, dmÈi{ H$mTy>Z Q>mH$mdrV. Oo_Zr¿`m _JXwam‡_mU{ `m{Ω` AßVamda I»>{
ø`md{V d V{ IV_mVrZ{ ^Í$Z R>{dmd{V. bmJdS>rgmR>r Om{_Xma d oZam{Jr am{[{ d H$b_{
‡mflV H$Í$Z ø`mdrV.

oQ>H$md, \$mdS>{, K_{br, Q>{[, MwZm \$∑H$s, gw[a \$m∞Ò[{Q>, [m{`Q>m _mVr, ∑bm{aS>{Z
(5%) [mdS>a, JdV qH$dm [mbm[mMm{im, [m `mMr Pmar, ]mXbr, MmHy$, am{[{ d H$b_{,
BÀ`mXr.

(01) oZdS>b{Î`m Oo_ZrMr [mhUr H$Í$Z, BVa PmS>{PwS[{ Vg{M dmÍ$i{ H$mTy>Z Òd¿N>
H$am.
(02) bmJdS>rgmR>r PmS>mß¿`m ‡H$mamZwgma oe\$mag H$a `mV Amb{Î`m AßVamda
(CXmhaUmW©, Amß„`mgmR>r 10 X 10 _rQ>a AßVamda, S>mqi]mgmR>r 5 X 5 _rQ>a
AßVamda) AmIUr H$Í$Z, MwZm \$∑H$sZ{ \w$Î`m H$am.
(03) ‡À`{H$ \w$brda 100 X 100 X 100 g|oQ>_rQ>a AmH$mamM{ I»>{ Amß„`mgmR>r Va
60 X 60 X 60 g|oQ>_rQ>a AmH$mamM{ I»>{ S>mqi]mgmR>r `m‡_mU{ PmS>mß¿`m
‡H$mamZwgma I»>{ Im{Xm.
(04) ‡À`{H$ I»>m MmßJb{ Hw$Ob{b{ e{UIV, [m{`Q>m _mVr AmoU 1 V{ 2 oH$bm{ gw[a
\$m∞Ò\{$Q> `mß¿`m o_lUmZ{ ^Í$Z ø`m. I»>ÁmV Vimer dmib{b{ JdV qH$dm
[mbm[mMm{im Q>mH$m.
(05) dmidrMm d _wßΩ`mßMm C[–d hm{D$ Z`{ ÂhUyZ ‡À`{H$ I»>ÁmV da¿`m WamV 100
J´∞_ ∑bm{aS>{Z [mdS>a (5%) MmßJbr o_gim.
(06) PmS>mM{ H$b_ ¡`m I»>ÁmV bmdm`M{ Amh{, À`m I»>Ám¿`m _‹`^mJr H$b_mMr
h˛ßS>r ]g{b EdT>m I»>m V`ma H$Í$Z ø`m.
(07) AmXÎ`m oXder bmJdS>r¿`m I»>Ámg [mUr X{D$Z V{ Am{bmdyZ K{Vb{ AgÎ`mg
Ag{ I»>{ H$aU{ gwb^ hm{V{. _mÃ [mUr \$ma X{D$Z oMIb H$Í$ ZH$m.
(08) V`ma H$b_{ bmJdS> H$amd`m¿`m j{ÃmOdiM [U gmdbrV R>{dm.
(09) H$b_mMr oZdS> H$Í$Z V{ o[edrV AJa Hwß$S>rV Ag{b Va V{ AbJX _m{H$i{
H$Í$Z _mVr¿`m Jm{iÁmgh AbJ H$Í$Z ø`m.
(10) am{[mbm am{JQ> _yi AWdm H$_Hw$dV dmT> Ag{b Va MmHy$Z{ H$m[yZ H$mT>m.
(11) I»>ÁmV H$b_mßMr h˛ßS>r gai C^r AmoU Ï`dpÒWV YÍ$Z ]mOyZ{ _mVr H$mT>m.
(12) ]waerZmeH$mM{ –mdU V`ma R>{dyZ ‡À`{H$ bmJdS> H{$b{Î`m H$b_m¿`m Im{S>mOdi
AYm© V{ [mD$U brQ>a `m ]{VmZ{ Am{Vm. `mgmR>r 10% ]m{S>m©{ o_lU h{ ]waerZmeH$
‡mYm›`{H$Í$Z dm[am.
(13) H$b_mß¿`m h˛ßS>rMm _wimH$S>Mm ^mJ Oo_ZrV \$ma Im{b AWdm CWi JmSy> ZH$m.
(14) ]mOyMr _mVr K≈> Xm]yZ e{Omar ]mß]y¿`m H$mR>rMm AmYma X{D$Z H$b_ H$mR>rbm
]mßYyZ ø`m.
(15) bmJdS> H{$Î`mZßVa PmarZ{ [mUr Kmbm. H$b_mßMr bmJdS> dmam ZgVmZm H$am.

(1) oZdS>b{Î`m Oo_ZrV 5 X 5 _rQ>a, 6 X 6 _rQ>a, 7 X 7 _rQ>a AmoU
10 X 10 _rQ>a AßVamda PmS>mßMr bmJdS> H$a `mgmR>r EH$ar oH$Vr I»>{
ø`md{ bmJVrb ?
(2) darb ‡H$maM{ I»>{ IU `mgmR>r AmoU â `mgmR>r oH$Vr IM© `{B©b V{
H$mT>m.
(3) hÎbr `ßÃm¿`m gmhmÊ`mZ{ I»>{ IUVm `{VmV V{Ïhm `ßÃm¿`m gmhmÊ`mZ{
AmoU _ZwÓ`]im¿`m gmhmÊ`mZ{ I»>{ IU `mgmR>r oH$Vr d{i bmJVm{ AmoU
oH$Vr IM© `{Vm{ V{ H$mT>m.
(4) EH$m H$b_h˛ßS>rMr bmJdS> H$a `mg oH$Vr d{i bmJVm{ ?
(5) Am[Î`m \$i]mJ{Mr bmJdS> H$aVmZm oH$Vr _ZwÓ`]i AmoU oH$Vr d{i
bmJbm ?
(6) H$b_h˛ßS>ÁmßßV oXgb{br CUrd V[mgyZ gmßJm.

(7) EH$ EH$a j{Ãmda PmS>mßMr bmJdS> H$aVmZm EHy$U Xm{Z VmgmßV h{ H$m_ [yU©
H$a `mgmR>r oH$Vr _mUg{ bmJVrb h{ JoUV H$Í$Z H$mT>m. Vg{M Xm{Z _OwamßZm
EH$ EH$amdarb PmS>mßMr bmJdS> H$a `mgmR>r oH$Vr Vmg bmJVrb h{ JoUV
H$Í$Z gmßJm.
(8) PmS>mß¿`m bmJdS> [’VrV ]Xb H{$bm AmoU bmJdS> H$amd`m¿`m H$b_mßMr
gßª`m dmT>odbr Va bmJdS>r¿`m H$m_mV H$m` ]Xb H$amd{ bmJVrb `mMm
[S>Vmim [mhm. Xa 12 h_ Mm°ag \w$Q>mßE{dOr Xa 16 h_ Mm°ag \y$Q> AßVa
R>{dyZ bmJdS> H$am`Mr R>aodÎ`mg EHy$U oH$Vr H$m_ dmT>{b qH$dm oH$Vr
H$_r hm{B©b `mMr A‰`mg[yd©H$ Zm|X H$am.

‡mÀòjH$ 4 : ]mJ{gmR>r Hwß$S>ÁmßMr oZdS> H$Í$Z PmS>{ bmdU{
4.1 Co‘ÓQ>
★ ]mJ{Vrb Hw$ß S>ÁmßMr oZdS> H$Í$Z oZdS>bÎ{ `m Hw$ß S>Ámß_‹`{ PmS>mM
ß r bmJdS> H$aVm `{Bb
© .
4.2 AmdÌ`H$ _mohVr

]mJ{gmR>r O_rZ C[b„Y AgÎ`mg PmS>mßMr bmJdS> Oo_ZrV H$aVm `{V{. [aßVw
O{W{ O_rZ C[b„Y ZgV{ Aem oR>H$mUr Hwß$S>Ámß_‹`{ PmS>mßMr bmJdS> H$amdr bmJV{.
CXmhaUmW©, J¿Mrda, ]mÎH$ZrV, Kam_‹`{, H$m`m©b`mV, AßJUmVrb [∑∑`m \$aerda,
ÏhamßS>ÁmV, BÀ`mXr oR>H$mUr. ]mOmamV ododY ‡H$ma¿`m Hwß$S>Ám C[b„Y AgVmV. À`mßVyZ
Am[Î`m odoeÓQ> [napÒWVrV AmoU PmS>mßZm `m{Ω` oXg{b Aem Hwß$S>ÁmßMr oZdS> H$amdr
bmJV{. _mVr¿`m Hwß$S>ÁmßMm gam©g dm[a hm{Vm{; [aßVw flbmpÒQ>H$¿`m Hwß$S>Ámhr ]mOmamV
C[b„Y Amh{V.

ododY ‡H$ma¿`m AmoU AmH$mam¿`m Hwß$S>Ám, [m{`Q>m _mVr, Hw$Ob{b{ e{UIV
qH$dm Hß$[m{ÒQ> qH$dm [mZmßM{ IV, dmiy, [mUr, IS>r, odQ>mßM{ qH$dm _mVr¿`m Hwß$S>ÁmßM{
VwH$S>{.
Hwß$S>ÁmßM{ ‡H$ma
(1) Hw ß $ S> Á mß M m AmH$ma : ododY AmH$mamß ¿ `m Hw ß $ S> Á m C[b„Y AgÎ`m
Var Hwß$S>ÁmßM{ _wª` Xm{Z AmH$ma AgVmV : (1) Jm{bmH$ma, AmoU (2) Mm°agmH$ma.
AmH•$Vr 4.1 : Hwß$S>ÁmßM{ ododY ‡H$ma
Jm{bmH$ma Hwß$S>Ám [maß[naH$ Amh{V. [aßVw g_mZ Ï`mgm¿`m Jm{bmH$ma Hwß$S>r[{jm
Mm°ag Hwß$S>r_‹`{ _mVrM{ o_lU AoYH$ amhV{ AmoU OmJ{Mr H$mQ>H$ga hm{V{.
Jm{bmH$ma Hwß$S>ÁmßM{ dJuH$aU H$mR>m¿`m AmVrb Ï`mgm[´_mU{ H$aVmV AmoU Mm°ag
Hwß$S>ÁmßM{ dJuH$aU EH$m ]mOy¿`m bmß]r‡_mU{ H$aVmV. ]h˛V{H$ Hwß$S>Ámß¿`m ]mOy Imbr
CVaÀ`m AgVmV. À`m_wi{ Hwß$S>rVrb PmS> h˛ßS>rgh H$mTy>Z XwgË`m Hwß$S>rV bmdVm `{V{.
(2) [XmW© : ]h˛V{H$ Hwß$S>Ám ^mOb{Î`m _mVr¿`m AgVmV. [aßVw AbrH$S>{ oMZr
_mVr¿`m, og_|Q>¿`m AmoU flbmpÒQ>H$¿`m Hwß$S>Ám C[b„Y Amh{V. ]h˛V{H$ flbmpÒQ>H$¿`m
Hwß$S>Ám [m∞ob‡m∞o[brZ [XmWm©¿`m ]Zodb{Î`m AgVmV. WßS> hdm_mZmV À`m bdH$a Iam]
hm{VmV. [m∞obWrZ¿`m Hwß$S>Ám (o[eÏ`m) ÒdÒV AgVmV, [U oQ>H$mD$ ZgVmV. À`m KS>r
_mÈZ gmR>odVm `{VmV. [m∞oc‡m∞o[brZ AmoU [m∞obWrZ `mß¿`m o_lUm[mgyZ ]Zodb{Î`m
Hwß$S>Ám WßS> hdm_mZmV oR>gyi hm{V ZmhrV. `m Xm{›hr ‡H$ma¿`m Hwß$S>ÁmßM{ JwUXm{f Imbr
oXb{ Amh{V.
(A) flbmpÒQ>H$ Hwß$S>Ám
(1) hmVmi `mg hb∑`m AgVmV. O{W{ OmÒV dOZm¿`m Hwß$S>Ám MmbV ZmhrV
(CXmhaUmW©, H$[mQ>mda qH$dm ]mÎH$ZrV), V{W{ `m Hwß$S>ÁmßMm C[`m{J H$amdm.
(2) _mVr¿`m Hwß$S>Ámß[{jm _hmJ [S>VmV.
(3) ghO Òd¿N> H$aVm `{VmV.
(4) oQ>H$mD$ AgVmV; [aßVw AI{arg oQ>MVmV. \$mQ>VmV.
ZmßX Im{]S>m
[aS>r _S>H{$
Hwß$S>r [{bm AZ{H$ Hwß$S>Ám
AmH•$Vr 4.2 : Hwß$S>ÁmßM{ ododY ‡H$ma

(5) flbmpÒQ>H$¿`m Hwß$S>Ám gp¿N>– ZgVmV. À`m_wi{ À`mßVrb _mVr dmi `mg
_mVr¿`m Hwß$S>Ámß[{jm AoYH$ d{i bmJVm{.
(6) H{$emH$f©U [’VrZ{ [mUr X{ `mg `m{Ω` AgVmV.
(7) ododY aßJmß_‹`{ C[b„Y AgVmV.
(Am) _mVr¿`m Hwß$S>Ám
(1) OS> AmoU oQ>H$mD$ AgVmV. ÂhUyZ _m{R>Ám PmS>mßgmR>r MmßJÎ`m AgVmV.
flbmpÒQ>H$¿`m Hwß$S>Ám hb∑`m AgÎ`m_wi{ Om{am¿`m dmË`mZ{ PmS>mgohV
H$bßS>VmV.
flbmpÒQ>H$ bmH$S>r
XJS>r
ZjrXma
AmH•$Vr 4.3 : hm°XmM{ ‡H$ma

(2) AmH$ma AmH$f©H$ AgVm{ (CXmhaUmW©, fQ>H$m{Zr, ]XH$m¿`m AmH$mam¿`m,
BÀ`mXr), ÂhUyZ ‡Xe©ZmV PmS>{ R>{d `mg MmßJÎ`m AgVmV.
(3) Òd¿N> H$a `mg AdKS> AgVmV.
(4) bdH$a \w$Q>VmV. dmhVwH$sV \w$Q> `mMr AoYH$ ^rVr AgV{.
(5) gp¿N>– AgÎ`m_wi{ [mUr gmMyZ amhV Zmhr; [U _mVr bdH$a gwH$V{.
dmaßdma [mUr Kmbmd{ bmJV{.
(6) [m `mMm oZMam MmßJbm hm{V AgÎ`m_wi{ odoeÓQ> PmS>mH$naVm (CXmhaUmW©,
AÎ[mB©Z) MmßJÎ`m AgVmV.
(7) H{$emH$f©U [’VrZ{ [mUr X{ `mg _‹`_ AgVmV.
(B) Im{br
‡_mUera AmH$mamMr Hwß$S>r O{dT>r ÈßX AgV{, V{dT>rM Im{b AgV{. Aem Hwß$S>Ám
gm_m›`[U{ dm[aVmV. [gaQ> qH$dm ]r CJd `mgmR>r dm[a `m¿`m Hwß$S>rMr Im{br V{dT>ÁmM
Ï`mgm¿`m ÒQ>∞ S>S>© Hwß$S>r[{jm EH$V•Vr`mße AgV{. A‹`m© Hwß$S>rMr Im{br g_mZ Ï`mgm¿`m
ÒQ>∞ S>S>© Hwß$S>r¿`m Im{br¿`m AYu qH$dm Xm{ZV•Vr`mße AgV{. bhmZ _wimß¿`m PmS>mgmR>r
(CXmhaUmW©, APmob`m) Aem Hwß$S>Ám dm[aVmV. ¡`m am{[mß¿`m _wiÁm bmß] dmT>VmV,
À`mß¿`mH$naVm [{Î`m¿`m AmH$mam¿`m Hwß$S>Ám ([{b{) dm[aVmV. OmÒV H$mi amhUmË`m
PmS>mßH$naVm _m{R>r Hwß$S>r (Q>m∞_) bmJV{. `moedm` Imbrb‡_mU{ odoeÓQ> ‡H$ma¿`m Hwß$S>Ám
dm[aVmV.
V]H$ (Q≠>{) : `mßMm C[`m{J ]r [{a `mgmR>r, N>mQ> H$b_ AmoU am{[ dmT>od `mgmR>r
hm{Vm{. h{ V]H$ Q>UH$ flbmpÒQ>H$M{ AgV{. V]H$m_‹`{ Mm°ag od^mJUr H{$b{br AgV{.
‡À`{H$ od^mJmV EH$ ]r [{aVmV. À`m_wi{ am{[ h˛ßS>rgh H$mT>U{ gm{[{ AgV{.
ObgßdY©Z Hwß$S>r (hm`S≠>m{H$ÎMa [m∞Q>) : ¯m Hwß$S>Ám Xm]b{b{ IV ([rQ>), VßVy
(ZmaimMm H$mœ`m), BÀ`mXt[mgyZ ]ZodVmV. ¡`m PmS>mßZm _wiÁm hbodU{ _mZdV Zmhr
Aer PmS>{, ¯m Hwß$S>ÁmßV bmdVmV. Hwß$S>rgh PmS> Oo_ZrV bmdVmV. Hwß$S>rVyZ _wiÁm
Oo_ZrV oeaVmV. H$mhr oXdgmßZr hr Hwß$S>r À`mM oR>H$mUr Hw$OyZ OmV{.
V]H$S>r : KamV em{o^dßV PmS>mMr Hwß$S>r R>{dÎ`mZßVa Vim¿`m ^m{H$mVyZ OmÒVrM{
[mUr ]mh{a `{V{ AmoU g^m{dma [gaV{. \$aer, JmbrMm, gVaßOr, BÀ`mXr KmU hm{VmV.
\$aerdarb [m `m_wi{ [m` KgÍ$Z [S> `mMm gß^d AgVm{. ÂhUyZ OmÒVrM{ [mUr Jm{im
H$a `mgmR>r _mVr¿`m qH$dm flbmpÒQ>H$¿`m Hwß$S>rImbr Z [mPaUmar V]H$S>r R>{dVmV.
Am[Î`mH$S>{ _mVr¿`m Hwß$S>rM{ [wT>rb ‡H$ma Amh{V. JmS>J{, bm{Q>m, Im{]S>m, [aim,
[{bm, _S>H{$, ZmßX, BÀ`mXr. PmS>{ bmd `mgmR>r [Õ`mM{ S>]{, H$mM{Mr ^mßS>r AWdm
]mQ>Î`mßMmhr dm[a H$aVmV. PmS>m¿`m AmH$mam‡_mU{ Hwß$S>rMm AmH$ma oZdS>mdm.
CXmhaUmW©, bhmZ H∞$∑Q>g 30 g|_r. AmH$mam¿`m Hwß$S>rV MmßJbm dmT>V Zmhr Va
À`m¿`mgmR>r 10 g|_r. AmH$mamMr Hwß$S>r oZdS>mdr. \$Z© d AmH$s©S> _m{R>Ám Hwß$S>rV bmdmd{.
(A) ]r [{aU{
(1) _mVr oZO™VyH$ H$aU{ : Hwß$S>ÁmßV â `mgmR>r ZXrH$mR>Mr JmimMr _mVr qH$dm
[m{`Q>m _mVr dm[aVmV. _mVr_‹`{ am{JOßV,y gyÃH•$_r AmoU oH$S>r AgVmV. À`m_wi{ am{[{ _aVmV.
am{[mßMr _a Q>mi `mgmR>r Hwß$S>rV qH$dm JmXrdm‚`mV dm[a `mMr _mVr oZO™VyH$ H$am.
EH$m [amVrV (gm∞g[∞Z) AY} [mUr âm. hr [amV ÒQ>m{Ïhda R>{dyZ [mUr gw_ma{ 95
Aße g{pÎgAg Vm[_mZm[`™V Vm[dm. EH$m bhmZ YmVy¿`m ^mßS>ÁmV _mVr ^Í$Z V{ ^mßS>{
[amVrVrb CH$iÀ`m [m `mV 30 V{ 40 o_oZQ>{ R>{dm. _mÃ CH$iV{ [mUr _mVrV Z
oea `mMr H$miOr ø`m. À`mZßVa _mVr âb{b{ ^mßS>{ WßS> H$am. À`mVrb _mVr dmi `mgmR>r
Òd¿N> H$m[S>mda qH$dm H$mJXmda [gam.
_mVr oZO™VyH$ H$a `mMr Xwgar [’V Amh{. _mVr_‹`{ 2% \$m∞_m©brZ qH$dm
\$m∞a≤_∞pÎS>hmB©S> MmßJb{ o_gim. hr _mVr dmi `mgmR>r VmS>[Ãr qH$dm [m{À`mda [gam.
(2) _mVro_lU : ]r [{aUrH$naVm Hwß$S>rV Z{h_r oZO™VyH$ _mVr dm[am. Hwß$S>rV
â `m¿`m _mVr o_lUmV 2 ^mJ [m{`Q>m _mVr, 1 ^mJ Hw$Ob{Î`m [mZmßM{ IV, e{UIV
qH$dm Hß$[m{ÒQ> AmoU EH$ ^mJ OmS>râS>r a{Vr `mßM{ o_lU dm[am. ]r [{a `mgmR>r
_mVro_lU ]marH$ H$am. o_lU Hwß$S>rV â `m[ydu MmiyZ ø`m.
(3) ]rO‡oH´$`m : Hwß$S>rV qH$dm JmXrdm‚`mV ]r [{a `m[ydu À`mda ]waerZmeH$mMr
‡oH´$`m H$am. ÂhUO{ oZam{Jr am{[{ o_iVmV. ]rO‡oH´$`{gmR>r H∞$[Q>mZ, \$m`Q>m{bm∞Z qH$dm
Ama{gmZ h{ ]waerZmeH$ dm[am. EH$ oH$bm{ o]`m `mbm 2 V{ 3 J´∞_ ]waerZmeH{$ Mm{im.
A = Hwß$S>rV ]r [{aÎ`mZßVa H$mM{¿`m VmdXmZmZ{ PmH$U{ B = Hwß$S>rbm ]wS>mVyZ [mUr X{ `mMr [’V
C = oM_Q>ÁmZ{ C[Q>b{b{ bhmZ am{[ D = am{[ bmd `mMr Im{br
E = am{[mßM{ ÒWbmßVa H{$b{br Hwß$S>r
AmH•$Vr 4.4 : Hwß$S>rV ]r [{a `mMr [’V

_wiÁmßM{
H{$g
_mVrMr Hwß$S>r flbmpÒQ>H$ Hwß$S>r
`m{Ω` [’V
MwH$sMr [’V
AmH•$Vr 4.5 : Hwß$S>rV PmS> bmd `mMr [’V
(4) ]r [{aU{ : ]r [{a `m¿`m Hwß$S>rV (grS>[∞Z) _mVr âÎ`mZßVa [{p›gbZ{ qH$dm

H$mS>rZ{ 6 g|_r. AßVamda 0.5 V{ 1 g|_r. Im{b Am{irV ^m{H{$ [mS>m. `m ‡À`{H$ ^m{H$mV
EH$ ]r [{am. ]r Mmib{Î`m ]marH$ dmiyZ{ qH$dm Hw$Ob{Î`m [mZmß¿`m IVmZ{ PmH$m.
]marH$ ^m{H$mß¿`m PmarM{ [mUr Kmbm. OmÒV [mUr Kmby ZH$m. ]r dmhˇZ OmUma Zmhr, hr
H$miOr ø`m. À`m[{jm gm{[r [’V Aer H$s, ]r [{ab{br Hwß$S>r [m `mZ{ âb{Î`m ^mßS>ÁmV
R>{dm. ÂhUO{ Hwß$S>r¿`m VimVyZ [mUr neÍ$Z _mVr Am{br hm{V{. `m_wi{ ]marH$ ]r Am{bga
amhV{ [U _mVrV OmÒV [mUr amhV Zmhr.
]r [{ab{br Hwß$S>r (grS>[∞Z) H$mM{¿`m VmdXmZmZ{ qH$dm dV©_mZ[Ãm¿`m H$mJXmZ{
PmHy$Z Vr Hwß$S>r H$mhr oXdg gmdbrV R>{dm. ]r CJdÎ`mZßVa Am¿N>mXZ H$mTy>Z Hwß$S>r
gy`©‡H$memV R>{dm. H$maU AßYmamV dmT>b{br am{[{ CßM d H$_Om{a amhVmV.
(5) Hwß$S>r ]XbU{ (o‡qH$J AmD$Q>) : H$m{dir am{[{ XwgË`m Hwß$S>rV (grS>[∞Z
qH$dm Q≠>{) bmdVmV V{Ïhm À`m oH´$`{bm "q‡qH$J AmD$Q>' Ag{ ÂhUVmV. XwgË`m Hwß$S>rV
am{[mßVrb AßVa 5 V{ 7 g|_r. R>{dVmV. `m Hwß$S>r_Yrb _mVrM{ o_lU AoYH$ H$gXma
AgV{. am{[mßM{ ÒWbmßVa H$aVmZm _wiÁm Z XwImd `mMr H$miOr ø`m. `m oH´$`{_wi{ am{[mßMr
dmT> MmßJbr hm{V{.
(6) am{[mßM{ ÒWbmßVa (Q≠>m›gflb±qQ>J) : ]r [{aÎ`m[mgyZ gw_ma{ EH$ _oh›`mZßVa
am{[mßM{ ÒWbmßVa H$aVmV. `m d{ir ‡À`{H$ am{[mda 3 qH$dm 4 [mZ{ AgVmV. am{[mßM{ ÒWbmßVa
H$a `m[ydu am{[{ H$mQ>H$ ]Zod `mgmR>r EH$ qH$dm Xm{Z oXdg am{[mßZm [mUr X{U{ ]ßX H$am.
am{[mßM{ ÒWbmßVa AmH$memV T>J AgVmZm qH$dm gß‹`mH$mir H$am. ‡Ia gy`©‡H$memV
am{[mßM{ ÒWbmßVa H$Í$ ZH$m.
(Am) em{o^dßV PmS>mß¿`m AmoU \w$bPmS>mß¿`m Hwß$S>Ám âU{
(1) _mVr-o_lU ([m∞qQ>J o_oS>`_) : Hwß$S>rV â `m¿`m _mVr-o_lUmV
gm_m›`[U{ 2 qH$dm 3 ^mJ [m{`Q>m _mVr, 2 V{ 3 ^mJ MmßJb{ Hw$Ob{b{ Hß$[m{ÒQ> qH$dm
e{UIV AmoU 1 ^mJ MmßJb{ Hw$Ob{b{ Hß$[m{ÒQ> qH$dm e{UIV AmoU 1 ^mJ ZXrH$mR>Mm
]marH$ Jmi (ogÎQ>) AgVm{.
(2) Hwß$S>r âU{ : oZdS>b{Î`m Hwß$S>Ám [w›hm V[mgyZ ø`m. [mdgmiÁmV ]Zodb{Î`m
Hwß$S>Ám ZrQ> Z ^mOÎ`m_wi{ H$¿¿`m AgVmV. ‡À`{H$ Hwß$S>r¿`m Vimer _‹`^mJr [m `mMm
_mVrMr [mVir _mVro_lU
_mVr + Hß$[m{ÒQ>
IS>rMm Wa
dmiyMm Wa [mbm[mMm{iÁmMm
Wa
oZMË`mM{ oN>–
Im[amM{ VwH$S>{
Hwß$S>r â `mMr [’V
oZMË`mM{ ^m{H$
AmH•$Vr 4.6 : Hwß$S>r âU{

oZMam hm{ `mgmR>r EH$ ^m{H$ Agmd{. `m ^m{H$mVyZ dmhUmË`m [m `mgm{]V IV_mVr
dmhˇZ OmD$ Z`{ ÂhUyZ ^m{H$mda Im[am¿`m VwH$S>ÁmßMm (\w$Q>b{Î`m _mVr¿`m Hwß$S>r¿`m
VwH$S>ÁmßMm) Wa ⁄m. À`mda [mbm[mMm{iÁmMm Wa ⁄m. ÂhUO{ [m `mgm{]V dmhˇZ OmUmar
_mVr `m WamV AS>Hy$Z amhV{. [m `mMm MmßJbm oZMam hm{Vm{. `m Wamda _mVr-o_lU
âm, Hwß$S>r¿`m H$mR>m[mgyZ Imbr _mVr-o_lUm¿`m [•ÓR>^mJm[`™V 5 g|_r. ^mJ _m{H$im
R>{dm. ÂhUO{ Hwß$S>rV KmVb{b{ [mUr H$mR>mdÍ$Z dmhˇZ OmUma Zmhr.
(B) Hwß$S>rVrb PmS>mßMr oZJm
CKS>Ám OmJ{V dmT>UmË`m PmS>m[{jm Hwß$S>rV dmT>UmË`m PmS>mMr AoYH$ H$miOr
ø`mdr bmJV{. H$maU Hwß$S>rVrb _`m©oXV _mVr_‹`{ A›Z–Ï`{ AmoU [mUr H$_r amhV{.
[mdgmiÁmV CKS>Ámda Hwß$S>rV dmT>UmË`m PmS>mM{ AmR>dS>ÁmVyZ EH$Xm qH$dm Xm{ZXm
oZarjU H$am. H$maU PmS>m¿`m XmQ> [mZmß_wi{ [mdgmM{ [mUr Imb¿`m Hwß$S>rVrb _mVrbm
o_iV Zmhr. dmhÀ`m dmË`m¿`m hdm_mZmV Hwß$S>rVrb PmS>mbm OmÒV [mUr ⁄md{ bmJV{.
H$maU dmË`m_wi{ [m `mM{ ]mÓ[r^dZ P[mQ>ÁmZ{ hm{V{. dgßVF$VyV PmS>mßMr dmT> MmßJbr
hm{ `mgmR>r À`mAmYr bdH$a C[b„Y hm{Uma{ IV ⁄m. ‡W_ Hwß$S>rVrb [•ÓR>^mJmMr 5 V{
10 g|_r. OwZr oZH$g Pmb{br _mVr H$mTy>Z ø`m. [U _wiÁmßZm XwIm[V Z hm{ `mMr
H$miOr ø`m. À`m OmJr ZdrZ _mVr-IV o_lU [ydu¿`m [mVir[`™V âm. [mUr ⁄m.
[•ÓR>^mJmda PmS>m¿`m gmbr¿`m VwH$S>ÁmßM{ qH$dm XJS>mßM{ AmdÌ`H$Vm [S>Î`mg
Am¿N>mXZ ⁄m.
(B©) EH$m Hwß$S>rVrb PmS> XwgË`m Hwß$S>rV ]XbU{
Hwß$S>rVrb PmS> Om{_mZ{ dmT>V Zg{b, oZÒV{O oXgV Ag{b, Hwß$S>r¿`m AmH$mambm
Ag_Vm{b qH$dm \$ma _m{R>{ PmS> dmT>b{b{ AgÎ`mg V{ PmS> XwgË`m Hwß$S>rV bmdm. `mbm
BßJÓrV "na[m∞qQ>J' Ag{ ÂhUVmV. `m oH´$`{M{ [wT>rb Q>fl[{ Amh{V :
(1) hmVm¿`m ]m{Q>m_‹`{ PmS>mM{ Im{S> YÍ$Z XwgË`m hmVmZ{ Hwß$S>r oVa[r H$am.
Hwß$S>rVrb gß[yU© _mVrgh PmS> Hwß$S>r]mh{a H$mT>m. AmdÌ`H$Vm AgÎ`mg
Hwß$S>rVrb _mVr AmoU Hwß$S>rM{ H$mR> `mß¿`m_‹`{ bmß] MmHy$ o\$adyZ _mVr
_m{H$ir H$am qH$dm Hwß$S>r CbQ>r H$Í$Z Hwß$S>rMm H$mR> Q>{]bm¿`m H$mR>mda
hiyhiy Am[Q>m.
AmH•$Vr 4.7 : Ow›`m Hwß$S>rVrb PmS> H$mT> `mMr [’V
(2) PmS>m¿`m _wiÁmßMr XmQ>r Pmbr AgÎ`mg _mVr H$mT>m. VU H$mT>m. bmß]
_m{R>Ám _wiÁm Xm{ZV•Vr`mßem[`™V H$m[yZ Q>mH$m.
(3) ZdrZ Hwß$S>r gm\$ H{$b{br Agmdr. Hwß$S>r¿`m AmVyZ ]m{S>m} [{ÒQ> bmdm. `m
Hwß$S>r¿`m ^m{H$mda Im[amM{ VwH$S>{ R>{dm. À`m Wamda PmS> _‹`^mJr R>{dyZ
PmS>m¿`m _wiÁm gmaª`m [gam.
(4) _wiÁmß^m{dVr VmO{ _mVro_lU hiyhiy Q>mHy$Z Xm]m. [ydu¿`m Hwß$S>r_‹`{
¡`m [mVir[`™V _mVr hm{Vr, À`m [mVir[`™V _mVro_lU âm.
(5) Hwß$S>r¿`m H$mR>m[mgyZ 2.5 V{ 5 g|_r. OmJm _m{H$ir R>{dm. PmS>m¿`m dmic{Î`m
am{JQ> \$mß⁄m N>mQy>Z Q>mH$m. PmS>mbm MmßJbm AmH$ma ⁄m.
(C) Hwß$S>rVrb PmS> ]mJ{Vrb Oo_ZrV bmdU{
Hwß$S>rVrb PmS> H$mhr H$maUmZ{ ]mJ{Vrb Oo_ZrV bmdm`M{ AgÎ`mg À`m PmS>m¿`m
_wiÁm _mdVrb EdT>m Jm{bmH$ma I»>m IUyZ V`ma H$am. `m I»>ÁmVrb _mVr gw[rH$
Agmdr. ZgÎ`mg À`m _mVrV g|o–` IV{ o_gim. gw[a \$m∞Ò\{$Q> qH$dm hmS>mßMm Mwam
`moedm` Xwga{ amgmòZH$ IV o_giy ZH$m. PmS> I»>ÁmV bmdV{ d{ir I»>ÁmVrb
_mVr OmÒV Am{br qH$dm oMH$Q> Agy Z`{. PmS>m¿`m ]wß‹`mdarb _yi Oo_ZrMr IyU
]mJ{Vrb Oo_Zr¿`m [mVir]am{]a amohbr [mohO{. À`mgmR>r AmH•$Vr 4.9 _‹`{
XmIodÎ`m‡_mU{ I»>Ám¿`m dVw©im¿`m _‹`^mJr bmß] H$mR>r Oo_Zrda AmS>dr R>{dm.
(1) Vimer oN>– Agb{br Hwß$S>r, (2) Vimer Im[amM{ VwH$S>{ âmd{,
(3) À`mda dmib{br [mZ{, Zmaim¿`m H$mœ`m, H$mS>, B.Mm Wa ⁄mdm. ZßVa _mVr âmdr,
(4) bhmZ Hwß$S>rVrb PmS> H$mTy>Z (5) _m{R>Ám Hwß$S>rV bmdmd{
AmH•$Vr 4.8 : Hwß$S>r â `mMr [’V
`m H$mR>rdÍ$Z I»>ÁmMm _‹`q]Xy d Oo_ZrMr [mVir oZpÌMV H$aVm `{V{. À`m‡_mU{

I»>m [mohO{ V{dT>m Im{b H$am. PmS> I»>ÁmV bmdVmZm I»>Ám¿`m _‹`^mJr Wm{S>m
AmH•$Vr 4.9 : PmSmßMr I»>ÁmV bmJdS>

_mVrMm CßMdQ>m R>{dm. À`mda PmS> ]gdyZ À`m¿`m _wiÁm I»>ÁmV [gÍ$Z R>{dm. À`mZßVa
_wiÁmßda _mVr bm{Qy>Z [m`mZ{ Xm]m. PmS>mbm [mUr ⁄m.
]mh{a¿`m am{[dmoQ>H{$VyZ PmS>{ AmUbr AmoU Vr PmS>{ ]mJ{V bmd `mgmR>r hdm_mZ
AZwHy$b Zg{b Va Vr PmS>{ H$mhr oXdg Oo_ZrVrb Mam_‹`{ AmH•$Vr 4.10 _‹`{
AmH•$Vr 4.10 : am{[dmoQ>H{$VyZ AmUb{br PmS>{ bmJdS>r[ydu MamV R>{dU{
XmIodÎ`m‡_mU{ gmdbrV R>{dm. hm Ma gw_ma{ 20 g|_r. Im{b H$Í$Z À`mMr EH$ ]mOy
oVa[r R>{dm. `m oVafl`m ]mOyda am{[mMr Im{S>{ bm{ib{br R>{dm. _wiÁmßda _mVr bm{Q>m.
[mUr ⁄m.
AmH•$Vr 4.11 : PmS>mM{ Im{S> AmYmam¿`m H$mR>rbm ]mßY `m¿`m [’Vr

I»>ÁmV PmS> bmdÎ`mZßVa dmË`mZ{ PmS> hbV{. _wiÁm CIS>VmV, VwQ>VmV. ÂhUyZ
I»>ÁmV bmdb{Î`m PmS>mbm AmYma X{ `mMr JaO AgV{. PmS>mgm{]V AmYmamMr H$mR>r
I»>ÁmV JmS>m. PmS>mM{ Im{S> AmYmam¿`m H$mR>rbm KmgyZ IaMQy> Z`{ ÂhUyZ Im{S> d
AmYmamMr H$mR>r `mß_‹`{ Wm{S>{ AßVa R>{dm. Im{S> AmYmam¿`m H$mR>rbm AmH•$Vr 4.11
_‹`{ XmIodÎ`m‡_mU{ (1) flbmpÒQ>H$M{ AmdaU Agb{Î`m Vma{Z{, qH$dm (2) Xm{arZ{,
qH$dm (3) flbmpÒQ>H$¿`m [≈>rZ{ ]mßYm.
[mUr X{ `mMr [’V
]a{M oXdg ‡dmgmV J{Î`m_wi{ Hwß$S>ÁmßZm [mUr X{U{ e∑` hm{V Zmhr. AmH•$Vr
4.12 _‹`{ XmIodÎ`m‡_mU{ Xm{Z Hwß$S>Ám H$m[S>r qH$dm flbmpÒQ>H$¿`m o[edrV R>{dmÏ`mV.
ÂhUO{ [m `mM{ ]mÓ[r^dZ H$_r hm{V{ qH$dm CßM ÒQw>bmda [mUr âb{b{ ^mßS>{ R>{dmd{. À`m
^mßS>ÁmV [mUr em{fUmË`m H$m[S>r [≈>rM{ EH$ Q>m{H$ ]wS>dyZ R>{dmd{ AmoU Xwga{ Q>m{H$ Hwß$S>rV
R>{dmd{. H$m[S>r [≈>rVyZ hiyhiy Hwß$S>rVrb PmS>mbm [mUr o_iV{.
AmH•$Vr 4.12 : [mUr X{ `mMr [’V
Hwß$S>rVrb PmS>mbm dmaßdma [mUr X{U{ AmoU dmB©Q> oZMË`mMm [naUm_

(1) [mZ{ Imbr dmH$b{br d _D$ oXgVmV. [mZmMm H$mhr ^mJ Hw$Ob{bm AgVm{.
PmS>mMr IwaQ>r dmT> hm{V{.
(2) [mZ{ _waS>b{br, o[dir d gwH$b{br AgVmV. [mZmßMr Q>m{H${ V[oH$ar aßJmMr
AgVmV.
(3) VÈU d OwZr [mZ{ EH$mM d{ir JiVmV.
(4) _wiÁm Hw$Ob{Î`m d V[oH$ar aßJm¿`m AgVmV.
(5) \w$bmßda ]waer dmT>V{.
Hwß$S>rVrb PmS>mbm H$_r [mUr X{ `mMm [naUm_
(1) [mZ{ Imbr dmH$b{br d gwH$b{br AgVmV. PmS>mMr dmT> Wm{S>r qH$dm
_wirM hm{V{ Zmhr.
(2) ImbMr [mZ{ _waS>b{br, o[dir d _{b{br AgVmV. [mZmß¿`m H$S>m V[oH$ar
qH$dm dmib{Î`m AgVmV.
(3) \w$b{ JiVmV qH$dm gwH$b{br AgVmV.
(4) ‡W_ OwZr [mZ{ JiVmV.

Hwß$S>Ámß¿`m ‡H$mamßMm A‰`mg H$am. ‡À`{H$ AmH$mam¿`m Hwß$S>r_‹`{ oH$Vr _mVr-
o_lU _mdV{, V{ [mhm. H$mQ>H$ AmoU ZmOyH$ PmS>{ Hwß$S>Ámß_‹`{ bmd `mMm gamd H$am.
Xm{›hr ‡H$maMr oH$Vr PmS>{ èÒdr[U{ OJVmV, `mMr Q>∑H{$dmar H$mT>m.

‡mÀòjH$ 5 : ]mJH$m_mgmR>r bmJUmË`m gmYZmßMr Am{iI AmoU
dm[a H$aU{
5.1 Co‘ÓQ>
★ ]mJH$m_mgmR>r bmJUmË`m hÀ`mamßMr Am{iI hm{D$Z À`mßMm ]mJH$m_mgmR>r dm[a
H$aVm `{B©b.
5.2 AmdÌ`H$ _mohVr

]mJ{M{ H$m_ ]a{M H$ÓQ>mM{ AgV{. ]mJ{Vrb H$m_m[mgyZ l_ H$_r H$a `mgmR>r `m{Ω`
hÀ`mamßMr oZdS> H$amdr bmJV{. Am[Î`m X{emVrb [maß[naH$ hÀ`ma{ (CXmhaUmW©, Hw$Xi,
\$mdS>{, Iwa[{) [mR>rbm ]mH$ X{D$Z dm[amdr bmJVmV. À`m_wi{ [mR> XwIV{. AmYwoZH$
hÀ`ma{ [mR>rbm \$magm ]mH$ Z X{Vm dm[aVm `{VmV. H$_r l_mßV AoYH$ H$m_ hm{V{.

]mJH$m_mgmR>r [wT>rc hÀ`ma{ AmdÌ`H$ AgVmV ï \$mdS>{ (Ò[{S>), H$mQ>m (\$m{H©$),
XmV{ar (a{H$), Iwa[{ (hm{), Xm{ar (JmS>©Z bmB©Z), hmVJmS>r (Ïhrb ]∞am{), [m `mMr Pmar.
(1) \$mdS>{ (Ò[{S>) : \$mdS>ÁmM{ ]mJ{V gVV H$m_ [S>V{. ÂhUyZ V{ AoVe`
_O]yV Agmd{. V{ M_H$Xma, g_Vm{b AmoU MmßJb{ [mUr [mOb{Î`m [mÀ`mM{ Imb¿`m
Q>m{H$mbm Vr˙U Agmd{. ÒQ>{Zb{g ÒQ>rb¿`m \$mdS>Ámbm oMH$Q>b{br _mVr gm\$ H$a `mgmR>r
bmH$S>mMr qH$dm YmVyMr IdUr (ÒH´{$[a) bmJV{. Vr Xm{arbm ]mßYyZ JiÁmV AS>H$dyZ
R>{dmdr. ÂhUO{ [mohO{ V{Ïhm MQ>H$Z dm[aVm `{V{. em{Ymdr bmJV Zmhr. \$mdS>ÁmMm
JwÈÀd_‹`q]Xy _hŒdmMm AgVm{. g_Vm{b q]Xy AgÎ`mg O_rZ Im{X `mM{ l_ H$_r
[S>VmV.
(2) H$mQ>m (\$m{H©$) : `mbm Mma XmV{ qH$dm H$mQ>{ AgVmV. O_rZ Im{X `mgmR>r
AWdm O_rZ g°b H$a `mgmR>r `m \$m{H©$Mm C[`m{J hm{Vm{.
(3) XmV{ar (a{H$) : `m hÀ`mambm H$_rV H$_r 12 bm{IßS>r XmV{ AgVmV. h{ XmV{
_O]yV AgVmV. O_rZ g_Vm{b (g[mQ>) H$a `mgmR>r AmoU Oo_ZrVrb H$Mam Jm{im
H$a `mgmR>r `m hÀ`mamMm C[`m{J hm{Vm{.
(4) Iwa[{ (hm{) : ododY ‡H$maMr Iwa[r C[b„Y Amh{V. oMÃmVrb Iwafl`mM{
[mV{ 15 g|_r. bmß] AgV{.
(5) [m `mMr Pmar : Am[Î`mH$S> { ododY j_V{ M r bm{ { I ß S > r [Õ`mMr
(J∞ÎÏhZmB©¡S≤>) [m `mMr Pmar o_iV{. [aX{emV bmß] Vm{Q>rMr oH$Q>brgmaIr flbmpÒQ>H$Mr
[m `mMr Pmar o_iV{. Vr Hwß$S>ÁmßZm [mUr Kmb `mg gm{`rMr AgV{. Vm{Q>r¿`m Vm|S>mdaMr
MmiUr H$mT>Vm ]godVm `{ `mgmaIr AmoU ]marH$ AWdm OmS> ^m{H$mßMr AgV{.
(6) Xm{ar (bmB©Z Xm{ar) : Xm{arM{ EH$ Q>m{H$ bm{IßS>r IwßQ>rbm ]mßYb{b{ AgV{
AmoU Xm{ar [VßJmMm _mßOm JwßS>mi `m¿`m MH´$sda JwßS>mib{br AgV{. Xm{ar Zm`bm∞ZMr
qH$dm Q>{nabrZMr Agmdr. hr [m `mV oÔbr Var oQ>H$mD$ AgV{.
(7) hmVJmS>r (Ïhrb]∞am{) : Am[Î`mH$S>{ g|o–` IV{, am{[{ d _mVr bm{IßS>r
Q>m{[brV (K_{Î`mV) ^Í$Z S>m{∑`mda dmhˇZ Z{ `mMr [’V Amh{. À`m_wi{ H$[S>{ Iam]
hm{VmV. hmVJmS>rMr j_Vm K_{Î`m[{jm AoYH$ AgV{. dmhVwH$sM{ l_ H$_r hm{VmV. hr
EH$m MmH$mMr JmS>r oVa[r H$Í$Z JmS>rVrb _mVr qH$dm IV Oo_Zrda Am{VVm `{V{.
(8) hmV H$m{i[{ (H$pÎQ>Ïh{Q>a) : o[H$mV AmßVa_emJV (Iwa[Ur) H$a `mgmR>r
`mMm C[`m{J hm{Vm. À`mbm 3 qH$dm 5 \$mi AgVmV. VU H$mTy>Z Oo_ZrMm [•ÓR>^mJ
^wg^werV H$a `mgmR>r `mMm C[`m{J hm{Vm{.
hmVJmS>r
H$mQ>m
hmVH$m{i[{ (Iwa[r)
\$mdS>{ Xm{ar
XmV{ar
PmS>mßZm [mUr Kmcmd`mMr Pmar
AmH•$Vr 5.1 (A) : ]mJH$m_mgmR>r AmdÌ`H$ hÀ`ma{

H$pÎQ>Ïh{Q>a (hmVH$m{i[{)
Q≠>m∞d{c hmVH$mQ>m
AmYwoZH$ hcH{$ Iwa[{
AmH•$Vr 5.1 (Am) : ]mJH$m_mgmR>r AmdÌ`H$ hÀ`ma{
(9) hmVH$m{i[r (Iwa[r) : H$m{i[r ododY ‡H$maMr AgVmV. VU H$mT> `mgmR>r

À`mßMm C[`m{J hm{Vm{. ]r [{a `mgmR>r CWi gar H$mT> `mgmR>r C[`m{J hm{Vm{.
AmH•$Vr 5.2 (A) : ]mJH$m_mgmR>r AmdÌ`H$ AdOma{
hmV \$dmaUr `ßÃ \$dmaUr `ßÃ o[MH$mar
AmH•$Vr 5.2 (Am) : ]mJH$m_mgmR>r AmdÌ`H$ AdOma{
(10) hmV\$mdS>{ (Q≠>m∞d{b) : H$Yr H$Yr C^{ amhˇZ hÀ`ma{ dm[aVm `{V ZmhrV.
V{Ïhm Oo_Zrda ]gyZ H$m_ H$amd{ bmJV{. h˛ßS>rgh am{[{ dm∑`mVyZ H$mT> `mgmR>r Q≠>m∞d{bMm
C[`m{J hm{Vm{.
(11) hmV H$mQ>m (h±S>\$m{H©$) : O_rZ CH$a `mgmR>r `m hÀ`mamMm C[`m{J
hm{Vm{.
(1) O_rZ Im{XU{
e{VrMr ZmßJaUr H$Í$Z O_rZ _m{H$ir ^wg^werV H$aVmV. ]mJ{Mr OmJm bhmZ d
AS>MUrMr AgÎ`mg ZmßJaUr H$aU{ e∑` ZgV{. V{Ïhm O_rZ Im{X `mM{ H$m_ \$mdS>ÁmZ{
H$amd{ bmJV{. AmYwoZH$ \$mdS>ÁmZ{ (Ò[{S>) Hw$Xi AmoU \$mdS>ÁmM{ H$m_ EH$mM hÀ`mamZ{
hm{V{.
H$mhr CÀgmhr VÈU \$mdS>{ hmVmV [S>b{ H$s [yU© VmH$X bmdyZ O_rZ Im{X `mM{
H$m_ H$aVmV. earamda [S>Umam VmU odgaVmV AmoU bdH$a WH$VmV. Im{Xb{br _mVr
\$mdS>ÁmV da CMbyZ bmß] \{$H$VmV. _mVr CMb `mV Xm{›hr hmV XwImdVmV, [mR>
XwIV{, ˆX`mda VmU [S>Vm{ AmoU H$m{R>{ _mVrMm T>rJ hm{Vm{ AmoU H$m{R>{ IiJm [S>Vm{. hr
_ßS>ir _mVrM{ _m{R>{ Im[ (ÒbmB©g) H$mTy>Z bdH$a H$m_ [yU© H$a `mMm ‡`ÀZ H$aVmV.
`m{Ω` [’VrMm Adbß] H{$Î`mg O_rZ Im{X `mM{ H$m_ gwH$a d H$_r H$ÓQ>mV [yU© H$aVm
`{V{. Oo_ZrMm _m{R>m Im[ H$mT> `mMm ‡`ÀZ H$a `m[{jm Zdª`m _mUgmZ{ ‡W_ 10 V{
12 g|_r. ÈßXrMm Im[ H$mT> `mMm ‡`ÀZ H$amdm. gamd PmÎ`mZßVa 20 g|_r. ÈßXrM{ Im[
H$mT>md{V. À`m[{jm OmÒV ÈßXrM{ Im[ H$mT> `mMm ‡`ÀZ H$Í$ Z`{.
\$mdS>ÁmZ{ O_rZ Im{X `mM{ Q>fl[{ Imbr oXb{ Amh{V :
(1) \$mdS>ÁmMr _yR> COÏ`m hmVmV [H$S>m. \$mdS>ÁmMm XmßS>m S>mÏ`m hmVmZ{
hbH$mgm [H$S>m. \$mdS>{ da C^{ CMbm AmnU Om{amV Oo_Zrda Am[Q>m.
ÂhUO{ \$mdS>ÁmM{ ImbM{ Q>m{H$ Oo_ZrV KwgV{.
(2) Oo_ZrV \$mdS>{ C^{ Xm]m. S>mÏ`m hmVm¿`m ]m{Q>mVyZ XmßS>m Imbr gaHy$ ⁄m.
\$mdS>ÁmMm YmaXma H$mR> Oo_ZrV Kwgy bmJbm H$s, Vw_Mm S>mdm [m`
\$mdS>Ámda R>{dyZ \$mdS>{ Oo_ZrV Xm]m.
(3) Vw_¿`m earamM{ dOZ \$mdS>Ámda R>{dyZ \$mdS>ÁmM{ [mV{ [yU©[U{ Oo_ZrV
Kwgdm. À`m d{ir Vw_M{ Xm{›hr hmV \$mdS>Ám¿`m _wR>rda AgVmV. S>mdm
hmV COÏ`m hmVm¿`m qH$oMV Imbr AgVm{.
(4) \$mdS>Ámda R>{db{bm Vw_Mm S>mdm [m` H$mTy>Z ø`mdm. S>mÏ`m hmVmZ{ XmßS>m
BVH$m Xm]m H$s, _yR> Odi Odi Oo_Zrbm Q>{H{$b. À`m_wi{ Im{Xb{br
_mVr Oo_Zr¿`m [•ÓR>^mJmda `{B©b.
1 2
3 4
AmH•$Vr 5.3 : \$mdS>ÁmZ{ O_rZ Im{XU{

(5) Vw_¿`m earambm [wT>{ didyZ Xm{›hr _ZJQ>mßZm [ri X{D$Z \$mdS>{ CbQ>{ H$am.
ÂhUO{ \$mdS>ÁmVrb _mVr Oo_Zrda [S>V{. V{W{ IiJm [S>Vm{. `m‡_mU{
VmQ>Ï`mß¿`m dm‚`mVrb O_rZ Im{Xmdr.

]mJH$m_mMr ododY ‡H$maMr hÀ`ma{ dm[a `mMm gamd H$am. gwÈdmVrbm d{i OmÒV
bmJbm Var gamdmZ{ d{i{Mr ]MV hm{V{. hÀ`ma{ dm[a `mM{ H$m°eÎ` gm‹` hm{V{.
‡mÀòjH$ 6 : ]mJ{Vrb H$mS>rH$MË`m[mgyZ Hß$[m{ÒQ> IV V`ma
H$aU{
6.1 Co‘ÓQ>
★ ]mJ{Vrb H$mS>rH$MË`m[mgyZ CŒm_ ‡VrM{ Hß$[m{ÒQ> IV V`ma H$aVm `{B©b.
6.2 AmdÌ`H$ _mohVr

dZÒ[Vr AmoU ‡mUr `mßM{ g|o–` Ade{f Hw$OÎ`mZßVa Hß$[m{ÒQ> IV V`ma hm{V{.
]mJ{Vrb PmS>mßMr [mZ{ JiVmV, PmS>mßMr N>mQ>Ur H$amdr bmJV{, VU H$mT>md{ bmJV{,
nhadirM{ JdV H$m[md{ bmJV{, PmS>mßM{ OrdZMH´$ [yU© PmÎ`mZßVa Vr PmS>{ C[Qy>Z Q>mH$mdr
bmJVmV. Aem ‡H$ma{ H$Mam (g|o–` [XmW©) gVV Jm{im hm{V AgVm{. À`m_‹`{ KamVrb
H$MË`mMr â [S>V{. `m H$MË`mMm MmßJbm C[`m{J H$Í$Z Hß$[m{ÒQ> IV V`ma hm{V{.
gy˙_OßVy AmoU ]waer h{ g|o–` [XmWm™M{ odKQ>Z H$Í$Z À`mßM{ Í$[mßVa H$aS>Ám aßJm¿`m
H$miÁm hÁy_g_‹`{ H$aVmV. V{Ïhm [yduMr amer(Ïhm∞Î`y_) H$_r hm{V{. Hß$[m{ÒQ> IVmVrb
A›Z–Ï`{ _wiÁmßZm hiyhiy C[b„Y hm{V AgVmV. À`m_wi{ Oo_ZrVrb C[`w∑V oOdmUyßMr
dmT> hm{V{ AmoU Oo_ZrMr gßaMZm gwYmaV{. [m `mMm oZMam MmßJbm hm{Vm{. Hß$[m{ÒQ>_‹`{
Ò[ßOm‡_mU{ [mUr YÍ$Z R>{db{ OmV AgÎ`m_wi{ V{ dmT>UmË`m am{[mß¿`m _wiÁmßZm C[b„Y
hm{V{. oH$S>r d am{JmßodÈ’ PmS>mßMr ‡oVH$maj_Vm dmT>V{.
gm_m›`[U{ Hß$[m{ÒQ> IV H$MË`mMm T>rJ H$Í$Z ]ZodVmV. H$m{aS>Ám hdm_mZmV
gmdbrV Oo_ZrVrb I»>ÁmV h{ IV V`ma H$aVmV. MmßJÎ`m ‡Vr¿`m H$¿¿`m g|o–`
[XmWm©da `m{Ω` ‡oH´$`m H{$Î`mg CŒm_ ‡VrM{ g|o–` IV o_iV{. `m IVm_‹`{ IS>H$mMm
Mwam, am∞H$ \$m∞Ò\{$Q>, `wna`m, MwZIS>r o_giÎ`m_wi{ `m IVm[mgyZ AoYH$ A›Z–Ï`{

PmS>mßZm o_iVmV. Hß$[m{ÒQ> V`ma H$a `mgmR>r l_ ø`md{ bmJVmV.
Hß$[m{ÒQ> IV ]mJ{¿`m Oo_ZrV o_giVmV AmoU Hwß$S>ÁmßgmR>r _mVr_‹`{ o_giVmV.
Hw$Ob{b{ Hß$[m{ÒQ> IV JS>X aßJmM{, H$UrXma AmoU Jm{S> dmgmM{ AgV{. À`m_‹`{ 0.5%
ZÃ, 0.61% Ò\w$aX AmoU 0.8% [mbme AgV{. ZÃ AmoU H$m]©ZM{ JwUm{Œma 1 : 10
BVH{$ AgV{.

Hß$[m{ÒQ> ]Zod `mgmR>r ]mJ{Vrb gd© ‡H$maMm H$Mam (g|o–` [XmW©) MmbVm{. [mZ{
AmoU H$m[b{Î`m JdVm_‹`{ ZÃmM{ ‡_mU OmÒV AgV{. PmS>m¿`m gmbr, bmH$S>r \$mß⁄m
d H$mJXmM{ H$[Q>{ `mß_‹`{ H$m]©ZM{ ‡_mU OmÒV AgV{. `m Xm{›htM{ ‡_mU 1:2 Agmd{.
_mÃ _mßg d oeOb{b{ oei{ A›Z qH$dm IaH$Q>{ dm[Í$ Z`{. H$maU À`m_wi{ _mem d BVa
H$sQ>H$ AmH$of©V hm{VmV. H$m[b{Î`m JdVmMm OmS> Wa dm[Í$ Z`{. H$maU À`m_wi{
Hß$[m{ÒQ>¿`m oT>JmV hd{¿`m hmbMmbrbm ‡oV]ßY hm{Vm{. PmS>m¿`m N>mQ>b{Î`m bmH$S>r
\$mß⁄m dm[aVm `{VmV; [aßVw À`mßM{ ]marH$ VwH$S>{ H$amd{V. H$mJXmM{ ]marH$ VwH$S>{ H$amd{V.
H$mM{M{ VwH$S>{ d flbmpÒQ>H$M{ VwH$S>{, flbmpÒQ>H$¿`m o[eÏ`m dm[Í$ Z`{V. H$maU V{ Hw$OV
ZmhrV. ]r Ya `m[yduM{ VU dm[amd{. ]r Yab{b{ VU qH$dm ]h˛dfm©`w VU dm[Í$ Z`{. V{
OmiyZ Q>mH$md{. am{JQ> PmS>{hr OmiyZ Q>mH$mdrV. ]Q>mQ>ÁmMr PmS>{ Hß$[m{ÒQ> ]Zod `mgmR>r
dm[Í$ Z`{V.
Hß $ [m{ Ò Q> IVmMm gH$g[Um dmT> o d `mgmR> r À`m_‹`{ H$mhr [XmW© ‡oH´ $ `m
H$aVmZm o_giVmV. ZÃIVm_wi{ (CXmhaUmW©, `wna`m) IVmMr ‡oH´$`m bdH$a [yU© hm{V{.
oOdmUyßMr gßª`m P[mQ>ÁmZ{ dmT>od `mgmR>r À`mV Hw$Q>b{Î`m IVmMm Wa X{VmV.
Hß$[m{ÒQ> IVmH$naVm dm[a `mMm H$Ém _mb AmÂb`w∑V AgÎ`mg À`m_‹`{ oOdmUyßM{
H$m`© CŒm_ ‡H$ma{ hm{V Zmhr. Aem d{ir H$mS>rH$MË`mV MwZm o_giVmV. À`m_wi{
Hß$[m{ÒQ> IV AoYH$ AÎH$Y_u (AÎH$bmB©Z) ]ZV{. `moedm` ]mJ{Vrb _mVr d [mUr
AmdÌ`H$ AgV{.
Hß$[m{ÒQ> V`ma H$a `m¿`m d{Jd{JiÁm [’Vr Amh{V. e{Vm_YyZ â[ya g|o–` [XmW©
AmoU Jm{R>ÁmVyZ e{U C[b„Y AgV{. ]mJ{_‹`{ JwamßM{ e{U ]h˛Xm C[b„Y ZgV{.
H$mhrOUmß¿`m AßJUmV Jm{]a J∞g gß`ßÃ AgV{. À`mMm e{UH$mbm (Òbar) Hß$[m{ÒQ> V`ma
H$a `mgmR>r C[`w∑V AgVm{. e{Vm¿`m VwbZ{V ]mJ{Vrb H$Mam H$_r AgVm{. ÂhUyZ
]mJ{gmR>r Hß$[m{ÒQ> d{JiÁm [’VrZ{ V`ma H$am.
(A) [mÌMmŒ` [’Vr : [mÌMmŒ` X{emßV ]mJ{Vrb H$MË`mM{ Hß$[m{ÒQ> bmH$S>r
\$iÁmß¿`m H$UJrV (]rZ) V`ma H$aVmV. hr H$UJr Mm°ag qH$dm Jm{bmH$ma AgV{. `m
H$UJr¿`m Vimer OmS>ÁmâS>Ám dZÒ[Vr¿`m H$mS>mßMm 15 g|_r. OmS>rMm Wa X{VmV.
H$mS>mM{ VwH$S>{ gw_ma{ 20 g|_r. bmß] Agmd{V. À`mda dmib{Î`m g|o–` IVmMm Wa
X{VmV. `m Wamda ]mJ{Vrb _mVrMm [mVi Wa X{VmV. `m‡_mU{ Xaam{O AmbQy>Z[mbQy>Z
H$UJrV Wa X{VmV. AJXr da¿`m Wam¿`m _‹`^mJr IiJm H$Í$Z [mdgmM{ [mUr
5 V{ 7.5 g|_r. 5 V{ 15 g|_r.
AmH•$Vr 6.1 : bmH$S>r \$iÁmß¿`m H$UJrV H$MË`mM{ Hß$[m{ÒQ>
H$UJr]mh{a dmhˇZ Z OmVm AmVM _waV{. H$UJrVrb H$MË`mV AmdÌ`H$V{‡_mU{ [mUr

KmbyZ H$Mam Am{bm R>{dVmV. gw_ma{ 3 _oh›`mßZßVa H$UJrVrb H$MË`mMr \$m{H©$¿`m
gmhmÊ`mZ{ CbWm[mbW H$aVmV. À`m_wi{ Hw$O `mMr oH´$`m d{JmZ{ hm{V{. C]Xma hdm_mZmV
4 V{ 5 _oh›`mßV Hß$[m{ÒQ> IV V`ma hm{V{; [U WßS> d H$m{aS>Ám hdm_mZmV AoYH$ H$mi
bmJVm{. Hw$O `mMr oH´$`m dmT> `mgmR>r H$UJrV oOdmUy (gy˙_OßVy) qH$dm BVa [XmW©
o_gi `mMr JaO ZgV{. ]mJ{V Hß$[m{ÒQ> IVm¿`m Xm{Z H$UΩ`m AgmÏ`mV. EH$m H$UJrV
H$Mam âV AgVm{. V{Ïhm À`m _wXVrV XwgË`m H$UJrVrb IV V`ma hm{V{.
(Am) Hß$[m{ÒQ> IV V`ma H$a `mgmR>r H$Mam H$_r AgÎ`mg flbmpÒQ>H$¿`m o[edrV
h{ IV ]ZodVm `{V{. `m o[edrV [mZ{, ohadirM{ H$m[b{b{ JdV qH$dm ]mJ{Vrb H$m[b{bm
ohadm H$Mam âm. darb H$UJr‡_mU{ H$Mam, g|o–` IV qH$dm amgmòZH$ IV d _mVr
`mßM{ AmbQy>Z-[mbQy>Z Wa ⁄m. [mUr KmbyZ H$Mam Am{bm H$am. ZßVa o[edrM{ Vm|S>
]mßYm. gw_ma{ Xa Xm{Z AmR>dS>ÁmßZr o[edrVrb H$Mam hbdm (o[edr CbWr[mbWr
H$Í$Z) ÂhUO{ o[edrVrb [mUr gd© H$MË`mbm o_i{b.
(B) Oo_Zrda Am{Î`m [mZmßMm T>rJ H$Í$Z R>{dÎ`mg H$UJr Z dm[aVmX{Irb [mZ{
Hw$OyZ Hß$[m{ÒQ> IV V`ma hm{V{. _mÃ hr oH´$`m hiyhiy hm{V{. `m oT>JmV H$m{UV{hr daIV
(ÒQ>mQ>©a) KmVb{b{ ZgV{ qH$dm H$MË`mMr CbWm[mbW H{$b{br ZgV{. `m ‡oH´$`{V H$mhr
[XmW© Hw$Ob{b{ ZgVmV. V{ d{Ji{ H$Í$Z [w›hm o[edrV Hw$O `mg R>{dmd{ bmJVmV.
AmH•$Vr 6.2 : bm{IßS>r Omir¿`m H$UJrV ohaÏ`m [mZmßM{ IV H$a `mMr [’V
Hß$[m{ÒQ>Mr ‡oH´$`m : Hß$[m{ÒQ>¿`m ‡oH´$`{V CÓUVm oZ_m©U hm{V{. Hß$[m{ÒQ>¿`m

oT>Jm_‹`{ hmV KmVbm Va hmVmbm Ja_ bmJV{. `m CÓUV{_wi{ g|o–` [XmWm™M{ odKQ>Z
hm{ `mg _XV hm{V{. oedm` VUmßM{ ]r AmoU H$mhr oH$S>r AmoU am{JOßVy _aVmV. Hß$[m{ÒQ>¿`m
oT>Jm_‹`{ [wa{er CÓUVm oZ_m©U hm{ `mH$naVm Hß$[m{ÒQ> oT>JmMm AmH$ma H$_rV H$_r EH$
KZ_rQ>a Agbm [mohO{; [aßVw Xm{Z KZ_rQ>a AmH$ma AgU{ AoYH$ MmßJb{ AgV{.
Hß$[m{ÒQ>¿`m oT>JmV 2 V{ 3 AmR>dS>ÁmßV H$_mb CÓUVm oZ_m©U hm{V{ AmoU gw_ma{ VrZ
_oh›`mßZr Hß$[m{ÒQ> V`ma hm{V{. oT>JmMr CbWm[mbW H{$Î`mZ{ hr [óH´$`m bdH$a [yU©
hm{ `mg g|o–` [XmWm™M{ odKQ>Z hm{ `mg _XV hm{V{. Hß$[m{ÒQ> oT>JmVyZ A_m{oZ`m dm`yMm
dmg AmÎ`mg À`m_‹`{ ZÃmM{ ‡_mU OmÒV AgV{. gS>b{Î`m AßS>ÁmgmaIm KmU dmg
AmÎ`mg oT>JmV hd{Mm A^md AgÎ`mM{ g_Omd{. ÂhUyZ H$MË`mMr CbWm[mbW H$amdr
qH$dm giB©Z{ H$MË`m¿`m oT>JmV ^m{H{$ [mS>mdrV.
Hß$[m{ÒQ> ]Zod `mH$naVm H$MË`mM{ [mM T>rJ V`ma H$am. ‡À`{H$ oT>JmMm AmH$ma
180 g|_r. bmß], 120 g|_r. ÈßX AmoU 150 g|_r. CßM qH$dm [mohO{ V{dT>m R>{dm. ‡À`{H$
Hß$[m{ÒQ> IVmMm I»>m
_mVrMm Wa
5-8 g|_r
5-10 g|_r.
e{U `wna`m
25 gß{_r.
o[H$mßM{ Ade{f d e{U
e{U
`wna`m
15 g{ß_r.
e{U
`wna`m
15 g{ß_r.
AmH•$Vr 6.3 : Hß$[m{ÒQ> IVmMm I»>m

T>rJ 20 g|_r. OmS>r¿`m WamMm Agmdm. gdm™V Imb¿`m Wam_‹`{ Hwß$[Um¿`m PmS>mßM{
N>mQ> d BVa OmS>mâS>m H$Mam Q>mH$m. À`m¿`m da¿`m WamV H$_r OmS>mâS>m H$Mam Q>mH$V
Om. ‡À`{H$ 20 g|_r. OmS>r¿`m Wamda oZaoZamiÁm H$MË`m¿`m oT>JmV Imbrb‡_mU{
d{Jd{Ji{ [XmW© o_gim.
AmH•$Vr 6.4 : e{Um[mgyZ –dÍ$[ IV ]Zod `mMr [’V
Hß$[m{ÒQ> T>rJ 1 : amgmòZH$ IV (ÒQ>mQ>©a)

Hß$[m{ÒQ> T>rJ 2 : Zm`Q≠>m{Mm∞H$, MwZm d gw[a \$m∞Ò\{$Q>M{ o_lU
Hß$[m{ÒQ> T>rJ 3 : 5 g{ß_r. OmS>rMm _mVrMm Wa
Hß$[m{ÒQ> T>rJ 4 : 5 g|_r. OmS>rMm Hw$Ob{Î`m e{UIVmMm Wa
Hß$[m{ÒQ> T>rJ 5 : H$m{UVmhr [XmW© o_giy ZH$m.
`m‡_mU{ AmbQy>Z-[mbQy>Z Wa [yU© CßMr (150 g|_r.) JmR>{[`™V ⁄m. `mZßVa gd©
oT>JmßM{ C[Mma g_mZ R>{dm. CXmhaUmW©, H$m{aS>Ám hdm_mZmV oT>Jmda [mUr qe[U{ qH$dm
hd{gmR>r H$MË`mMr CbWm[mbW H$aU{. gd© oT>Jmda dmib{Î`m H$mS>mM{ Am¿N>mXZ
R>{dm. [mdgmiÁmV N>fl[a R>{dm. _YyZ-_YyZ ‡À`{H$ oT>JmVrb Vm[_mZ _m{Om. gd©
H$mS>rH$Mam [yU© Hw$OÎ`mZßVa Hß$[m{ÒQ> IVmMm aßJ Vo[H$ar AmoU H$UrXma _mVrgmaIm
hm{Vm{. À`mgmR>r 6 V{ 10 _ohZ{ bmJVmV.

da oXÎ`m‡_mU{ d{Jd{JiÁm [’VrZ{ Hß$[m{ÒQ> IV V`ma H$a `mMm gamd H$am.

‡mÀòjH$ 7 : Ka¿`m Kar JmßSy>iIV (Ïho_©H$Â[m{ÒQ>) V`ma H$aU{
7.1 Co‘ÓQ{>
★ JmßSy>iIV AmoU JmßSw>im¿`m C[`w∑V ‡OmVtMr _mohVr o_i{b.
★ JmßSy>iIV V`ma H$a `m¿`m ododY [’VtMr _mohVr o_i{b.
★ JmßSy>iIVmMm [ag]mJ{V C[`m{J H$aVm `{B©b.
7.2 AmdÌ`H$ _mohVr

]mJH$m_ H$aUmË`m e{VH$Ë`mßZm AbrH$S>{ JmßSy>iIVmM{ _hŒd [Q>Î`m_wi{
JmßSy>iIVmMm _m{R>Ám ‡_mUmda ‡gma Pmbm Amh{. g‹`m `m IVmMm ^md Xa Q>Zmbm
2,500 V{ 4,000 È[`{ BVH$m Amh{. e{VH$Ë`mßZr ÒdV: h{ IV V`ma H{$Î`mg BVH{$
_hmJ IV odH$V ø`md{ bmJUma Zmhr. JmßSy>iIV V`ma H$a `mMr [’V gm{[r Amh{.
Am[Î`m ]mJ{VM h{ IV V`ma H$aVm `{V{. Xm{Z _oh›`mßV Am[Umßg H$gXma, JS>X aßJmM{
AmoU H$UrXma JmßSy>iIV o_iV{. ]mJ{Vrb PmS>mßH$naVm qH$dm Hwß$S>rVrb _mVr-o_lUmV
JmßSy>iIVmMm AoVe` MmßJbm C[`m{J hm{Vm{.
H$m{U{Vhr Hß$[m{ÒQ> IV V`ma hm{U{ hr EH$ OrdemÛr` ‡oH´$`m Amh{. `m oH´$`{V
gy˙_ oOdmUy, JmßSw>i{ AmoU Oo_ZrVrb BVa ‡m `mßMr _XV hm{V{. `m IVm_‹`{ gy˙_
oOdmUy AmoU JmßSw>imßMr AßS>r AgVmV. JmßSw>imß¿`m _XVrZ{ Oo_ZrMr gw[rH$Vm
dmT>od `mg AmoU PmS>mßMr oZam{Jr dmT> hm{ `mg _XV hm{V{.
JmßSy>iIVmM{ \$m`X{
(1) JmßSy>iIV V`ma H$a `mMr [’V gm{[r AgyZ, À`mH$naVm d{i AmoU l_
H$_r bmJVmV.

(2) bhmZ ]mJ, JÉrdarb qH$dm ]mÎH$ZrVrb _m{H$iÁm OmJ{Vhr JmßSy>iIV
V`ma H$aVm `{V{.
(3) ]mJ{Vrb AmoU KamVrb ^mOr[mÎ`m¿`m H$MË`m[mgyZ JmßSy>iIV V`ma
H$aVm `{V{.
(4) IV ]Zod `mgmR>r H$UJr (]rZ) qH$dm dm`m OmUmar Im{H$s `mßMm dm[a
H$aVm `{Vm{.
(5) H$UJr PmH$UmZ{ ]ßX R>{dÎ`mg _mÌ`mßMm, S>mgmßMm d BVa ‡m `mßMm C[–d
hm{V Zmhr.

(1) `m{Ω` AmH$mamMr flbmpÒQ>H$Mr H$UJr (ododY j_V{¿`m d aßJmß¿`m H$UΩ`m
]mOmamV odH$V o_iVmV), (2) eßâ qH$dm À`m[{jm AoYH$ JmßSw>i{ (IVmgmR>r BogoZ`m
o\$oQ>S>m OmVrMr JmßSw>i{ C[`w∑V AgVmV), (3) JmßSw>im¿`m JmXrgmR>r `m{Ω` [XmW©,
(4) KamVrb d ]mJ{Vrb Hw$OUmam H$Mam, (5) Wm{S>{g{ Am{b{ e{UIV.
flbmpÒQ>H$Mr H$UJr (]rZ) : `m H$UJr_‹`{ JmßSw>i{, JmXrM{ [XmW© AmoU
JmßSw>imM{ A›Z ÂhUyZ H$Mam `mßMm Wamda Wa X{VmV. H$UJr_‹`{ Am{bmdm amh `mgmR>r
1 2
AmH•$Vr 7.1 : H$UJrM{ ‡H$ma (1) bmH$S>r H$UJr (2) flbmpÒQ>H$ H$UJr
[mUr qe[S>md{. _mÃ [mdgmM{ OmXm [mUr oeaUma Zmhr, `mMr H$miOr ø`mdr. hdm
I{iVr amhmdr ÂhUyZ dm`wodOZmMr Ï`dÒWm H$amdr. OmXm [m `mMm oZMam H$a `mMr
Ï`dÒWm H$amdr. _mÌ`m, S>mg d BVa H$sQ>H$ H$UJrV neaV ZmhrV. hr H$UJr H$m{R>{hr
CMbyZ R>{dVm `{V{. hr H$UJr Kam]mh{a ]mJ{Vrb Oo_Zrda R>{dVm `{V{. _mÃ ohdmiÁmV
H$UJr C]Xma amh `mgmR>r H$UJr^m{dVr OwZ{ [m{V{ JwßS>mimd{. H$UJrVrb OmXm Pmb{Î`m
[m `mMm oZMam hm{D$Z V{ [mUr Oo_ZrV _waV{. Kam_‹`{ H$UJr odQ>mßda R>{dmdr bmJV{.
H$UJrVrb oZMË`mM{ [mUr [amVrV Jm{im H$amd{ bmJV{. _mÃ H$UJrVrb [XmWm™V 50
V{ 60% Am{b amhrb h{ [mhmd{ qH$dm flbmpÒQ>H$¿`m H$UJrE{dOr bmH$S>r Im{H{$ dm[amd{.
(2) JmßSw>i{ : OJmV JmßSw>imß¿`m hOmam{ OmVr AmT>iyZ `{VmV. [aßVw À`mß[°H$s
H$mhr odoeÓQ> OmVtMr JmßSw>i{ Hw$OUmË`m g|o–` [XmWm™da OJVmV. Aem JmßSw>imßMm IV
]Zod `mgmR>r C[`m{J hm{Vm{. gm_m›`[U{ `m H$m`m©gmR>r "Q>m`Ja d_© (BogoZ`m o\$oQ>S>m)'
`m OmVrMr [aX{er JmßSw>i{ dm[aVmV. hr JmßSw>i{ e{UIVm¿`m I»>ÁmV od[wb gm[S>VmV.
V{WyZ Vr Jm{im H$amdrV. JmßSw>i{ o_imbr ZmhrV Va "JmßSy>iIV' V`ma H$aUmË`m
Ï`∑VrH$Sy>Z Vr odH$V ø`mdrV. hr JmßSw>i{ bmbga OmßîÁm aßJmMr AmoU bhmZ
AmH$mamMr AgVmV.
(3) JmXrH$naVm [XmW© : JmßSw>imßZm amh `mH$naVm Am{bga hd{era Ka C[b„Y
H$Í$Z X{U{ AmdÌ`H$ AgV{. JmßS>wimß¿`m JmXrgmR>r gmdH$me Hw$OUmam H$mS>rH$Mam,
[mbm[mMm{im, Am{b{ e{UIV, KamVrb H$Mam AmoU ]mJ{Vrb g|o–` [XmWm™Mm C[`m{J
H$aVmV. JmßSy>iIV V`ma hm{V{d{ir [XmW© Hw$OVmZm JmßSw>i{ `m [XmWm™V oeaVmV. AY©dQ>
Hw$Ob{b{ H$Â[m{ÒQ>, e{UIV qH$dm Km{S>Ám¿`m obXrM{ IV JmßSw>imß¿`m JmXrH$naVm MmßJb{
AgV{. JmXr¿`m (]{qS>J) [XmWm™V Hw$Ob{b{ [mZmßM{ IV, [mßT>Ë`m H$mJXmM{ VwH$S>{, H$m{ÈJ{Q>{S>
[w«>ÁmM{ VwH$S>{ `mßMm g_md{e hm{Vm{. H$mJXm¿`m 2.5 V{ 5 g|_r. ÈßX [≈>Ám H$amÏ`mV.
[wÒVH$ ]mßYUr¿`m H$m`m©b`mV Aem H$mJXm¿`m [≈>Ám dm`m OmVmV, À`mhr dm[aVm
`{VmV. H$mJXm¿`m [≈>Ám [yU©[U{ [m `mV oÔdyZ `m [XmWm©V 50 : 50 `m ‡_mUmV
o_gimÏ`mV.
7.4.1 JmßSy>iIV V`ma H$a `mg AmdÌ`H$ ]m]r
(1) hdm : JmßSw>imßZmX{Irb OJ `mgmR>r hdm bmJV{. ÂhUyZ V{ [•ÓR>^mJmOdi
amhˇZ earamdarb ÀdM{VyZ Ìdm{gm{¿N>≤dmg H$aVmV. `mgmR>r H$UJrMm [•ÓR>^mJ _m{R>m Agmdm.
AoVna∑V [m `mMm MmßJbm oZMam hm{ `mgmR>r flbmpÒQ>H$¿`m H$UJr¿`m VimOdi oN>–
R>{dm.
(2) Am{bmdm : JmßSw>i{ À`mß¿`m ÀdM{VyZ Ìdm{gm{¿N≤>dmg H$aVmV. À`mgmR>r À`mßMr
H$mVS>r Am{br amohbr [mohO{. ÂhUyZ H$UJrVrb H$Mam gVV Am{bm Agbm [mohO{.
_mÃ [mUWi AgVm H$m_m Z`{. [•ÓR>^mJ Am{bm amh `mgmR>r À`mda Am{Î`m dV©_mZ[Ãm¿`m
H$mJXmM{ qH$dm Jm{U[mQ>mM{ Am¿N>mXZ Kmbm. JmßSw>imß¿`m `m{Ω` hmbMmbtH$naVm
[XmWm™Vrb Am{bmdm 50 V{ 60% BVH$mM Agmdm.
(3) Vm[_mZ : JmßSw>i{ 10 V{ 29 Aße g{oÎgAg Vm[_mZmV oH´$`merb AgVmV.
_mÃ 18 V{ 25 Aße g{oÎgAg Vm[_mZmV JmßSw>i{ AoYH$ oH´$`merb amhˇZ H$m_ H$aVmV.
H$UJr ‡Ia gy`©‡H$mem[mgyZ Xya R>{dm. ohdmiÁmV H$UJrVrb dmVmdaU C]Xma
amh `mgmR>r H$UJr^m{dVr OwZ{ [m{V{ JwßS>mim.
(4) gm_y : JmßSw>imßZm AmdÌ`H$ Im⁄mMm AmXe© gm_y 7 Agbm Var 5 V{ 9
[`™V gm_y AgVmZmhr JmßSw>i{ MmßJÎ`m naVrZ{ H$m`© H$Í$ eH$VmV.
7.4.2 JmßSy>iIV V`ma H$a `mMr [’Vr
(1) JmXr-o_lU (]{qS>J _Q>{naAb)
‡W_ H$UJr¿`m Vimer 10 V{ 12 g|oQ>_rQ>a OmS>rMm gmdH$me Hw$O mmË`m [XmWm™Mm
Wa ⁄m. hm Wa Am{bm R>{dm. À`mZßVa JmßSw>imßM{ Im⁄ ÂhUyZ AY©dQ> Hw$Ob{Î`m Hß$[m{ÒQ>
qH$dm e{UIVmMm 4 V{ 5 g|oQ>_rQ>a OmS>rMm Wa ⁄m. `m WamV JmßSw>i{ gm{S>m. À`mZßVa
À`mda dV©_mZ[Ãm¿`m Am{Î`m H$mJXmßM{ Am¿N>mXZ [gam. JmßS>wimßZm Im `mH$naVm A›Z
X{ `m[ydu 3 V{ 4 oXdg JmßSw>imßZm `m WamV amhˇ ⁄m. JmXr-o_lU V`ma H$aVmZm À`m_‹`{
4-5 Am|Oir ^Í$Z _mVr qH$dm dmiy o_gim. `mMr JmßSw>imßZm A›Z [M `mgmR>r _XV
hm{V{. À`mM]am{]a âS>b{Î`m Mw›`mMm XJS> (S>m{bm{_mB©Q>) o_giÎ`mg JmXr[XmW©
AmÂb`w∑V hm{ `mg ‡oV]ßY hm{Vm{.
(2) H$UJr âU{
ÈßX Vm|S>m¿`m H$UJr¿`m Vim[mgyZ 2.5 g|oQ>_rQ>a CßMrda Xm{Z Am{itV oS≠>b¿`m
gm¯mZ{ oN>–{ [mS>m. À`mM‡_mU{ hd{gmR>r H$UJr¿`m PmH$Um¿`m Imbr oN>–{ [mS>m.
Vimer 10 g|oQ>_rQ>a OmS>rMm IS>r qH$dm OmS> dmiyMm Wa [gam. À`mda bmH$S>m¿`m
AmH•$Vr 7.2 : JmßSy>iIVmgmR>r H$UJr âU{
[mVi [≈>Ám qH$dm _m{R>r oN>–{ Agb{bm bmH$S>r V∑Vm [gam. `m oN>–mVyZ OmÒVr¿`m
[m `mMm oZMam hm{Vm{. À`mda Am{Î`m dV©_mZ[Ãm¿`m H$mJXmMm Wa [gam. À`mZßVa 10
V{ 15 g|oQ>_rQ>a OmS>rMm JmXr [XmWm©Mm Wa [gam. `m Wam_‹`{ JmßSw>i{ gm{S>m. [•ÓR>^mJmda
Òd`ß[mH$Im{brVrb H$Mam, ^m¡`mßM{ VwH$S>{ [gam. À`mda Am{Î`m dV©_mZ[ÃmßMm OmS> Ya
[gam. À`mZßVa EH$ V{ Xm{Z AmR>dS>{ JmßSw>imßZm Vg{M amhˇ ⁄m. JmßSw>imßZr H$Mam Im `mg
gwÈdmV H{$Î`mZßVa À`mßZm AmdÌ`H$V{Zwgma Im⁄ ⁄m. dV©_mZ[ÃmßM{ Am¿N>mXZ Z{h_r
Am{b{ R>{dm. H$UJrV AßYma R>{dm. ÂhUO{ JmßSw>imßM{ H$m`© gwÍ$ amhV{.
(3) JmßSw>imßM{ A›Z (Im⁄)
gd© Hw$OUma{ g|o–` [XmW© h{ JmßSw>imßM{ Im⁄ Amh{. JmßSw>imßZm ]rodaohV dmof©H$
VU{, aßJrV emB©odaohV H$mJXmM{ H$[Q>{, ^m¡`mß¿`m gmbr, Mhm[Œmr, H$m∞\$sMr [yS>, _m{S>
Z Amb{b{ Ym›`, ^mOb{br H$S>Ym›`{, \$i{, ohadr [mZ{, Jm`rM{ e{U, Km{S>ÁmMr brX,
^mVmMm [|T>m (VUrg), gßÕ`mMr gmb, H$mß⁄mMr [mZ{ d oN>bH{$, JmOamMr gmb, Hw$Õ`m-
_mßOamM{ CÓQ>{ A›Z, oeOodb{b{ ]Q>mQ>{, MrO, Q>m{_∞Q>m{, [mdmM{ VwH$S>{, BÀ`mXr Im⁄
ÂhUyZ MmbV{. `m gd© Im⁄m›Zm[°H$s H$m{UÀ`mhr EH$mM A›ZKQ>H$m¿mm OmÒV ‡_mUmV
dm[a H$Í$ ZH$m. JmßSw>i{ oOdßV dZÒ[Vr qH$dm À`mß¿`m _wiÁm ImV ZmhrV. ¡`m‡_mU{
]mJ{Vrb H$Â[m{ÒQ>¿`m oT>JmV CÓUVm dmT>V{ À`m‡_mU{ JmßSy>iIVmV CÓUVm dmT>V
ZgÎ`m_wi{ JmßSy>iIVmVrb VUm¿`m o]`mßMm d Ï`moYOZmßMm Zme hm{V Zmhr. [aßVw
À`mda CJdb{br am{[{ C[Qy>Z, MwaJiyZ JmßSy>iIVmV Q>mH$mdrV. H$UJr_‹`{ [m∞obWrZ
o[eÏ`m, flbmpÒQ>H$ AmoU H$mM{M{ VwH$S>{, A∞Î`wo_oZ`_ \$m∞B©b Q>mHy$ Z`{. À`mM‡_mU{
_mßg d _mgirM{ VwH$S>{ JmßSw>i{ ImD$ eH$VmV. [U À`mßMm C[`m{J Im⁄ ÂhUyZ H$Í$ Z`{.
H$maU `m [XmWm™Mr gS>Î`mZßVa XwJ™Yr [gaV{. À`m_wi{ CßXra d _mÌ`m AmH$of©V hm{VmV.
JdVm_wi{ H$UJrVrb CÓUVm dmT>V{ AmoU A_m{oZ`m dm`y V`ma hm{Vm{. À`m_wi{ JmßSw>imßZm
A[m` hm{Vm{. VUmßM{ ]r, am{JQ> PmS>{, [mZ{, H$m|]S>r AmoU Hw$Õ`m_mßOamßMr odÓR>m `mßMm
JmßSw>imß¿`m Im⁄mgmR>r dm[a H$Í$ Z`{.
JmßSw>imßZm Im⁄[XmW© X{ `m¿`m Xm{Z [’Vr Amh{V :
(1) [•ÓR>^mJmda Im⁄[XmWm©Mm 5 g|oQ>_rQ>a OmS>rMm Wa [gaVmV. ‡oVHy$b
[napÒWVr Q>mi `mgmR>r JmßSw>imßZm da `{ `mgmR>r [•ÓR>^mJmMm Wm{S>m ^mJ
_m{H$im R>{dVmV.
(2) Jmß Sw > i mß M{ Im⁄[XmW© JmXr_‹`{ (]{qS>J _Q>{naAb) PmHy$Z R>{dVmV.
H$UJrVrb [•ÓR>^mJ _m{R>m AgÎ`mg h{ e∑` hm{V{. À`m_wi{ _mÌ`mßZm ‡oV]ßY
hm{Vm{.
Xm{›hr [’VtV [•ÓR>^mJmda OmS> Am{Î`m dV©_mZ[ÃmM{ AWdm Ow›`m Jm{U[mQ>mM{
Am¿N>mXZ R>{dm. À`m_wi{ H$Â[m{ÒQ>_‹`{ Am{bmdm amhVm{ AmoU JmßSw>imßM{ gy`©‡H$mem[mgyZ
gßajU hm{V{. JmßSw>imßZr [ohb{ Im⁄[XmW© gß[dÎ`mZßVa À`mßZm Xwga{ Im⁄[XmW© ⁄m.
JmßSw>imßZm Im⁄[XmW© [wad `m¿`m H$mbmdYr_Yrb AßVa h{ H$UJrMm AmH$ma, JmßSw>imßMr
gßª`m, Vm[_mZ AmoU Im⁄[XmWm©Mm ‡H$ma `mßda Adbß]yZ AgVm{. _mÃ OmÒV ‡_mUmV
Im⁄[XmW© X{D$ Z`{V. H$maU JmßSw>imßZr Z ImÎb{b{ oeÎbH$ [XmW© ZßVa gS>VmV. À`mßMm
JmßSw>imßZm Ãmg hm{Vm{.
JmßS>wimßZm H∞$pÎe`_Mr JaO AgV{; ÂhUyZ AßS>ÁmßMr H$dM{ À`mßZm Im `mg ⁄m.
À`m_wi{ H$UJrVrb AmÂbVm dmT>V Zmhr. AßS>ÁmßMr H$dM{ ‡W_ [m `mZ{ Òd¿N> YwD$Z
gmdbrV dmidm. ZßVa À`mßMm OmS> Mwam H$am AmoU H$UJrV [gÍ$Z ⁄m.
7.4.3 JmßSy>iIVmMr H$mT>Ur
H$UJrVrb g|o–` [XmWm™M{ JmßSw>imß_wi{ H$mhr oXdgmßZr CŒm_ JmßSy>iIVm_‹`{ Í$[mßVa
hm{V{. [•ÓR>^mJmM{ Wm{S>{ JmßSy>iIV VihmVmda K{D$Z [arjU H$am. IV ]marH$, JS>X
aßJmM{ AmoU H$UrXma oXgÎ`mg V{ V`ma PmÎ`mM{ g_Om. AmdÌ`H$V{‡_mU{ h{ IV
[ag]mJ{V qH$dm Hwß$S>ÁmßZm dm[a `mgmR>r H$mT>m. JmßSy>iIV AmoU JmßSw>i{ `mßZm d{Jd{Ji{
H$am. JmßSw>imßZm IVm[mgyZ d{Ji{ H$a `m¿`m 3 [’Vr Amh{V :
(A) [•ÓR>^mJmVyZ JmßSw>i{ d{Ji{ H$aU{
(1) JmßSw>imßZm AmdS>Uma{ Im⁄ H$UJrVrb [•ÓR>^mJmda [gam. EH$ AmR>dS>mâ
Vg{M amhˇ ⁄m. ÂhUO{ Im⁄ Im `mH$naVm JmßSw>i{ [•ÓR>^mJmda `{VmV.
(2) [•ÓR>^mJmMm H$mhr g|oQ>_rQ>a OmS> Wa IaSy>Z Jm{im H$am. `m WamV ]h˛V{H$
JmßSw>i{ AmoU Z ImÎb{b{ Im⁄ Vg{M Wm{S>{ Hß$[m{ÒQ> AgV{.
(3) H$UJrV oeÎbH$ amohb{b{ Hß$[m{ÒQ> IV H$mTy>Z ø`md{. AmdÌ`H$V{Zwgma V{
[gÍ$Z dmidmd{. `m IVm_‹`{ OmÒV JmßSw>i{ AgÎ`mg H$m{UÀ`mhr EH$m
[’VrMm Adbß] À`mßZm d{Ji{ H$a `mgmR>r H$am AmoU Cab{b{ Hß$[m{ÒQ>
Im⁄ ÂhUyZ H$UJrV [w›hm dm[am.
(4) [•ÓR>^mJmMm H$mTy>Z K{Vb{bm Wa [w›hm H$UJr_‹`{ IV V`ma H$a `mgmR>r
Q>mH$m.
(Am) C›hmV H$Â[m{ÒQ> IV [gaU{
(1) H$UJrVrb JmßSy>iIVmgh
H$Â[m{ Ò Q> IV H$m{ a S> Á m
\$aerda Q>UH$ Oo_Zrda
qH$dm flbmpÒQ>H$ H$mJXmda
[gam. hm Wa 5
g|oQ>_rQ>a[{jm AoYH$ OmS>
Zgmdm.
(2) À`mZßVa `m Wamda Am{Î`m
dV©_mZ[ÃmMm H$mJX [gam
AmoU H$mhr Vmg VgmM amhˇ
⁄m. AmH•$Vr 7.3 : IVm[mgyZ JmßSw>i{ d{Jir H$aU{
(3) ‡Ia gy`©‡H$mem_wi{ JmßSw>i{ dmiUmË`m H$Â[m{ÒQ>_YyZ oZKyZ ‡H$me
Q>mi `mgmR>r dV©_mZ[Ãm¿`m Imbr Jm{im hm{VmV.
(4) H$m{aS>{ Hß$[m{ÒQ> Jm{im H$Í$Z gmR>dm AWdm bJ{M Hwß$S>ÁmßV qH$dm ]mJ{V
dm[am.
(5) Am{Î`m dV©_mZ[Ãm¿`m Imbr Am{b{ Hß$[m{ÒQ> Jm{im H$Í$Z JmßSw>imßgh [aV
H$UJrVrb JmXr [XmWm©V gm{S>m. À`mßZm ZÏ`mZ{ Im⁄ ⁄m.
(B) ‡Ia CO{S>mMm C[`m{J H$aU{
(1) ‡Ia gy`©‡H$memV qH$dm ‡Ia H•$oÃ_ ‡H$memV Q>UH$ [•ÓR>^mJmda qH$dm
flbmpÒQ>H$ erQ>da H$UJrVrb H$Â[m{ÒQ> Q>mH$m AmoU À`mM{ bhmZ T>rJ V`ma
H$am.
(2) EH$ Vmg Vg{M amhˇ ⁄m. À`mZßVa oT>JmßMm dadaMm ^mJ AbJX ^Í$Z ø`m.
[w›hm EH$ Vmg Vg{M amhˇ AmoU ]mh{a¿`m oT>JmMm [•ÓR>^mJ IaSy>Z Q>mH$m.

`m‡_mU{ [w›hm[w›hm H$am. JmßSy>imß[mgyZ d{Ji{ H{$b{b{ H$Â[m{ÒQ> [ag]mJ{V
dm[am qH$dm o[eÏ`mßV ^Í$Z gmR>dyZ R>{dm.
(3) ‡Ia CO{S> Q>mi `mgmR>r JmßSw>i{ oT>Jm¿`m _‹`^mJr Jm{im hm{VmV. oT>JmV
e{dQ>r oeÎbH$ amohb{Î`m IVm_‹`{ â[ya JmßSw>i{ AgVmV. À`mßMm C[`m{J
H$UJrV [wT>rb IV V`ma H$a `mgmR>r H$am.
7.4.4 JmßSy>iIVmMm dm[a
Jmß S y > i IVm_‹`{ â[y a hÁy _ g d A›Z–Ï`{
AgVmV. `m IVm_wi{ O_rZ gw[rH$ ]ZV{, Oo_ZrMr
gßaMZm gwYmaV{ AmoU Oo_ZrV [mUr YÍ$Z R>{d `mMr
j_Vm dmT>V{.
JmßSy>iIV \$ma Am{b{ AgÎ`mg V{ Wm{S>{ dmidyZ
H$m{aS>{ H$am. [aßVw [yU©[U{ H$m{aS>{ H$Í$ ZH$m. H$maU À`m_wi{
IVmMr H$UrXma gßaMZm ZÓQ> hm{V{. Vg{M À`mVrb
bhmZ o[b{, AßS>H$m{e `mßMmhr Zme hm{ `mMr e∑`Vm
AgV{. H$UJrVrb IV \$ma Wm{S>Ám ‡_mUmV V`ma
hm{V AgÎ`mZ{ gß[yU© ]mJ{_‹`{ dm[a `mg [wa{g{ ZgV{.
ÂhUyZ V{ AmdÌ`H$ V{W{M H$mQ>H$garZ{ dm[am. À`mgmR>r
Imbrb gyMZmßMm Adbß] H$amdm.
(1) ]r [{a `m¿`m CWi Mam_‹`{ JmßSy>iIV
[gam. À`m[mgyZ CJdb{Î`m AßHw$amßZm
Jmß Sy > i IVmVrb A›Z–Ï`{ o_imÎ`mZ{
À`mßMr gwÈdmVrbm oZam{Jr d Om{_Xma dmT>
hm{V{.
AmH•$Vr 7.4 : JmßSy>i IV
(2) O{W{ am{[ qH$dm H$b_ bmdmd`mM{ AgV{ X{ `mMr [’Vr
À`m IiΩ`mV _yR>â JmßSy>iIV Q>mH$m AmoU ZßVa am{[ bmdm.
(3) Hwß$S>rVrb dmT>À`m PmS>m^m{dVr¿`m da¿`m WamVrb Wm{S>r _mVr IaSy>Z H$mT>m
AmoU ZßVa JmßSy>iIV [gÍ$Z ⁄m.
(4) Hw$Ob{Î`m [mZmßM{ IV MmiyZ À`mV EH$mg EH$ ‡_mUmV JmßSy>iIV AmoU
[mZmßM{ IV o_gim. V{ ]r ¡`m Hwß$S>rV bmdm`M{ Amh{ À`m Hwß$S>rV dm[am.
(5) KamVrb em{o^dßV PmS>m¿`m Hwß$S>rVrb [•ÓR>^mJmMm 2.5 g|_r. OmS>rMm Wa
H$mTy>Z À`m OmJr JmßSy>iIV [gam.
(6) Hwß$S>rV â `mM{ o_lU V`ma H$aVmZm 1 ^mJ JmßSy>iIV, 3 ^mJ ]marH$
Mmib{br dmiy `m ‡_mUmV EH$Ã H$am.
7.4.5 JmßSy>iIV V`ma H$a `mMr Xwgar [’V
(1) JmßSy>iIV bmH$S>m¿`m qH$dm flbmpÒQ>H$¿`m Im{∑`mV V`ma H$aVm `{V{. `m
Im{∑`mMm AmH$ma gmYmaUV: 30
g|_r. Im{b, 60 g|_r. ÈßX, 90
g|_r. bmß] Agmdm.
(2) [m `mMm oZMam hm{ `mgmR> r
Im{∑`m¿`m Vimbm oN>–{ [mS>m.
dmiy qH$dm IS>rMm Wa Vimda
[ga `mMr JaO ZgV{.
(3) Im{ ∑ `m¿`m Vimbm Am{ b {
AmH•$Vr 7.5 : IVm[mgyZ JmßS>wi{ d{Jir H$aU{
dV©_mZ[Ã [gam. EH$m Q>m{H$mbm
JmßSw>imßMr JmXr d JmßSw>i{ R>{dm. À`mda JmßSw>imM{ Im⁄ gß[yU© Im{∑`mV
[gam.
(4) [•ÓR>^mJ Am{Î`m dV©_mZ[ÃmZ{ PmHy$Z R>{dm. ‡H$me AmoU [mmdgm¿`m
[m `mbm ‡oV]ßY H$a `mgmR>r Im{∑`mda PmH$U R>{dm.
(5) `m [’VrV _mÌ`mßMm C[–d hm{Vm{; À`m_wi{ h{ Im{H{$ ]mJ{V R>{dm. KamV R>{dy
ZH$m. ohdmiÁmV WßS>r[mgyZ gßajU H$am.
7.4.6 JmßSy>i IVm]m]V eßH$m-g_mYmZ

‡ÌZ 1 : H$UJrbm Vimer ^m{H{$ AgÎ`m_wi{ À`mVyZ JmßSw>i{ H$UJr]mh{a OmVrb H$m ?
CŒma : Zmhr. H$maU H$UJrV [wa{g{ A›Z C[b„Y AgÎ`mg JmßSw>i{ H$UJr]mh{a ‡H$memV
OmUma ZmhrV.
‡ÌZ 2 : H$UJr^m{dVr _mÌ`m Jm{im Pmb{Î`m oXgVmV, À`mß[mgyZ Amam{Ω`mbm Ym{H$m
oZ_m©U hm{B©b H$m ?
CŒma : Zmhr. H$maU ¯m \$i_mÌ`m gS>UmË`m \$imß¿`m d ^m¡`mß¿`m dmgmZ{ AmH$of©V
Pmb{Î`m AgVmV. H$UJr¿`m K≈> PmH$Um_wi{ À`mßZm H$UJrV oeaVm `{V
Zmhr. `m _mÌ`mßM{ ‡_mU dmT>Î`mg À`mß¿`m oZ`ßÃUmgmR>r oMH$Q> H$mJX
dm[aÎ`mg ¯m _mÌ`m À`mbm oMH$Qy>Z _aVmV.
‡ÌZ 3 : H$UJrM{ PmH$U H$mT>Î`mZßVa À`m PmH$UmOdi H$Yr H$Yr JmßSw>i{ EH$Ã
O_b{br oXgVmV. `mM{ H$maU H$m` ?
CŒma : H$maU JmßSw>imßM{ H$UJrVrb Im⁄ gß[b{ Agmd{ qH$dm H$UJrVrb [napÒWVr
JmßSw>imßZm ghZ hm{V Zgmdr. JmßSw>imßZm [mUWi OmJm, AmÂbVm AmdS>V
Zmhr. Òd`ß[mH$Im{brVrb H$Mam EH$mM OmJr T>rJ KmbyZ R>{dbm H$s gS>Vm{.
VmO{ ohad{ g|o–` [XmW© Hw$OVmZm CÓUVm oZ_m©U hm{V{. À`m_wi{ JmßSw>i{ _aVmV
qH$dm CÓUV{_wi{ bmß] WßS> OmJr OmVmV.
‡ÌZ 4 : JmßSw>imßZm EH$Xm Im⁄ oXÎ`mZßVa [w›hm oH$Vr oXdgmßZr Im⁄ ⁄md{ ?
CŒma ï JmßSwimßZm EH$Xm Im⁄ oXc{ AgÎ`mg Mma AmR>dS>Ámß[`™V Im⁄ oXc{ Zmhr
Var À`mß¿`mda XwÓ[naUm_ hm{V Zmhr. _mÃ XrK© H$mi[`™V Im⁄ oXc{ Zmhr Va
JmßSw>imßMr C[mg_ma hm{D$Z gßª`m KQ>V{.
‡ÌZ 5 ï H$UJrV Q>mH$c{Î`m [XmWm™da ]waer AmÎ`m_wi{ JmßSw>imßZm A[m` hm{Vm{ H$m ?
CŒma : Zmhr. H$Yr H$Yr ^m¡`mßMm H$Mam gS>VmZm À`mda ]waer dmT>V{. À`m_wi{ JmßSw>imßZm
A[m` hm{V Zmhr. H$mhr oXdgmßZr hr ]waer Zmoher hm{V{; [aßVw H$UJrVrb
H$MË`mMr CbWm[mbW bhmZ \$m{H©$¿`m gmhmÊ`mZ{ H{$Î`mg À`mVrb CÓUVm
H$_r hm{V{ AmoU ]waerX{Irb H$_r hm{V{.


Am[Î`m [nagamV AWdm ]mJ{V AZ{H$ ‡OmVtMr JmßSw>i{ AmT>iVmV. À`mßMm A‰`mg
H$Í$Z IVmgmR>r `m{Ω` ‡OmVrMr (Bg{oZ`m o\$oQ>S>m) oZdS> H$am. H$mhr JmßSw>imß¿`m
‡OmVr (CXmhaUmW©, \{$a{oQ>_m Bbm±J{Q>m) Oo_ZrV Im{b o]i{ H$Í$Z C[WamVrb _mVr
[•ÓR>^mJmda AmUyZ Q>mH$VmV. À`m_wi{ [mdgmM{ [mUr Oo_ZrV _waV{. hdm I{iVr amhV{
AmoU [m `mMm oZMam MmßJbm hm{Vm{. [aßVw hr JmßSw>i{ IV V`ma H$a `mgmR>r C[`m{Jr
[S>V ZmhrV. `mMm C[`m{J \$i]mJmß_‹`{ Am{bmdm oQ>Hy$Z R>{d `mgmR>r H$am.

‡mÀòjH$ 8 : ]mJ{Vrb PmS>mßZm [mUr X{U{
8.1 Co‘ÓQ>{
★ ]mJ{Vrb oZaoZamiÁm PmS>mßZm [mUr X{Vm `{B©b.
★ [ag]mJ{Vrb AmoU KamVrb Hwß$S>ÁmßZm [mUr X{Vm `{B©b.
8.2 AmdÌ`H$ _mohVr

[mUr hm ‡mUr AmoU dZÒ[Vt¿`m OrdZmVrb _yb^yV KQ>H$ Amh{. [m `moedm`
H$m{UVmhr Ord OJy eH$V Zmhr. PmS>mßZm [mUr H{$Ïhm d oH$Vr ⁄md{, h{ Oar oZpÌMV[U{
gmßJU{ AdKS> Agb{ Var V{ AZw^dmZ{ AmoU dmVmdaUmVrb Vm[_mZmZwgma R>admd{
bmJV{.
_wiÁmß_m\©$V A›Zem{fUmgmR>r [mUr AmoU Am∞p∑gOZMr JaO AgV{. PmS>mbm
hm{Umam [m `mMm [wadR>m _mVr¿`m H$Umß¿`m AmH$mamda Adbß]yZ AgVm{. _mVr¿`m H$UmßMm
AmH$ma _m{R>m AgÎ`mg À`m _mVr_YyZ [m `mMm ghO oZMam hm{Vm{ AmoU H$Umß_Yrb
[m{H$irVrb [m `m¿`m OmJr hdm oeaV{. [m `mMm oZMam d{JmZ{ Pmbm H$s, Vr _mVr
bdH$a H$m{aS>r ]ZV{. _J dmaßdma [mUr ⁄md{ bmJV{. `m CbQ> _mVrM{ H$U ]marH$
AgÎ`mg [m `mMm oZMam \$ma hiy hm{Vm{ AmoU Vr _mVr (O_rZ) [mUWi hm{ `mMm
Ym{H$m AgVm{. [mUWi Oo_ZrV ‡mUdm`yMm A^md AgVm{. ÂhUyZ _mVrM{ H$U
(CXmhaUmW©, [m{`Q>m) Ag{ Agb{ [mohO{V H$s, [m `mMm oZMam P[mQ>ÁmZ{ hm{D$ Z`{
AmoU O_rZX{Irb [mUWi ]Zy Z`{.
Hwß$S>ÁmßVrb PmS>mßZm [mUr X{U{ h{ EH$ Om{I_rM{ H$m_ Amh{{ A`m{Ω` [’VrZ{ [mUr
oXÎ`mg Hwß$S>ÁmßVrb PmS>{ _aVmV. OmÒV [mUr oXÎ`mg _wiÁm d Hß$X gS>VmV Va H$_r

[mUr oXÎ`mg \w$bmßMr Ji hm{V{, PmS>{ gwH$VmV AmoU _aVmV. gm_m›`[U{ Am{bga d
[mUr Z gmMb{Î`m Oo_ZrV PmS>{ MmßJbr dmT>VmV. VßVw_wiÁm _mVr¿`m H$UmßVyZ [mUr
em{fyZ K{VmV. [mUWi pÒWVrV ]waer d gy˙_OßVyßMr dmT hm{V{. Hwß$S>ÁmßZm OmÒV [mUr
oXÎ`mg _mVrVrb ZÃ h{ A›Z–Ï` [mPÍ$Z H$_r PmÎ`mg PmS>{ o[dir oXgVmV AmoU
PmS>mßMr dmT> hiy hm{V{. ode{fV: Hwß$S>ÁmßZm [mUr X{VmZm h{ [mhmd{. O{Ïhm OmÒVr¿`m
[m `mMm Hwß$S>r¿`m Vim¿`m oN>–mVyZ oZMam hm{Vm{, V{Ïhm Hwß$S>rVrb gß[yU© _mVr [m `mZ{
oÔb{br AgV{ AmoU C[b„Y OmJ{V _wiÁmßMm [gmam dmT>Vm{. A[wa{ [mUr oXÎ`mg
_wiÁm [•ÓR>^mJm¿`m Am{Î`m WamV [gaVmV. H$m{aS>r _mVr Am{Î`m _mVrVrb [mUr em{fyZ
K{V{ AmoU _wiÁmßMr dmT> IwßQ>br H$s PmS>mßMrhr dmT> IwßQ>V{.
Hwß$S>ÁmßVrb PmS>mßZm oH$Vr AßVamZ{ [mUr ⁄md{, `m]m]V oZpÌMVVm Zgbr Var
gm_m›`[U{ Hwß$S>ÁmßVrb PmS>{ KamV AgVrb Va Kam]mh{arb Hwß$S>Ámß[{jm [m `mM{ ]mÓ[r^dZ
AoYH$ d{JmZ{ hm{V{. KamVrb hdm H$m{aS>r AgV{. KamVrb [ßª`m_wi{ hd{M{ Ao^gaU
hm{V{. ÂhUyZ Kam]mh{a¿`m Hwß$S>Ámß[{jm KamVrb Hwß$S>ÁmßMr [m `mMr JaO OmÒV AgV{.
KamVrb Hwß$S>ÁmßZm oXdgmVyZ Xm{Z d{im [mUr ⁄md{ bmJV{. oMZr _mVr¿`m Hwß$S>Ámß[{jm
gm‹`m _mVr¿`m Hwß$S>ÁmßVyZ [m `mM{ ]mÓ[r^dZ AoYH$ hm{V{. Hwß$S>ÁmßZm [mUr oH$Vr d{im
⁄md{, h{ Hwß$S>ÁmßMm AmH$ma, oZMË`mMm d{J, _mVrM{ KQ>H$, PmS>mMm AmH$ma AmoU gm[{j
Am–©Vm `mßda Adbß]yZ AgV{.
]mJ{Vrb dm‚`mVrb hßJm_r d ]h˛dfm©`w PmS>mßZm oZò_V[U{ gH$mir qH$dm
gß‹`mH$mir [mUr ⁄md{. Xw[mar PmS>mßZm [mUr X{D$ Z`{. em{o^dßV [mZmßMr PmS>{, _mS> d
\$Z© [m `m¿`m \$dmË`mZ{ gß[yU© Am{br H$amdrV. À`m_wi{ PmS>{ Am{bga, Òd¿N> d VmOr
amhVmV. hßJm_r d ]h˛dfm©`w PmS>mß‡_mU{ Hß$Xmß¿`m PmS>mßZm dmaßdma [mUr ⁄md{ bmJV
Zmhr.

[m `mMm hm°X, Zi, a]ar Zir, Vwfma`w∑V \$dmË`mgmR>r [m `mMr Pmar, BÀ`mXr.$
8.4.1 PmS>mßZm [mUr X{ `m¿`m [’Vr
(A) ]mJ{Vrb PmS>mßZm qgMZ
]mJ{Vrb PmS>mßZm [mQ>mZ{, AmiÁmZ{ qH$dm \$dmam d oR>]H$ qgMZ [’VrZ{ [mUr
X{VmV. H$m{aS>Ám hdm_mZmV CWi _wiÁmßMr PmS>{ gwHy$ Z`{V ÂhUyZ [mUr ⁄md{ bmJV{.
]mJ{Vrb ‡À`{H$ PmS>mbm PmarZ{ [mUr X{ `mV hmV AmoU [mR> XwIV{. a]ar ZirZ{ H$m{UÀ`mhr
PmS>mbm hd{ V{dT>{ [mUr X{Vm `{V{. `m{Ω` AßVamda a]ar Zirbm ]marH$ oN>– [mS>Î`mg
À`mVyZ Xm{›hr ]mOyßZm Vwfmam‡_mU{ [mUr [S>V{ qH$dm ]mOmamV Vwfma gßM (pÒ‡®H$ba)
odH$V o_iVmV. À`m_wi{ dVw©imH$ma O_rZ oÔV{. [aßVw À`m_wi{ H$mhr ^mJ H$m{aS>m amhVm{
AmoU H$mhr ^mJmbm OmÒV [mUr o_iV{. Vwfma gßM EH$m oR>H$mUmdÍ$Z CMbyZ XwgË`m
OmJr R>{dVm `{VmV. `m‡_mU{ gß[yU© ohadi oÔdVm `{V{. oR>]H$ qgMZ [’VrZ{ R>amdrH$
AßVamdarb _m{R>Ám PmS>mßZm oZò_V [mUr X{ `mMr Ï`dÒWm H$aVm `{V{.
(Am) Hwß$S>ÁmßZm [mUr X{ `m¿`m [’Vr
(1) Hwß$S>rVrb _mVr [yU©[U{ oÔbr [mohO{; [aßVw Hwß$S>rV [mUr gmMyZ amhUma
Zmhr `mMr XjVm ø`m. Hwß$S>rVrb PmS>mßZm gH$mir [mUr X{VmZm Hwß$S>r¿`m
Vim¿`m ^m{H$mVyZ [mUr ]mh{a oZKmb{ ÂhUO{ À`m Hwß$S>rbm [mUr X{U{ ]ßX
H$am. `m [’VrMr oe\$mag ¡`m Hwß$S>rVrb [m `mMm oZMam MmßJbm hm{Vm{
oV¿`mH$naVm H$aVmV.
gH$mir [mUr oXÎ`mZßVa PmS>mßMr [mZ{ gß‹`mH$mi[`™V H$m{aS>r Pmbr
[mohO{V. ÂhUO{ am{JmßMr bmJU hm{V Zmhr. CÓU d H$m{aS>Ám hdm_mZmVrb
Hwß$S>rM{ Xw[mar oZarjU H$am. Oo_ZrV bmdb{Î`m ^m¡`mß[{jm Hwß$S>rV
bmdb{Î`m ^m¡`m bdH$a gwH$VmV. À`m_wi{ À`mßZm ÒWbH$mbmZwÍ$[ [mUr
X{ `mMr Ï`dÒWm H$am. Hwß$S>ÁmßZm hmVmZ{ [mUr X{ `mH$naVm \$dmam MmiUr
bmdb{br a]ar Zir AWdm Pmar dm[aVm `{V{. Aer MmiUr bmdbr Zmhr
Va [mUr d{JmZ{ [S>UmË`m oR>H$mUr IiJm [S>Vm{ AmoU PmS>m¿`m _wiÁm

CKS>Ám [S>VmV. a]ar Zir C›hmZ{ Vm[Î`mg Vr WßS> hm{B©[`™V oV¿`mVyZ
[mUr ]mh{a OmD$ ⁄m. H$maU Ja_ [mUr _wiÁmßZm A[m`H$maH$ AgV{.
Hwß$S>rVrb _mVr H$m{aS>r PmÎ`mM{ [arjU H$a `mMr gm{[r [’V Amh{. Hwß$S>rVrb
Wm{S>r _mVr AßJR>m AmoU ]m{Q>m_‹`{ YÍ$Z R>{dmdr. À`m _mVr¿`m Ò[em©dÍ$Z
Hwß$S>rbm [mUr ⁄m`M{ H$s Zmhr V{ R>aodVm `{V{. VWmo[, Hwß$S>rVrb _mVr
H$m{aS>r hm{D$ ⁄m`Mr H$s Zmhr V{ Hwß$S>rVrb PmS>m¿`m ‡H$mamda Adbß]yZ
AgV{. (CXmhaUmW©, APmob`mM{ PmS> Hwß$S>rV AgÎ`mg Hwß$S>rVrb _mVr
[yU© H$m{aS>r hm{D$ X{D$ Z`{. H$mhr PmS>mß¿`m ]m]VrV CXmhaUmW©, _Xa-BZ-
bm∞-Q>ßJ) Hwß$S>rVrb _mVr Ywir‡_mU{ H$m{aS>r Pmbr Var MmbV{.
PmS> H$m{UV{hr Agm{, À`mbm [mUr oH$Vr Kmbm`M{ `mM{ oZ`_ gmaI{M
Amh{V. Xaam{O PmS>mM{ oZarjU H$Í$Z Hwß$S>rVrb [mUr V[mgm AmoU [mUr
X{ `mM{ d{im[ÃH$ R>adyZ À`m‡_mU{ [mUr ⁄m.
(2) Hwß$S>rbm [mUr X{ `mMr gdm™V gm{[r [’V ÂhUO{ EH$m CWi Q>mH$sVrb
[m `mV Hwß$S>r R>{dm. Vim¿`m oN>–mVyZ Hwß$S>rV [mUr da MT>V{. Hwß$S>rVrb
_mVrVyZ hd{M{ ]wS>]wS>{ da `{ `mM{ ]ßX Pmb{ H$s, [m `mM{ W|] Hwß$S>r¿`m
[•ÓR>^mJmda Amb{b{ oXgVmV. V{Ïhm Hwß$S>rVrb _mVr [yU©[U{ oÔbr Amh{
Ag{ g_Om. À`mZßVa Hwß$S>r ]mh{a H$mTy>Z \$aerda R>{dm. Hwß$S>rVrb OmÒVr¿`m
[m `mMm oZMam hm{D$ ⁄m. À`mZßVa Vr Hwß$S>r _yi¿`m oR>H$mUr R>{dm. PmS>mßMr
[mZ{ [m `mZ{ oÔbr H$s V{W{ am{JmMr bmJU hm{V{.
(3) darb [’V bhmZ PmS>mß¿`m Hwß$S>ÁmßH$naVm C[`m{JmMr Amh{. a]amM{ PmS>
_m{R>{ dmT>Î`mZßVa Vr OS> Hwß$S>r CMbyZ [m `m¿`m Q>mH$sV R>{dU{ e∑` ZgV{.
À`m OS> Hwß$S>rbm dÍ$Z PmarZ{ [mUr Kmbmd{ bmJV{. V{Ïhm Hwß$S>rVrb _m{H$ir
OmJm [m `mZ{ âm. [mUr _mVrV _wa `mMr dmQ> [mhm. [mUr _waÎ`mZßVa
[w›hm [mUr ⁄m. Om{[`™V Vim¿`m ^m{H$mVyZ Wm{S>{ [mUr ]mh{a Amb{b{ oXgV
Zmhr Vm{[`™V hr H•$Vr H$am.
(4) Hwß$S>rbm ImbyZ [mUr X{ `mMr AmUIr EH$ [’V Amh{. \$mQ>b{Î`m Ow›`m
gVaßOrMm qH$dm Jm{U[mQ>mMm VwH$S>m [m `mZ{ oÔdyZ À`mda Hwß$S>r R>{dm
qH$dm ]mOmamV odH$V o_iUmar [mUr em{fUmar "_∞Q>' oÔdyZ À`mda
Hwß$S>r R>{dm. À`mVrb [mUr Hwß$S>rVrb PmS>mgmR>r Q>mH$b{b{ o_lU em{fyZ
K{V{. hr Hwß$S>r flbmpÒQ>H$Mr Agmdr AmoU Hwß$S>rV _mVrE{dOr odoeÓQ>
‡H$ma¿`m o_lUmMm dm[a H{$bm VaM `m [’VrMm C[`m{J hm{Vm{. ¡`m
PmS>mßZm gVV Am{bmÏ`mMr JaO AgV{. À`mH$naVm hr [’V MmßJbr
Amh{. [U ¡`m PmS>mßZm H$m{aS>r [napÒWVr bmJV{ À`mßZm Z{h_r¿`m [’VrZ{
[mUr ⁄md{.
(5) H$mhr oXdg Hwß$S>ÁmßZm [mUr X{U{ e∑` hm{Uma Zmhr Ag{ [mhˇZ Hwß$S>ÁmßZm Iy[
[mUr oXb{ OmV{. À`m_wi{ PmS>mßZm A[m` hm{Vm{. Aem d{ir gd© Hwß$S>Ám EH$m
OmJr AmUyZ R>{dm. AßeV: gy`©‡H$me qH$dm H•$oÃ_ ‡H$me PmS>mßZm o_imbm
[mohO{. Ow›`m Q>mH$mD$ Q>m∞d{bda ¯m Hwß$S>Ám R>{dm. Q>m∞d{bM{ EH$ Q>m{H$ [m `mZ{
âb{Î`m ]mXbr ]wS>dyZ R>{dm. H{$emH$f©U [’VrZ{ Hwß$S>rV [mUr em{fb{ OmV{.
[aßVw _mVr¿`m Hwß$S>rbm hr [’V C[`m{JmMr ZgV{. Aem [napÒWVr Hß$oXbmMr
dmV qH$dm H$m[gm¿`m YmΩ`m¿`m ZmS>rM{ EH$ Q>m{H$ _mVr¿`m Hwß$S>r¿`m
Vim¿`m ^m{H$mVyZ AmV XmÛmZ{ gaH$mdm qH$dm Xwga{ bmß] Q>m{H$ [m `m¿`m
^mßS>ÁmV R>{dÎ`mg [mUr em{f `mMr oH´$`m _ßX JVrZ{ gwÍ$ amhV{.
darb [’VtMm Adbß] H$aU{ e∑` ZgÎ`mg Aem d{ir PmS>mMr [m `mMr
JaO hiyhiy H$_r H{$br [mohO{. ‡W_ PmS>mda H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mMm d
]waerZmeH$mMm \$dmam _mam. ‡À`{H$ PmS> CbQ>Ám [m∞obWrZ o[edyV KmbyZ
o[edrM{ Vm|S> Hwß$S>r^m{dVr a]a]±S>Z{ ]mßYm. À`m_wi{ Hwß$S>rVrb [m `mM{
]mÓ[r^dZ H$_r hm{V{.
(6) _m{R>Ám Hwß$S>rV PmS>mMr bhmZ _mVrMr Hwß$S>r R>{dyZ naH$mÂ`m OmJ{V e{dmi
qH$dm Zmaim¿`m H$mœ`m qH$dm bmH$S>mMm ^wgm âm. h{ [XmW© Am{b{ R>{dm.
À`mVrb [mUr PmS>m¿`m Hwß$S>rVrb _mVrV em{fb{ OmV{.
(7) [gaQ> [amVrV IS>rMm Wa âm AmoU hm Wa gVV [m `mV R>{dm. [U
[m `mV _wiÁm ]wS>mb{Î`m R>{dy ZH$m. [amVrVrb [m `m¿`m ]mÓ[r^dZm_wi{
hd{Vrb X_Q>[Um dmT>Vm{ AmoU PmS>mMr [m `mMr JaO H$_r hm{V{.

Hwß$S>rVrb PmS>mßZm d{Jd{JiÁm [’VtZr [mUr X{ `mMm gamd H$am AmoU À`mß[°H$s
H$m{UVr [’V gdm™V MmßJbr V{ R>adm.

‡mÀòjH$ 9 : ]mJ{Vrb PmS>mßZm IV{ X{U{
9.1 Co‘ÓQ>{
★ ]mJ{Vrb PmS>mßZm AmdÌ`H$V{‡_mU{ IVmß¿`m _mÃm X{Vm `{Vrb.
9.2 AmdÌ`H$ _mohVr

]mJ{Vrb PmS>mß¿`m dmT>rgmR>r ZÃ, Ò\w$aX, [mbme hr _wª` A›Z–Ï`{ bmJVmV.
À`mgmR>r ]mJ{Vrb PmS>mßZm `m{Ω` IV X{U{ AmdÌ`H$ AgV{. PmS>mßMr `m{Ω` AmoU oZam{Jr
dmT> Ïhmdr `mgmR>r oZò_V[U{ PmS>mßZm IV{ ⁄mdr bmJVmV. ]mJ{Vrb PmS>mßZm À`mßMr
dmT> P[mQ>ÁmZ{ Ïhmdr ÂhUyZ OmÒV IV{ KmVbr OmVmV; [aßVw PmS>mß¿`m _wiÁm AmdÌ`H$
V{dT>{M A›ZJ´hU H$aVmV. OmÒV IV{ oXÎ`mg PmS>mßda XwÓ[naUm_ hm{Vm{; [mZ{ H$a[VmV
AmoU PmS>mßMr IwaQ>r dmT> hm{V{.
PmS>mß¿`m dmT>rH$naVm VrZ ‡_wI A›Z–Ï`{ bmJVmV. [mZmß¿`m d Im{S>m¿`m
dmT>rgmR>r ZÃ bmJV{; _wiÁmßMr oZam{Jr dmT> hm{ `mH$naVm Ò\w$aX bmJV{ AmoU \w$bmß¿`m
d \$imß¿`m dmT>rgmR>r [mbme bmJV{. ÂhUyZ em{o^dßV [mZmß¿`m PmS>mßM{ Ï`dÒWm[Z
‡m_wª`mZ{ ZÃIVm_wi{ hm{V{ AmoU \w$bUmË`m PmS>mßZm [mbme IVmMm \$m`Xm hm{Vm{.
]mOmamV C[b„Y AgUmË`m o_lIVm_‹`{ gm_m›`[U{ ZÃ, Ò\w$aX AmoU [mbme
`m A›Z–Ï`mßM{ ‡_mU g_mZ AgV{. (CXmhaUmW©, gw\$bm 15:15:15) gm_m›`
PmS>mßH$naVm h{ o_lIV `m{Ω` AgV{; [aßVw \w$bUmË`m PmS>mßH$naVm [mbmemMr _mÃ AoYH$
bmJV{ Va em{o^dßV [mZmß¿`m PmS>mH$naVm ZÃIVmMr _mÃm AoYH$ bmJV{.

(1) gai IV{ CXmhaUmW©, `wna`m, qgJb gw[a \$m∞Ò\{$Q>, S>]b gw[a \$m∞Ò\{$Q>, Â`wa{Q>
Am∞\$ [m{Q>∞e.
(2) o_lIV{ CXmhaUmW©, gw\$bm, S>r.E.[r., gß[yUm©, BÀ`mXr.

]mJ{Vrb PmS>mßZm –dÍ$[ IV{ oXÎ`mg XmU{Xma KZIVm[{jm –dÍ$[ IVmMm [naUm_
bdH$a oXgVm{. [aßVw –dÍ$[ IV{ H$_r Vrd´V{Mr AgÎ`m_wi{ PmS>mH$Sy>Z bdH$a dm[abr
OmVmV. –dÍ$[ IV{ oZò_V[U{ X{ `m¿`m d{i{Mr AmIUr H$Í$Z oZ`m{OZ H{$Î`mg
–dÍ$[ IVmßM{ \$m`X{ MmßJÎ`m naVrZ{ K{Vm `{VmV.
]mJ{V oZaoZamir IV{ X{ `mM{ d{im[ÃH$ [miVm `{U{ e∑` ZgÎ`mg IVmVrb
A›Z–Ï`{ hiyhiy _w∑V hm{D$Z _wiÁmßZm hiyhiy C[b„Y hm{Vrb Aer IV{ (Òbm{ nabrO
\$oQ>©bm`Pg©) dm[am. XmU{Xma IVmVrb A›ZX´Ï`{ _mVr Am{br d C]Xma Ag{b Va
_wiÁmßZm C[b„Y hm{VmV. ode{fV: C›hmiÁmV PmS>mßZm A›Z–Ï`mßMm [wadR>m gVV [U
hiyhiy bmJVm{. V{Ïhm VrZ _oh›`mßVyZ EH$Xm ]mJ{V PmS>mßZm h{ IV X{ `mMr Ï`dÒWm
H$am.
IVm¿`m AoVgm°Â` –mdUmMr PmS>mß¿`m [mZmßda \$dmaUr H{$Î`mg IVmM{
–mdU [mZ{ MQ>H$Z e{mfyZ K{VmV AmoU PmS>{ bdH$a gwYmaVmV. ode{fV: EIm⁄m
A›Z–Ï`mMr H$_VaVm oXgÎ`mg À`m A›Z–Ï`mMm [wadR>m [mZmßdarb \$dmaUrVyZ
H$aVm `{Vm{. [U hm [naUm_ VmÀ[waVm AgVm{. ÂhUyZ –dÍ$[ IV X{U{ AoYH$ MmßJb{
AgV{.
IV X{ `mM{ d{im[ÃH$ [miU{ _hŒdmM{ AgV{. ohdmiÁmV ]h˛V{H$ PmS>{ odlmßVr
K{VmV. À`m d{ir IV oXÎ`mg \$m`Xm hm{V Zmhr. PmS>m¿`m odlmßVr¿`m H$mimV PmS>mßZm
IV oXÎ`mg PmS>mMr dmT> H$_Om{a hm{V{ AmoU PmS>mßMm Om{_ H$_r hm{Vm{. ÂhUyZ ohdmiÁmV

PmS>mßZm odlmßVr K{D$ ⁄mdr, ÂhUO{ C›hmiÁmV À`mßMr dmT> MmßJbr hm{V{. [aßVw
CÓUH$oQ>]ßYr` PmS>{ C]Xma d ‡H$mem¿`m dmVmdaUmV df©â dmT>V AgVmV, À`m_wi{
À`mßZm ohdmiÁmV IV ⁄md{ bmJV{.
OmÒV IV oXÎ`mg PmS>mßMr dmT> MmßJbr hm{V{ hr g_OyV MwH$sMr Amh{. ÂhUyZ
oe\$maer‡_mU{ IV ⁄m. PmS>m¿`m [yU© dmT>r¿`m H$mimV IV ⁄m.

PmS>mß¿`m ododY AdÒWmß_Yrb bjUmßdÍ$Z PmS>mßZm H$m{UÀ`m A›Z–Ï`mßMr
H$_VaVm [S>br Amh{ À`mM{ Adbm{H$Z H$Í$Z PmS>mßMr _mJUr g_OmdyZ ø`m.

‡mÀòjH$ 10 : ]mJ{Vrb PmS>mßZm AmYma X{U{ d gßajU H$aU{
10.1 Co‘ÓQ>{
★ ]mJ{Vrb PmS>mßZm AmYma X{Vm `{B©b.
★ ]mJ{Vrb PmS>mßM{ H$sS>, am{J, VU{, ^Q>H$s OZmda{ d Z°goJ©H$ Am[Œmt[mgyZ gßajU
H$aVm `{B©b.
10.2 AmdÌ`H$ _mohVr

(1) PmS>mßZm AmYma X{U{
H$mhr \$iPmS>mßZm bmJdS>rZßVa 1-2 df} AmYmamMr JaO ^mgV{. À`mZßVa CßM
dmT>UmË`m ¯m \$iPmS>mßZm AmYmamMr JaO ZgV{. [aßVw H$mhr ^m¡`mßZm _mÃ À`mßMm
OrdZH$mb gß[{[`™V AmYmamMr JaO AgV{.
Q>m{_∞Q>m{, T>m{]ir o_aMr, dmb, H$mabr, Xm{S>H$m, [S>di, Km{gmir, XwYr ^m{[im,
Vm|S>br, BÀ`mXr ^mOr[mbm o[H$mßM{ Im{S> H$_Hw$dV AgV{. Aem ^mOr[mbm o[H$mßZm AmYma
oXÎ`mg À`mß¿`m dmT>rbm dmd o_iyZ CÀ[mXZmV dmT> hm{V{. \$imßMr ‡V gwYmaV{, am{J AmoU
oH$S>tMm ‡mXw^m©d H$_r ‡_mUmV hm{Vm{. Am°fY \$dmaUr AmoU ^m¡`mßMr Vm{S>Ur, BÀ`mXr
H$m_{ gwb^ naVrZ{ H$aVm `{VmV. Q>m{_∞Q>m{, T>m{]ir o_aMr, dmb[m[S>r, BÀ`mXr ^mOr[mbm
o[H$mßZm VmQ>r [’VrZ{ AmYma X{VmV; Va H$mH$S>rdJu` ^m¡`mßZm VmQ>r AmoU _ßS>[ [’VrZ{
AmYma X{VmV. Vm|S>brgmaª`m ^m¡`mßZm H$mR>ÁmßMm ^∑H$_ _ßS>[ H$Í$Z AmYma oXbm OmVm{.
H$maU Vm|S>br [rH$ gVV 3-4 df} EH$mM OmJr K{Vb{ OmV{.
(1) PmS>mßM{ gßajU H$aU{
]mJ{Vrb \$iPmS>{, \w$bPmS>{ d ^mOr[mbm o[H$mßM{ oH$S>r d am{J _m{R>Ám ‡_mUmV
ZwH$gmZ H$aVmV. amgmòZH$ H$sQ>H$ZmeH{$ d ]waerZmeH$mßMm _m{R>Ám ‡_mUmV dm[am_wi{
odf]mYm hm{ `mMm gß^d AgVm{. À`m_i{ O°odH$ H$sS> oZ`ßÃU d gm[im [’Vr_wi{ H$_r
IMm©V H$sS> oZ`ßÃU H$aVm `{V{ Vg{M amgmòZH$ H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mß¿`m dm[am_wi{ oH$S>t_‹`{
oZ_m©U hm{Umar ‡oVH$maj_Vmhr O°odH$ H$sS> oZ`ßÃUmV oZ_m©U hm{V Zmhr.
_hmamÓQ≠>mV ‡m_wª`mZ{ [mßT>ar \w$b{, Km{i, qe[r, Hwß$PÍ$, Ym{Ãm, _mR>, VmßXwiOm,
oM_UMmam, H$m|]S>m, hair AmoU bÏhmim, BÀ`mXr VUmßMm \$ma _m{R>m C[–d hm{Vm{. VUmßMm
]ßXm{]ÒV Xm{Z ‡H$ma{ H$aVm `{Vm{ : (1) [maß[naH$ [’VrZ{ hmVmZ{ VU H$mTy>Z, AmoU (2)
amgmòZH$ VUZmeH$mßMm dm[a H$Í$Z. dmT>À`m _Owar_wi{ VUoZ`ßÃUmgmR>r amgmòZH$
VUZmeH$mßMm dm[a hm EH$ Aod^m¡` ^mJ ]Zb{bm Amh{. amgmòZH$ VUZmeH$mß_wi{
[°emßMr, d{i{Mr AmoU H$ÓQ>mßMr ]MV hm{D$Z ‡^mdr VUoZ`ßÃU H$aVm `{V{.
]mJ{Vrb PmS>mßM{ d›`‡mUr AmoU ^Q>∑`m Jwamß[mgyZ gßajU H$a `mgmR>r AmoU
]mJ{Vrb \$imßMr Mm{ar Wmß]od `mgmR>r ]mJ{^m{dVr Hwß$[U AmdÌ`H$ AgV{. h{ Hwß$[U ]mJ{V
H$b_mßMr AmoU am{[mßMr bmJdS> H$a `m[ydu H$amd{. oOdßV Hwß$[U PmS>mßZm \$iYmaUm hm{B©[`™V
dmT>b{ [mohO{. Hwß$[U H$a `mM{ ododY ‡H$ma Amh{V. ]mJ{^m{dVr _mVrMr q^V ]mßYyZ
[•ÓR>^mJmßda H$mM{M{ YmaXma VwH$S>{ bmdU{, cm{IßS>r A±Jb qH$dm XJS>r Imß] am{dyZ H$mQ>{ar
Vma{M{ Hwß$[U KmbU{, gwajm Hwß$[Um¿`m Vma{VyZ odO{Mm ‡dmh dmhVm{. hr drO gy`©‡H$memV
V`ma hm{V{. À`m_wi{ odO{Mm IM© `{V Zmhr. odO{Mm ‡dmh H$_r e∑VrMm AgÎ`mZ{ ‡m `mßZm
odO{Mm PQ>H$m ]gVm{, [U À`mßZm _•À`y `{V Zmhr. ]mJ{Vrb PmS>mßM{ gßajU H$a `mH$naVm
oOdßV Hwß$[Uhr bmdb{ OmV{.
]mJ{Vrb PmS>mßM{ d am{[mßM{ H$S>H$ C›hm[mgyZ d WßS>r[mgyZ d dmË`m[mgyZ
gßajU H$aU{ _hŒdmM{ AgV{. am{[mßM{ ¯m ‡oVHy$b hdm_mZm[mgyZ gßajU Z H{$Î`mg
am{[{ _aVmV.

q^J, H$sQ>H$ZmeH{$, am{JZmeH$ Am°fY{, VUZmeH{$, [mUr, \$dmaUr [ß[, _m{O_m[,
flbmpÒQ>H$Mm S≠>_ AmoU ]mXÎ`m, gy˙_Xe©H$ `ßÃ, pÒQ>H$a, oOdßV Hwß$[UmgmR>r PmS>mßMr am{[{,
odQ>m, og_|Q>.
10 \y$Q> bmß] AmoU 2 BßM OmS> ]mß]y, 12 \y$Q> bmß] AmoU 4.5 BßM OmS> bmH$S>r
]ÎÎ`m (gwÍ$, oZboJar, gw]m^yi, ^|S>r, BÀ`mXr), gwVir, 10 J{O Or.Am`. Vmam Vg{M
16 J{O Or.Am`. Vmam, VmamßZm VmU X{ `mMm [wba, [hma, qdMy, oIi{, BÀ`mXr.
10.4.1 ]mJ{Vrb PmS>mßZm AmYma X{U{

(A) \$iPmS>mßMr I»>ÁmV bmJdS> H{$Î`mZßVa ]mß]y¿`m H$mR>rMm AmYma X{D$Z H$b_
H$mR>rbm ]mßYm.
(Am) \$iPmS>mßZm 1-2 df} hm H$mR>rMm AmYma VgmM R>{dm. Im{S> OmS> d _O]yV PmÎ`mda
hm AmYma H$mTy>Z Q>mH$m.
(B) ^mOr[mbm o[H$mßZm Imbrb Xm{Z [’Vt_YyZ `m{Ω` À`m [’VrZ{ AmYma ⁄m.
(1) VmQ>r [’Vr
(1) VmQ>r [’Vr_‹`{ gË`mß¿`m bmß]r¿`m ]mOyZ{ PmS>mß¿`m dÍ$Z 2 qH$dm 3 Vmam
R>amdrH$ AßVamda VmUyZ K{D$Z À`mßZm PmS>{ qH$dm d{br ]mßYm.
(2) ^m¡`mß g mR> r gË`m [mSy > Z amZ]mß Y Ur H$am. am{ [ mß ¿ `m [w Z bm© J UrZß V a
qH$dm o]`mß¿`m Q>m{H$UrZßVa 15 V{ 20 oXdgmßZr AmYma X{ `mM{ H$m_
gwÍ$ H$am.
(3) gar¿`m ¡`m ]mOyda am{[{ qH$dm ]r bmdb{ Ag{b À`m ]mOyda ‡À`{H$ AmS>Ï`m
daß„`mda qH$dm 10 V{ 15 \y$Q> AßVamda [hmarZ{ Xa K{D$Z À`mV ]mß]yß¿`m
qH$dm VÀg_ bmH$S>m¿`m H$mR>Ám Q>m{_∞Q>m{ qH$dm T>m{]iÁm o_aMrgmR>r 5 \y$Q>
CßMr¿`m Va dmb AmoU ^m{[imdJu` ^m¡`mßgmR>r 10 \y$Q> CßMr¿`m ^∑H$_
]gdm.
(4) gar¿`m Xm{›hr Q>m{H$mßda bmH$S>m¿`m 3 V{ 4 BßM OmS>r¿`m ]ÎÎ`mßZm 10 J{OMr
OmS> Vma ]mßYyZ À`m Oo_ZrV oVafl`m JmS>b{Î`m IwßQ>ÁmßZm Am{Ty>Z ]mßYm.
(5) gar¿`m EH$m Q>m{H$mH$Sy>Z gwÈdmV H$Í$Z 16 J{O¿`m Vmam Oo_Zr[mgyZ 2 \y$Q>,
4 \y$Q> AmoU 6 \y$Q> CßMrda ‡À`{H$ H$mR>rbm d{T>m X{D$Z AmoU VmU X{V OmD$Z
XwgË`m ]mOyH$S>{ Am{T>V ›`m AmoU Q>m{H$mH$S>rb ]Îbrbm VmUyZ ]mßYm.
(6) Q>m{_∞Q>m{ AmoU T>m{]iÁm o_aMrbm 1 qH$dm 2 Vmam [wË`m hm{VmV. ]mH$s ^m¡`mßZm
VrZ Vmam dm[am. Vma ]mßYyZ PmÎ`mZßVa PmS>{ qH$dm d{br Oem dmT>V OmVrb
Vem gwVir¿`m gmhmÊ`mZ{ ]mßYV Om. \$mß⁄m ]mßY `mM{ AmoU diU X{ `mM{
H$m_ oZò_V H$am.
(7) Q>m{_∞Q>m{ AmoU o_aMr¿`m PmS>mßZm `{UmË`m ]Jb\w$Q>r EH$ V{ XrS> \w$Q>m[`™V
H$mT>m. d{bdJu` ^m¡`mßZm [ohÎ`m Vmamß[`™V \y$Q> `{D$ X{D$ ZH$m.
(2) _ßS>[ [’V
(1) `m [’VrV gß[yU© e{VmV _ßS>[ C^m H{$bm OmVm{ AmoU À`mda d{br [gaodÎ`m
OmVmV. gd©gmYmaU[U{ Vm|S>br, H$mabr, XwYr ^m{[im, Xm{S>H$s AmoU [S>di,
BÀ`mXr d{bdJu` ^m¡`mßZm _ßS>[ H{$bm OmVm{.
(2) _ßS>[ C^maUrgmR>r 10 \y$Q> CßMr¿`m AmoU 4 BßM OmS>r¿`m ]ÎÎ`m e{Vm¿`m
Mmahr ]mOyßda bmd `mgmR>r dm[am.
(3) AmVrb ]ÎÎ`m Xa 12 V{ 15 \y$Q> AßVamda Am°agMm°ag Oo_ZrV 2 \y$Q>
Im{brda JmS>m. e{Vm¿`m H$S>{¿`m ]ÎÎ`m ]mßYmH$S>{ qH$dm ]mh{arb ]mOyg
PwH$Vrb Aem ‡H$ma{ JmS>mÏ`mV. Vg{M ]mh{arb ]mOyg ]ÎÎ`mßZm Vma{Mm VmU
X{D$Z À`m Vmam Oo_ZrV JmS>b{Î`m IwßQ>ÁmßZm VmUyZ ]mßYm.
(4) ]ÎÎ`m 10 J{O¿`m VmamßZr Am°agMm°ag ]ÎÎ`mßZm Om{Sy>Z K{D$Z À`m Vmam
[wba¿`m gmhmÊ`mZ{ VmUyZ ø`m. À`mZßVa 16 J{OMr Vma dm[Í$Z Xa Xm{Z \y$Q>
AßVamda VmamßMr Mm°H$Q> V`ma H$Í$Z K{VÎ`mda _ßS>[ V`ma hm{Vm{. _ßS>[mV
H$m{UÀ`mhr ‡H$ma{ Pm{i `{Uma Zmhr, `mMr H$miOr ø`m.
(5) [mdgmiÁmV d{b Am{b{ PmÎ`mZßVa AmoU O_rZ _D$ PmÎ`m_wi{ _ßS>[
H$m{gi `mMr e∑`Vm AgV{ V{Ïhm H$S>{M{ VmU AmoU ]ÎÎ`m Oo_ZrV MmßJÎ`m
Xm]yZ JmS>m.
(6) _ßS>[ V`ma PmÎ`mZßVa d{brdarb OmS> VmamßZm gwVir ]mßYyZ Vr d{brOdi
EH$ bmH$S>r H$mQ>H$s Oo_ZrV am{dyZ À`m H$mQ>H$sbm gwVirM{ ImbM{ Q>m{H$
]mßYmd{. gwVirbm \$ma VmU X{D$Z ]mßYyZ Q>mH$m. Wm{S>m d{i R>{dmdm. gwViÁm
]mßYÎ`mZßVa À`mda d{br d{T>{ X{D$Z MT>dm.
(7) d{bt¿`m gd© ]Jb\w$Q>r H$mTy>Z d{br _mßS>dm[`™V [m{Mdm. gwÈdmVrbmM
]Jb\w$Q>r dmT>Î`m Va _wª` Im{S>mMr dmT> IwßQ>V{ AmoU d{im{d{ir _ßS>[m[`™V
[m{hm{Mod `mg d{i bmJVm{.
(8) d{brMm e|S>m d{br¿`m Imbr 1 \w$Q>mda [m{hm{MÎ`mZßVa \y$Q> H$mT>U{ ]ßX H$am.
Q>m{H$mH$S>{ Mma ]Jb\w$Q>r amIm. e|S>m _ßS>[m¿`m daVr EH$ drVâ AßVamda
R>{dm.
10.4.2 PmS>mßM{ gßajU H$aU{

(A) ]mJ{Vrb PmS>mßM{ oH$S>t[mgyZ gßajU
(1) Am[Î`m ]mJ{Vrb PmS>mßda H$m{UÀ`m oH$S>tMr bmJU Pmbr Amh{ `mMr [mhUr
H$am. À`mgmR>r ZwH$gmZr¿`m ‡H$mamdÍ$Z qH$dm PmS>mda ‡À`j[U{ oXgUmË`m
oH$S>rMm A‰`mg H$am.
(2) _mdm, \w$boH$S>{, H$m{ir `mßgmaª`m oH$S>r S>m{iÁmßZr oXgV ZmhrV. À`mgmR>r
q^JmMm dm[a H$am.
(3) oH$S>rMr [mhUr H{$Î`mZßVa AmT>iUmË`m oH$S>r AmoU À`mßZm bmJy [S>Uma{
Am°fY V∑À`mV oXÎ`m‡_mU{ R>adm. (V∑Vm 10.1) Am°fY _m{OyZ ø`m.
\$dmaUr Òd`ßMobV [ß[mZ{ H$amd`mMr PmÎ`mg Am°fYmMr _mÃm hmV[ß[m¿`m
oVfl[Q> dm[am. oXb{Î`m ‡_mUmV Am°fY AmoU [mUr K{D$Z À`mM{ o_lU MmßJb{
T>diyZ ø`m. H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mM{ –mdU [ß[mV ^Í$Z o[H$mda \$dmaUr H$am.
V∑Vm 10.1 : H$sQ>H$ZmeH$, H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mM{ ‡_mU AmoU oH$S>r `mßMr _mohVr
Am°fYmM{ ]mOmamV C[b„Y dm[amd`mM{ ‡_mU H$m{UÀ`m oH$S>rda JwUH$mar

amgmòZH$ Zmd AgUma{ ‡H$ma (10 brQ>a
[m `mgmR>r)
E›S>m{gÎ\$m∞Z Wm`m{S>mZ, E›S>m{g{b, 15 V{ 30 o_br. _mdm, VwS>VwS>{, \w$boH$S>{, gd© ‡H$ma¿`m

E›S>m{Q>m\$, E›S>m{gÎ\$m∞Z AiÁm AmoU ^wßJ{a{
_m{Zm{H´$m{Q>m{\$m∞g ZwdmH´$m∞Z, _m{Zm{grb, 12 V{ 15 o_br. _mdm, VwS>VwS>{, \$boH$S>{, [mßT>ar _mer,
]bdmZ e|S>{ AmoU \$i{ [m{IaUmar Air,
Im{S>_mer, BÀ`mXr.
\$m∞Ò\∞$o_S>m∞Z oS>_{H´$m∞Z, gw\$m∞g 2 V{ 4 o_br. _mdm, VwS>VwS>{, \w$boH$S>{, [mßT>ar _mer,
[mZ{ JwßS>miUmar Air, [mZ{ [m{IaUmar
Air.
p∑dZm∞b\$m∞g BH∞$b∑g, gwp∑dZ 10 V{ 20 o_br. e|S>{ AmoU \$i{ [m{IaUmar Air, [mZ{
ImUmË`m AiÁm, [mZ{ ImUmË`m AiÁm,
[mZ{ ImUma{ ^wßJ{a{.
o_Wrb oS>_{Q>m∞Z _{Q>mogÒQ>m∞∑g, 10 V{ 20 o_br. _mdm, VwS>VwS>{, \$boH$S>{, [mßT>ar _mer,
_{Q>m_m∞b BÀ`mXr.
S>m`_{Wm{EQ> am{Jma, am{_m∞b 10 o_br. _mdm, VwS>VwS>{, \w$boH$S>{, [mßT>ar _mer,
H$m{ir.
H$m]m©nab g{pÏhZ, oH$b{∑g 20 V{ 40 J´∞_ gd© ‡H$ma¿`m AiÁm AmoU ^wßJ{a{.
H$m]m©nab
H$m]m}‚`wamZ ‚`wamS>m∞Z h{∑Q>ar 33 oH$bm{ _mdm, VwS>VwS>{, \w$boH$S>{, [mßT>ar _mer,
Im{S> _mer, [mZ{ [m{IaUmar Air.
\$m{a{Q> oW_{Q>, \$m{a{Q> h{∑Q>ar 10 oH$bm{ _mdm, VwS>VwS>{, \w$boH$S>{, [mßT>ar _mer,
Im{S> _mer, [mZ{ [m{IaUmar Air.
_∞b∞oWAm∞Z gmòWAm∞Z, 10-20 o__r. [mZ{ AmoU \$i{ ImUmË`m AiÁm AmoU
_∞b∞oWAm∞Z ^wßJ{a{.
gm`[a_{W´rZ qg]wg, na[H$m∞S>©, 4 V{ 5 o_br. gd© ‡H$ma¿`m AiÁm, VwS>VwS>{ AmoU
gm`[aJmS>©, ]rbgr[ \w$boH$S>{.

Am°fYmM{ ]mOmamV C[b„Y dm[amd`mM{ ‡_mU H$m{UÀ`m oH$S>rda JwUH$mar
amgmòZH$ Zmd AgUma{ ‡H$ma (10 brQ>a
[m `mgmR>r)
S>{ÎQ>m_{W´rZ S>{grg 4 o_br. VwS>VwS>{ AmoU gd© ‡H$ma¿`m AiÁm.
\{$ZÏhba{Q> gwo_grS>rZ 5 o_br. gd© ‡H$ma¿`m AiÁm.
d{Q>{]b gÎ\$a d{Q>mgwb, gÎ\{$∑g 25 V{ 30 J´∞_ H$m{ir.
(Am) ]mJ{Vrb PmS>mßM{ am{Jmß[mgyZ gßajU
(1) Am[Î`m o[H$mda H$m{UÀ`m am{JmMm ‡mXw^m©d Pmbm Amh{ `mMr [mhUr H$am.
am{JmMr bjU{, ZwH$gmZrMm ‡H$ma `mßdÍ$Z H$m{UVm am{J Amh{, À`mMr Vrd´Vm
oH$Vr Amh{ `mM{ oZXmZ H$am. bjUmßdÍ$Z oZXmZ Z PmÎ`mg V¡kmß¿`m _XVrZ{
À`mMr [mhUr gy˙_Xe©H$ `ßÃmda ø`m.
(2) am{JmM{ oZXmZ PmÎ`mZßVa À`mda ‡^mdr[U{ bmJy [S>UmË`m amgmòZH$
Am°fYmßMr oZdS> H$am.
(3) V∑Vm H´$. 10.2 _‹`{ oXÎ`m‡_mU{ Am°fYmßMr `m{Ω` _mÃm _m{OyZ ø`m.
Òd`ßMobV [ß[mZ{ \$dmaUr H$amd`mMr PmÎ`mg Am°fYmßM{ ‡_mU oXb{Î`m
_mÃ{¿`m oVfl[Q> ø`m.
(4) V`ma H{$b{Î`m Am°fYm¿`m –mdUmV 1 brQ>a Am°fYm¿`m –mdUmgmR>r 4 o_br.
`m ‡_mUm g±S>m{ÏhrQ>gmaª`m pÒQ>H$aMm dm[a H$am. pÒQ>H$a_wi{ Am°fY [mZmßda
oMH$Qy>Z amhV{ d Am°fYmMr [naUm_H$maH$Vm dmT>V{.
(5) Am°fY [ß[mV ^Í$Z Am°fYmMr o[H$mda \$dmaUr H$am.
V∑Vm 10.2 : _hŒdmMr Am°fY{ AmoU À`mßM{ ‡_mU
Am°fYmM{ Zmd [´_mU H$m{UÀ`m am{JmgmR>r

]m{S>m©{ o_lU 1% = 1 oH$bm{ _m{aMyX + 1 H$a[m, [mZmdarb oR>[H{$, o_aMr, Q>m{_∞Q>m{ AmoU
oH$bm{ MwZm + 100 brQ>a [mUr Jdmardarb ^war, \$iHw$OÏ`m, _yiHw$OÏ`m.
[m `mV odaKiUma{ 0.3% = 30 J´∞_ 10 brQ>a dmQ>mUm, ^|S>r AmoU H$mH$S>rdJu` ^m¡`mßdarb
JßYH$ (gÎ\$a) [m `mV Vg{M \$iPmS>mßdarb d \w$bPmS>mßdarb ^war
am{Jm¿`m oZ`ßÃUmg.
H∞$amW{Z 0.1% = o_obbrQ>a 10 brQ>a dmQ>mUm, ^|S>r AmoU H$mH$S>rdJu` ^m¡`mßdarb
[m `mV ^war¿`m oZ`ßÃUmg
H∞$b∞∑PrZ 0.5% = 5 o_obbrQ>a 10 brQ>a dmQ>mUm, ^|S>r AmoU H$mH$S>rdJu` ^m¡`mßdarb
[m `mV ^war am{Jm¿`m oZ`ßÃUmg
A∞[am∞Z 0.15% = 15 o_obbrQ>a dmQ>mUm, ^|S>r, AmoU H$mH$S>rdJu` ^m¡`mßdarb
10 brQ>a [m `mV _a d oR>[H{$.
]modÒQ>rZ 0.1% = 10 J´∞_ 10 brQ>a ^war, H$a[m, [mZmdarb oR>[H{$, _a.
[m `mV
S>m`W{Z E_-45 0.25% = 25 J´∞_ 10 brQ>a Q>m{_∞Q>m{darb H$a[m, o_aMrdarb \$iHw$OÏ`m,
[m `mV H$mß⁄mdarb H$a[m, dmßJr [mZmdarb oR>[H{$,
Vmß]{am, Vg{M \$iPmS>{ AmoU \w$bPmS>mßdarb
H$a[m.
„bm`Q>m∞∑g 0.25% = 25 J´∞_ 10 brQ>a Q>m{_∞Q>m{darb H$a[m, o_aMrdarb \$iHw$OÏ`m,
[m `mV H$mß⁄mdarb H$a[m, dmßJr, [mZmdarb oR>[H{$,
Vmß]{am Vg{M \$iPmS>{ d \w$bPmS>mßdarb H$a[m.
Wmà_ 3 J´∞_ ‡oV oH$bm{ _a, _yiHw$OÏ`m.
]rO‡oH´$`{gmR>r
(B) ]mJ{Vrb VUmßMm ]ßXm{]ÒV

]mJ{Vrb VUmßMm ]ßXm{]ÒV H$a `mgmR>r amgmòZH$ VUZmeH$mßMm dm[a H$am.
amgmòZH$ VUZmeH{$ Xm{Z ‡H$maMr AgVmV.
(1) VU CJdyZ `{ `m[ydu _mamd`mMr (‡r-B_O©›g odS>rgmB©S>)
`m ‡H$mamVrb VUZmeH{$ VUmßM{ ]r CJdyZ `{ `m[ydu dm[abr OmVmV. `m VUZmeH$mM{
amgmòZH$ KQ>H$ [m `m¿`m gmo›Z‹`mV o]`mß¿`m ÈOUmË`m _wimßda [naUm_ H$Í$Z ]r
ÈOV AgVmZmM _mÍ$Z Q>mH$VmV. `m ‡H$mamV Imbrb VUZmeH{$ `{VmV :
(1) Ab∞∑bm{a (bmgm{) - 2 oH$bm{ / h{∑Q>ar
(2) ]wQ>m∑bm{a (_∞M{Q>) - 2 oH$bm{ / h{∑Q>ar
(3) Zm`Q≠>m{\{$Z (Q>m{H$-B©-25) - 1 oH$bm{ / h{∑Q>ar
(4) ∑bm{am¬`wam∞Z (Q>m{Zm{amZ qH$dm Zm{a{∑g) - 1 oH$bm{ / h{∑Q>ar
(5) ‚Î`w∑bm{a∞brZ (]mgmbrZ) - 2 oH$bm{ / h{∑Q>ar
(2) VU CJdyZ AmÎ`mZßVa _mamd`mMr VUZmeH{$ ([m{ÒQ>-B_O©›g
odS>rgmB©S>)
`m ‡H$mamVrb VUZmeH{$ VU CJdyZ AmÎ`mZßVa \$dmabr OmVmV. hr VUZmeH{$
VUmß¿`m [mZmßVyZ em{fbr OmVmV. em{fyZ K{Vb{br VUZmeH{$ [mZmß¿`m O°odH$ oH´$`{V AS>Wi{
oZ_m©U H$Í$Z À`mßZm oZpÓH´$` ]ZdyZ _maVmV. À`m_wi{ VUmßMm ]ßXm{]ÒV hm{D$ eH$Vm{. VU
CJdyZ AmÎ`mZßVa dm[amd`m¿`m VUZmeH$mßM{ Xm{Z ‡H$ma Amh{V. [ohbm ‡H$ma ÂhUO{
oZdS>H$ VUZmeH{$ ([m{ÒQ>-B_O©›g ogb{p∑Q>Ïh odS>rgmB©S>) `m ‡H$mamVrb VUZmeH{$ _m{R>Ám
[mZmß¿`m VUmßda [naUm_H$maH$ R>aVmV. A∞Q≠>m∞PrZ, S>∞bm\$m∞Z, 2-4-S>r, Zm`Q≠>m{\{$Z hr
oZdS>H$ VUZmeH{$ AgyZ À`mßMm C[`m{J R>amdrH$ VUmß¿`m oZ`ßÃUmgmR>r H$aVmV.
Xwgam ‡H$ma ÂhUO{ o[H$mßgohV gd© VUmßMm Zme H$aUmar VUZmeH{$. CXmhaUmW©,
Ωbm`\$m{g{Q> (Ωbm`grb qH$dm odS>m∞\$ 2 oH$bm{ / h{∑Q>ar) AmoU [∞am∑dm∞Q> (J´m_∞∑Pm{Z 0.5
oH$bm{ / h{∑Q>ar) hr VUZmeH{$ bÏhmim, hairghrV gd© VUmßMm Zme H$aVmV. [rH$
gß[Î`mZßVa qH$dm _m{H$iÁm OmJ{V qH$dm \$iPmS>mß_‹`{ `mßMr oe\$mag H{$br OmV{. hr
VUZmeH{$ _maVmZm JdV MmßJb{ CJdyZ Amb{b{ Agmd{ bmJV{. gß[yU© [mZmßda VUZmeH$
[S>b{ VaM V{ C[`w∑V R>aV{.
darb Xm{Z ‡H$ma¿`m VUZmeH$mß_YyZ H$m{UV{ VUZmeH$ \$dmam`M{ V{ ‡W_ oZpÌMV
H$am.
(01) VUZmeH$m¿`m Vrd´V{Zwgma À`mM{ dOZ H$Í$Z ø`m. dOZ K{VmZm \$dmam`M{
j{Ã, bmJUma{ [mUr `mßMm odMma H$Í$Z VUZmeH$ _m{OyZ ø`m.
(02) VUZmeH$ [m `mV o_giyZ MmßJb{ T>diyZ ø`m. EH$ EH$a j{ÃmgmR>r
gd©gmYmaU[U{ 200 brQ>a [mUr dm[am.
(03) [ß[mbm [≈>rMm Zm{Pb ]gdyZ VUZmeH$mMr \$dmaUr H$am.
(04) ]r ÈOyZ `{ `m[ydu _mamd`mMr VUZmeH{$ am{[mß¿`m bmJdS>r[ydu H$m{aS>Ám
dm‚`mßda qH$dm gË`mßda _mam. Am°fY Oo_Zrda gmaI{ [S>{b AmoU OmJm
H$m{aS>r amhUma Zmhr `mMr H$miOr ø`m.
(05) Am°fY{ \$dmaUrZßVa dm‚`mßZm bJ{M [mUr X{D$Z am{[mßMr bmJdS> H$am.
(06) 10 V{ 15 oXdgmßZr [aV EH$Xm VUZmeH$mMr \$dmaUr H$am AmoU [mUr ⁄m.
(07) ]r CJdyZ AmÎ`mZßVa _mamd`mMr VUZmeH{$ VU [yU© CJdyZ PmÎ`mZßVa
\$dmam.
(08) bhmZ j{Ãmda VUZmeH$ Z _maVm À`m j{Ãmda hmVmZ{ Iwa[Ur H$am.
(09) H$mhr j{Ãmda Iwa[Ur Z H$aVm AWdm amgmòZH$ VUZmeH$mßMm dm[a Z H$aVm
VU Vg{M dmTy> ⁄m.
(10) VU Z H$mT>Vm R>{db{b{ j{Ã, Iwa[Ur H{$b{b{ j{Ã AmoU amgmòZH$ VUZmeH$mßMr
\$dmaUr H{$b{b{ j{Ã `m oV›hr j{Ãmßdarb o[H$mßMr dmT> AmoU CÀ[mXZ `mßMr
VwbZm H$am.
(B©) ]mJ{Vrb PmS>mßM{ _m{H$mQ> Jwamß[mgyZ gßajU
(1) ]mJ{V H$b_mßMr AmoU am{[mßMr bmJdS> H$a `m[yduM ]mJ{^m{dVr Hwß$[U Kmbm.
(2) ]mJ{^m{dVr R>amdrH$ AßVamda bm{IßS>mM{ qH$dm XJS>r Imß] am{dyZ H$mQ>{ar Hwß$[U
Kmbm AWdm ]mJ{^m{dVr og_|Q> d odQ>mßMr q^V ]mßYyZ Hwß$[U V`ma H$am.
(3) oOdßV Hwß$[UmgmR>r `m{Ω` PmS>mßMr Hwß$[UmgmR>r oZdS> H$Í$Z bmJdS> H$am.
(4) ¯m PmS>mßMr Afi[m `mgmR>r ]mJ{Vrb PmS>mßer Ò[Ym© hm{D$ Z`{ ÂhUyZ Hwß$[Um¿`m
PmS>mOdi Ma Im{XyZ PmS>mß¿`m _wiÁm N>mQ>m. ÂhUO{ _wiÁm ]mJ{V bmß]
oeaUma ZmhrV.
(5) Hwß$[Um¿`m PmS>mßMr AdmÒVd dmT> PmÎ`mg À`mMr N>mQ>Ur H$am.
(6) \$i]mJ H$m{aS>dmhˇ AgÎ`mg Hwß$[UmgmR>r _m{Jbr EaßS>mMr PmS>{ bmdm.
(7) Hwß$[Um[mgyZhr CÀ[›Z o_idm`M{ AgÎ`mg À`m `m{Ω` PmS>{ Hwß$[UmgmR>r oZdS>m.
CXm. Km`[mV, odbm`Vr qMM, H$adßX, BÀ`mXr.
(C) ]mJ{M{ Z°goJ©H$ Am[Œmt[mgyZ gßajU
WßS>r¿`m H$S>m∑`m[mgyZ gßajU
(1) WßS>rMr bmQ> `{Uma h{ bjmV `{VmM odoharM{ [mUr X{D$Z hbH{$ Am{brV H$am.
e∑`Vm{ gm`ßH$mir [mUr ⁄m.
(2) PmS>m¿`m Im{S>m[mer d AmiÁmV VUrg, JdV, H$S>]m, [mMm{im, JÏhmM{
Vyg, BÀ`mXtM{ AmdaU Kmbm.
(3) WßS>r OmÒV H$S>H$ dmQ>Î`mg OmJm{OmJr [mbm[mMm{im [{Q>dyZ Yya H$am.
H$S>H$ C›hm[mgyZ d Adf©Um[mgyZ gßajU
(1) CÓU dma{ d D$Z `mß[mgyZ ]Mmd ÂhUyZ ]mJ{¿`m g^m{dma Zr_, _b]{ar,
oZboJar, oeg_, BÀ`mXr dmam ‡oV]ßYH$ d•jmßMr amßJ AWdm [≈>m V`ma H$am.
(2) PmS>mß¿`m Im{S>mbm g\{$Xr bmdm.
(3) PmS>mßZm [mUr X{VmZm Xm{Z amßJmß¿`m _Ym{_Y Zmbr AWdm gar [mSy>Z À`mVyZM
amÃrM{ [mUr ⁄m.
AoV[mD$g d [wam[mgyZ gßajU
(1) H$miÁm d ^mar Oo_ZrV CVmam¿`m oXe{bm H$mQ>H$m{Z H$Í$Z AmS>Ï`m oXe{Z{
C[ZmÎ`m 80 \w$Q>mßZßVa EH$ `m‡_mU{ [mdgmiÁm¿`m gwÈdmVrg H$mT>m.
(2) [mUr O{W{ Wmß]b{ Ag{b V{WyZ CVmam¿`m oXe{Z{ V{ oZKyZ OmB©b, Aer Ï`dÒWm
H$am.
(3) PmS> bhmZ Ag{b Va À`mg ]mß]yMm AmYma ⁄m.
(4) PmS>m^m{dVmbMr _mVr ]mOyg H$Í$Z (8 BßMm[`™V) gS>H$s, am{JQ> _wi{ N>mQ>m
d Cab{Î`m gd© _yimßZm H$Sy>qZ]mM{ V{b Mm{[S>m.
dmXidmË`mm[gyZ gßajU
(1) ]mJ C^maUr¿`m d{ir ]mJ{^m{dVr dmam‡oV]ßYH$ d•jmßMr bmJdS> H$am.
CXm. [mßJmam, e{dar, gwÍ$, BÀ`mXr.

(1) ]mJ{Vrb PmS>mßdarb oH$S>r Jm{im H$Í$Z gßJ´h H$am.
(2) H$m{UÀ`m hßJm_mV H$m{UÀ`m oH$S>rMm ‡mXw^m©d OmÒV ‡_mUmV `{Vm{ `mMm A‰`mg
H$am.
(3) ]mJ{Vrb PmS>mßda oXgyZ `{UmË`m oZaoZamiÁm am{JmßMr [mZ{ Jm{im H$Í$Z À`mßMm gßJ´h
V`ma H$am.

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H¥${f {dkmZ {dÚmemIm

`ed§Vamd MìhmU _hmamï´> _wŠV {dÚmnrR>, Zm{eH$

{ejUH«$_ … AGR 101-104

Aä`mgH«$_ … AGR 101 : ~mJH$m_mMr _ybVÎdo Am{U H$m`©nÕVr … H$m¶©nwpñVH$m

1.2 AmdÌ`H$ _mohVr

1.3 AmdÌ`H$ gmohÀ`

1.4 H$m`©[’Vr AmoU oZarjU{

]mJH$m_mMr _ybVŒd{ AmoU H$m`©[’Vr ï H$m`©[wpÒVH$m ï 3

(4) [m `mMm oZMam : Oo_ZrVrb OmÒVr¿`m [m `mMm oZMam Pmbm [mohO{,

AmH•$Vr 1.3 : oZMË`m¿`m ZiÁmßMr aMZm

]mJH$m_mMr _ybVŒd{ AmoU H$m`©[’Vr ï H$m`©[wpÒVH$m ï 4

AmH•$Vr 1.4 : dmof©H$ oH$ZmatMm AmamIS>m (flb∞Z)

]mJH$m_mMr _ybVŒd{ AmoU H$m`©[’Vr ï H$m`©[wpÒVH$m ï 5

]mJH$m_mMr _ybVŒd{ AmoU H$m`©[’Vr ï H$m`©[wpÒVH$m ï 7

OmJ{¿`m C[b„YV{‡_mU{ dVw©imMm Ï`mg H$_r-AoYH$ R>{dVm `{Vm{.

(H$) ^mOro[H{$ (M) \$iPmS>{

AmH•$Vr 1.6 : bhmZ ]mJ{Mm ZH$mem

b[b{br [mB©[ bmB©Z

AmH•$Vr 1.7 : Y]Y]m

Am[br oZarjU{ Zm|Xdm.

1.5 gamdmgmR>r Òdm‹`m`

]mJH$m_mMr _ybVŒd{ AmoU H$m`©[’Vr ï H$m`©[wpÒVH$m ï 9

2.2 AmdÌ`H$ _mohVr

]mJH$m_mMr _ybVŒd{ AmoU H$m`©[’Vr ï H$m`©[wpÒVH$m ï 9

2.3 AmdÌ`H$ gmohÀ`

2.4 H$m`©[’Vr AmoU oZarjU{

(1) Oo_ZrMm ‡H$ma

(3) Oo_ZrVrb [m `mMm oZMam

(4) Oo_ZrMr AmÂbodÂbVm

]mJH$m_mMr _ybVŒd{ AmoU H$m`©[’Vr ï H$m`©[wpÒVH$m ï 11

Oo_ZrMm ← AmÂb →← CXmgrZ →← odÂb →

Oo_ZrVrb A›Z–Ï`{ ]h˛V{H$ ^m¡`mßM{ A›Z–Ï`{ PmS>mßZm

V[erb oMH$U O_rZ dmiyMr O_rZ JmimMr O_rZ

IS>H$mßM{ MyU© _wª` A›Z–Ï` C[`m{J

(8) Oo_ZrVrb oH$S>r qH$dm am{JOßVy

2.5 gamdmgmR>r Òdm‹`m`

]mJH$m_mMr _ybVŒd{ AmoU H$m`©[’Vr ï H$m`©[wpÒVH$m ï 16

3.2 AmdÌ`H$ _mohVr

3.3 AmdÌ`H$ gmohÀ`

]mJH$m_mMr _ybVŒd{ AmoU H$m`©[’Vr ï H$m`©[wpÒVH$m ï 17

3.5 gamdmgmR>r Òdm‹`m`

]mJH$m_mMr _ybVŒd{ AmoU H$m`©[’Vr ï H$m`©[wpÒVH$m ï 19

]mJH$m_mMr _ybVŒd{ AmoU H$m`©[’Vr ï H$m`©[wpÒVH$m ï 20

4.2 AmdÌ`H$ _mohVr

4.3 AmdÌ`H$ gmohÀ`

Hwß$S>r [{bm AZ{H$ Hwß$S>Ám

AmH•$Vr 4.2 : Hwß$S>ÁmßM{ ododY ‡H$ma

AmH•$Vr 4.3 : hm°XmM{ ‡H$ma

AmH•$Vr 4.4 : Hwß$S>rV ]r [{a `mMr [’V

_mVrMr Hwß$S>r flbmpÒQ>H$ Hwß$S>r

AmH•$Vr 4.5 : Hwß$S>rV PmS> bmd `mMr [’V

(4) ]r [{aU{ : ]r [{a `m¿`m Hwß$S>rV (grS>[∞Z) _mVr ^aÎ`mZßVa [{p›gbZ{ qH$dm

_mVrMr [mVir _mVro_lU

AmH•$Vr 4.6 : Hwß$S>r ^aU{

AmH•$Vr 4.8 : Hwß$S>r ^a `mMr [’V

`m H$mR>rdÍ$Z I»>ÁmMm _‹`q]Xy d Oo_ZrMr [mVir oZpÌMV H$aVm `{V{. À`m‡_mU{

AmH•$Vr 4.9 : PmSmßMr I»>ÁmV bmJdS>

AmH•$Vr 4.10 : am{[dmoQ>H{$VyZ AmUb{br PmS>{ bmJdS>r[ydu MamV R>{dU{

AmH•$Vr 4.11 : PmS>mM{ Im{S> AmYmam¿`m H$mR>rbm ]mßY `m¿`m [’Vr

]mJH$m_mMr _ybVŒd{ AmoU H$m`©[’Vr ï H$m`©[wpÒVH$m ï 32

AmH•$Vr 4.12 : [mUr X{ `mMr [’V

Hwß$S>rVrb PmS>mbm dmaßdma [mUr X{U{ AmoU dmB©Q> oZMË`mMm [naUm_

Am[br oZarjU{ Zm|Xdm.