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rsufESmzHk;'DZdkif; - pDrH^zGHU NzdK;
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09450984594
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09-451229483
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09-420701063
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09-33766250
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063-2028553
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09-420701073
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tdkb,fh rdcif
 ppfwvif;awGcif; &efNidK;awGzGJY
cspfcGef;awGrqdk Nidrf;csrf;a&;aw;awGroDbJ
pm;p&mrJh t0wfAvmrGJ
'ku©awGBuHKvnf; aoGrz,fcGeftm;eJY
tvif;udkjy pGrf;orQumuG,f
az;ulvdkY rsufESmrvTJ
ESpfodrfhrI Muifemtm;udk
vrf;cif;ay;cJh/
 Nidrf;csrf;csdefa&mufvnf; taysmfrudkr,l
tyludkBudKwGuf ighom;awG
xm0&Nidrf;zdkY ab;&efudkum
a&&SnfrSm jynhftdrfcdkifzdkY
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tpm;udkacRwm tcGihfqdkolryg
b,fcsdefcgra&G; jrefjynfwpfcGif
at;csrf;zdkY Nidrf;csrf;a&;pum;qdk&Sm/

 wuGJwjym; vGJrSm;wJhcHpm;csufawG
tHk<uvdkYqlyl jrefjynfwpfcGif
b0*fnHatmif jynfolYrsuf&nfajrcvdkY
a<uusrnfhcsdefcg 'Dtylol,lvkdY

1
 jynfola&SU ol&yfwnf
jzLpifwJhpdwfxm;eJY wlrQwJha&SUc&D;twGuf
olu½kef;&Sm/

 cgawmfrD jynfzsufydk;wdkYu
enf;rsKd;pHk wdkufeJY
,kdifavav rm;rm;rwfrdkY
jynfolawGryl&atmif &ifrSmodk0Suf
a&SUc&D;qufzdkYom [efjyif
aemufudkvnf;qGJ a&SUudkvnf;wGef;
r&yfrem; c&D;quf
tHhzG,frdcif/

 yef;wpfyGihfudkyef oif;ysHUwJh*kPfowif;eJY
½dk;&mtarG qufcgxdef;&if;
rsm;jynfolYtusKd; a&SUwef;u&Gufaqmif
a&Tjrefjynf 'Drdkc&D;udk
aemufwpfausmh vSnfhr&atmif
wpfacwfrSm wpfcgay:
wpfa,mufqkd wpfa,mufyJrdkY
,HkMunfcsufcdkifcdkifNrJ jynfoleJYtwlavQmufvSrf;
vufwJGul tem*wfc&D;udk
tHhzG,ftwljzwfMur,f tdkb,hfrdcif
wdkYrdcif/

,HkMunfav;pm;cspfcifvSpGmaom EdkifiHawmftwdkifyifcHyk*¾dKvftm; ñTef;qdka&;zGJYygonf/

à ndKarmif

2
 aEGOD;cg0,f

 aEG&moD cgtvS
½Guf0ga<u ajrudkcawmh
jyefr& twdwfudkjzihf
qdwNf idrfpGm olNyHK;&,fawmh
topfwpfzef arG;zGm;NyDwJhav/

 yGifhvufyH eDeD&JeJY
aus;iSufpHk aysmfumjrL;aygh
ae0ifcsdef ,SOfazmfav;&,feJY
cgawmfrD tdyfwef;0ifzdkY
uRwfuRwf&,fnH jyefMuw,fav/

 OMoaw;oH obm0eJY
ar;p&mrvdk olYtvdkodzkdY
csKdoHpOf pl;umESpfvdkY
aEGwpfcGif OMoaw;&,fu
yif,HrSm azmfumMuL;Muw,fav/

 em;cdkzkdY 'DaEGrSm
urÇmajr ylraEG;atmif
&dyfyrm rsm;MuapzkdY
pdkufumav ysKd;MuygpdkY
urÇmajrBuD; usef;rmzdkYwGufav/

à aeYopf

3
 urÇmhEdkifiHrsm;tMum;wGif zGHYNzdK;rIvrf;aMumif;rsm;udk tNydKiftqdkif
&SmazGvmMuonf/ ,aeYtcsed t f cgwGif wpfurÇmvkH; qufpyf,SuEf G,f ajymif;vJ
½dkucf wfrIjzpfpOf (Globalization) onf taumif;a&m tqdk;yg tusK;d oufa&muf
aponfhtwGuf *vdkb,fvIdif;vkH;ESifhtwl tqdk;taumif;cGJjcm;NyD; tvdkufoifh
arsmygEdkiaf p&ef Edkiif w
H pfck\ r[m AsL[mwpf&yftjzpf tajzrsm; &SmazGvmMuonf/
vlom;^ouf&o Sd wå0gwdkYonf obm0ywf0ef;usit f ay:wGif rSDckdvsu&f Sd
onf/ ,ck tcg obm0ywf0ef;usi, f k,
d iG ;f ysupf ;D rIonf vlom;^ouf&o dS wÅ0gwdkY
tm; Ncdr;f ajcmufvsu&f So d nf/ vlom;wdkY\vdktyfcsurf sm; (Needs) ESihf vdktifqE´
rsm; (Wants) wdkY rsm;jym;vmonfESifhtrQ o,HZmwt&if;tjrpfrsm;tay: xkwf
EkwfokH;pGJvmMujcif;onf obm0ywf0ef;usifudk qdk;&Gm;pGmxdcdkufvmcJhonf/
o,HZmwESifh avmifpmpGrf;tif&Sm;yg;rIjyóemrsm; &ifqdkifBuHKawGYae&ayonf/
xdkYjyif obm0ywf0ef;usif ,dk,Gi;f vmjcif;jzifh urÇmh&moDOwkajymif;vJapjcif;\
tusKd;qufrsm;udk pdefac:rItopfrsm;tjzpf &ifqdkifBuHKawGYvm&ayonf/

4
 pDrH^zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
vlOD;a& xlxyfwdk;wufrsm;jym;vmjcif;ESifh
twl EdkifiHrsm;tMum;? a'orsm;tMum; ukefpnf?
0efaqmifrI? &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIrsm;ponfjzifh pD;yGm;a&;t&
ul;vl;qufqHa&;rsm; ukefoG,frIrsm; wdk;wufvmcJh
onf/ þodkYtjyeftvSef pD;qif;&mwGif rdrEd kdiif HtwGi;f
oGi;f ukeEf Sihf &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIrsm; pD;0ifvmouJhokdY tjcm;
EdkifiHrsm;odkYvnf; rdrdEdkifiHxkwfydkYukef? &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI
paom pD;yGm;a&;qufoG,frI vrf;aMumif;rsm;pGm
&SmazGjr§iwhf ifvmcJh Muonf/ ukeo f G,rf Ionf zGHYNzdK;rI\
tif*sifwpfck (Trade as an Engine of Growth) [k EdkifiH
rsm;rS,lqvmonfESiht f rQ ,cifacwfrsm;uJhokdY rdrw
EdkifiHwGif;pm;okH;rI (Domestic consumption) twGuf
omru pD;yGm;jzpf (Commercially) xkwfvkyfvmcJhMu
onf/ tqdkygxkwfvkyfrIrsm;ESifhtwl obm0ywf0ef;
usifudk ysuf,Gif;apaom rSefvkHtdrftmedoif "gwfaiGY
rsm; (Greenhouse Gases-GHGs) xkwfvTwfrI jrifhrm;
vmjcif;wdkYaMumifh urÇmBuD; ylaEG;vmjcif; (Global
Warming) udkjzpfay:aponf/ rSefvkHtdrf "gwfaiGYrsm;
aMumifh urÇmajrrsuEf Smjyif tylcsed jf rifhrm;rIrsm; awGY&Sd
&ayonf/ urÇmhrsufESmjyiftylcsdef jrifhrm;rI\ tusKd;
qufaMumifh &moDOwkajymif;vJjcif;rsm; jzpfay:vm
onf/ urÇmhtylcsdefonf 20 &mpkrSpí wjznf;jznf;
jrifhwufvmcJhNyD; rdk;&GmoGef;rI ykHo@mefrsm; ajymif;vJ
oGm;NyD; pdkuyf sK;d xkwv f kyEf kdirf Itay: tusK;d oufa&muf
rIrsm; &Sdaeayonf/
rSev
f kHtrd tf medoif&aSd om "gwfaiGYtusK;d ouf
a&mufrI (Greenhouse Gases Effect) aMumifh urÇmrS
tylaiGrY sm; jyefrxGuEf kid b f J urÇmt h ylcsed f jrifrh m;vmum
urÇmBuD;ylaEG; vmNyD; Global Warming udk jzpfay:vm
apcJhonf/ rSev f kHtrd "f gwfaiGY xkwv f Twaf om u@rsm;
tjzpf pGr;f tiftokH;jyKrIu@? pufrIu@? pdkuyf sK;d a&;
u@? opfawmu@? pGeYfypfypön;f u@rsm;udk awGY&Sd
&onf/ FAO ESifh UNEP wdkY\ avhvmrIrsm;t& ESpfpOf
opfawmjyKef;wD;rIrSm b&mZD;Edkiif Hü 26.5%? ZrfbD,m
EdkifiHü 9.2%? tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiHü 6.1% &Sdonf/
twJG(6)? trSwf-2
opfawmrsm; ysufpD;&jcif; taMumif;t&if;rsm;rSm
awmrD;avmifjcif;? vlOD;a&wdk;wufvmí NrdKU&Gmwdk;csJU
jcif;? pufrIZkefrsm;wdk;csJUjcif;? puf½kHrsm;rS pGefYypfonfh
pnf;urf;rJhtnpftaMu;rsm; pGefYypfjcif;? pdkufysKd;ajr
wdk;csJU&eftwGuf opfawmrsm; ckwx f Gijf cif;? opfxkwf
vkyaf &mif;csjcif;? awmif,m pdkuyf sK;d jcif;ESihf wGi;f xGuf
owåKrsK;d pkHxkw,f ljcif;wdkYaMumifh jzpfonf/ urÇmhEkdiif H
rsm;\ ausmufrD;aoG; okH;pGJrI? obm0"mwfaiGYokH;pGJrI?
urÇmha&eHokH;pGJrI? vQyfppfokH;pGJrIponfjzifh pGrf;tif
tokH;jyKrIrsm; vGefuJpGm wdk;wufjcif;wdkYyifjzpf onf/
d kdY
obm0ywf0ef;usif,dk,Gif;ysufpD;rIaMumifh jzpfay:vm
aom tusK;d qufrsm;onf Edik if w
H pfct
k wGuf orm;½d;k us
r[kwfaom Ncdrf;ajcmufrIyifjzpf
obm0ywf0ef;usif,dk,Gif;ysufpD;rIaMumifh
jzpfay:vmaom tusK;d qufrsm;onf Edkiif w H pfcktwGuf
orm;½dk;usr[kwaf om Ncdr;f ajcmufrI (Non-traditional
threat) tjzpf urÇmtESHYysHUESHYowdxm;vmcJhonfudk
awGY&Sd&ayrnf/ 21 &mpkwGif aemifumv\ rsKd;quf
opfrsm; epfemrIr&Sdap&ef a&&SnfpOfqufrjywfzGHYNzdK;rI
(Sustainable Development) [laom oabmw&m;
ay:aygufvmcJhonf/ pOfqufrjywf zGHYNzdK;rIqkdonfrSm
aemifvmaemufom;wdkY\ pm;okH;rIravsmhapbJ vuf&Sd
vlom;wdk\ Y vdktifqE´rsm;udk jznfq h nf;ay;jcif;yifjzpf
onf / tqd k y goabmw&m;ud k tajccH í obm0
ywf0ef;usif ,dk,Gif;ysufpD;rIudk xdef;odrf;apaom pD;
yGm;a&;vkyif ef;rsm;? xkwv f kyrf Ienf;ynmrsm;? vkyu f kdif
enf;pepfrsm;? obm0o,HZmwudk taumif;qkH; cGJa0
tokH;csEdkifrnfh enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh zGHYNzdK;wdk;wuf apEdkif
atmif aqmif&Gufjcif;udk Green Growth (odkYr[kwf)
Greening Growth [k wifpm;ac:a0: okH;pGJvmcJhMu
onf/
pdrf;vef;aom wdk;wufrI (Green growth)
qdkonfrSm zGHYNzdK;rIvrf;aMumif;odkY oGm;&mwGif obm0
5
 pDrH^zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
ywf0ef;usiftm; a&&SnfwnfwHhcdkifNrJatmif tokH;jyK
jcif;yifjzpfonf/ pufrIpD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufrIukd oGm;&m
rSmvnf; pdrf;vef;aompD;yGm;a&; (Green economy)
oabmw&m;tm; tokH;jyKMuonf/ obm0ywf0ef;
usifwdk;wufa&;twGuf aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;udk tm;
ay;&ef vdktyfygonf/
pdrf;vef;aomwdk;wufrI (Green growth) \tajccH
pnf;rsOf;rsm;
pdrf;vef;aomwdk;wufrI (Green growth) \
tajccHpnf;rsO;f rsm;rSmvnf; pOfquf rjywfwkd;wufrI
(Sustainable growth)? nDñGwfrQwaomwdk;wufrI
(Equitable growth) wdkYESifh qufpyfvsuf&Sdygonf/
pdrf;vef;aomwdk;wufrI wnf&Sdap&efrSm -
- pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufrI\ t&nftaoG; (Quality
of economic growth)
- pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufrI\ obm0ywf0ef;usif
qdkif&m pGrf;aqmif&nf (Eco-efficiency of economic
growth) tay:rlwnfygonf/
ukefMurf;rsm;tm; xkwfvkyfrI? pm;okH;rI?
avvGifhrIrsm;tm; umuG,fjcif;? pDrHcefYcGJjcif;wdkYjzifh
o,HZmwrsm;tm; pGr;f aqmif&nfjynfh0apjcif;? o,H
ZmwtokH;jyKrItm; acRwmonfh wDxGiq f ef;opfrIrsm;
aqmif&Gufjcif;wdkYjzifh pdrf;vef;aompD;yGm;a&;ESifh pdrf;
vef;aom wdk;wufrIwkdYukd azmfaqmifEkdirf nfjzpfonf/
6
2019 ckESpf? ZGefv
pdrf;vef;aom pD;yGm;a&;rlabmif
pdr;f vef;aom pD;yGm;a&;rlabmifwpf&yf tae
jzifh jynfhNzdK;NrJpGrf;tif? pGrf;tiftokH;jyKrIenf;yg;ap
onfh taqmufttkHrsm;? pGrf;tiftokH;enf;aponfh
oefY&Si;f aom o,f,lykdYaqmifa&;? a&pDrHcefYcGJrI? pGeYfypf
ypön;f pDrHcefYcJrG I? ajr,mpDrHcefYcJrG I ponfwkdYyg0ifonf/
pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufrI\r@Kdifrsm;tjzpf -
(u) tDukdtcGejf yKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm; (Eco-tax reform)
(c) a&&SnfwnfwHhaponfh tajccHtaqmufttkH
(Sustainable infrastructure)
(*) ywf0ef;usifxdef;odrf;rIudkjzpfay:aprnfhpD;yGm;
a&;vkyfief;rsm; (Greening of business)
(C) a&&SnfwnfwHhaponfhpm;okH;rI (Sustainable
consumption) wdkYjzpfonf/
pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufrI\ t&nftaoG;
(Quality of economic growth)
EdkifiHwpfcktwGuf t&nftaoG;&Sdaom wdk;
wufrI (Quality Growth of a Nation) rSmEdkiif rH sm;tMum;
tvGefMuD;rm;aom pdk;&drfylyefrI (Big Concern) tjzpf
wnf&SdvmcJhonf/ xdkodkYaomwdk;wufrIvrf;aMumif;
rsm;udk tNydKiftqdkif &SmazG&mwGif wdk;wufrIudk &&Sdap
 pDrH^zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
&efBudK;yrf;&if; EdkifiHwpfcktwGif; 0ifaiGcGJa0rI rnDrQ
jcif;? EdkifiHwpfck\ a'orsm;tMum; zGHYNzdK;wdk;wufrI
rnDrQjcif;wdkYjzpfay:vmwwfonfukd w½kwEf Siht
ponfhEkdiif Hrsm;\tawGYtBuHKt& avhvmawGY&SEd kdiaf y
onf/ abm*aA'tjrift& nDrQrI ( Equality ) ESifh
pGr;f aqmif&nf (Efficiency ) wdkYrSm wpfckukd&,lcsiv
tjcm;wpfckudk pGefYvTwf&onfh oabmw&m; (Trade-
off between equality and efficiency ) &S d a yonf /
xdkYaMumifh EdkifiHrsm;onf bufnDrQwaom wdk;wufrI
( Balanced and equal growth ) &&S d a p&ef nD r QrI
(Equality ) ESifhpGrf;aqmif&nfjynfh0rI (Efficiency )
wdkYudk vdkufzufrQwpGm &SmazG&rnfhr[mAsL[m vdktyf
ayonf/
EdkifiHwpfcktwGuf t&nftaoG;&Sdaom wdk;
wufrI (Quality Growth of a Nation ) udkaumif;pGm
od&SdEdkifap&ef yxrOD;pGm wdk;wufrI (Growth ) ESifh
zGNYH zdK;rI (Development ) wdktY m; cGjJ cm;EIid ;f ,SOzf kv
Yd kt
onf/ wdk;wufrI (Growth ) qdkonfrSm ta&twGuf
(Quantity ) udkomMunfhNyD; zGHYNzdK;rI (Development )
qd k o nf r S m vl Y b 0t&nf t aoG ; (Quality of Life )
½IaxmifhrS ½Ijrifjcif;yifjzpfonf/ EdkifiHwpfck\ zGHYNzdK;rI
&v'frSm zGHYNzdK;rI\ Zmpfjrpf? ykHo@mef? pOfqufrjywf
zGHYNzdK;rI &Sdr&SdwdkYtay: rlwnfMunfhjrifEdkifayonf/
odkYaomf wdk;wuf&ifNyD;a&mqdkNyD; Edkiif Hrsm;pGmrSm t&nf
taoG; (Quality ) udkxnfhoGif; pÚf;pm;avhr&Sd? ta&
twGut f m;jzifh wdk;wufatmifBudK;pm;jcif; (Quantity
drive ) jzpfaewwfonf/ odkYaomfvnf; vufawGYwGif
ta&twGufESifh t&nftaoG;tm; rnfonfudk OD;pm;
ay; pwiftaumiftxnfazmfaqmifrnfenf;[lonf
rSm ar;cGef;wpf&yfyifjzpfygonf/ tcsKdUaomEdkifiHrsm;
taejzifh ta&twGufudk OD;pm;ay; aqmif&GufNyD;rS
aemuf t qif h w G i f tqd k y gta&twG u f t m; t&nf
taoG;tjzpfodkY ajymif;vJ&ef wGef;tm;ay; aqmif&Guf
jcif;jzpfonf/
twJG(6)? trSwf-2
t&nftaoG;&Sdaom wdk;wufrIqdkonfrSm
vlxkvlwef;pm;rsm;tMum; qif;&J-csrf;om uGmjcm;
f ed ,
´d rIenf;yg;NyD; vlwkdi;f vlwkdi;f zGHYNzdK;rI\ toD;tyGihfwkdYukd
cHpm; &&Sad pEdki&f ef? jynforl sm;tMum; tcGit hf a&;uGjJ ym;
jcm;em;rI r&Sdapjcif;yifjzpfonf/ zGHYNzdK;rI toD;tyGifh
f sSif rsm; vlwdkif;yg0ifcHpm;EdkifrI&Sdap&ef vlom;zGHYNzdK;rI
(Human Development ) udk OD;wnf ap&rnfjzpfonf/
¤if;udk jynfolA[dkjyK zGHYNzdK;rI (People Central Develop-
ment ) [kvnf; ac:qdkEkdia f yonf/ *½kwpdkuEf Sihf rQa0
cHpm;wwfonfh vlYtzGJYtpnf;wpf&yf (Caring and
Sharing Society ) xlaxmif&ef vdktyfayonf/
vl xk u d k A[d k j yKonf h pOf q uf rjywf zGH Y N zd K ;
wdk;wufrI? 'Drdku&ufwpftkyfcsKyfrI? vlYtcGifhta&;?
vlwkdY\tcsKyftjcmtmPm? *kPo f ud ©m&Srd IponfwkdY\
tajccHrlrsm;ESihf Nidr;f csr;f rI (Peace ) ESihf om,m0ajymrI
(Prosperity ) wdkYukdjzpfay:apEdkio f nfh obm0ywf0ef;
d yfyg usifqdkif&mw&m;rQwrI (Ecological Justice ) wdkYudk
aqmifMuOf;ay;Edkifaom? tusKd;aus;Zl; xdcdkufepfem
aponfh tkypf krsm; (Disadvantaged groups ) \ tusK;d
pD;yGm;udk taumif;qk;H aqmif&u G af y;Edkiaf om rl0g'rsm;
tm;vkH;qufpyfvsuf&Sdygonf/
pD;yGm;a&;aygif;pnf;rIESihyf wfoufí yl;aygif;
aqmif&GufrIrsm;onf tjyeftvSef taxmuftuljzpf
ay:apNyD; BuHUcdkifrI? nDrQrIESifh obm0ywf0ef;usifudk
pOfqufrjywf xde;f odr;f jzpfay:aprIwkdYukd jzpfay:ap&
ygrnf? BudKwifarQmfrSe;f r&Edkiaf om qdk;usK;d rsm; jzpfay:
apEdkifrnfh acwfopfvGwfvyfaom pD;yGm;a&;ykHpH
( Flawed neo-liberal economic paradigm ) tm;
qef;ppfowdjyKNyD; tokH;cs&rnf jzpfayonf/
zGNYH zdK;rIyko
H @mefonf pD;yGm;a&;taqmufttkH
tm; wdk;csJUjcif;tm;jzifh wdk;wuf xkwfvkyfrI? pm;okH;rI
rsm;jzifh vlwdkY\ vdktifqE´rsm;udk jznfhqnf;&mwGif
obm0ywf0ef;usifudk xdcdkufaprI tenf;qkH;
(Lowest possible ecological cost) udk jzpfay:apEdkif
atmif aqmif&Guf&rnfjzpfayonf/
7
 pDrH^zGHUNzdK;*sme,f 2019 ckESpf? ZGefv

pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufrI\ obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m ,SOfNydKifEdkifrI (Competitiveness ) udk wdk;wufapEdkif

pGrf;aqmif&nf (Eco-efficiency of economic onf/ xdkYjyif xkwfvkyfEdkifpGrf;tm; (Productivity ) udk
wdk;wufapjcif;rSwpfqifh xkwv f kyrf Iukeu f sp&dwrf sm;
growth)
(Production Cost ) udk avsmhusapNyD; xkwfukeft&nf
obm0ywf0ef;usiftm; xdcdkufaprItenf;
taoG; (Product Quality ) udkyg wdk;wufapEdkiyf gonf/
qkH;jzifh pGrf;aqmif&nfjynfh0pGm tokH;jyKjcif;udk csOf;
obm0ywf0ef;usifudk xdef;odrf;&ma&muf
uyfonfh oabmw&m;rSm pdrf;vef;aom wdk;wufrI
ouJhokdY vlY tzGJUtpnf;twGuf tusK;d &Sad prnfh obm0
(Green Growth) \ oabmw&m;yifjzpfonf/ pD;yGm;
ywf0ef;usiu f kd xde;f odr;f a&;qdki&f m pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;
a&; zGHYNzdK;wdk;wufvmonfESihftrQ axmifpkESpyf ef;wdkif
rsm;? tvkyt f udkit f cGiht f vrf;rsm; ay:aygufapEdkiNf yD;
trSwf (1) jzpfaom qif;&JErG ;f yg;rI avsmeh nf;usqif;a&;
pD;yGm;a&;pGrf;aqmif&nf wdk;wufvmapEdkifrnfjzpf
udk jzpfay:ap&rnfjzpfonf/ odkYaomf tqdkyg qif;&J
onf/ odkYaomf obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m pGrf;aqmif
EG r f ; yg;rI avsmh e nf ; usqif ; apa&;onf obm0
&nfjrifhrm;ap&ef BudK;yrf;jcif;onf ,m,Dajz&Sif;rI
ywf0ef;usif xdef;odrf;rI pOfqufrjywfjzpfay:apa&;
wpfck (Temporary Solution ) wpfckomvQifjzpfNyD;
[l a om axmif p k e S p f y ef ; wd k i f t rS w f (7) ES i f h eD ; eD ;
tpOftNrJ wdk;wufcsJUxGifaernfh pD;yGm;a&;taqmuf
uyfuyf qufpyfvsuf&Sd&m obm0ywf0ef;usif xdef;
ttkHtwGufrl Sustainability [laom pOfqufrjywf
odrf;rI avsmhenf;usqif;ygu qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIrsm;udk
zGHYNzdK;rI oabmw&m;udk xnfhoGi;f pOf;pm;&rnfjzpfay
vnf; avQmhcsEdkifrnf r[kwfay/
onf/ xdakY Mumifh NcHKiko H ;kH oyfygu pOfqufrjywf[al om
a&? pGr;f tif (odkrY [kw)f xkwv f kyrf oI iG ;f tm;pk
a0g[m&onf NydKifqkdirf Irsm;jym;vmaom þacwfopf
rsm; tokH;jyKrIenf;yg;aponfh xkwfvkyfrI enf;ynm
wGif pOfquf rjywfatmifjrifrI? qufvufwnfwHh&yf
rsm; wDxGijf cif; Oyrm-jynfhNzdK;NrJpGr;f tifrsm; (Renew-
wnf E d k i f r I w d k Y t wG u f vl y k * ¾ d K vf w pf O D ; wpf a ,muf
able energy) tokH;jyKjcif;? topfwpfzef jyefvnf
twGufaomfvnf;aumif;? tzGJUtpnf;wpfcktwGuf
xkwv f kyrf rI sm;wGif tok;H jyKjcif; (Recycling)? xkwv f kyf
aomfvnf;aumif;? ukrÜPDwpfcktwGufaomfvnf;
rIrsm;wGif Bi-product rsm;udk xkwv f kyrf IjzpfpOf aemuf
aumif ;? Ed k if iH w pf Ed k if iH t wGu f a omf v nf ;aumif ;
wpfckxJokdY xnfhoGi;f tokH;jyK jcif;jzifh 'kw, d ukepf nf
tvGeftav;xm;p&myifjzpfonf/
wpfck (secondary good) udk jzpfay:apEdkifonf/
bmom&yfqdkif&m oabmw&m;wpf&yfjzpf
Oyrm- ESrf;qDBudwf&mrS xGufay:vmaom ESrf;zwf
onfh ]rebound}udkvnf; þae&mwGif rdwq f ufay;vdk
rsm;udk wd&pämefrsm; tpm;tpmtjzpf xkwv f kyf &mwGif
ygonf/ ]reboundeffect} qdo k nfrmS o,HZmwtok;H cs
vnf;aumif; ESrf;zwfcsOfjyKvkyf&mwGifvnf;aumif;
rIwGif tenf;i,frQaom wdk;wufrI½Sd½kHjzifh aemuf
xyfrHokH;pGJEdkifygonf/
tvm;tvm&Sad om pGr;f aqmif&nfrsm; aysmufqkH;oGm;
pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;rsm;taejzifh obm0ywf0ef;
apjcif; (Loss of potential efficiency gains ) udk jzpfay:
usiq f kdi&f m pGr;f aqmif&nfjrifhrm;ap&ef wDxGirf Irsm;jyK
jcif;yifjzpfonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh avaMumif;qdkif&m
&mwGif Win-Win Solutions udk jzpfay:apEdkifonf[k
wdk;wufrIrsm;aMumifh vltrsm; av,mOftokH;jyKrI rsm;
Professor Michael Porter rSqdkonf/ qdkvdkonfrSm
jym;vmNyD; pD;yGm;a&;pGr;f aqmif&nfrsm; wdk;wuftvkyf
xkwfukefrsm; wDxGifxkwfvkyfygu ywf0ef;usif npf
jzpfaeaomfvnf; avxknpfnrf;rIrsm;? zefvkH tmedoif
nrf;rI (Pollution) udk oufomapNyD; vkyfief;rsm;\
&Sdaom "gwfaiGYrsm; xkwfvTwfrIudk jzpfay:aprnfjzpf

8
 pDrH^zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
onf/ odykY gí tcsKUd aomolrsm;onf tusK;d aus;Zl;&&SNd yD;
tcsKUd aomolrsm;onf tusK;d aus;Zl;wpfpkHwpf&mrSr&
&SdbJ obm0ywf0ef;usif ,dk,Gif;rI\qdk;usKd;rsm;
(Negative externalities) udk cHpm;&onf/ xdkYaMumifh
]rebound effect} udk Edkiif HzGHYNzdK;rIrl0g'a&;&mwGif xnfh
oGif;pOf;pm;&ef vdktyfygonf/
aumif;usKd;oHo&mESifU tqdk;ausmhoHo&m
zGHYNzdK;rIpmayrsm;wGif awGY&Sd&aom oabm
w&m;rsm;twdkif; obm0ywf0ef;usifESifh EdkifiHwdkY\
zGHYNzdK;rIwdkY qufpyfvsuf&Sdonfudk aumif;usKd;oHo&m
(Virtuous Circle) ESifh tqdk;ausmhoHo&m (Vicious
Circle) wdkYjzifh avhvmEdkia f yonf/ pD;yGm;a&;t& t&nf
taoG ; &S d a om wd k ; wuf r I ( Quality of Economic
Growth) jzpfay:ap&ef jynfhNzdK;NrJ pGr;f tifrsm; (Renew-
able Energy )? pGrf;tiftokH;csrIwGif pGrf;aqmif&nf
(Energy Efficiency ) jynf0h apNyD; &moDOwkxed ;f odr;f rIukd
jzpf ay:aponfh aqmif&Gufcsufrsm; (Climate Action)
rsm; rSwpfqifh pGrf;tifvkHNcHKa&; (Energy Security) udk
jzpfay:aponf/ odkYrSom aumif;usKd;oHo&mtjzpf
vnfywfapEdkifNyD; a&&SnfpD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufrIudk
jzpfay:aprnfjzpfonf/ xdkYtwl t&nftaoG;r&Sad om
pOfqufrjywfzGHYNzdK;rIukd rjzpfay: apEdkio f nfh wdk;wuf
rIrsKd; (Unsustainable Economic Growth) udk &&Sdxm;
9
twJG(6)? trSwf-2
ygu ½kyf<uif;avmifpmrsm;tay: rSDcdkrI (Deepening
Dependency on Fossil Fuels ) rsm;NyD; urÇmBuD; ylaEG;
rIESifh &moDOwkajymif;vJrIwdkYudk jzpfay:apum qif;&J
EGrf;yg;rI (Poverty ) udk ydkrdkjzpfay:apí tqdk;ausmh
oHo&m (Vicious Circle ) udk vnfywfaprnfjzpfonf/
odkYygí qif;&JaomEdkiif Hrsm;onf tqdk;ausmhoHo&mrS
azmufxGufapEdkif&ef BudK;yrf;&mwGif obm0ywf0ef;
usif xde;f odr;f a&;onfvnf; vGepf Gmta&;ygayonf/
obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m pOfqufrjywfxdef;odrf;rI
(odkYr[kwf) obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m vkyfaqmif
csufrsm; (Environmental sustainability vis-
à - vis environmental performance)
EdkifiHawmftpdk;&onf obm0ywf0ef;usif
xd e f ; od r f ; a&;twG u f obm0ywf 0 ef ; usif q d k i f & m
Oya'rsm;? tzGUJ tpnf;rsm; (Environmental legislation
and institutions) ay:aygufap&ef tm;ay;&rnfjzpf
onf/ obm0ywf0ef;usit f m; npfnrf;aponfh (odkY)
ysufpD;aponfh udpö&yfrsm;udk tjzpfEdkifqkH;xdef;odrf;
&efjzpfonf/ obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m pGrf;aqmif
&nfjynfh0onfh pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufrI jzpfay:ap&ef?
obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m Ncdrf;ajcmufrIrsm; obm0
ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m ta&;udpörsm;udk rnfodkY pDrHcefUcGJ
rnfenf;qdkonfrSm tvGet f a&;BuD;ayonf/ vufawGY
 pDrH^zGHUNzdK;*sme,f 2019 ckESpf? ZGefv

qefaom obm0ywf0ef;usiq f kid &f m aqmif&u G cf surf sm; - obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m vkyfaqmifcsuf

jzpfay:ap&efrSm obm0ywf0ef;usiq f kdi&f m Oya'rsm;?
tzGJYtpnf;rsm;\ tcef;u@rSm tvGet f a&;ygonf/
obm0ywf0ef;usiq f kdi&f m pOfqufrjywf xde;f odr;f rI
jzpfay:ap&efrSm a*[pepf tNrJ&Sio f efaeap&ef? rysuf
okOf;ap&ef jyefvnf jyKpkysKd;axmifaeaom obm0
o,HZmwrsm; rjzpfxGef;ao;cif wnf&SdaeNyD;aom
o,H Zmwrsm;udk pnf;urf;rJh ok;H jzKe;f jcif;rjzpfay:ap&ef
vdktyfygonf/
obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m pOfqufrjywf
xdef;odrf;rIudk &nf&G,fí obm0 ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m
vk y f a qmif c suf r sm; aqmif & G u f & mwG i f atmuf y g
oabmw&m;rsm;tm; EIdif;,SOfcsdefxdk; aqmif&Guf
oifhygonf-
- obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m vkyfaqmifcsuf
rsm; aqmif&u G &f mwGif pDru H ed ;f rl0g'ydki;f qdki&f mtaejzifh
umvwdk? umvvwftjrifjzifh OD;pm;ay;aqmif&u G of ifh
NyD; obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m pOfqufrjywf xdef;
odrf;rItwGufudkrl umv&Snf (a&&Snf) tjrift&
arQmfrSef;aqmif&Guf&ygrnf/
- obm0ywf0ef;usit f ay: oufa&mufrIrsm;
twGuf xde;f csKyf&efpepfwpfck xlaxmif&mwGif obm0
ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;tjzpf vuf&Sd
pm;okH;rIESifh xkwfvkyfrIykHpHrsm;udk wdk;wufatmif?
xkwfvkyfpm;okH;rIrsm; rSefuefatmifaqmif&Guf&rnhf
enf;vrf;rsm; (Corrective approach) ESihf umuG,o f nfh
enf;vrf; (Preventive approach) wdkY aqmif&Gu&f rnf
jzpfayonf/ obm0ywf0ef;usif qdki&f m pOfqufrjywf
xdef;odrf;rItwGufudkrl pm;okH;rIESifh xkwfvkyfrIvkyf
aqmifcsufrsm;udk ydkrdkpGrf;aqmif&nfjynfh0ap&ef?
vlrIpD;yGm;a&; aqmif&u G cf surf sm;jzpfay: ap&ef tajccH
usaom jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;&SmazGjcif;? obm0
ywf0ef;usit f m; tokH;cs&mwGif tusK;d oufa&mufap
Edkifaom qkH;jzwfcsuf csrSwfrIrsm; vdktyfygonf/
rsm; wm0ef,v l kyaf qmif&ef twGuf obm0ywf0ef;usif
pDrHcefYcGJa&;qdkif&m tpdk;&Xmersm;? yk*¾vduu@wdkY
yg0ifrnfjzpfygonf/ obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m pOf
qufrjywfxdef;odrf;rItwGufudkrl tpdk;&Xmersm;?
yk*¾vu d u@rsm;? vlrItzGJYtpnf;rsm;rS ydkrku d s,jf yefYpmG
yg0if vkyfaqmif&rnfjzpfygonf/
- obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m vkyfaqmifcsuf
rsm;taejzifh obm0ywf0ef;usiq f kdi&f m t&nftaoG;
udk wdki;f wmaomñTeu f ed ;f rsm; Oyrm-opfawm{&d,m?
avxk? a&xkrsm;wGif npfnrf;rIukd wdki;f wmjcif;ponfh
orm;½dk;uswkdi;f wmrI ñTeu f ed ;f rsm;okH;í wdki;f wmoifh
ygonf/ obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m pOfqufrjywf
xdef;odrf;rItwGuf vkyfaqmifcsuftjzpf vlom;rsm;
taejzifh a*[pepfudk xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufaom
ukefpnfrsm; 0efaqmifrIrsm;tokH;jyKjcif; ponfjzifh
aqmif&GufEdkifygonf/
,cktcgwGif Edkiif Ha&;? vlrIa&;ESihf pD;yGm;a&;
[laom r@dKifBuD;okH;&yfwGif tqdkyg r@Kdio f kH;&yfESihf
qufpyfvsuf&Sdaom? aumif;pGmtusKd;oufa&mufap
Edkio
f nfh obm0 ywf0ef;usiq f kdi&f m r@Kdif (Environ-
mental Pillar) udk pwkwr ¬ @Kdit f jzpf xnfh oGi;f pOf;pm;
vmMuonf/ obm0ywf0ef;usif e,fy,fonf EdkifiH
a&;? vlrIa&;ESihf pD;yGm;a&; [laom r@dKifBuD;okH;&yfvkH;
ESifh qufpyfaeygonf/ pdrf;vef;aom wdk;wufrI
(Green growth) twGuf pdrf;vef;aom pD;yGm;a&;
vkyif ef;rsm; xlaxmiftm;ay;um obm0ywf0ef;usif
qdki&f m ½Iaxmifhtjrifjzifh wdk;wufrIukd &SmazG&efvkdtyf
ayonf/ obm0ywf0ef;usiq f kdi&f m npfEGr;f rIaMumifh
qdk;usK;d rsm; jzpfay:apEdki&f m a&&Snf pOfqufrjywf wdk;
wufrItwGuf obm0ywf0ef;usifudk twwfEdkifqkH;
xdef;odrf;umuG,fapmifha&Smuf&rnf jzpfygonf/

10
 tpdk;&onf Edkiif aH wmf\ t"dur@dKif (3) &yfjzpfonfh tkycf sKyfa&;?
Oya'jyKa&;? w&m;pD&ifa&; udpö&yfrsm; NyD;ajrmufatmifjrifpGm aqmif&Guf
Edkif&ef? pD;yGm;a&;? vlrIa&; zGHYNzdK;wdk;wufrI&&Sd&ef tokH;p&dwfrsm;udk uscH
okH;pGJ&ygonf/
Oya'jyKa&;twGuf tokH;p&dwfrsm; (vTwfawmftoD;oD;twGuf
tokH;p&dwfrsm;)? EdkifiHawmfumuG,fa&;twGuf tokH;p&dwfrsm;? w&m;
Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;ESifh &yf&Gmat;csrf; om,ma&;twGuf tokH;p&dwfrsm;
(w&m;Oya'jy|mef;jcif;? w&m;½kH;rsm; zGJYpnf;wnfaxmifjcif;? tkycf sKyfa&;
½kH;rsm;zGifhvSpfjcif;? &JwyfzGJYrsm;zGJYpnf;jcif;? rD;owfwyfzGJYrsm; zGJYpnf;jcif;?

11
 pDrH^zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
vl0ifrI½kH;rsm;zGihv
f Spjf cif;)? vlrIa&;vkyif ef;rsm;twGuf
tokH;p&dwfrsm; (ynma&;? usef;rma&;? ,Ofaus;rI?
u,fq,fa&;? jyefvnfae&mcsxm;a&;? bdk;bGm;
&dyfomrsm;? rdbrJhuav;rsm;a*[mrsm; wnfaqmuf
jcif;)? r&Sdrjzpfaom 0efaqmifrIvkyfief;rsm;twGuf
tokH; p&dwfrsm; (pnfyifom,ma&; vkyfief;rsm;- a&?
vQyfppfrD;? vrf;wHwm;? oefY&Sif;a&;? ydkYaqmifa&;
vkyfief;rsm;? qufoG,fa&; vkyfief;rsm;)? pD;yGm;a&;
wdk;wufrItwGuf tokH;p&dwfrsm; (Expenditure)
tm;vkH;udk tpdk;&rS uscHokH;pGJ&onf/
tpdk;&taejzifh wdkif;jynftwGuf r&Sdrjzpf vdk
tyfaom vkyif ef;rsm;udk vkyaf qmifEkdi&f ef? wpfEkdiif HvkH;
twGuf tkycf sKyfa&;? vlraI &;ESihf pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;rsm;udk
aqmif&Gufay;Edkif&ef ponfwdkYtwGuf &aiG&&Sd&ef
(Revenue) vdktyfonf/ xdkYaMumifh tpdk;&onf tokH;
p&dwrf sm; twGuf vdktyfaom aiGaMu;&&S&d ef Oya'rsm;
jy|mef;í vlyk*¾dKvfrsm;ESifh vkyfief;rsm;xHrS tcGef
aumufc&H jcif; jzpfygonf/ Edkiif aH wmfu tcGeaf umufcH
jcif;onf b@m&efykHaiG &&Sd½kHoufouf r[kwfyg/
aiGaMu;pD;qif;rI? aiGaMu;vSnfhywfrI rSefuefapa&;?
aiGaMu;azmif;yGrI avsmhenf;apa&;? 0ifaiGuGm[rI
avsmhenf;apa&;? EdkifiHawmfu taumiftxnfazmf
aqmif&Guaf eaom pD;yGm;a&;pepfukd taxmuftuljyK
a&; &nf&G,fcsufrsm;vnf; yg0ifonf/
tcGefrsm;rSm Oya'ESifhtnD tpdk;&odkY ray;
rae& ay;aqmif&aom aiGaMu; jzpfonf/ tcGefrsm;
onf tpdk;&twGuf omref&aiG&&Sd&m ta&;BuD;qkH;
ZmpfjrpfjzpfaomaMumifh EdkifiHom;wdkif; Oya'ESifhtnD
tpdk;&odkY tcGefay;aqmif&ef wm0ef&Sdygonf/
tpdk;&\ tcGeaf umufcHrIukd wdku½f kducf Gerf sm;
(Direct Taxes) ESifh oG,f0dkufcGefrsm; (Indirect Taxes)
[lí cGJjcm;Edkifonf/ wdkuf½dkufcGefrsm;rSm vlyk*¾dKvf
(odkYr[kw)f vkyif ef; ay:wGif aumufcHaomtcGejf zpfNyD;
tjcm;vlyk*¾Kd vf (odkYr[kw)f vkyif ef;rsm;odkY vTJajymif;í
r&aom tcGefrsm; jzpfonf/ tcGefay;aqmifolESifh
12
2019 ckESpf? ZGefv
tcGeu f scHolrSm wpfOD;wnf;jzpfonf/ t"dutusqkH;
wdkuf½dkufcGef trsKd;tpm;rSm 0ifaiGcGef (Income Tax)
jzpfonf/
0ifaiGcGef (Income Tax) qdkonfrSm vlyk*¾dKvf
rsm;ESihf vkyif ef;rsm;\ 0ifaiGtay: wGif aumufcHaom
tcGejf zpfNyD; tjrwfceG ?f aumfykda&;&Si;f cGef (Corporation
Tax) ? iSm;cwdkYtay:wGif aumufcHaomtcGefwdkY yg0if
onf/ tcsKdUwdkif;jynfrsm;wGif vufaqmifypönf;rsm;?
tarGypönf;rsm;tjzpf &&Sdaom0ifaiGrsm;? t&if;tESD;
tjzpf xm;&Sad om ypön;f rsm; wefzkd;wufvmjcif;rS &&Sd
aom0ifaiGrsm;tay:wGifvnf; 0ifaiGcGef aumufcH
onf/
trsm;tm;jzifh awGY&avh&Sdaom wdkuf½dkufcGef
wpfrsdK;rSm ypönf;OpömcGefjzpfonf/ ypönf;OpömcGef
(Property Tax) qdkonfrSm vlyk*¾dKvf (odkYr[kwf) vkyf
ief;u ydkiq f kdiaf om Opömypön;f rsm;tay:wGif aumufcH
aom tcGefjzpfonf/ Oyrm- ajr,m? tdrf? pawmh&S,f
,mrsm;? ,mOfrsm; ponfwdkYtay:wGif aumufcHaom
tcGefrsm; jzpfygonf/
oG,0f kducf Geq f kdonfrSm ukepf nfESihf 0efaqmif
rIrsm;tay:wGif aumufcHaomtcGefjzpfNyD; tcGefudk
ukepf nfxkwv f kyaf &mif;csolrsm;u 0,f,lpm;okH;rIrsm;
tay:odkY vTJajymif;ay;Edkifaom tcGefrsm; jzpfonf/
oG , f 0 d k u f c G e f \ oabmrS m tcG e f a y;aqmif & ol r S m
vkyfief;&SifjzpfNyD; tcGefuscH&olrSm pm;okH;ol jzpfyg
onf/ oG,f0dkufcGefrsm;rSm ukefpnfrsm; xkwfvkyfrI?
a&mif;0,frIESihf ydkYaqmifrIwkdYtay: aumufcHjcif;jzpfNyD;
t"duoG,f0dkufcGef trsdK;tpm;rsm;rSm a&mif;cGefESifh
vufajymif;cGef (odkYr[kwf) ukefpnfcGew f dkYjzpfonf/
a&mif;cGef (Sales Tax ) qdkonfrSm ukefpnfudk
aemufqk;H pm;ok;H ol (Final Consumer ) odkY a&mif;csraI y:
wGif aumufcHaomtcGef jzpfonf/ vufajymif;cGef
(odkYr[kw)f ukepf nfcGef (Turnover Tax)qdkonfrSm ukef
pnfwpfrsKd;udkvufajymif;onfhtBudrfwdkif;wGif ¤if;
wefzkd;ay:ü aumufcHaomtcGef jzpfonf/ rsuaf rSmuf
 pDrH^zGHUNzdK;*sme,f twJG(6)? trSwf-2

acwf EdkifiHrsm;wGif tokH;rsm;vmonfh vufajymif;cGef tcsurf sm; rajymif;vJonfh tajctaewGif xdkukepf nf

wpfrsKd;rSm xyfqifhwdk;wefzdk;cGef (Value Added Tax) \ aps;EIe;f ajymif;vJrIaMumifh jzpfay:vmaom a&mif;cs
jzpfonf/ xyfqifhwdk;wefzdk;cGef qdkonfrSm ukefpnf onfh ta&twGufajymif;vJrI tcsKd;tpm;jzpfonf/
wpfrsK;d \ xkwv f kyrf IjzpfpOftqifhqifhwGif xyfqifhwkd; a&mif;vdktm; tavsmhtwif;u 0,fvdktm;
vmaom wefzdk;rsm;ay:wGif aumuf,lonfh tcGef tavsmt h wif;xufrsm;ygu tcGerf sm;udk 0,f,o l rl sm;
jzpfonf/ wdki;f jynf\ oGi;f ukeEf iS hf ydkYukerf sm;tay:wGif u ydkrkad y;aqmif&rnfjzpfNyD; 0,fvkt d m;tavsmt h wif;
aumuf,laom tcGefrsm;onfvnf; oG,f0dkufcGef u a&mif;vdktm; tavsmhtwif;xufrsm;cJhvQif tcGef
trsKd;tpm;wGif yg0ifNyD; þtcGefrsm;udk taumufcGef udk xkwv f kyo
f lrsm;u ydkrkday;aqmif&rnf jzpfygonf/
(Custom Duties) [lí ac:onf/ a&mif;vdktm;ESihf 0,fvkdtm;tavsmhtwif; qwl jzpfyg
ukepf nfaps;eIe;f rsm; jr§ihw
f ifjcif;jzifh oG,0f ku d f u (,lepftavsmhtwif; jzpfygu) tcGefudk pm;okH;ol
cGefrsm;udk ukefpnf0,f,l okH;pGJolrsm;odkY a½TUajymif; ESihf a&mif;csolrsm;u tnDtrQ uscH&rnf jzpfyg onf/
Edkifonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh ½kyfjrifoHMum;pufrsm; a&mif; Oyrm-tpdk;&u pD;u&uftay: tcGeaf umuf
csrItay:wGif aumufcHaomtcGeu f kd wdk;jr§ihv
f kduyf gu cHrI wdk;jr§ihfvdkufjcif;aMumifh xkwfvkyfolrsm;u pD;
a&mif;csolrsm;onf ½kyfjrifoHMum;pufrsm;\ a&mif; u&ufaps;EIef;udk wdk;vmonfh tcGefyrmPtwdkif;
aps;EIef;udk jr§ifhwifjcif;tm;jzifh a&mif;cGefwdk;í xrf; wdk;jr§ifhowfrSwf a&mif;csaomfvnf; pD;u&uf 0,fvdk
aqmif&onfudk umrdatmif aqmif&GufEdkifonf/ odkY tm; rajymif;vJb&J adS eygu (odkrY [kw)f tenf;i,fom
jzpfí ukefpnfwpfcktay: tcGefpnf;Muyfjcif;jzifh ajymif;vJygu wpfenf;tm;jzifh 0,fvdktm; tavsmh
ukefpnf a&mif;aps;udk jrifhwufoGm;aponf/ aps;EIef; twif;enf;ygu wdk;jr§ihftcGeftm;vkH; (odkYr[kwf)
jrifhwufonfh twdki;f twmrSm ukepf nf twGuf 0,fvkd tm;vkH;eD;yg;udk pm;okH;olu ay;aqmif&rnf jzpfyg
tm;ESifh a&mif;vdktm;tajctaersm;tay: rlwnfae onf/
onf/
xkwfvkyfa&mif;csolESifh 0,f,lpm;okH;ol ykH (1) 0,f v d k t m;tavsmh t wif ; u a&mif ; vd k t m;
ESpfOD;vkH;u tcGefudkay;aqmif&rnf jzpfaomfvnf; tavsmhtwif;xuf rsm;aom tajctae
ukepf nf\ 0,fvkdtm;ESihf a&mif;vdktm;tavsmhtwif;
ay: rlwnfí xkwv f kyaf &mif;csolESihf0,f,lpm;okH;ol
wdkYtay: tcGeyf rmP usa&mufrI (tpdk;&odkY ay;aqmif
&rnfh tcGefyrmP) uGJjym;jcm;em;ygonf/
ukefpnfwpfcktwGuf 0,fvdktm;tavsmh
twif;qdkonfrSm xdkukefpnftwGuf 0,fvdktm;udk
jy|mef;aomtcsuf (ukefpnf\aps;EIef;? pm;okH;ol\
0ifaiG? pm;okH;ol\ BudKufESpo f ufrI? tjcm;ukepf nfrsm;
\aps;eIef;) wpfckckajymif;vJjcif;aMumifh 0,fvdktm;
rnfrQ wkjYH yefajymif;vJaMumif;udk wdki;f wmjcif;jzpfonf/
a&mif;vdktm;\aps;EIe;f tavsmhtwif;qdkonfrSm ukef
pnfwpfcktwGuf a&mif;vdktm;udk jy|mef;aom tjcm;

13
 pDrH^zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
ykH (2) a&mif ; vd k t m;tavsmh t wif ; u 0,f v d k t m;
tavsmhtwif;xuf rsm;aom tajctae
0,fvdktm; tavsmhtwif;rsm;aom ukefpnf
rsm;wGif ZdrfcHukefpnfrsm; (ZdrfcHum;rsm;? Rolex em&D?
a&arT;? pdef? aps;BuD;aom acsmuvufrsm;ponfh
ukepf nfrsm;)? tpm;xdk;ukepf nfrsm; (vÇu&f nf? aumfzD?
pm;tkef;qD ? ajryJqD ponfjzifh tpm;xdk;okH;pGJEkdifonfh
ukepf nfrsm;)? tavsmhtwif;rsm;aom ukepf nfrsm;ESihf
wGzJ uf ok;H pG&J aom ukepf nfrsm;? Mum&Sno
f ;kH ukepf nfrsm;
(a&cJaowåm? vufudkifzkef;? t0wftpm;? pufbD;?
yefum ponfhukefpnfrsm;)? 0ifaiG\ tpdwftydkif;
trsm;tjym; okH;pGJ&onfh ukefpnfrsm; (pufbD;? em&D
ponhfukefpnfrsm;) ESifh aps;EIef;tqifh jrifhrm;aom
ukefpnfrsm; yg0ifonf/
tavsmhtwif;enf;aom ukefpnfrsm;wGif
<u,f0rIukd azmfjyaom ukepf nfrsm; (vuf0wf&wem?
&Sm;yg;ypönf;rsm;? emrnfBuD;yef;csDq&mrsm;\ yef;csD
um;rsm;)? tpm;tpm? qm;ESihf rD;jcpfuJhokdYaom touf
&Sif&eftwGuf r&Sdrjzpf vdktyfaom ukefpnfrsm;?
tavsmhtwif;enf;aom ukefpnfrsm;ESifh wGJzufokH;pGJ
&aom ukefpnfrsm;? tavhtusifht& okH;pGJaom ukef
pnfrsm; (pD;u&uf aomufokH;jcif;? t&uf aomufokH;
jcif;)? 0ifaiG\ tpdwt f ydki;f tenf;i,fom okH;pG&J onfh
ukefpnfrsm; (abmyif? cJwH? tyf? tyfcsnf ponfh
14
2019 ckESpf? ZGefv
ukepf nfrsm;) ESihf aps;EIe;f tqifh enf;aom ukepf nfrsm;
yg0ifonf/
jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh jynfoljynfom;rsm;\
tajccHvdktyfaom? r&Sdrjzpf okH;pGJ&ef vdktyfaom
atmufygukefpnfrsm;tay: tcGefaumufcHrIr&Sdyg-
ESHpm;oD;ESH tkyfpk0if ukefpnfrsm; (qefESifh
qefxGuf ypönf;rsm;? *sKHESifh*sKHxGufypönf;rsm;? ajymif;
trsKd;rsKd;ESifh tjcm;ESHpm;oD;ESHrsm;ponfh ukefpnfrsm;)?
qD xGu f o D ;ES H rsm; ( ajryJ ? ES rf ;? rk e f n if ;?
aeMum? 0g? qDtkef; ponfh ukefpnfrsm;)
tom;? ig;ESifhO (ouf&Sdwd&pämef? ig;? ykpGef
rsm;? MuufO? bJO ponfh OtrsKd;rsKd;)
toD;t&Gurf sm;(opfo;D pdr;f trsKd ;rsK;d ? [if;oD;
[if;&GuftrsKd;rsKd;)
rD;zdkacsmifokH;ypönf;rsm; (qm;? iHjym&nf?
ig;yd? MuufoGefeD? MuufoGefjzL? i½kwfoD;? eEGif;rIefY?
csif;? tmvl;ponfh ypönf;rsm;)
pufrIukeMf urf;trsKd ;rsKd ; (yJtrsKd ;rsKd ;? *keaf vQmf
ESihf tjcm; avQmfrsm;? BuH ponfh ukepf nfrsm;? vufcpm;
tyfukef pepfjzifh ukefacsm ukefpnf xkwfvkyfay;jcif;
twGuf tokH;jyK&ef jynfyaevkyfief;tyfESHolrS ay;ydkY
onfh ukeMf urf; odkYr[kwf tpdwt f ydki;f tjzpf wdku½f kduf
tokH; jyK&ef ukefpnfrsm;? xGuf&Sdvmrnfh ukefacsmudk
xkyfydk; &mwGif tokH;jyKonfh ukefpnfrsm;)
pdkufysdK;a&;okH;ypönf;rsm;("mwfajrMoZm?
ydk;owfaq;? aygif;owfaq;? v,f,mESifh arG;jrLa&;
okH;ud&d,mrsm;? v,f,mESifh arG;jrLa&;okH;pufESifh
puftydkypönf;rsm;)
awmxG u f t d r f o k H ; ypö n f ; rsm;(ouf i ,f ?
taygh? "ed? awmifxef;? oeyfcg;? Budrf? ysm;&nf? csdyf
rsm; ponfhukefpnfrsm;)
avmifpm^qD (xif;? 0g;? vQyfppfESihfpGrf;tif
0efBuD;XmerS Edkiif Hjcm;oH½kH;rsm;? ukvor*¾tzGJY tpnf;
rsm;ESifh EdkifiHjcm;oHwrefrsm;odkY a&mif;csay;onfh
pufokH;qDrsm;)
 pDrH^zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
ausmif ; ok H ; ypö n f ; rsm; (ausmuf o if y k e f ; ?
ausmuf w H ? ajrjzL? aywH ? cJ z suf? cJ wH ? cRefp uf?
ausmif;okH;pmtkyf trsKd;rsKd;?)
usef;rma&;okH;ypönf;rsm; (y&aq;yif? "gwf
rSef½dkuf ypönf;ud&d,mrsm;? aq;*Grf;? aq;ywfwD;?
aq;½kHokH; taxGaxGypönf;rsm;? enf;Oya'? pnf;rsOf;
jzifh uefYowfxm;aom vlokH; aq;0g;rsm;rSty tdro f kH;
aq;0g; ESihf tjcm;vlokH;aq;0g;trsKd ;rsKd ;? aq;0g;ukef
Murf;rsm; ponfhukefpnfrsm;)
¤if;tjyif ukeo f G,v f kyif ef;cGef Oya't& or
0g,ru@ESifh yk*¾vduu@rsm;twGuf ukefoG,f
vkyfief;cGefusoifhonfh ukefpnfrsm;udk jynfwGif;ü
xkwfvkyfa&mif;csjcif;twGuf b@meSpf wpfESpf
twGif; xkwfvkyfa&mif;&aiG pkpkaygif; usyfodef;200
xuf rydkvQif tcGefaumufcHjcif; r&Sdyg/
tdrif Sm;&rf;jcif;? ,mOf&yfem;&ef ae&miSm;&rf;
jcif;? touftmrcHvkyfief;? tao;pm;aiGacs;jcif;?
usef;rma&;0efaqmifrI? ynma&;0efaqmifrI? ukefpnf
o,f,lydkYaqmifa&;? tvkyftudkif&SmazGa&;? bPf
vkyif ef;? taumufcGe?f qdyu f rf; &Si;f vif;a&;vkyif ef;?
{nfhcHauR;arG;a&;twGuf ypönf;iSm;&rf;jcif;? ukef
Murf;ay;ukeaf csm,lpepfjzifh aqmif&Guo f nfhvkyif ef;?
ema&;0efaqmifrI? uav;oli,fjyKpkysdK;axmifa&;?
aetdraf ½TUajymif;jcif;qdki&f m 0efaqmifrI? vrf;tokH;jyKc
aumufcHrIvkyfief;? jynfyavaMumif;c&D;onf ydkY
aqmifa&;vkyfief;? ,Ofaus;rItEkynmqdkif&m 0ef
aqmifrIvkyfief;? trsm;jynfolc&D;onf o,f,lydkY
aqmifa&;vkyfief;? trsm;okH;oefYpifcef; tokH;jyK
vkyfief;? jrefrmh½dk;&m taMumjyifvkyfief;? wd&pämef
usef;rma&;ESifh xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufa&;vkyfief;rsm;
ponhf 0efaqmifrItrsKd;tpm;rsm;ay:wGifvnf; tcGef
15
twJG(6)? trSwf-2
uif;vGwfcGifhjyKxm;ygonf/
¤if;tjyif ukeo f G,v f kyif ef;cGeOf ya't& or
0g,ru@ESifh yk*¾vduu@rsm;twGuf ukefoG,f
vk y f i ef ; cG e f u soif h o nf h 0ef a qmif r I v k y f i ef ; rsm;
aqmif & G u f j cif ; twG u f b@mES p f wpf E S p f t wG i f ;
0efaqmifrI&aiG pkpkaygif; usyo f ed ;f 200 xuf rydkvQif
tcGefaumufcHjcif; r&Sdyg/
0efaqmifrIqkdi&f m tcGeaf umufcHrI? tcGeaf y;
aqmifrIESifh ywfoufí pm;aomufqdkifrsm;\ aiG
vuf i if ; jzwf y d k i f ; wG i f wH q d y f a cgif ; uyf j cif ; ES i f h
avhvmrnf jzpfygonf/ pm;aomufqkdif ydki&f Sirf sm;u
EdkifiHawmfodkY tcGefBudKwifay;aqmifxm;&NyD; ¤if;
BudKwifcGefESifh nDrQaom wHqdyfacgif;udk Label Stamp
tjzpftokH;jyK&ef jynfwGi;f tcGerf sm; OD;pD;Xmeu xkwf
ay;xm;ygonf/ pm;okH;olrsm; vma&muf pm;okH;csdef
wGif aiGvufiif;jzwfykdi;f wGif wHqyd af cgif;uyfay;jcif;
jzifh tcGefrsm;udk pm;okH;olxHrS jyefíaumuf,ljcif;
jzpfygonf/ xdkYaMumifh pm;okH;olrsm;u rdrad y; aqmif&
aom tcGerf sm; Edkiif aH wmfokYd trSew f u,f a&muf&adS p&ef
wHqdyfacgif;ygaom aiGvufiif;jzwfydkif;udk pm;
aomufNyD;wdki;f &,l&ef vdktyfygonf/ odkYr[kwyf gu
rd r d a y;aqmif v d k u f a om tcG e f o nf Ed k i f i H a wmf o d k Y
ra&mufonfhtjyif pm;aomuf ukefusp&dwfrsm;onf
vnf; pm;aomufqkdi\ f 0ifaiG wGucf surf IwGif pm&if;
r0ifygojzifh 0ifaiGcGef aumufcH&&SdrIudkvnf; avsmh
enf;apygonf/
xdkYaMumifh tcGefrsm;udk xkwfvkyfa&mif;csol
(odrkY [kw)f 0,fopl m;ok;H olu rnfrQpD ay;aqmif&rnf
qdkonfrSm aps;EIe;f ajymif;vJrIESihf 0ifaiGtajctaet&
¤if;wdkY\ wHkYjyefrItajctaeay:wGif rlwnfvsuf &Sdyg
aMumif; wifjyvdkufygonf/
1/ Population (OD;a&) udk aumufcsufcsEdkif&ef
twGuf rdrda&G;cs,fxm;onfh erlem (sample) onf
OD ; a&ud k ud k , f p m;jyKonf h erl e m ( representative
sample) jzpf & ef vd k t yf y gonf / Representative
sample jzpfap&efvdktyfcsufwpfckrSm erlema&G;cs,frI
enf;vrf; (sampling) a&G;cs,frI rSefuef&rnf jzpfyg
onf/
2/ Sampling ESihf ywfoufNyD; qufvufavhvm
rnfqdkygu Sampling udk jzpfwefpGrf;tay: tajccH
aom erlema&G;cs,fjcif; (probability sampling) ESifh
jzpfwefpGrf;tay: tajcrcHaom erlema&G;cs,fjcif;
(non-probability sampling) [lí ESprf sKd ;cGjJ cm;Edkio
f nf/
Probability sampling wGif -
(1) omref usyef;erlema&G;cs,fenf;
(Simple Random Sampling)
(2) tvTmcGJusyef;erlema&G;cs,fenf;
(Stratified Random Sampling)
(3) tkyfpkvdkuf erlema&G;cs,fenf;
(Cluster Sampling)
16
(4) tuGmnDerlema&G;cs,fenf;
(Systematic Sampling)
Non-Probability sampling wGif -
(1) a0yHkus owfrSwfí erlema&G;cs,fenf;
(Quota Sampling)
(2) &nf&G,fcsuftay: tajccHí erlema&G;cs,f
enf;(Purposive Sampling)
(3) tqifajyEdkirf Itay: tajccHí erlema&G;cs,f
enf;(Convenience Sampling)
(4) ajzqdkol rSwpfqifh csw d qf ufí erlema&G;cs,f
jcif; (Snowball Sampling)
3/ Probability Sampling udk avhvmMunfhrnf
qdkygu Oyrmtm;jzifh pD;yGm;a&;wuúodkvfausmif;
om;^olrsm;\ bmom&yfrsm;tay: ¤if;wdkY\ tjrif
oabmxm;udk avhvmMunfhrnfqdkygu - &efukef
pD;yGm;a&;wuúodkvf? rdw¬DvmpD;yGm;a&;wuúodkvfESifh
rkH&GmpD;yGm;a&;wuúodkvf[lí (3) ck&SdNyD;? tqdkyg
wuúodkvfwdkif;wGif pDrHcefYcGJrIynmtxl;jyK? pm&if;
 pDrH^zGHUNzdK;*sme,f twJG(6)? trSwf-2

udkifynmtxl;jyKESifh pm&if;tif;ynmtxl;jyK ponf

jzifh bmom&yf (3) ckoifMum;onf qdkygpdkY/ tvTmcGu
J syef;erlemaumufenf; (Stratified Random
Sampling)

omref usyef;erlemaumufenf; (Simple Random 5/ tvTmcGJusyef;erlemaumufenf; (Stratified

Random Sampling) onf erlemrsm;udk ra&G;cs,frD
Sampling)
yxrOD;pGm Population xJwGif&Sdaom element rsm;udk
4/ omref u syef ; erl e maumuf e nf ; (Simple
0ifaiGtkyfpktvdkuf? Xmetvdkuf? pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;
Random Sampling) onf a&G;cs,c f &H rnfh ausmif;om;^
trsdK;tpm;tvdkuf^ t&G,ftpm;tvdkuf ponfjzifh
olrsm;tm;vHk;udk pm&if;jyKpkNyD; (sampling frame wnf
tvTm cGJjcm;owfrSwfjcif;jzpfonf/ xdkYaemuf tqdkyg
aqmufNyD;) uHprf;rJEIdufonfhtvm; usyef;a&G;cs,f
cGJjcm;xm;onfh tkyfpktoD;oD;rS owfrSwf erlemta&
onf h oabmrsd K ;jzpf o nf / Theory t& random
twGufudk usyef;erlemaumufenf;jzifh a&G;cs,fjcif;
number table udk Munfhívnf;aumif;? Microsoft
jzpfygonf/
Excel wGif random number generate vkyfí vnf;
aumif; erlemrsm;udk a&G;cs,af vh&SMd uygonf/ Simple
Random Sampling \ aumif;uGufwpfckrSm yg0if
tvTmcGu
J syef;erlemaumufenf; (Stratified Random
onfh element wdkif;udk nDwlnDrQ tcGifhta&;&&Sdap Sampling)
jcif; (Equal Chance) yif jzpfygonf/

omref usyef;erlema&G;cs,fenf; (Simple Random

Sampling)

17
 pDrH^zGHUNzdK;*sme,f 2019 ckESpf? ZGefv

6/ Stratified Random Sampling wGif -

Within strata wGif tvGTm (strata) wpfcktwGif; yg0if tkyfpkvdkuferlemaumufenf; (Cluster Sampling)
onfh element wpfckonf tjcm; element rsm;ESifh
oabmobm0t& wln&D rnfjzpfNyD;? Between strata
wGif tvTm (strata) wpfckonf tjcm;tvTm (strata)
rsm;ESifh oabmobm0t& uGJjym;&rnfjzpfonf/
7/ ,ckavhvmrIt& -
Within strata: pDrHcefYcGJrI tvTmxJwGif yg0if
aom ausmif;om;^olrsm; (elements)onf pDrHcefYcGJrI
ynmbmom&yfudkom txl;jyK wufa&mufaeMuol
rsm;jzpf N yD ; ? pm&if ; ud k i f t vT m xJ w G i f yg0if a om
ausmif;om;^olrsm; (elements) onf pm&if;udkiyf nm
bmom&yfukdom txl;jyKwufa&mufaeMuolrsm;jzpf
onf/ xdkYtwl pm&if;tif;tvTmxJwGif yg0ifaom
ausmif;om;^olrsm; (elements) onf pm&if;tif;ynm
bmom&yfukdom txl;jyKwufa&mufaeMuolrsm;jzpf
ojzifh tvTm (strata) wpfckwGif yg0ifonfh element
wdkif;onf oabmobm0 wlnDaMumif;awGU&onf/
Between strata: pDrHcefYcGJrItvTm ( strata)
onf pm&if;udkiftvTm (strata) ESifh pm&if;tif;tvTm
(strata) wdkYESifh bmom&yfyHkpH uGJjym;jcm;em;onfudk
awGU&onf/ xdkYtwl pm&if;udkiftvTm (strata) onf
vnf; pDrHcefYcGJrItvTm (strata) ESifh pm&if;tif;tvTm 9/ Cluster Sampling wGif -
(strata) wdkYESifh bmom&yfyHkpH uGJjym;aeaMumif;awGU Within cluster wGif tkyfpk (Cluster) wpfck

Edkifygonf/ twG i f ; yg0if o nf h Element wpf c k o nf tjcm;

Element rsm;ESihf oabmobm0t& uGjJ ym;&rnfjzpfNyD;?
Between cluster wGif tkyfpk (Cluster) wpfckonf
tkyfpkvdkuf erlemaumufenf; (Cluster Sampling) tjcm;tkypf k (Cluster) rsm;ESihf oabmobm0t& wlnD
8/ tk y f p k v d k u f e rl e maumuf e nf ; ( Cluster
&rnfjzpfonf/ (Stratified Random Sampling \
Sampling) onf erlemrsm;udk ra&G;cs,frD yxrOD;pGm
,lqcsufESifh ajymif;jyefjzpfonf)
yx0Dtaetxm;t& (Geographical Location) aomf
10/ ,ckavhvmrIt& -
vnf;aumif; ? e,fy,f tydkif;tjcm;t& (City, Block,
Within cluster: &efukef pD;yGm;a&;wuúodkvf
etc.,) aomfvnf;aumif; tkyp f k (Cluster) rsm; owfrSwf
(Cluster) xJwGif yg0ifaom ausmif;om;^olrsm;
jcif;jzpfonf/ xdkYaemuf tqdkyg Cluster rsm;xJrS vdktyf
(Elements) wGif pDrHcefYcGJrIynm txl;jyK ausmif;om;^
aom Cluster udkom usyef;erlem aumufenf;jzifh a&G;
olrsm;? pm&if;udkiyf nmtxl;jyK ausmif;om;^olrsm;ESihf
cs,fjcif; jzpfygonf/

18
 pDrH^zGHUNzdK;*sme,f twJG(6)? trSwf-2

pm&if;tif;ynmtxl;jyK ausmif;om;^olrsm;ponfjzifh tuGmnDerlemaumufenf; (Systematic Sampling)

txl;jyK rwlnD (uGJjym;ae) onfh ausmif;om;^olrsm;
yg0if a ernf j zpf y gonf / xd k Y t wl rH k & G m pD ; yG m ;a&;
wuúokv d Ef iS hf rdwv
D¬ m pD;yGm;a&;wuúokvd rf sm;wGiv f nf;
xdkenf;wl yg0ifae Murnfjzpfonf/
Between strata: &efukep f D;yGm;a&;wuúokdvf (Cluster)
xJwGif yg0ifaeonfh Element wdkY ESifh rHk&GmpD;yGm;a&;
wuúodkvf (Cluster) ESifh rdw¬DvmpD;yGm;a&; wuúodkvf
(Cluster) wGifvnf; yg0ifaeonfh Element wdkY\ yHkpH
oabmobm0 wlnDaeonfudk awGU&rnfjzpf onf/

tuGmnDerlemaumufenf; (Systematic Sampling)

11/ tuG m nD e rl e maumuf e nf ; ( Systematic
Sampling) udk ra&G;cs,r f D yxrOD;pGm tuGm (K) wefzkd;
udk &Sm&rnfjzpfonf/

xdkYaMumifh Oyrmtm;jzifh
population size (OD;a&t&G,ftpm;) = 100,
sample size (erlemt&G,ftpm;) = 20 jzpfygu
k (tuGmwefzdk;) = 5 jzpfrnf jzpfonf/

11/ k (tuGm) wefzdk; 5 jzpfonfhtwGuf Student

Senior No. 1 rS 5 xJrS udef;*Pef;wpfvHk;tm; usyef;
erlemaumuf,&l rnfjzpfonf/ tu,fí No 3 a&G;cs,f
cH&ygu aemuf a&G;&rnfh Student Senior No. rSm 8
( 3+5) jzpf r nf j zpf o nf / wwd , a&G ; cs,f c H & rnf h
Student Senior No. rSm 13 (8+5) jzpfygonf/ xdkuJhodkY
qufwkduf a&G;cs,yf gu Population Size (OD;a&t&G,f
tpm;) 100 twGif; rdrdvdkcsifonfh Sample Size (erlem
t&G,ftpm;) 20 u dk&&Sdrnf jzpfygonf/

19
tped'gef;ESifh jzpfxGef;wdk;wufrI
,aeYurÇmwGif pm;okH;ol\tcef;u@ ydkrkdBuD;rm;vmrIESiht f wl
pm;okH;oltcGiht f a&;onfvnf; owdjyKp&m jzpfvmaeNyDjzpfonf/ ESppf Of
ESpwf kdi;f rwfv (15) &ufaeYukdvnf; urÇmh pm;okH;olrsm; tcGit hf a&;aeY
(World Consumer Rights Day–WCRD) tjzpf owfrSwfí trSwfw&
tcrf;tem;rsm;yif usif;yrIrsm; jyKvkyfvmMuygonf/
teD;qkH;umv ordki;f aemufcHukd jyefMunfhaomtcg vGecf Jhaom
ESpf 60 eD;yg;? 1962 ckESpfu tar&duef or®w *Reftufzfuae'D (John
F. Kennedy) onf tar&duefuGe* f &ufü pm;okH;olrsm;\ tcGit hf a&;rsm;
(Consumers’ Rights) ESifh ywfoufí rdeYfcGef;ajymMum;cJhzl;onf[k od&
onf/ or®wuae'D\ tqdkyg rdeYcf Ge;f tvGef jzpfay:vmaom aemufquf
wG&J v'frmS pm;ok;H ol tcGit
fh a&;rsm;qdki&f m Oya'rlMurf; ay:xGuv f mjcif;

20
 pDrH^zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
jzpfonf/ tar&duefor®wwpfOD;\ pm;okH;oltcGihf
ta&;udk t"dyÜg,f zGiq hf kdí pm;okH;olrsm;ESihyf wfoufí
tav;teufxm; ajymMum; cJhonhf xdkaeY&ufukdvnf;
urÇmhpm;okH;olrsm; tcGiht f a&;aeYtjzpf owfrSwcf JhMu
onf/ or®w *Reftufzfuae'D\ rdefYcGef;rS jrpfzsm;cHí
jzpfay:vmcJhaom pm;okH;ol Oya'rlMurf;wGif yg0if
onhf pm;ok;H ol tcGit hf a&;rsm;rSm tb,fenf;/ pm;okH;
ol tcGiht f a&; qdki&f m tajccHusaom tcsuf (4) csuf
tjzpfawGU&onf/
(1) uk e f p nf od k Y r [k w f 0ef a qmif r I u d k ab;Oy'f
tEÅ&m,fuif;&Si;f ? vkHNcHKpGmpm;okH; (tokH;jyK)cGihf
(Right to safety)?
(2) 0,f,lpm;okH; (tokH;jyK) onhf ukepf nf odkYr[kwf
0efaqmifrIESihf ywfoufí owif;tcsuf tvuf
jynfpkHpGm&&SdcGihf (Right to information)
(3) rdrw d kY\
d ESpo
f uf&mukepf nf odkYr[kwf 0efaqmifrI
rsm;udk pdwfqE´twdkif; a&G;cs,f0,f,lpm;okH;
(tokH;jyK) cGihf (Right to choose) ESifh
(4) 0,f,lpm;okH; (tokH;jyK) vdkufonhf ukefpnf
odkYr[kwf 0efaqmifrIESifh ywfoufíaomfvnf;
aumif;? xkwv f kyo f nhf vkyif ef;rsm;ESihf ywfouf
íaomfvnf;aumif; rauseyfrIrsm;? pdk;&drfp&m
jzpfrIrsm;udk xkwfazmfajymqdkcGihf (Right to be
heard) wdkYjzpfonf/
1985 ckESpfwGif urÇmhukvor*¾tzGJYBuD;u
pm;okH;olrsm;udk ydkrdktumtuG,fjyKEdkif&ef aemufxyf
tcGihfta&; ( 4) rsKd;jzpfonhf vlwpfa,muf\ tajccH
vdktyfcsuf pm;? 0wf? aea&;tygt0if usef;rma&;?
vlwpfOD;onf wpfcsdefwGif pm;okH;oljzpfouJUodkh
tjcm;wpfcsdefwGif xkwfvkyfol? a&mif;csol jzpfonf/
21
twJG(6)? trSwf-2
ynma&;wdkYukd &&Scd Hpm;cGihf (the right to basic needs)?
xkwfvkyfolbufrS rSm;,Gif;onhf ukefpnf odkYr[kwf
0ef a qmif r I t wG u f oih f a vsmf o nh f ajz&S i f ; ay;rI ?
avsmfaMu; jyefvnfcHpm;cGihf (the right to redress)?
ukepf nf odkYr[kwf 0efaqmifrIukd 0,f,ltokH;jyK&mwGif
od&S&d rnhf tcsut f vufrsm;ESihf pm;okH;ol tcGiht f a&;
qdkif&mrsm; todynmay;rIudk&&SdcGihf (the right to
consumer education)? pm;ok;H olrsm;\ tusK;d pD;yGm;udk
aocsmapaom aumif;rGefonhf? Ncdrf;ajcmufrIrsm; r&Sd
onhf aexdkirf I0ef;usiEf Sihf tvkycf Gi0f ef;usif jznhq f nf;
ay;jcif;udk &&SdcGihf (the right to a healthy environ-
ment) wdkYudk xyfrHjznhfpGuf jy|mef;ay;cJhonf/
pm;okH;jcif;? pm;okH;olESifh pm;okH;oltcGihfta&;
pm;ok H o l r sm;tcG i h f t a&; ( Consumers’
Rights) taMumif; pdwf0ifpm;rI&SdvmaomMumifh pm;
okH;jcif; (Consumption) ESifh pm;okH;ol (Consumer)
[laom a0g[m&rsm;ESifh ywfoufívnf; qufpyf
pOf;pm;rdvmonf/ abm*aA'bmom&yfwGif pm;okH;
jcif; (Consumption) onf ukefpnfESifh 0efaqmifrIudk
tokH;jyKjcif;jzpfonf/ wpfenf;qdkaomf ukefpnf odkY
r[kwf 0efaqmifrIwpfckudk wdkuf½dkuf tokH;jyKjcif;
(pm;okH;jcif;) jyKvkyf&efjzpfap? (vuf&Sd odkYr[kwf
tem*wfumv) tokH;0ifrIwpfcktwGujf zpfap? tjcm;
aom taMumif;trsKd;rsKd;twGufjzpfap 0,f,ltokH;
jyKjcif;jzpfonf/ xdkodkYjyKvkyfaom olwdkYudk pm;okH;ol
rsm;[kac:onf/ aps;uGut f iftm;pkxJwGif 0,fvkdtm;
ESifh a&mif;vdktm; tiftm;pk[lí&Sd&m pm;okH;olrsm;
 pDrH^zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
onf 0,fvdktm; tiftm;pkwGifyg0ifNyD; aps;uGuf
,EÅ&m;twGuf xkwfvkyfa&mif;csolrsm; yg0ifaom
a&mif;vdktm; tiftm;pkxufydkí t"duusonf[k
a,bk,sqdkEdkifonf/ aps;uGuf,EÅ&m;udk vnfywf
vIyf&Sm;apa&;twGuf ueOD;vIHUaqmfrIjyKEdkifonhf
tiftm;pk[kvnf; ,lqMuonf/
tar&duef pdwfynm&Sif Maslow \ vdktyf
csuf tqihfqihf oDtdk&D (Hierarchy Of Needs Theory)
t&qdkvQif vlwdkY (pm;okH;olwdkY) onf ½kyfydkif;qdkif&m?
pdwfydkif;qdkif&m vdktyfcsuftwGuf ukefpnfESifh 0ef
aqmifrIrsm;udk pm;okH;jcif; (tokH;jyKjcif;) udk vl wpf
a,muf\ vdktyfcsuf ueOD;? tajccHtqifhrSmyif
jyKvk y f aeMu&onfudk owdj yKavh v mrdE dki fonf/
touf&Sif &yfwnfrItwGufvnf;aumif;? touf
tdk;tdrfpnf;pdrf? tvkyftudkif vkHNcHKpdwfcsrItwGuf
vnf;aumif;? vlrIa&;qdkif&m vdktyfcsuf twGuf
vnf;aumif;? av;pm; wefzk;d xm;rI &&S&d efvkt d yfcsuEf iS hf
rdrdudk,frdrd ,kHMunfrI&SdpGmjzihf b0wdk;wufrItwGuf
zef w D ; wnf a qmuf E d k i f a &;twG u f v nf ; aumif ;
ukepf nf odkYr[kwf 0efaqmifrIwkYu d kd tajc taetrsK;d rsK;d
wGif ykHpHtrsKd;rsKd;jzifh tokH;jyKaeMu&onf/ xdkYaMumihf
pm;okH;olrsm;onf pm;okHjcif; (tokH;jyKjcif;) tjyK
trludk tNrJrjywf jyKvkyf&if; aps;uGufwGif;&Sd tjcm;
aom tiftm;pkjzpfonfh xkwfvkyf a&mif;csolrsm;udk
vIHYaqmfaeonhf oabmrsKd;&Sdaeonf/ xdkYtwl xkwf
vkyfa&mif;csolrsm;uvnf; ¤if;wdkY\ ukefpnfESifh
0efaqmifrIrsm;udk pm;okH;olrsm; ydkrdk0,f,ltokH;jyK
(pm;okH;) vmap&ef qef;opfwDxGix f kwvf kyrf Irsm; jzihf
qGJaqmifMuonfh tajctae&So d nf/ xkwv f kyaf &mif;cs
jcif;ESihf 0,f,pl m;ok;H ( t ok;H jyK) jcif;wdk\
Y aps;uGuu f kd
wnfNrJapaom aemufqkH;yef;wdkifrSm pm;okH;olpdwf
auseyfrI &&Sda&;jzpfonf/
ukefxkwfvkyfrIwpfckudk tokH;jyK&eftwGuf
vnf;aumif;? tjrwftpGe;f twGuf jyefvnfa&mif;cs&ef
twGuf 0,f,lolwkYu d kd pm;okH;olrsm;[k rowfrSwaf y/
22
2019 ckESpf? ZGefv
xdkYaMumihf pm;okH;oltcGihfta&;qdkonfrSm wdkuf½dkuf
pm;okH;rI (tokH;jyKrI) twGuf ukefpnf odkYr[kwf
0efaqmifrI wpfckckukd 0,f,lpm;okH; (tokH;jyK) aomol
rsm; BuHKawGYepfemrIrsm; r&Sdap&ef? usihf0wft&jzpfap?
Oya't&jzpfap jyifqifxm;aom tcGihf ta&;rsm;jzpf
onf/ ukeyf pön;f xkwv f kyaf &mif;csol? 0efaqmifrIay;
ol (a&mif;csol) u ¤if;wdkY a&mif;cs vdkuo f nhf ukepf nf
odkYr[kwf 0efaqmifrIESifhywfoufí pm;okH;ol tcGihf
ta&;rsm; aocsmapjcif;onf pm;okH;olrsm;udk tum
tuG,af y;Edkijf cif;jzpfojzihf pm;okH;ol tcGithf a&;rsm;
udk pm;okH;olrsm;omru xkwfvkyfa&mif;csolrsm;yg
od&Sdem;vnfNyD; vdkufemjcif;? xdef;odrf;jcif;wdkY aqmif
&GufrSom atmifjrifrI &&SdEdkifrnf/
pm;okH;ol\ ta&;ygrI
vlwpfOD;onf wpfcsed w f Gif pm;okH;oljzpfouJh
odkY tjcm;wpfcsdefwGif xkwfvkyfol? a&mif;csol jzpf
onf/ wpfcgwpf&w H iG f pm;ok;H ola&m xkwv f kyaf &mif;cs
ol wpfukd,hEf Sppf w d f wpfNydKifeufjzpfaewwfonf/ xdkY
aMumihf pm;okH;olonf EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH? pD;yGm;a&;
taqmufttkHwpfcktwGif;ü ta&;BuD;qkH; tpdwf
tydki;f jzpfNyD; pD;yGm;a&;pepfwpf&yf ykHrSev f nfywfEkdiaf p
a&;twGuf ta&;tygqkH; ouf&S, d EÅ&m; tpdwt f ydki;f
vnf;jzpfonf/ pD;yGm;a&;taqmufttkHtwGif; usifh
okH;aeonfh pD;yGm;a&;pepfESihftnD rSeu f efpGm vnfywf
apa&;twGuf pm;okH;olrsm;\ tusdK;pD;yGm;udk um
uG,fay;jcif;onf EdkifiHom;rsm; tm;vkH;\ tusKd;
pD;yGm;udk xde;f odr;f ay;aejcif;jzpfNyD; Edkiif H\ pD;yGm;a&;
ESifh vlrIa&; tqifhtwef; wdk;wufjrifhrm;rItwGuf
tm;xkwfaejcif;[kvnf; qdkEdkifayonf/
pm;ok H ; ol r sm; tusKd ; pD ; yG m ;ysuf p D ; cJ h v Qif
xkwv f kyaf &mif;csolrsm;\ tusK;d jzpfxGe;f rIukd xdckduf
vmrnf/ wpfEG,fiifwpfpifyg EdkifiHhtusKd;pD;yGm;udk
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23
 ukeof G,rf Ioifwef;ausmif; (Trade Training
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zG i f h v S p f x m;onf / TTI onf tjynf j ynf q d k i f & m
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Course) udk ½kH;zGifh&ufjzpfaom wevFm? Ak'¨[l;ESifh
aomMumaeYrsm;wGif eHeuf 9 em&DcGJrS aeYv,f 12
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24
12;00 em&Dxd wufa&muf&NyD; oifwef;umvrSm 4
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School) wpfckuJhodkY jzpfonf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf
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 pDrH^zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
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Edkifonf/
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25
twJG(6)? trSwf-2
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 pDrH^zGHUNzdK;*sme,f 2019 ckESpf? ZGefv

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26
 pDrH^zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
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27
twJG(6)? trSwf-2
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jrefrmEdkiif HtzdkY Edkiif HwumESih,f SO&f if &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolrsm;u ude;f *Pef;
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BuD;jrifhrI? vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;cufcJrI vQyfppfrD;vkHavmufatmif
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Edkiif Ha&; ya,m*aygif;pkHwkdYaMumifh pepfwus avhvmwGucf su&f onf
txdjzpfaMumif; &if;ESD;aom&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHoltcsKdU\ nnf;oHrsm;udk
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wmvm; ruGjJ ym;bl;vdkY rMumcP tjypfqkw d mudkvnf; cHc&hJ zl;ygw,f/

28
 pDrH^zGHUNzdK;*sme,f twJG(6)? trSwf-2

wu,fawmh jynfwGi;f ^jynfy&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHol rS EdkifiHawmf&JU pD;yGm;a&;taqmufttHkudk cdkifcdkifrmrm

awGtzdkY tajccHtaqmufttkH vdktyfcsufrsm;av wnfaqmuf&mrSm jznfhqnf;ay;EdkifrSmjzpfygw,f/ 'D
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Edkiif HrSm &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHjcif;u ESpOf D;ESpzf uf tusK;d rsm;ap vdktyfcsuu f kdjznfhzkdY BudK;pm;MuzdkY wdkuw
f Ge;f vdk&if;jzpf
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tawG;yg/ Edkiif Hcsppf w d ef JY ajymqdkMujcif;rQyg/ pD;yGm;a&; vrf;rsK;d pkH xkw,
f lokH;pGJaeMuwmudk awGY Mu&rSm jzpfyg
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vQyfppf"gwftm;udk ½Iaxmifhaygif;pkHuae xkwv f kyyf g

29
 pDrH^zGHUNzdK;*sme,f 2019 ckESpf? ZGefv

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vdktyfcsuu f kd jznfhwif;cJhMuNyD; Edkiif HzGHYNzdK; wdk; wufvm
wJhtcgrSmawmh tEÅ&m,frsm;wJh tjyKtrlawG udk txl;
avQmhcsvmcJhMuwmvnf;jzpfygw,f/
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wpfEdkifiHvkH;rSm wnfaqmufNyD; jynfhrDwJh "gwftm;udk
jzefYjzL;Edkiw f mudk awGY&ygw,f/ rGe*f kdvD;,m;vdkEkdiif HrSm
awmif a½Txkwfvkyfjcif;ESifhtwl vQyfppf"gwftm;udk
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olwifjyvdkwmu udk,fhEdkifiHrSm&SdwJh vQyfppf"gwftm;
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udk taotcsm pdppfwGucf suNf yD; ESp&f Snt f okH; jyKEdkizf kdY
tpDtpOfwus aqmif&Gujf cif;udkyg/ qdkvkdwmuawmh
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okH;pGJaeMujyDvnf; jzpfygw,f/

30
 pDrH^zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
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wdk;wufzdkY tqifhjrifhenf;ynmawGr&&SdcifrSm jznfh
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aqmifcJhMuwmudkvnf; awGY&rSmjzpfygw,f/
pma&;ol w d k Y E d k i f i H t wG u f vuf & S d t csd e f r S m
vQyfppf"gwftm;r&ao;wJha'oawG? &&SdayrJh vkH
2019 ckESpf? ZGefv
avmufrIr&SdwJhae&mawGu tawmfyifrsm;jym;aeqJ
jzpfwmudk awGY&rSmjzpfygw,f/ EdkifiHawmftwdkifyifcH
yk*¾Kd vf&JUEkdiif HtESHYc&D;pOfawGrSm ajymMum;csuaf wG t&
2020 ckeSpfrSm wpfEdkifiHvkH;&JU 50 &mcdkifEIef;udk vQyfppf
"gwftm;vTr;f NcHKEdkirf ,fvkdYqkdygw,f/ txuf azmfjycJh
wJh OyrmtcsKdUudkMunfh&if EdkifiH&JU yifr"gwftm;vdkif;
d ef UJ r&&SdwJh ae&mawGrSm jyefvnf jynfhNzdK;NrJpGrf;tifudk
tok;H jyKNyD; vQypf pf"gwftm;ay; puf½kaH wG wnfaqmuf
NyD; tvkyjf zpfajrmufatmif yHhykd;ay;Edkirf nfqkdygu ukef
ypön;f xkwv f kyEf kdirf IpGr;f tm;rsm; taotcsm jrihw
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vmEdki½f kHomru vlYpGr;f tm;t&if; tjrpfzGHYNzdK; wdk;wuf
G rf I rIrSmvnf; tawmfyifxda&mufvmrSm taotcsm
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pma&;olwdkY EdkifiHhpD;yGm;a&;zGHYNzdK;wdk;wufzdkY
qdkwm rdwaf umif;aqGaumif;awG&zSd kdY? aps;uGuaf umif;
awG&SdzdkYvdkovdk xkwfukefrsm;rsm;xkwfEdkifzdkYESifh ydkYukef
rsm;rsm;ydkYEdkifzdkYuvnf; ta&;BuD;wJhtwGuf EdkifiH
twGuf tajccHtaqmufttkHu@zGHYNzdK;wdk;wufzdkYu
vnf; trSefwu,f vdktyfcsufBuD;wpfckjzpfwmrdkY
EdkifiHawmf&JU tpDtpOfeJYywf0ef;usifxdcdkufrItenf;
qk H ; ? jynf o l w d k Y tusd K ;trsm;qk H ; &&S d E d k i f r I ? jref r mh
,Ofaus;rItEkynmESihf ordki;f tarGtESprf sm; xde;f odr;f
apmifha&SmufEdkifNyD; ayg<u,f0wJh obm0t&if;tjrpf
rsm;udk tokH;csum vdktyfaewJh vQyfppf"gwftm;udk
jznfhwif;Edkiaf tmif Edkiif Hawmftpdk;&ESihf jynfolwkdY twl
vufwGJ BudK;yrf;EdkifygapaMumif; tBuHKjyKwdkufwGef;
a&;om;&if; ed*kH;csKyfvdkuf&ygw,f/
32
 1950 jynhfESpfwGif jzpfyGm;aom udk&D;,m;uRef;qG,f\ jynfwGif;
ppftNyD; urÇmhtqif;&JqkH; Edkiif HjzpfcJhonhf udk&D;,m;or®wEdkiif Honf jyefvnf
xlaxmifa&;umvtwGif; EdkifiHjcm; tultnDjzpfaom tpm;tpm? t0wf
txnf? aq;0g;ESihf ukeMf urf;ypön;f rsm;jzihf cufcJpGm &yfwnfcJh&onf/ 1950
jynhv f eG u
f mvrsm;wGif udk&;D ,m;or®wEdkiif \ H oGi;f ukef 70 &mcdkiEf eI ;f ausmo
f nf
EdkifiHjcm;tultnDrsm;jzpfonf/ 1962 ckESpfwGif pwifaom yxr ig;ESpf
pD;yGm;a&;zGHYNzdK;wdk;wufrI pDrHued ;f aemufykdi;f Edkiif H\pD;yGm;a&;ESihf vlrIa&;u@
wnfNidrftm;aumif;vmNyD; tpdk;&taejzihf tajccH taqmufttkH zGHYNzdK;
wdk;wufa&;udk t&Sdeft[kef jr§ihfwifaqmif&GufEdkifcJhonf/ EdkifiH\pD;yGm;a&;
zGHYNzdK;wdk;wufvmonfESifhtrQ EdkifiHwumrS tultnD&,lrIrsm;vnf; avsmh
enf;vmcJhonf/

KOICA \ ordkif;aMumif;
udk&D;,m; tjynfjynfqkid &f m yl;aygif;aqmif &Guaf &;at*sipf D (KOICA)
udk 1991 ckeSpw f Gif wnfaxmifcJhNyD; zGHYNzdK;qJEkdiif Hrsm;twGuf enf;ynm yl;aygif;
aqmif&Guaf &;udk taxmuftul jzpfaprnhf w&m;0if zGHYNzdK;rI tultnD (ODA)
rsm;udk taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&Guf&ef zGJUpnf;xm;aom tpdk;&tzGJU tpnf;
wpfckjzpfonf/ 1997- 98 ckESpfwGifjzpfyGm;aom urÇmhpD;yGm;ysufuyfudk
atmifjrifpGm ausmfvTmNyD; aemufydkif; udk&D;,m;or®wEdkifiHonf tqifh (11)
&Sd urÇmph ;D yGm;a&; tiftm;BuD;Edkiif t
H jzpf &yfwnfEkid cf NhJ yD; tcuftcJrsm;rSwpfqifh
pD;yGm;a&;zGHYNzdK;wdk;wufcJhonfh tavhtusifhaumif;rsm;udk rQa0&ef South-

33
 pDrH^zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
South Cooperation ud k tajcjyKí enf ; ynmES i f h
taxmuftyHhrsm;udk EdkifiHwumodkY ay;tyfcJhjcif;jzpf
ygonf/
pwifwnfaxmifpOfwGif zGHYNzdK;qJEdkifiHrsm;&Sd
jynfolrsm;\ tajccH vdktyfcsufESifh vlUpGrf;tm; &if;
jrpf zGNYH zdK;wdk;wufa&;twGuf OD;pm;ay;aqmif&u G cf ahJ omf
vnf; vuf&t dS csed w
f iG f pOfqufrjywf zGNYH zdK;wdk;wufa&;?
zGHYNzdK;rIrw d zf ufrsm;ESihf yl;aygif;aqmif&u G rf I ydkrkjd r§iwhf if
a&;ESihf a'ocHjynfolvlxk\ vdktyfcsurf sm;udk wdk;jr§ihf
jznhfqnf;a&;ESifh urÇmvkH;qdkif&m pdefac:csufrsm;jzpf
aom obm0ywf0ef;usix f ed ;f odr;f a&;? qif;&JrGJawrI
yaysmufa&;? usm;^ r wef;wl tcGiv fh rf;&&Sad &;wdt
u@pkHwGif us,fjyeYfpGmtaumiftxnfazmfvsuf
&Sdonf/
ud k & D ; ,m;or® w Ed k i f i H o nf 1953 ck e S p f
udk&D;,m;uRef;qG,pf pfyGJtNyD; tqif;&JqkH;Edkiif HwpfckrS
Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development - OECD \ Development Assistance
Committee tzGJY0iftjzpf0ifa&mufEdkifcJh&m ¤if;wdkY\
tawGYtBuHKaumif;rsm;onf zGHYNzdK;qJEdkifiHrsm;twGuf
taxmuftuljzpfaponf/
tultnDvufcH&,lolrS tvSL&Siftjzpfodkh
KOICA onf jynfolvlxk (People) ? Nidr;f csr;f
a&; (Peace) ?<u,f0csr;f omrI (Prosperity) ESihf urÇm
ajr (Planet) paom t"dur@dKif (4) &yfjzihf zGHYNzdK;qJ
Edkiif Hrsm;udk tultnDay;vsu&f o Sd nf/ 2017 ckESpwf Gif
udk&D;,m; or®wEdkifiHonf tmqD,HEdkifiHrsm; ESifh ydkrdk
eD;uyfpGm yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrIudk &nf&G,fí EdkifiHjcm;
a&;&m rl0g'wpf&yf jzpfaom New Southern Policy-
NSP udk rdwfqufcJh&m KOICA taejzifh NSP twGuf
taxmuftuljyKaprnfh tpDtpOfrsm;udk wdk;jr§ifh
aqmif&GufcJhonf/
1975 ckESpf jrefrmEdkifiHESifh udk&D;,m;or®w
Edkiif HtMum; ESpEf kdiif HoHwref tquftoG,f xlaxmif
2019 ckESpf? ZGefv
NyD;onfh aemufykdi;f jrefrmEdkiif H zGHYNzdK;wdk;wufrItwGuf
acs;aiG u d k Korea EXIM Bank ES i f h tul t nD r sm;ud k
udk&D;,m;tjynfjynfqdkif&m yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;
at*sifpD (KOICA) rSay;tyfvsuf&Sdonf/
jrefrmEdkifiHwGif KOICA \ taumiftxnfazmf
aqmif&GufrI
KOICA (jrefrm) ½kH;udk 1991 ckESpw
f Gif &efukef
NrdKUüzGihfvSpcf JhNyD; jrefrmEdkiif HtwGuf zGHYNzdK;rI pDrHued ;f rsm;
ESihf enf;ynmtultnDrsm;udk v,f,mpdkuyf sK;d a&;ESihf
aus;vufa'ozGNYH zdK; wd;k wuf a&;? tajccHtaqmufttkH
Yk wGuf zGHYNzdK;wdk;wufa&;? pD;yGm;a&;ESihf tkycf sKyfa&;pDrHcefYcJrG IESihf
vlYpGr;f tm;t&if;tjrpf zGHYNzdK;wdk;wufa&;wdkYwGif t"du
ulnDay;vsuf&Sdonf/ xdkYtjyif KOICA rS jrefrmEdkifiH
odkY ynmoifqkrsm;ay;tyfjcif;? udk&D;,m;or®wEdkifiH
wGif usif;yonfhaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;odkYzdwfMum;jcif;? uRrf;
usio f rl sm;ESihf vkyt
f m;ay;rsm; apvTwjf cif;rsm;udkvnf;
ay;tyf v suf & S d o nf / jref r mEd k i f i H w G i f KOICA rS
taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&Guv f su&f o Sd nfh tultnD
ESifh taxmuftyHhrsm;teuf vkyftm;ay; tpDtpOf
(World Friends KOICA - WFK Volunteers) ESihf tem*wf
twGuf t&nftaoG; zGHYNzdK;wdk;wufa&;tpDtpOf
( Capacity Improvement and Advancement for
Tomorrow – CIAT) onf xif&Sm;ygonf/
WFK Volunteers tpDtpOf
WFK-Volunteers onf udk&D;,m;or®wEdkii
f H
tpd k ; &rS aqmif & G u f a eonf h Overseas Volunteer
Program udk 1990 ckESpfwGif pwiftaumiftxnf
azmfaqmif&Gucf JhNyD; 2009 ckESp?f arvrS pwifí World
Friends Korea - WFK tjzpf trnfajymif;vJcJhonf/
tqdkygtpDtpOfonf zGHYNzdK;qJEdkifiH (40) ausmfwGif t
aumiftxnfazmfaqmif&Gufvsuf&SdNyD; udk&D;,m;
Edkiif H\ uRrf;usirf I? todynmESihf tawGUtBuHKrsm;tm;
34
 pDrH^zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
¤if;\ rdwzf ufEkdiif Hrsm;odkYrQa0&ef? qif;&JrIavQmhcsa&;
twGuf ulnD axmufyHh&efESifh pOfqufrjywf zGHYNzdK;
wdk;wufa&;wdkYtwGuf taxmuftyHhay;vsu&f o Sd nf/
KOICA taejzih f jref r mEd k i f i H o d k Y ol e mjyK?
Adokum? odyÜHynm&yf? ynma&;? c&D;oGm;vkyfief;?
pufr?I ½kyyf kid ;f qdki&f mukxk;H ? tEkynm? tvSjyifvkyif ef;?
"mwf a &mif j cnf u k x k H ; ? taxG a xG u sef ; rma&;?
pmMunfhwdkufynm? vlrI0efxrf;? csnfrQifESifhtxnf?
ocsFm? tcsut f jyKwf? *a[qufynm ? uav;oli,f
ynmay;? *Dw? aq;½kHaq;cef;rsm;qdkif&ma&m*gaA'?
armfawmf,mOfpufypönf;? vQyfppf pGrf;tif? tDvuf
x&Gefepf? rkefYzkwfvkyfief;? ½kyfydkif;qdkif&m ynmay;
tpD t pOf ? wd k u f u G r f ' d k ? rl v wef ; ynma&;? 'D Z d k i f ;
uGefysLwm? udk&D;,m;bmompum;? vli,fzGHYNzdK;a&;?
pdkufysKd;a&;? ig;vkyfief;? tpm;taomufvkyfief;?
arG;jrLa&;ESihf ywf0ef;usif xde;f odr;f a&;e,fy,frsm;wGif
vkyt f m;ay;rsm; apvTwv f su&f NSd yD; 1998 ckeSprf S 2018
ckESpxf d WFK-Volunteers (259) OD;udk 0efBuD;Xmersm;&Sd
oufqdkif&m e,fy,frsm;wGif wm0efxrf;aqmif&ef
vufcHcJhonf/
CIAT tpDtpOf
tem*wftwGuf t&nftaoG;zGHYNzdK;wdk;wuf
a&;tpDtpOf Capacity Improvement and Advance-
ment for Tomorrow - CIAT onf KOICA rS rdwz f ufEkid if H
rsm;&Sd rl0g'csrSwfolrsm;ESifh 0efxrf;rsm;udk udk&D;,m;
odkYzdwfac:í ¤if;wdkY\ vlrIpD;yGm;b0 pOfqufrjywf
zGHYNzdK; wdk;wufap&ef udk&D;,m;or®wEdkifiH\ tawGY
tBuHKrsm;? enf;ynmESifh todynmrsm;udk jzefYa0&ef
35
twJG(6)? trSwf-2
avhusihfoifMum;ay;&ef &nf&G,fí 1963 ckeSpfwGif
pwifcJhonf/
CIAT taejzihf rdwz f ufEkdiif Hrsm;\ rwluGJjym;
aom vdktyfcsufrsm;tay:tajccHí rl0g'ESifh enf;
ynmqdkif&m t&nftaoG;jrihfrm;a&;twGuf EdkifiHESifh
a'owGi;f qdki&f mtpDtpOfrsm;? ynmoif qkay;tyfa&;
tpDtpOfrsm;? Edkiif Htvdku?f 0efBuD;Xmetvdkuf tqdkjyK
vdkaom t&nftaoG; jr§ihfwifrI tpDtpOf? KOICA ESifh
rd w f zuf Ed k if iH rsm;\zuf pyf a qmif &Gu f rI ES if h a'o
vdktyfcsufrsm;udk umvtvdkuf cGJjcm;owfrSwfum
tkyfcsKyfa&;? usef;rma&;? ywf0ef;usifxdef;odrf;a&;?
ynma&;? owif;ESifh tcsuftvufenf;ynm? aus;
vufa'o zGHYNzdK;wdk;wufa&;? usm;^ r wef;wl tcGihf
ta&;&&Sda&;? vlYtcGihfta&;ESifh pGrf;tifu@wdkYwGif
tultnDay;vsu&f o Sd nf/ 1991 ckESprf S pwifí 2018
ckESpfxd KOICA \ CIAT rS tpDtpOfaygif; (2085) ck
ay;tyfNyD;jzpfonf/
ed*kH;
uRef;qG,pf pfytJG NyD; Edkiif w
H umtultnDrsm;
jzifh cufcJpGm&yfwnfcJh&aom udk&D;,m;or®w EdkifiH
onf ¤if;wdkY\ rSefuefaomrl0g'? pD;yGm;a&;zGHYNzdK; wdk;
wufrI vkyfief;pOfrsm;rSwpfqifh urÇmhtqifhrD enf;
ynmESifh pD;yGm;a&;udk xdyfwef;wGif&yfwnfEdkifcJh&m
¤if;\ zGHYNzdK;wdk;wufrI tawGYtBuHKrsm;udk jrefrmEdkifiH
tygt0if a'owGi;f ESihf Edkiif w H umwGif a0rQvsu&f &dS m
jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh udk&D;,m;or®wEdkifiHrS tultnD
ay;vsuf&Sdaom WFK ESifh CIAT tpDtpOfrsm;rSwpfqifh
¤if;wdkY\tultnDrsm;ESifh tavhtxaumif;rsm;udk
twk,lí EdkifiHzGHYNzdK;wdk;wufap&ef aqmif&Gufoifh
ygonf/
 uREfkyw f kdYtouf&Siaf exdki&f m urÇmajrBuD;ay:wGif ouf&Sd
oufrJhaygif;ajrmufrsm;pGm wdkYonf a&? av? ajr? awmawmif ponhf
obm0w&m;BuD;ESifhtwl tjyeftvSef tay;t,lrQwpGmjzihf trSD
o[JjyKaexdkifvmonfrSm ESpfoef;aygif;rsm;pGm MumjrihfcJhNyDjzpfyg
onf/ vlom;rsm;\ rqifrjcifvkyfaqmifrIrsm;aMumifh oufwrf;
MumjrihfNyDjzpfaom rdcifurÇmBuD;onf ,cktcg tdkrif;&ihfa&mfí

36
 pDrH^zGHUNzdK;*sme,f twJG(6)? trSwf-2

tvSw&m;rsm; ysufjy,fvmNyD jzpfygonf/ urÇmajr
wpf0ef;ü &moDOwkajymif;vJvm rIrsm;onf 21 &mpkESpf
tapmydki;f umvrsm;rSpí odomxif&Sm;vmcJhygonf/
vlom;wdkYaMumifh obm0ywf0ef;usifnpfnrf;rIESifh
ysuf p D ; ,d k , G i f ; vmrI r sm;\ qd k ; usKd ; ;rsm;ES i f h t wl
&moDOwkrsm; ajymif;vJazmufjyefvmjcif;ESifh aemuf
qufwGJjzpfonhf urÇmBuD;\ a*[pepf wpfaeYwjcm;
,dk,Gif;vmNyD; urÇmhoufwrf; wjznf;jznf;usqif;
vmjcif;yif jzpfygonf/
urÇ m BuD ; \ a*[pepf ,d k , G i f ; vmjcif ; ?
&moDOwkajymif;vJ azmufjyefvmjcif;ESihf twl obm0
ab;tEÅ&m,frsm;jzpfonhf avxknpfnrf;jcif;?
a&xknpfnrf;jcif;? opfawmrsm; jyKef;wD;vmjcif;?
urÇmBuD;yl;aEG;vmjcif;ESifh aemufqufwGJ rkefwdkif;
wdkujf cif;? a&BuD;jcif;? ivsiv f Iycf wfjcif;? ajrNydKjcif;?
awmrD;avmifjcif;? tylvIid ;f usa&mufjcif; tp&So d nhf
obm0ab;'Pfudk ouf&Sdtm;vkH; tvl;tvJcHpm;
ae&ygonf/ txl;ojzihf vlwdkYaeYpOf½SL&Idufaeonhf
avxknpfnrf;rIaMumihf vlom;wdkY\ oufwrf;onf
vnf; usqif;vmum t&G,frwdkifcif aoqkH;aeMu&
ygonf/ avxknpfnrf;rIonf vlom;wdkY\ usef;rm
a&;udk Ncdrf;ajcmufaeonhf tBuD;rm;qkH;aom obm0
ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m ab;tEÅ&m,fyifjzpfonf/
urÇmhusef;rma&;tzGJU (World Health Organiza-
tion) \ EdkifiHaygif; 108 EdkifiH&Sd NrdKUBuD; 4300 NrdKUudk
avh v m qef ; ppf r I r S &&S d v monh f awG Y & S d r I r sm;t&
urÇmay:&Sd vl (10) OD;wGif (9) OD;onf roefY&Si;f aom
avudk ½SL½Iu d af e&NyD; tdrjf yifywGif omru tdrw f Gi;f ü
yg avxk roef&Y iS ;f aMumif; awG&Y &dS NyD; avxknpfnrf;rI
aMumifh ESppf OfvlOD;a& 7 oef;cefY aoqkH;vsu&f o Sd nfukd
awGY&Sd&aMumif;vnf; qef;ppfrIrsm;t& od&Sd&ygonf/
2012 ckESpftwGif; urÇmhavxknpfnrf;rIaMumifh vl
(8) OD;wGif (1) OD;EIef;aoqkH;cJh&NyD; t"duaoqkH;&
onhf taMumif;&if;rSm avjzwfjcif;? ESvkH;a&m*g?
tqkwfuifqmESifh emwm&Snftqkwfa&mifa&m*grsm;
aMumifh jzpfonf[k od&&dS onf/ txl;ojzihf uav;rsm;
wGif touf½SLvrf;aMumif;qdkif&m a&m*grsm;aMumifh
aoqkH;&jcif;jzpfaMumif; od&&Sd onf/ avxknpfnrf;rI
aMumifh jzpfay:vmonhf qdk;usKd;rsm;udk vlOD;a& 4.2
bDv, D aH usm&f NdS yD; vlaexlxyfonhf tm&S-ypdzwd af 'o
rsm;wGif ydkrdkcHpm;ae&ygonf/ vlOD;a&rsm;jym;onhf
tdE´d,EdkifiHESifh w½kwfEdkifiHwdkYonf avxk npfnrf;rI
'Pfudk ydkrdkcHpm;aMumif;vnf; od&Sd&ygonf/
urÇmay:wGif umAGe'f kdiaf tmufqkduf xkwv f kyrf I
trsm;qkH;Edkiif Hjzpfonhf w½kwEf kdiif Honf urÇmay:wGif
avxk npfnrf;rI tqdk;&Gm;qkH;Edkiif Htjzpf wnf&Sad eNyD;
avxknpfnrf;rI tqdk;&Gm;qkH; cHpm;ae&onhf NrdKUBuD;
(20) wGif w&kwfEdkifiHrS (16) NrdKU yg0ifaMumif;vnf;
urÇmhbPf\ awGY&Sdcsufrsm;t&vnf; od&Sd&onf/
w½kwEf kdiif HtwGi;f apmihMf unhaf vhvmrIrsm;t& NrdKUBuD;
(340) wGif okH;ykHESpyf kHonf owfrSwaf vxk pHcsed pf HñTe;f
ESifh udkufnDrIr&SdaMumif; awGY&Sd&ygonf/ avxk

obm0ywf0ef;usifnpfnrf;rIESifU ysufpD;,dk,Gif;vmrIrsm;\
qdk;usKd;;rsm;ESifU twl &moDOwkrsm; ajymif;vJazmufjyefvmjcif;ESifU
aemufqufwGJjzpfonfU urÇmBuD;\ a*[pepf wpfaehwjcm;
,dk,Gif;vmNyD; urÇmhoufwrf; wjznf;jznf;usqif;vmjcif;yif
jzpfygonf/

37
 pDrH^zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
npfnrf;rIaMumifh w½kwfEdkifiHtwGif; vlOD;a& 1 oef;
ausmfonf ESpfpftcsdefrwdkifrD aoqkH;aeMu&NyD; qef?
*sKH? yJ? ajymif; wefoef; 20 cefYvnf; ysufpD;qkH;½IH;ae&
aMumif; od&Sd&ygonf/ 2010 ckESpf twGif; urÇmay:
wGif avxknpfnrf;rIaMumifh t&G,frwdkifcif aoqkH;
Mu&olrsm;\ 40% onf w½kwfEdkifiHrS jzpfonf[k
ppfwrf;rsm;t& od&Sd&ygonf/ xdkYtjyif NrdKUaevlxk
\ 5 ykH 1 ykHonf uefYESifh cJ"mwfyg0ifrIjrihfrm;onhf
ausmufrD;aoG;rD;cdk;eHYrsm;? cJ"mwfyg0ifrIrsm;aom
"mwfqDeHYrsm;? rD;cdk;eHYrsm; pojzihf roefY&Si;f aom avudk
½SL½Idufae&aMumif; od&SdcJh&ygonf/
xdkt
Y wlyif vlO;D a&rsm;jym;onhf tdE, d´ Edkiif o
H nf
w½kwEf kdiif HuJhokdYyif avxk npfnrf;rI'Pfukd jyif;xef
pGm cHpm;ae&NyD; 2000 -2010 ckESpftwGif; t&G,f
rwdkicf if aoqk;H cJMh u&onhf vlO;D a&ajcmufoed ;f cefo Y nf
avxknpfnrf;rIESihf qufpyfaeonhf a&m*grsm;aMumifh
aoqk H ; &jcif ; jzpf a Mumif ; awG Y & S d & ygonf / urÇ m h
use;f rma&;tzGUJ \ 2014 ckEpS f xkwjf yefajymMum;csut f &
urÇmwpfvTm; avxknpfnrf;onhf NrdKUBuD; (1600)
wGif e,l;a'vDNrdKUonf tqdk;½Gm;qkH;[k xkwfjyefajym
Mum;cJyh gonf/ avxknpfnrf;rIaMumifh uifqma&m*g
ESifh ESvkH;a&m*gcHpm;&olrsm;vnf; ydkrdkrsm;jym;vm
aMumif;vnf; od&&Sd onf/ xdkYtjyif teufa&mifumAGef
(Black Carbon) ac:onhf aus;vufa'orsm;wGif
aeYpOftpm;taomuf csufjyKwf&mrS xGuf&Sdvmonhf
xif;ESifh rD;aoG; rD;cdk;rsm;? qdkifu,ftdwfaZmrS xGuf&Sd
onhf rD;cdk;rsm;? pufrIvkyfief;rsm;rS xGuf&Sdvmonhf
rD;cdk;aiGYrsm;? "mwkj'yfypön;f aysm&f nfrsm;rS xGu&f o Sd nhf
tcdk;taiGYrsm;aMumifhvnf; avxknpfnrf;rI ydkrdk
qdk;&Gm;vmjcif;jzpfaMumif; od&Sd&onf/
tdE´d,ESifh w½kwfEdkifiHwdkYonf vlOD;a&rsm;jym;
onfomru q,fpkESpftwGif; aus;vufaeaom
vltrsm;pkonf NrdKUjyrsm;odkY ajymif;a&TUaexdkiv f mMujcif;?
rd½dk;zvm v,f,mvkyfief;cGifrsm;rS NrdKUay:odkYajymif;
a½TUvkyfudkifvmMujcif;? v,f,mu@rS pufrIu@
38
2019 ckESpf? ZGefv
odkYtvkH;t&if; xkxnfBuD;rm;pGm ajymif;vJvkyaf qmif
vmMujcif ; wd k Y a Mumif h v nf ; aumif ; ? puf ½ k H r sm;?
qdkiu f ,frsm;? vlpD;,mOfrsm;? vltokH;taqmifrsm;ESihf
aeYpOfpm;aomufaexdkifrIrsm;aMumifh vnf;aumif;?
txl;ojzihf ausmufrD;aoG;puf½kHrsm; (Coal-fired
Power Plants) rS xGuf&Sdvmonhf rD;cdk;aiGYrsm;aMumifh
vnf; avxknpfnrf;rI ydkrdkjzpfyGm;vm&jcif;jzpf
aMumif; awGY&Sd&ygonf/
jrefrmEdkiif H\ tdref D;csi;f Edkiif Hrsm;jzpfonhf tdE,
´d
ESihf w½kwEf kid if w
H ko
Yd nf avxknpf nrf;rI ab;tEÅ&m,f
udk cHpm;ae&ouJhodkY jrefrmEdkifiHonfvnf; &moDOwk
ajymif;vJ azmufjyefrIaMumifh jzpfay:vmonhf obm0
ab;'Pfrsm;ESihf avxknpfnrf;rIrsm;udk wpfESpx f uf
wpfESpf ydkrkdcHpm;vmae&ygonf/ urÇmhuse;f rma&;tzGJY
\ awGY&Sdcsufrsm;t& 2011 ckESpftwGif; jrefrmEdkifiH
twGi;f NrdKUjyrsm;jzpfonhf &efukeNf rdKUESihf rEÅav;NrdKUrsm;
wGif avxknpfnrf;rIudk ydkrdkjzpfay:aeNyD; PM10
(particulate matter which passes through a size-
selective inlet with a 50% efficiency cut-off at 10
micrometer [μm] aerodynamic diameter) yg0ifrIEIe;f
jrihfrm;aeaMumif;vnf; azmfjyxm;ygonf/ ta&SU
awmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;twGif; PM10 Concentration
wd k if ;wmrI rsm;t& pif u myl o nf ted rh f q k H ;jzpf N yD ;
&efukefNrdKUESifh rEÅav;NrdKUrsm;\ PM10 Concentration
jrihrf m;aeaMumif; awG&Y &dS ygonf/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;rsm;
aqmif&Guaf eonhf {&d,mwpfavQmuf 71.75 μg/m3
rS 112.49 μg/m3? vlae&yfuGufrsm;wGif 61.7 μg/
m3 rS 65.3 μg/m3? pufrIZkef {&d,mrsm;wGif 131.54
μg/m3 rS 136.92 μg/m3 txd jrihfwufaeaMumif;
od&Sd&onf/ armfawmfum;? qdkifu,ftp&Sdonfh ukef;
vrf;o,f,lykdYaqmifa&;,mOfrsm;aMumifhvnf; avxk
npfnrf;rI jzpfay:apouJhodkY tpm;taomuf csuf
jyKwf&mwGif tokH;jyKonhf xif;? rD;aoG;avmifpmrsm;
aMumifhvnf;aumif;? trIdufo½dkufrsm; rD;½dIY zsufqD;
&mrSxGufay:vmonhf rD;cdk;aiGYrsm;aMumifh vnf;
 pDrH^zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
aumif; avxknpfnrf;rIudk ydkrdkjzpfay:apcJhygonf/
xdkYtjyif jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; &moDOwk ajymif;vJ
azmufjyefrIrsm;aMumifhvnf; obm0ab;rsm; ydkrdk
usa&mufvmcJ&h ygonf/ 2008 ckEpS f em*pfrkew f kid ;f 'Pf
udk jyif;jyif; xefxef cHpm;cJ&h NyD;aemuf obm0ab;'Pf
udk wtdtdcHpm;aecJh&um 2015 ckESpfwGif jrefrmEdkifiH
wpf0Srf;a&BuD;a&vQHrIrsm;ESifh ajrNydKrIrsm;udk tBuD;
tus,f cHpm;cJh&ygonf/ u,m; jynfe,fESihf weoFm&D
wdki;f rSty useo f nhf wdki;f a'oBuD;ESihf jynfe,ftm;vk;H
tvl;tvJ cHpm;cJh&jcif;jzpfNyD; ESpfaygif; 60 twGif;
tqdk;&Gm;qkH;aom a&BuD;rI jzpfcJhonhftwGuf 2015
ckESpfudk Year of Disaster [kyif owfrSwfcJhMuygonf/
xl;uJpGm rdk;&GmoGef;cJhaomaMumifh a&BuD;a&vQHrIrsm;
ay:aygufco hJ nf rSeaf omfvnf; jzpfoiho f nfxufykrd kíd
a&BuD;onhf {&d,ma'o ydkrkdrsm;jym;jcif;? pD;qif;aom
a&wGif ½THUEGHrsm;? opfudkif;rsm;ESifh trIdufo½dkufrsm;
tajrmuftrsm; yg0ifvmjcif;? ajrNydKrIrsm;jym;vmjcif;?
jrpfacsmif;tif;tdkifrsm;ESifh qnfajrmif;rsm;? a&avSmif
wrHrsm; a&vQHvG,fjcif; ponfwdkYonf opfawmjyKef;
39
twJG(6)? trSwf-2
wD;vmrIESifhtwl a&TESifhowåKrsm;udk pnf;urf;rJhpGm
xkwf,lrIrsm;aMumifhvnf; jzpfygonf/
tm&SzGHYNzdK;rIbPfrS jyKpkcJhonhf pmwrf;awGY&cSd suf
rsm;t& jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; opfawmrsm; wpfpwpfp
jyKef;wD;vmum 1989 ckEpS w f iG f 39.7 oef; [ufwm&Scd hJ
&mrS 2010 ckESpw f Gif 30.5 oef; [ufwmtxd usqif;
oGm;cJyh gonf/ ysr;f rQwpfEpS v f Qif 438000 [ufwmcefY
qkH;½IH;ae&aMumif;awGY&Sd&ygonf/ opfawm{&d,m
usqif;vmrIonf ESppf Ofysr;f rQ 1.1% usqif;vmcJ&h mrS
2006 ckESpfrS 2010 ckESpftwGif; 1.9% odkY wdk;jrihf
usqif;vmaMumif; azmfjyxm;ygonf/
rnf o d k Y y if q d k a pumrl obm0ywf 0 ef ; usif
ysufpD;qkH;½IH;vmrIESifhtwl urÇmwpf0ef; &moDOwk
ajymif;vJ azmufjyefvmrIrsm;\ tusKd;qufjzpfonhf
obm0ab;tEÅ&m,frsm;onf 21 &mpkESpf tapmydkif;
umvrsm;rSpí odomxif&Sm;pGm cHpm;vmae&ygonf/
vlwkdY\ qef;opfwDxGiBf uHqrIrsm;? zGHYNzdK;wdk;wufvmrI
rsm;? vlom;wdkY\ zefwD;EdkifpGrf;tm; wdkYaMumifhyif
obm0ywf0ef;usifudk xdcdkufysufpD;apcJhNyD; obm0
ywf0ef;usin f pfnrf;rIESihf ysupf D;,dk,Gi;f vmrI qdk;usK;d
rsm;ESifhtwl &moDOwkajymif;vJ azmufjyefvmjcif;\
aemufqufwGJjzpfonhf obm0ab;tEÅ&m,frsm;udk
xdkvlom;wdkYyif tvl;tvJcHpm;ae&ygonf/ odkYjzpf
ygí uREkyf w
f \ kYd rsKd ;qufopf aemifvm aemufom;rsm;\
b0at;csrf; om,mpGm usef;rmoefpGrf;pGm &Sifoef
aexdkifedkifa&;twGuf uREfkyfwdkY\ urÇmhoufwrf;
t"GefY&Snfaprnhf obm0ywf0ef;usifudk xdef;odrf;
apmihaf &Smuf umuG,Ef kdi&f eftwGuf pma&;oltaejzihf
vufvSrf;rDorQ jyKpkwifjyjcif;yifjzpfygonf/
 ouú&mZf 2000 0ef;usif acwfykdi;f avmufu
uRefrwdkY A[dkpm&if;tif;tzGJY 0efxrf; jzpfcgptcsdefu
ppfwrf;qdkwm &kH;u0efxrf;rsm;OD;aqmifí wdki;f a'o
BuD;ESifh jynfe,frsm;okdY c&D;xGuf aumuf,lcJhwmudk
rSwfrdaeygao;onf/ OD;pD;t&m&Sdrsm;u tzGJYacgif;
aqmifrsm;tjzpf wm0ef,lí a&G;cs,fowfrSwfonhf
wdki;f a'oBuD; (okY)d jynfe,f a'owpfckukd tzGJY av;zGJY
avmuf zGJYí twloGm;aumuf,l&ef jyifqifcJhygonf/
xdkokdY aumuf,lonhftcsdefwGif ½kH;wGif tcef;apmihf
0efxrf;wpfa,muf? ESpaf ,mufavmufuvGJí rnfol
rQr&Sw d mudk owd&rdygonf/ &moDawG tvDvD ajymif;
vJvdkY ESpfawGvnf; wjznf;jznf; tdkrif;vmcJhygNyD/
xdkajymif;vJtdkrif;rIESifhtwl ,ck rdrdwdkY½kH;rS 2017
ckESpfwGif aumuf,lcJhonhf jrefrmaexdkifrI tajctae

40
 pDrH^zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
ppfwrf;uawmh ,cifppfwrf;rsm;eJrY wl uGjJ ym;jcm;em;cJh
NyD jzpfygonf/ 'gaMumihf rwluGJjym;wJh tcsut f vuf
rsm;taMumif;udk waphwapmif; azmfjyvdkygonf/
ppfwrf;twGuf t"duusonhf tcsufrsm;
ppfwrf;wpfck aumuf,lr,fqdk&if ar;cGef;
vTmjyifqifjcif;? a&SYajy;ppfwrf; aumufjcif;? uGif;
qif;ppfwrf;aumufjcif;? tcsuftvufpdppfjcif;ESifh
tpD&ifcHpm xkwfjyefjcif;pwJh tqihfrsm;[m t"du
usvkdY aocsmpGmaqmif&GuEf kdi&f ef vdktyfygw,f/ ,cif
ppfwrf;awGu trsm;tm;jzihf EdkifiHawmfbwf*sufeJY
aqmif&GufwmjzpfNyD; ,ck jrefrmaexdkifrItajctae
ppfwrf;uawmh EdkifiHwumtultnDeJY aqmif&Guf
wmjzpfvkdY b@maiGtokH;jyKrI pwifuGmjcm;cJh ygw,f/
ar;cGef;vTmjyifqifjcif;
,cifu ppfwrf;aqmif&Gu&f mrSm ar;cGe;f vTm
wpfck jyifqifzdkY ½kH;rS ñTefMum;a&;rSL;tzGJY0ifrsm;
pkaygif;í wdkifyifaqmif&GufcJhMuNyD; ppfwrf;Xme
0efxrf;rsm;u t"du OD;pD;aqmif&Gufolrsm; jzpfMuyg
w,f/ ,ck jrefrmaexdkifrItajctaeppfwrf; ar;cGef;
vTmjyifqifrIuawmh EdkifiHwumulnD axmufyHhrIeJY
twl uRrf;usifynm&Sifrsm;yg0ifNyD; wnfaqmufcJh
jcif;jzpfygw,f/ xdkokdY wnfaqmuf&mrSmvnf; ouf
qdkif&mXmersm;rS todynm&Sif? twwfynm&Sifrsm;?
jynfwGif;^jynfy yg0ifywfoufolrsm;udk zdwfac:NyD;
awGUqkHñ§dEIdif;rI tvkyf½kHaqG;aEG;yGJrsm; jyKvkyf aqmif
&GufNyD; twnfjyKcsuf&,lcJhygw,f/ ar;cGef;vTm jyif
qifjcif;[m OD;acgif;ydkif;udk wefqmqifwmeJYwlvdkY
t"du ta&;BuD;ygw,f/
a&SYajy;ppfwrf; aumufjcif;
ar;cGe;f vTm &Si;f vif;aocsmNyDqkd&if yxrqkH;
taeeJY wu,hfppfwrf;BuD; raumuf,lrD a&SYajy;
41
twJG(6)? trSwf-2
ppfwrf; aumuf,ljcif;udk pwifvkyaf qmif&rSm jzpfyg
w,f/ okdYrSom jyKjyifp&mawG &SdvmcJh&if? ar;jref;rIrSm
em;rvnfwmawG&SdcJh&if jyefvnf jyifqif&rSm jzpfyg
w,f/ ,cif ppfwrf;wkef;uawmh a&SUajy;ppfwrf;
aumufwmudk ½kH;rS t&m&Sdydkif;awGuyJ OD;aqmifNyD;
ppfwrf;Xmepdwrf S 0efxrf;rsm;eJY oGm;a&mufwm jzpfyg
w,f/ ,ck jrefrmaexdkifrItajctae ppfwrf;uawmh
wm0ef&wSd Jh ppfwrf;Xmepdwef JY taxmuftyHhay;wJh tzGJY
tpnf;rS EdkifiHwumuRrf;usif ynm&Sifrsm; vdkufyg
aqmif&GufwmjzpfNyD; ppfwrf;aumuf,lr,hf pm&if;
aumufrsm;tm;vkH;vnf; yg0ifygw,f/ cE¨mudk,Bf uD;
tm;aumif;zdkYtwGuf ajcvufawGtm;aumif;zdkY vdktyf
ovdk wu,fppfwrf;BuD; aumuf,lwJhtcg ydkrkd tqif
ajy acsmarGUapzdkYtwGuf a&SUajy;ppfwrf;aumufjcif;
[m ajcawG? vufawGukd tm;jznhaf y;wmjzpfyg w,f/
uGif;qif;ppfwrf;aumufjcif;
ppfwrf;BuD;wu,faumuf,lzdkYqdk&if ,cif
u ½kH;0efxrf;awGuyJ aumuf,lwmrdkY oifwef;taeeJY
wpf½kH;vkH;eD;yg; wufa&mufcJh&ygw,f/ aysmpf &mvnf;
aumif;NyD; tawGUtBuHKawGvnf; trsm;BuD;&ygw,f/
,ck jrefrmaexdkirf I tajctaeppfwrf;rSmuawmh jyify
pm&if;aumufrsm;udk iSm;&rf;tokH;jyKxm;NyD; uRrf;usif
rI&Sd^r&Sd udk oifwef;ay; a&G;cs,fcJhwmjzpfyg w,f/
'Dvkda&G;cs,zf kdYukdvnf; wdki;f a'oBuD;^jynfe,f toD;
oD;rS avQmufvTmrsm;udk pdppfNyD; a&G;cs,fcJhwm jzpfyg
w,f/ 'grSvnf; ppfwrf;wpfck&JU cE¨mudk,fjzpfwJh
aumuf,ljcif;vkyfief;pOf[m aocsmpGm NyD;qkH;atmif
jrifatmif aqmif&GufEdkifrSm jzpfygw,f/
'ghtjyif aumuf,lwJholawGudk ppfaq;zdkY
uGif;qif;ppfaq;wJh tzGJYqdkwmvnf; vdktyfygw,f/
bmvdkYvdktyfwmvJqdk&if aumuf,lolawG t,ltq
vGJrSm;rIrsm; jzpfcJh&if uGi;f qif;ppfaq;rIrSm ay:vGirf Sm
yJ j zpf y gw,f / ,cif u uG i f ; qif ; ppf a q;jcif ; rS m
aumuf,lwJh olawG aumufuGurf Sm &S^d r&S?d ar;jref;rI
 pDrH^zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
rSef^rrSefeJY tdrfaxmifpkpm&if; tultnDay;EdkifwJh
taxGaxG tkycf sKyfa&;OD;pD;Xmeudk a&muf^ ra&mufukd
om ppfaq;wmjzpfygw,f/ ,ckuawmh r[kwfawmh
ygbl ; / jref r maexd k i f r I t ajc taeppf w rf ; [m
jynfolYtiftm;OD;pD;Xmeu aqmif&Gucf JhwJh 2014 ckeSpf
vlOD;a&ESifh tdrftaMumif;t&m oef;acgifpm&if;&JU
aumufuGufawGudk tajccH tokH;jyKwmaMumihf tdrf
axmifpkawGwnf&SdwJh a'o&JUajrykHudk MunhfwwfzdkY
vdktyfygw,f/ ajrykHMunhfenf;[mvnf; oifwef;
rwufa&mufxm;bl;? vufawGYaqmif&GufrI r&SdcJh
bl;qdk&if MunhfwwfzdkY cufcJrSmyJjzpfygw,f/
ppfwrf;aumuf,lrIrSm tcsed u f mv[mvnf;
ta&;BuD;ygw,f/ ,cifuawmh tdrfaxmifpkppfwrf;
aumuf,lrIrSm trsm;qkH; vydkif;avmufom Mumjrihf
wmudk awGYcJh&ygw,f? ,ck jrefrmaexdkifrI tajctae
ppfwrf;uawmh okH;vywftvdkuf wpfESpfywfvkH;
aumuf,lwmjzpfvdkY tdrfaxmifpkawG&JU &moDtvdkuf
vkyfudkifaqmif&GufrIawGudk awGYjrifod&SdcJh&ygw,f/
'ghtjyif ,cifppfwrf;awGu EdkifiHwpf0ef; aumuf,l
wm r&Scd JhbJ ,ckjrefrm aexdkirf Itajctaeppfwrf;[m
Edkiif HwpfEkdiif HvkH; aejynfawmfaumifpD tygt0if wdki;f
a'oBuD;^jynfe,ftm;vkH;rSm aumuf,lcJhwm aMumihf
,cifppfwrf;rsm;eJY uGmjcm;w,fvkdY qdk&rSmjzpfygw,f/
tcsuftvufpdppfjcif;
,cif ppfwrf;awGuawmh tcsuftvuf
pdppf&mrSm ppfwrf;aumuf,lrI NyD;qkH;vdkYjyefvmNyD;rS
oufqkdi&f m aqmif&Guo f lawGu tcsut f vufawGukd
uGefysLwmrSm xnhfoGif;NyD; uGefysLwmXmepdwfrS pdppf
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42
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wifrubJ tawGYtBuHKrsm;rSvnf; pD;xGufvmwmyg/ uRefrtaeeJY 'Dwpfavm
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43
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qufoG,faqmif&Gufjyefawmh wpfa,mufNyD; wpf
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Communication vkyw f m&,fu owfrSww
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wGJydkYaomfvnf; wHkYjyefrI (Reply) u r&&SdcJhjyefbl;/
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awGu vltawmfrsm;rsm;rSm aemufus wwfwJh tjyKtrl
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awmfrsm;rsm;rSm E mail vm&if wkHUjyefrI (Reply) vkyf&
r,fqkw d hJ tavhtx todynmA[kokw (Awareness)
tm;enf;Muygw,f/ NyD;awmh EdkifiHwum tzGJYtpnf;
uvmwJh Email awGuawmh English a&; om;xm;wmeJY
vmrSmygyJ/ tJhawmh bmom&yfydkif;qdkif&m tm;enf;
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tcsuftvufawGudk pum;ajymqdkjcif;? pma&;om;
jcif;? wpfpkHwpfcktokH;jyKí qufoG,jf cif;awGeJY tjyef
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qdkqufqHwJhtcgrSmvnf; vlwpfa,mufeSifh wpf
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f Jh&uftxd Soft Skills
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f Jh qkH;jzwfay; munication Skills)
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aom pGrf;&nf (Working with Others)
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&GufoGm;rSm jzpfygw,f/
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wpfck^ EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH atmifjrifzdkY atmufyg Com-
petencies tajccHvdktyfygw,f/
(1) qufo, G af jymqdkqufqjH cif; (Communication)
(2) acgif;aqmifrIESifh pDrHcefUcGJjcif; (Leadership &
f Jh N*dKvfwkjzifh
Management)
44
 pDrH^zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
(3) toufarG;0rf;ausmif;qdki&f m zGHYNzdK; wdk;wufjcif;
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rdrwd kdYvkyif ef;tzGJYtpnf;wpfck xda&mufaom
atmifjrifr&I &S&d eftwGuf quf oG,af jymqdkqufqjH cif;
pGrf;&nf (Communication Skills )? uGefysLwm pGrf;&nf
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(Teamwork )? taumif;jrif oabmxm;tjrifjzifh wpf
oabmwnf;jzpfjcif; (Positive Attitude ) ESihf rdrd pdwf
BudKuf qE´tavsmuf aqmif&Gufjcif; (Electives )
ponfh wDxGifzefwD;Edkifaomwefzdk; (Creating Value )
rsm;tm; vkH;0OókH rrSw d rf okef wpdkurf wfrwfjzifh csO;f
uyfenf; (Holistic Approach) eJYaqmif&u G o
f mG ;&rnfjzpf
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qufoG,af jymqdkqufqHjcif; pGr;f &nf (Com-
munication Skills ) wGif t*Fvdyfbmompum; uRrf;
usijf cif;? trsm;ESihq f ufqHajymqdkrI (Public Speaking)
uRrf;usifjcif;? tcsdefwdkwdktwGif; xdrdaom tcsuf
tvufrsm; wifjyEdkirf I (Presentation ) uRrf;usijf cif;?
aphpyfaqG;aEG;rI (Negotiation ) yg;eyfuRrf;usifjcif;
ESihf tcsi;f csi;f qufqHrIqkdi&f m (Inter personal ) uRrf;
usifjcif;ponfwdkYyg0ifw,f/
uGefysLwm pGrf;&nf (Computer Skills ) wGif
Internet Explorer-IE Software qdkif&m ynm&yfrsm;?
pm&if;tif;(Statistics ) ynm&yf? Advance Excel ?
Advance Power Point ? Database ESihf Website qdki& f m
ynm&yfrsm; uRrf;usifjcif;wdkYyg0ifNyD; ,if;wdkYtm;
wdk;wufvmaom acwfESifhtnD Updates vdkufyg jr§ifh
45
twJG(6)? trSwf-2
wif&rnfjzpfygw,f/
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wGif acgif;aqmifrIESifh tzGJYtpnf;qdkif&m tawGYtBuHK
( Leadership and Organizational Experience )rS
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&ef t"duarmif;ESifaom,EÅ&m;jzpfygw,f/
taumif ; jrif a om oabmxm;jzif h wpf
oabmwnf; jzpfjcif; (Positive Attitude) wGif vkyif ef;
usihf0wf (Work Ethic )? taumif;jrif pOf;pm;awG;ac:
jcif;(Positive Thinking ) jyóemudk taumif;qkH;
ajz&Sif;Edkifjcif; (Problem Solving ) ESifh rdrdESifhqufqH
aom wjcm;ol^ Customer tm; pdwaf useyfraI y;Edik jf cif;
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(Appearance ) tm;jzifhvnf; aumif;rGefjcif; ponf
wdkY yg0ifygw,f/
rdrdpdwfBudKuf qE´tavsmufaqmif&Gufjcif;
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aqmif&u G jf cif;jzifhFuture Career vnf; atmifjrifrrI sm;
jzifh vSya0qmvmrnfjzpfygw,f/
EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH zGYHNzdK;wdk;wufzdkYtwGuf EdkifiH
a&;? pD;yGm;a&;eJY vlrIa&;qdkif&m rl0g'awG ta&;BuD;
ovdk Soft Infrastructure eJY Hard Infrastructure zGYHNzdK;
wdk;wufvmjcif;wdkYu EdkifiHawmftpdk;&ay:rSm rlwnf
ouJhodkU vlwpfOD;wpfa,mufcsif;pDuvnf; quf
oG,fajymqdkqufqHjcif; (Communication ) qdkif&m
ed,mr od&edS m; vnf&ef vdktyfwt hJ jyif uRr;f usiv f rd m® rI
pGrf;&nfrsm; (Competencies ) jynfh0ap&ef jznfhqnf;
aqmif&GufoGm;EdkifMuyg&ef apwemjzifh tBuHjyKwdkuf
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tBuHKrsm;ESifh tifwmeuf tcsuftvufrsm;tm; aygif;pyfí
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46
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om;orD;awG&JU ynma&;twGuf axmufyHhay;rIawGukd
pepfwuspDpOfNyD; Edkiif HtusKd ;rwGeYrf qkwf vkyu f kid Ef kid zf kYd
f kd aqmif&u G af y;xm;Muygw,f/ zGUH NzdK;qJEkid if aH wGrmS awmh
odyfrawGY&ayrJh uGefjrLepfpepfusifhokH;wJh EdkifiHawGrSm
awmh 0efxrf;awGtwGuf aemifa&;pdwaf t;aprnfh tpD
tpOfawG? axmufyHhrIaumif;awGukd tpdk;&u pDpOfay;
xm;wmudk awGYMu&ygw,f/
pma&;olwkYd jrefrmEdkiif rH mS vnf; tpdk;&tquf
quf jynfolY0efxrf;awG tqifajyapzdkYtwGuf enf;
vrf;rsKd;pkHESifh axmufyHhay;a&; tpDtpOfawG csxm;
vkyfaqmifcJhwm awGYMu&rSmyg/ 'gayrJhvnf; tq
rwefBuD;jrifhvmwJh ukefaps;EIef;ESifh vlrIpD;yGm;tajc
taeawGu touft&G,Bf uD;&ifhNyD; yifpifvpm wpfck
wnf;udk rSDcdkae&wJh 0efxrf;a[mif;rsm;tzdkY touf½SL
racsmifbJ ½kef;uef&yfwnfEdkifrI tawmfcufcJaewJh
tajctae jzpfygw,f/ tpdk;&taeeJY yifpifpm;rsm;
vuf&Sdukefaps;EIef;ESifhtnD vkHvkHavmufavmuf ae
xdkifEdkifzdkYtwGuf vuf&Sd0efxrf;awGudk vpmwdk;ay;
wdkif; yifpifvpmawGudkvnf; xyfwdk;csD;jr§ifhay;NyD;
vuf&Sdtaetxm;umrdatmif pDpOfay;aeayrJh ,ck
tcsdefxdawmh vkHavmufwJh taetxm;udk ra&muf&Sd
ao;wmudk awGYMu&rSmyJjzpfygw,f/ ,aeYtcsdefxd
ydk;omukef armifykHapmif;rwwf tajctaersKd;yg/
47
 pDrH^zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
EdkifiHawmfb@mvnf;ukefus yifpifpm;rdom;pkawG
vnf; pm;0wfaea&;usyfwnf;wJh taetxm;vdkYyJ
qdk&rSmyg/
tajz&SmMunfUMurvm;
0efxrf;rsm; yifpifcHpm;NyD;tcsdefrSm yxrqkH;
&ifqkid &f wJh jyóemuawmh aep&m &&Sad &;jzpfygw,f/
0efxrf;umvwpfavQmufvkH; EdkifiHawmfuay;wJh
tdk;tdrfawGrSm aexdkifa&TUajymif;&if b0udk r&yfrem;
c&D;qufcJhMuwmrdkYtajcwusaexdkifzdkY ae&m owf
owfrSwfrSwf r&SdcJhMuygbl;/ &mxl;cHpm;cGifhr,lbJ
wpfae&mwnf;rSm tajcwus aecsiMf uwJh 0efxrf;awG
vnf; trsm;tjym;&SdrSmyg/ b0&yfwnfrItwGuf?
om;orD; ynma&;twGuf tm;vyfcsed rf Sm tjyiftvkyf
uav;awGyg wGJNyD; vkyfudkifaeMu&olawGvnf;
trsm;tjym;yg/ vpmwpfckwnf;ay: rSDwnfNyD; &&
pm;pm; aexdkicf JhwJh 0efxrf; rdom;pkawGtzdkY aexdkipf &m
tdrfcef;u b,frSm&Sdygrnfenf;/ tcsKdU&mxl;BuD;BuD;
awGawmif yifpifcHpm;NyD; aexdkipf &mr&Sv d kdY yifpif,lNyD;
umvtwGuf BudKwifjyifqifEdkifzdkY EdkifiHawmf uay;
xm;wJh cGihfBuD;av;vumvrSmawmif rpDpOfEkdiMf uvdkY
qufvuf aexdkicf iG hf wifMu&wJt h jzpfu wu,fawmh
&if e mp&myg/ yif p if , l N yD ; xk w f a y;wJ h cH p m;cG i f h
(u&uf*sLwD) uvnf; wdkucf ef;wpfcef;0,fEkdiaf tmif
vkHavmufwJh yrmPvnf; r[kwfjyefygbl;/ vuf&Sd
wef z d k ; enf ; td r f & mawG u vnf ; t&pf u spepf e J Y
ay;acs&r,f q d k & if a wmif xrif ; pm;zd k Y t wG u f u
use&f aSd eygao;w,f/ yifpif,lNyD;wmawmif rem; rae
tvkyq f ufvkyNf yD; ½ke;f uefae&olawGvnf; 'keJYa';yg/
awmifudk&D;,m;EdkifiHom;awG yifpifcHpm;NyD; &wJh
yifpifaiGeJY urÇmywfNyD; tyef;ajz avhvma&;c&D;awG
xGufaeMuwmudkvnf; awGYjrifae&ygw,f/ EdkifiH&JU
vlrIpD;yGm; tqifajyae&if tvdkvdkyJ 0efxrf; awGb0
omru EdkifiHom;awGtwGufyg tqifajyapwmyg/
touft&G,&f vmcsed rf Sm udk,w f kdiu
f vnf; tvkyu f kd
aocsmrvkyfEdkifbJ vlrIb0aexdkifrI cufcJvmcsdefrSm
48
2019 ckESpf? ZGefv
touf&Sif&yfwnfzdkY cufcJvmMu&wJhtcg yifpifpm;
rsm;tzdkY EkysKv d kyuf kdiEf kdicf sed rf Sm Edkiif HtwGuf jr§KyfESHxm;cJh
Mu &oavmuf ,cktcsed rf Sm 0rf;enf;pdwyf sut f m;i,f
rdMurSm trSeyf gyJ/ 'gqdk pmzwfow l kYd b,fvkt d ajz&Smoifh
ygovJ/ toufBuD;vmvdkY rvkyfudkifEdkifwJhtcsdef
yifpifav;&ae&if vpOf0ifaiGav;&Sv d kYd awmfao;qdkNyD;
0efxrf;b0udk rESpfoufbJ 0ifa&mufvkyfudkifae&
olrsm;tzdkY wu,fwrf; EdkifiHawmftay: apwemxm;
tvkyv f kyzf kdYqkdwmuvnf; wpfyef;½IH;NyD;om;vdk jzpfae
jyefygw,f/
vuf&Sd0efxrf;b0rSm EdkifiHawmfu aep&m&Sd
atmif ajrae&mcsxm;ay;jcif; ponf tcGifhta&;rsm;
ay;vifhupm; vuf&v Sd lrIpD;yGm;tajctaet& vufxJ
wGif qkyfudkifxm; Edkifjcif;r&SdMuonfh 0efxrf;u 90
&mcdkief Ie;f xuf ydkrkdayonf/ vwfwavm BuHKae&onfh
0rf;a&;onfom yxrjzpfonft h wGuf tqifajyatmif
zefwD;ajz&Sif;vdkufMu&onfhtwGuf aemifa&;udkyif
rwGuq f Edkicf MhJ uay/ tpdk;& tqufquf yifpifpm;b0
tqifajyEdkiaf &;twGuf enf;rsK;d pkH zefwD;ay;cJhMuayrJh
vufawGYrSm tvkyrf jzpfcJhMuwmudkvnf; awGY&MSd u&yg
w,f/ pma&;olwkdY b,fvkdajz&Si;f MurvJqkdwm 0dki;f ul
tajz&SmMu&atmifvm;/
EdkifiHwumrSm usifhokH;MuwJh vuf&Sdtvkyf
vkyfudkifEdkifcsdefrSm vpm0ifaiG&JU 5 &mcdkifEIef;udk pk
aqmif;aiGtjzpf EdkifiHawmfrSm pkaqmif;NyD; EdkifiHawmf
bufuvnf; 0efxrf; wpfOD;pDtwGuf &mEIe;f owfrSwf
csufwpfckeJY &mxm;owfrSwfNyD; pkaqmif;xm;&SdNyD;
yifpif,lcsdefrSm aexdkifa&;ESifh usef;rma&;p&dwf? pm;
0wfaea&;p&dwrf sm; axmufyHhjcif;rsK;d udk usiho f kH;Mu&if
aumif;rvm;qdkwm ynm&Siftawmfrsm;rsm;u pma&;
olwdkY rarG;cifuwnf;u tBuHay;cJhMuayrJh ,aeU
tcsed x
f d vufawGY taumiftxnf razmfEkdiMf u ao;yg
bl;/
aemufpOf;pm;vdkY&wJh tcsufuawmh EdkifiH
awmftpdk;&u tvkyf&Sif? 0efxrf;awGu tvkyform;
 pDrH^zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
rsm;tjzpf vlrIzlvkHa&;0ifNyD; pkaqmif;wJhpepfeJY tvkyf
orm;aq;½kHrsm;&JU use;f rma&;apmifha&SmufrIESihf tvkyf
orm;cHpm;cGifhawGjzpfatmif zefwD;Murvm;qdkwJh
tcsufyg/ vufawGYrSmawmh tvkyfrjzpfjyefygbl;/
tkycf sKyfa&;ydki;f u tjrift&Munfh&if 0efxrf;
topfawG cefYxm;jcif;u Edkiif Hawmf b@mudk jzKef;wD;
&musaewmrdkY Oyrmajym&&if yifpifcHpm;cGifh ay;ae&
wmrdkY 'grsK;d awGNcdK;NcHacRwmEdkizf kdYqkd&if 0efxrf; topf
awG rcefYxm;awmhbJ Oyrm vkHNcHKa&;0efxrf;? opfyif
yef;rmef apmifah &Smufw0hJ efxrf;awG cefx Y m;rI avQmhcsNyD;
tjyifukrÜPDawGudk iSm;&rf;tokH;jyKjcif;u yifpif
vpmcHpm;cGifh ay;p&mrvdkbJ EdkifiHawmfb@mudk
acRwm&ma&mufNyD; ydktvkyfjzpfw,fqdkwJh tawG;
tac: t,ltqawGuvnf; vkyo f ifhwJh tvkyjf zpfay
rJh taumiftxnfazmfzdkY awG;qp&m tawmfrsm;rsm;
&Sad ejyefygw,f/ tvkyt f udkif tcGihftvrf; zefwD;ay;
Edkirf ItwGuv f nf; Edkiif HawmfrSm wm0ef&aSd ejyefygw,f/
'gayrJh yifpifvpmay;NyD; ukeu f srIrsm;aewJh Edkiif Hawmf
bwf*suftaeeJY 'Denf;vrf;u ydkrdk tvkyfjzpfr,fvdkY
arQmfvifhryd gw,f/ qdkvkdwmuawmh ½kH;vkyif ef;vkyw f m
r[kww f Jh vkHNcHKa&;vdk ae&mrsK;d awGuawmh yifpifvpm
ay;&rnfh 0efxrf;awGcefYxm;wmxufpm&if tck
tpDtpOfu oifah wmfayrJh ½k;H 0efxrf;i,fawG^topfawG
qufvufrcefYxm;bJ tjyiftyfvdkYvnf; roifhawmf
jyefygbl;/ tcsKdUenf;vrf;awGqdkwm oifhawmfovdk
tokH;jyKoifhvSygw,f/
,cktcsed rf Sm Edkiif Hawmftpdk;&u pifumylEkdiif H
udk Oyrm,lNyD; 0efxrf;awG yifpif,lNyD;csdefrSm aexdkif
EdkifzdkY tdrf&mawGudk wnfaqmufay;aeNyDvdkY Mum;od&
ayrJh yifpifpm;awGtukefvkH; aexdkifzdkY ay;EdkifwJh tae
txm;uawmh vufawGYrjrif&ao;ygbl;/ vuf&Sd
topfcefYxm;wJh 0efxrf;awGtwGufa&m? vuf&Sd
0efxrf;awGtwGufyg aemifa&; pdwfat;at;eJY tvkyf
vkyfudkifEdkifNyD; EdkifiHawmf b@mudkvnf; tukeftus
oufomatmif b,fvdkvkyfaqmifoifhMuovJqdkwm
49
twJG(6)? trSwf-2
tajzawGuawmh qufvuf&SmMu&rSmyg/
pma&;olwdkYEdkifiHrSm yifpifpm;tjzpf &yfwnf
NyD;jzpfayrJh jynfolY0efxrf;^EdkifiHh0efxrf;tjzpf quf
vufwm0ef,laeolawGvnf; &Sad ejyefwJhtwGuf csrSwf
rnfh yifpif ay:vpDawG[m Edkiif Hom;wdki;f vufcHEkid Nf yD;
0efxrf;wdkif;tusKd;&SdapzdkYvnf; vdktyfaewmjzpfyg
w,f/
vuf&t Sd pdk;&taeeJY pma&;ol ckaqmif;yg;a&;
aepOf t wG i f ; rS m yJ 0ef x rf ; aemif a &; A[d k & ef y k H a iG
taumif t xnf a zmf a &;aumf r wD u d k tzG J Y 0 if 14
a,mufeJY zGJYpnf;cJhNyDjzpfNyD; vufawGYtaumiftxnf
azmfEdkif&ifjzifh aemifumvawGrSm yifpif,lMurnfh
0efxrf;tzGJYtpnf;awGtwGuf tm;wufp&mwpfck
jzpfvmrSm taotcsmygyJ/
ed*kH;
touf t &G , f B uD ; &if h v mwJ h E S i f h t rQ om;
axmuforD;cH r&SMd uwJh yifpifpm; 0efxrf;rsm;tzdkY &&Sd
wJh yifpifvpmeJY vlrIpD;yGm;&yfwnfEdkifzdkYqdkwm tif
rwef cufcJaewJh taetxm; jzpfaeovdk Edkiif HawmfrSm
vnf; yifpifvpm csD;jr§ifhaiGrsm;twGuf 0efxkyf? 0efydk;
jzpfapwmuvnf; trSefyJjzpfygw,f/ wu,fawmh
ESpfzuftusKd;&Sdaprnfh yifpif ay:vpDESifh Oya'awG
uvnf; acwfumvESifh vdkufavsmnDaxGjzpfzdkYvnf;
vdktyfaeNyD jzpfygw,f/ pma&;oltaeeJY wdkufwGef;
vdkwmuawmh Edkiif Hh0efxrf;awG pdwaf jzmifhajzmifheJY Edkiif
awmftvkyfawGudk vkyfudkifEdkifNyD; aemifa&; rylyif&
atmif zefwD;ay;zdkYeJY EdkifiHawmftwGufvnf; EdkifiHh
b@m acRwmEdkifzdkY pepfaumif;awGudk tjrefn§dEIdif;
tajz&Sm taumiftxnfazmfay;apvdkygaMumif;ESifh
acwftqufqufu taumiftxnfazmfzdkY wGefYqkwf
cJhMuaom yifpifpm;wdkY aemifa&; rylyifMu&apzdkY
vuf&SdEdkifiHawmftpdk;&&JU ueOD; ajcvSrf;rsm;ESifh aemif
vmrnfh ajcvSr;f wdki;f twGuf BudKqdkygaMumif;wifjy&if;
ed*kH;csKyfvdkuf&ygw,f/
ed'gef;
1/ zGHYNzdK;qJEkdiif Hrsm;\ ydkYukerf sm;udk urÇmhaps;uGuo f kdY txl;ojzifh zGHYNzdK;NyD;Edkiif Hrsm;\
aps;uGuo f kdY tvG,w f ul 0ifa&mufEkdiaf p&efESihf tqdkygEdkiif Hrsm;\ ydkYuke0f ifaiG jrifhrm;um
pD;yGm;a&; zGHYNzdK;wdk;wufvmap&ef wpfzufowf taumufceG o f ufomcGihaf y;aom tpDtpOf
jzifh cGifhjyKay;vsuf&Sdygonf/ Generalized Scheme of Preferences (GSP) pepfonf zGHYNzdK;
NyD;Edkiif rH sm;odkY zGNYH zdK;qJEkid if rH sm;rS wifoiG ;f vmaomukepf nfrsm;udk taumufceG u f if;vGwcf iG ^hf
oufomcGifhay;onfh pepfjzpfonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh zGHYNzdK;qJEdkifiHwpfEdkifiHjzpfonfh
tjyif zGHYNzdK;rItenf;qkH;Edkiif Hrsm;xJwGif yg0ifaeonfhtwGuf tqdkygtcGihfta&;rsm;udk &&Sd
vsuf&Sdygonf/

GSP pepfay:aygufvmykH
2/ 1964 ckESpfwGifusif;yonfh yxrtBudrf ukvor*¾ukefoG,fa&;ESifh zGHYNzdK;wdk;
wufrIqkid &f mnDvmcH (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development - UNCTAD)
rSpwifí zGHYNzdK;qJEkdiif Hrsm;\ ydkYukerf sm;udk urÇmhaps;uGuo
f kdY txl; ojzifh zGHYNzdK;NyD;Edkiif Hrsm;\
aps;uGufodkY tvG,fwul 0ifa&mufEdkifap&efESifh taumufcGeftcGifhta&;rsm;ay;&ef
tav;xm; aqG;aEG;cJhMuygonf/ xdkYaemuf 1968 ckESpfwGif e,l;a'vDNrdKUü usif;yaom
'kw,d tBudraf jrmuf UNCTAD nDvmcH\ qkH;jzwfcsujf zifh zGHYNzdK;qJEkdiif Hrsm;udk txl;OD;pm;

50
 pDrH^zGHUNzdK;*sme,f twJG(6)? trSwf-2

ay;NyD; zGNYH zdK;rItenf;qk;H Edkiif rH sm;tay: txl;tav;ay; EdkifiHrS &&Sdvsuf&Sdonf/ 3 tD;,l\ GSP pepfudk Oa&my
aom a,bk,soabmqefNyD; tjyef tvSef usihfokH;&ef or*¾tzGJY0ifEkdiif Htm;vkH;wGif wpfykHpHwnf; usiho
f kH;Mu
rvdkaom cGjJ cm;qufqrH rI &So d nfh taumufceG o f ufom ojzifh tpDtpOfwpf&yfuko d m wpfaygif;wpfpnf;wnf;
uif;vGwfcGifhpepf (GSP) udk usifhokH;EdkifcJhonf/1 jy|mef;xm;onf/ 4

3/ Oa&myor*¾? MopaMw;vs? uae'g? e,l; (1) MopaMw;vsEdkifiH

ZDvef? *syef? aemfa0? tar&duefjynf axmifpk? w½kwf? (2) bDvm½kpfEdkifiH
wl&uDESihf qGpZf mvefEkdiif HwkdY tygt0if Edkiif Hrsm;pGmwGif (3) uae'gEdkifiH
GSP pepf u d k usif h o k H ; aeMuNyD ; xk w f u k e f t yd k i f ; ES i f h (4) tdkufpfvefEdkifiH
vTr;f NcHKrIwkdYrSm cGihjf yKay;aom Edkiif Hay:rlwnfí uGJjym; (5) *syefEdkifiH
jcm;em;Muonf/2 GSP txl;tcGifhta&;onf ½kyf0w¬K (6) e,l;ZDvefEdkifiH
ypön;f rsm; twGuo f m tusKH;0ifNyD; 0efaqmifrIrsm;ESihf (7) aemfa0EdkifiH
todÚmPfypönf;rsm;uJhodkY taumiftxnfrJh ukef (8) ½k&Sm;EdkifiH
ypönf;rsm;twGuf tusKH;r0ifyg/ (9) qGpfZmvefEdkifiH
(10) wl&uDEdkifiH
GSP ay;&jcif;\ &nf&G,fcsuf (11) tar&duefEdkifiH
4/ wpfzufowf taumufcGefoufomcGifhay; (12) Oa&myor*¾ tD;,l(28) EdkifiH
aom tpDtpOfudk atmufyg &nf&G,fcsufrsm;jzifh (MopBwD;,m;? b,fv*f sD,H? blvaf *;&D;,m;?
aqmif&GufcJhonf- c½dkat;&Sm;? qdkufy&yfpf? csufor®wEdkifiH? 'def;rwf?
(u) qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIudk avQmhcs&mü taxmuftul tufpfpwdk;eD;&m; ? zifvef? jyifopf? *smreD? *&d? [ef
jyKap&ef a*&D? tdkif,mvef? tDwvD? vwfAD;,m;? vpfola&;
(c) zGHYNzdK;qJEkdiif Hrsm;\ ydkYuke0f ifaiG wdk;jr§ihf&&Sad p&ef eD;,m;? vlZifbwf? rmvfwm? e,fomvef? ydkvef?
(*) ydkYukefwifydkYrIudk jr§ifhwif&ef ay:wl*D? ½dkar;eD;,m;? qvdkAufuD;,m;? qvdkaA;eD;
(C) pD;yGm;a&;aps;uGufcsJUxGifrIudk tm;ay;&efESifh ,m;? pydef? qGD'if? jAdwdef )
(i) a&&SnfwnfwHhonfh zGHYNzdK;wdk;wufrIESifh aumif;
rGefaom tkyfcsKyfrIwdkYudk jr§ifhwifay;&ef EU \ GSP qdkif&m uif;vGwfcGifhrsm;
6/ tD;,l\ Generalized Scheme of Preferences
GSP tcGifhta&;ay;aom EdkifiHrsm; (GSP) pepfonf tD;,lEdkifiHrsm;odkY zGHYNzdK;qJEdkifiHrsm;rS

5/ jrefrmEdkiif Htaejzifh GSP tcGiht f a&;ay;onfh wif o G i f ; vmaom uk e f p nf r sm;ud k taumuf c G e f

tpDtpOfrsm;udk atmufazmfjyyg zGHYNzdK;NyD;EdkifiH (39)
1 Guidance on the EU Generalized Scheme of Prefer-
ences and its Rules of Origin, 3rd Edition
2 Guidance on the EU Generalized Scheme of Prefer-
ences and its Rules of Origin, For Government Au-
thorities and Private Sector Stakeholders in Myan-
mar, 4th Edition (2018)
uif;vGwfcGifh^ oufomcGifhay;onfhpepfjzpfonf/
tD;,lonf GSP pepfudk 1971 ckESpfrSpí usifhokH;cJhyg
onf/ EdkifiHaygif; 28 EdkifiH&Sd vlOD;a& 512.6 oef;jzifh
3 GSP and Free Trade Agreements in Myanmar, https://
seafood-tip.com/sourcing-intelligence/countries/
myanmar/trade-investment-regulations/gsp-free-
trade-agreements/
4 https://www.commerce.gov.mm/my/category/gsp

51
 pDrH^zGHUNzdK;*sme,f 2019 ckESpf? ZGefv

aygif;pkxm;onfh tD;,laps;uGufonf urÇmay:wGif (*) zGHY NzdK;rItenf;qkH; EdkifiHrsm;twGuf txl;uif;vGwfcGifh

tBuD;qkH; aygif;pnf;aps;uGuw f pfckjzpfNyD; tD;,lEkdiif H
jyifyrS ukefypönf;rsm;tm; tcGefaumufcHrIpepf
wpfajy;nD aqmif&Gufxm;onfh wpfckwnf;aom
taumufceG ef ,fajrjzpfonf/5 xdkYaMumifh tD;,l\ GSP
pepfudk Oa&myor*¾tzGJY0if EdkifiHtm;vkH;wGif wpfykHpH
wnf; usiho f kH;Muonf/ tD;,lEkdiif Hrsm;wGif ukeo f G,rf I
qdki&f m uif;vGwcf Gihfukd atmufyg tpDtpOf(3) rsK;d jzifh
cGifhjyKay;vsuf&Sdygonf -6
(u) a,bk,suif;vGwcf iG hf (General/ Standard GSP) (A)
- tD;,lrSay;aom ukefoG,frIqdkif&m uif;
vGwfcGifh &,lxm;jcif;r&Sdonfh low-income or lower-
middle income EdkifiHrsm;taejzifh tD;,l taumuf
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&Guf&ef vdktyfygonf/ vuf&SdwGif GSP Plus avQmuf
xm; &,lxm;aomEdkifiH 9 EdkifiH &Sdygonf/
5 Guidance on the EU Generalized Scheme of Prefer-
ences and its Rules of Origin, For Government Au-
thorities and Private Sector Stakeholders in Myan-
mar, 4th Edition (2018)
6 Generalized System of Preferences HANDBOOK ON
THE SCHEME OF THE EUROPEAN UNION
(Everything But Arms) (EBA) (A*)
- vuf e uf c J , rf ; rD ; ausmuf r S t y
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aq;0g; xkwfvkyf&ef ukefMurf;ypönf;rsm;tm;
wifydkYrI (odkYr[kwf) wpfqifhcHwifydkYrItay:
7 Guidance on the EU Generalized Scheme of Prefer-
ences and its Rules of Origin, For Government Au-
thorities and Private Sector Stakeholders in Myan-
mar, 4th Edition (2018)

52
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53
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wGif jrefrmEdkiif HrS tD;,l (28) Edkiif HokdY ,l½kdaiG 1.6 bDvD
,H wefzdk;&Sd ukefypönf;rsm;tm; wifydkY cJhNyD; tD;,l (28)
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rsm;jzpfMuonf/8 2017 ckESpfwGif jrefrmEdkifiHrS wifydkY
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8 European Commission, http://ec.europa.eu/trade/
policy/countries-and-regions/ countries/ myanmar/
9 Trade Helpdesk, http://trade.ec.europa.eu/tradehelp/
statistics
 pDrH^zGHUNzdK;*sme,f 2019 ckESpf? ZGefv

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vkyfjcif;vkyfief;
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xkwfvkyfonfh EdkifiHrsm;jzpfonfh pydef? jyifopf? ay:
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10 EU to Tax Cambodian, Myanmar Rice After Probe
pkpkaygif; 308987 4669 23710 220 332688 4889 Finds Import Increases Hurt Local Producers,
https://www.rfa.org/english/news/cambodia/rice-
01172019171046.html

54
 pDrH^zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
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55
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 pDrH^zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
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References
• European Commission, http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/
countries-and-regions/countries/myanmar/
• EU to Tax Cambodian, Myanmar Rice After Probe Finds Import
Increases Hurt Local Producers, https://www.rfa.org/english/
news/cambodia/rice-01172019171046.html
• EU triggers procedure to temporarily suspend trade
preferences for Cambodia, http://europa.eu/rapid/press-
release_MEMO-19-988_en.pdf.
• GSP and Free Trade Agreements in Myanmar, https://seafood-
tip.com/sourcing-intelligence/ countries/myanmar/trade-
investment-regulations/gsp-free-trade-agreements/
• Guidance on the EU Generalized Scheme of Preferences and
its Rules of Origin, 3rd Edition
• Guidance on the EU Generalized Scheme of Preferences and
its Rules of Origin, For Government Authorities and Private
Sector Stakeholders in Myanmar, 4th Edition (2018)
• Generalized System of Preferences HANDBOOK ON THE
SCHEME OF THE EUROPEAN UNION
• REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN
PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL, http://trade.ec.europa.eu/
doclib/docs/2018/january/tradoc_156536.pdf
• Trade Helpdesk, http://trade.ec.europa.eu/tradehelp/
statistics
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d tcsed jf ynhrf vkycf siof lqkdawmh vufcHvku d wf ,f/
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w,f/ olvkyfrnfh Project u vGefcJhaom (3) ESpfcefYu
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w,f/ ,cktcg Edkiif Hjcm;ukrÜPDeJY zufpyfaqmif&u G rf Sm
jzpfaMumif;? &if;ESD;jr§KyfeSHrIOya' ukrÜPDOya'awGeJY
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vnf;NyD;awmhrS tefu,fvnf;em;ygawmh? tultnD
vkyd gu tcsed rf a&G; zke;f qufyg (3) vpmqkaMu;tjzpf
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xrif;csKid hfeJY eHeufrSpí bke;f BuD;ausmif;oGm;
w,f/ rdwfaqGa[mif;awGu rMumcP zkef;qufNyD;
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vJ? vmawGYrvdkYqdkMuw,f/ tJ'Dawmhvnf; bkef;BuD;
ausmif;udkvmcJhygvdkY csdef;vdkuf&w,f/ wcsKdUvnf;
bke;f BuD;ausmif;vmNyD; um;xJrSmyJ xkid pf um;ajymNyD;
jyefw,f/ wpfcsKdUu vufzuf&nfwdkufr,f/ xrif;
auR;r,fqdkNyD; tjyifac:oGm;Mujyefw,f/
tdrfrSmyJ&Hk;cef;vkyfvkduf&w,f
rdwaf qGvkyif ef;&Siaf wGeJY bke;f MuD;ausmif;csed ;f
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aygh/ eHeuf Breakfast pm;NyD; pGe;f vGe;f *l0yd óemausmif;
oGm; wpfEdkif'ge? oDv? bm0emvkyfNyD; tdrfjyefvm½Hk;
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yifw,f/ olwdkYa&;wJhpmawG vmjyMuw,f/ aeYwkdif;
bkef;MuD;ausmif;oGm;wJh tavhtxvkyfw,f/ aeYpOf
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61
twJG(6)? trSwf-2
tusifh? &wem 3 yg; tm½Hk&atmif yHkrSefoGm;w,f/
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oGm;w,f? c&pf,mefu we*FaEGwkdif; Church oGm;
w,f/ rdrdwdkY Ak'¨bmomawG Oyk'faeYwkdif; bkef;BuD;
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ukeu f sp&dwt f wGuf aiGjzLjy&r,f ponfhvkyif ef;awGeJY
qdkawmh cufr,f/ 'gaMumifh tdrfjyifr,fvdkY qHk;jzwf
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tJ'Dawmh tdraf qmufypön;f pkaqmif;&w,f/
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NyD; twif;vdkufay;rS ,loGm;Muw,f/
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vnf;csNyD; pufavSukdurf;uyfNyD; pufavS armif;ol&JU
tulaumifav;wpfa,mufu qDyHk;vGwf (1) yHk;,lNyD;
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qufarmif;&w,f/ &Gmudka&mufawmh naeapmif;aeNyD
tazhtrsK;d awGu vmBudKMuw,f/ &Gmudkra&mufwmESpf
(40) cefY&dSNyDqdkawmh odyfrrSwfrdawmhbl;/
i,fpOfucifcJhwJh oli,fcsif;wcsKdUuvnf;
uG,fvGefoGm;MuNyDwJh? ukd,fu NrdKUrSmaevdkY touf
(60) ausmaf omfvnf; use;f rma&;aumif;aew,f? &GmrS
oli,fcsi;f awGu pD;yGm;a&; raumif;? rdom;pkpm;0wf
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w,f/ uHw&m;vdkYyJ ajym&awmhrSmyJ? &GmrSmaq;cef;
(1) ck&dSw,f/ olemjyKq&mrwpfOD;om&dSw,f/ wpf
62
2019 ckESpf? ZGefv
ywf (3)&uf wkdufe,f q&m0efvmxkdifw,fvdkYajym
w,f / rd r d t m; wuú o d k v f w uf & ef axmuf y h H c J h w J h
OD;av; (uG,fvGef) &JU tv,fwef;ausmif;udkoGm;NyD;
pmMunfhwkdu?f uGeyf sLwm? rdwÅLul;puf? rD;puf &&dSa&;
twGuf &efyHkaiGvSL'gef;cJhw,f/
aumhrSL;NrdKUe,f? OD;wdkYaus;&GmodkY (2015 ckESpf
'DZifbmv) oGm;cJhw,f/ &efukerf S um;jzifh oGm;w,f/
a';'&Ja&mufrS pufavSimS ;NyD; oGm;&w,f/ qnfajrmif;
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xnfhay;vku d w
f ,f/ (1) em&D (15) rdepf avmufarmif;
awmhrS &Gmudk a&mufw,f/ tzdk;tzGm;u olwkdYacwfu
v,fydkif&SifawGjzpfawmh? bkef;BuD;ausmif;aqmufNyD;
vSLoGm;EdkifcJhw,f? tarh&JUtrBuD;u arG;cJhwJh orD;
ti,fqHk; (70) ESpf wpfOD;om &GmrSmtrsKd;xJu usef
awmhw,f/ olYom;tMuD;u befaumufrSm oGm;tvkyf
vk y f w ,f ? om;ti,f u &ef u k e f u KBZ bPf r S m
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rdom;pkaygh? v,fydkif udk,fydkif pufavSeJY aeEdkifw,f?
&Gmu rlvbke;f BuD;ausmif;u 2008 em*pfrSm
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w,f/ ,ckausmif;a[mif;u opf? wkid af wGykHxm;w,f/
rdrdu ¤if;opfawGudk toHk;jyKNyD; (15' x 40') qGrf;pm;
ausmif;aqmifav;aqmufzdkY pDpOfay;cJhw,f/ rlv
ausmif;'g,dum'g,dumr&JU om;orD;ajr;jrpfvkdY rSwf
wrf;wif&ef ajymcJhw,f/ usyfodef; (20) avmuf ukef
usoGm;w,f/ tJ'D ausmif;rSm&dSwJh aomufa&uefudk
(2019) ckESpfrSm a&qif;tkwfavSum; (2) ckeJY uef
abmif? uefq,fvkyaf y;wmusyf (3) ode;f avmuf ukef
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 tpdk;&-yk*¾vduyl;aygif;aqmif&GufrIonf jynfolYtusKd;jzpfxGef;ap&ef
tpdk;&ESihf yk*¾vduyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfonf/ xdkodkY aqmif&Gufjcif;wGif
tpdk;&wpf&yf (odkYr[kwf) tzGJYtpnf;wpfck\ pDrHcefYcGJrI (Governance) onf
tvGefta&;BuD;ygonf/ qdkvdkonfrSm PPP vrf;aMumif;ay:wGif tpdk;&\ pDrH
cefcY rJG o
I nf rnfou l rnfonht f &m vkyaf qmifoiho f nf? tb,fokYd aqmif&u G of ihf
onfEiS fh rnfow Yl iG f aqmif&u
G &f ef wm0ef&o dS nfukd Oya't& wdki;f xGmaqmif&u G jf cif;
rnfonf/ xdkYjyif vkyif ef;pDrHued ;f rsm; aqmif&Gu&f ef pdwyf g0ifpm;aom tzGJYtpnf;
rsm;\ tBuHOmPfrsm;ESihf yGifhvif;jrifomaom qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;jzihf yl;aygif;vkyf
aqmifjcif;jzpfonf/ PPP onf jynfolYa&;&mrl0g'udk ajyvnfatmif aqmif&Guf
onhf tpdk;&\tzGJYtpnf;qdkif&m tpDtrHqdkvnf; rSm;rnfrxifyg/
t"dutm;jzihf tcGit fh mPm& wm0efvt JT yfjcif;cH&aom tzGUJ tpnf;rsm;u
jynfolUtusdK;jyKvkyfief;rsm;udk pD;yGm;a&;qefqef aqmif&Guf&mwGif jynfolvlxk
tay: xdckduef pfemrIr&Sad p&ef umuG,af pmihaf &Smufaom oihaf vsmo f nhf pDrHcefYcGJrI
,EÅ&m;ykHpHvnf;jzpfonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzihf udk,fusdK;twåtwGuf aqmif&GufrI
rsm;udk xdef;csKyfxm;jcif;vnf;rnfonf/
]]PPP promotes opportunities for self-governance of public activity
by private actors at arm’s length to the state (Baker, Justice and Skelcher

63
 pDrH^zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
2009)}}
Oya'a&;&mpDrHcehfcGJrI (Legal Governance)
Oya'a&;&m pDrHcefYcGJrIonf PPP vkyfief;
azmfaqmifolrsm;tMum;omru EdkifiHolEdkifiHom;rsm;
tMum;wGifyg EdkifiHcspfpdwf?rsKd;cspfpdwfjzihf wm0ef
0wÅ&m;ESihf tcef;u@rsm;udk cGJa0aqmif&Gufjcif;udk
azmfaqmifygonf/ wdusaom Oya'a&;&m pDrHcefYcGJrI
rsK;d jzpfap&ef rdrw
d kdYEkdiif H\ Oya'jyKrlabmifESihf zGJYpnf;ykH
qdkif&m pHowfrSwfEIef;ESihf ¤if;wdkYESihfqufpyfaom
w&m;a&;pD&ifrIrsm;ay:wGif tajccHygonf/ tpdk;&
aumfydka&;&Sif;tzGJYrsm;onf EdkifiHESihf EdkifiHolEdkifiHom;
rsm;tMum; tusKd;tjrwfrsm; zefwD;ay;jcif;tm;jzihf
¤if;wdkYtMum; cdkirf maom qufoG,rf Iukd jzpfay:apNyD;
Oya'a&;&m pDrHcefYcGJrIudk taxmuftyHh jzpfapEdkifyg
onf/ vlxktajcjyKyl;aygif;aqmif&u G rf I (Community
Based Partnerships) twGuf tokH;jyKaom PPP ykHpH
onf em;vnfrIoabmwlpmcsKyf rlMurf; (MoU) ESihf
vnf; tvm;o@mefwlygonf/
xdef;odrf;aqmif&Guf&ef vkyfydkifcGifUtyfESif;xm;rItm;
pDrHcefhcGJrI (Regulatory Governance )
xdef;odrf;aqmif&Guf&ef vkyfydkifcGihftyfESif;
xm;aom pDrHcefYcGJrIonf jynfolvlxku PPP udk pepf
wus em;vnfoabmaygufum pnf;rsOf; pnf;urf;
twdki;f vdkuef maqmif&u G wf wfap&ef &nf&,
G yf gonf/
txl;ojzihf Meta governance oabmrsK;d vkyaf qmif
Edkif&eftwGufvnf;jzpfonf/ tb,hfaMumihfqdkaomf
tpdk;&taejzihf ñTeMf um;csurf sm;? vrf;ñTerf Irsm; csrSwf
Edki&f ef? vkyif ef;pDrHued ;f rsm; azmfaqmif&mwGif yk*¾vu
d 'Drdku&ufwpftkyfcsKyfa&;
taejzihf &if;ESD;yg0ifvmap&efESihf txl;ojzihf Oya'
qdkif&m vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;,EÅ&m; vnfywfvkyfaqmif
Edkifap&ef jzpfygonf/ tpdk;&\ Regulatory System
aumif;rGefygu EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr§KyfeSHrIrsm;vnf; wdk;
64
2019 ckESpf? ZGefv
wuf vmrnf j zpf o nf / Oyrm- In Urban Water
Sector of China, Zhong, Mol and Fu 2008 states
that the fragmentation and diversity of the
regulatory s ystems inhabits the effective
involvement of foreign direct investment in PPPs
to improve water management.
tajccHtm;jzihf tpdk;&onf PPP vkyfief;
pDrHued ;f wGif yk*¾vu d vkyif ef;&Sirf sm; xda&mufpGm yg0if
vmEdkifap&ef yk*¾vduvkyfief;vkyfaqmifolrsm;\
0,f,la&; qdkif&mvkyfief;rsm;wGif owfrSwfxm;aom
pHcsdefpHñTef;udk udkufnDrI&Sdap&efESihf vkyfief;jzpfpOf
twdkif; vdkufemaqmif&GufEdkifap&ef Oya'qdkif&m
vdktyfcsufrsm;udk tav;xm; aqmif&Gufjcif;yifjzpf
onf/ tpdk;&owfrSwaf om 0,f,la&;qdki&f m pnf;rsO;f
rsm;onf wpf Ed k if iH ES ih f w pf Ed k if iH rwl u GJ j ym;rI rsm;
&SEd kdiyf gonf/ xdkOya'uyif rnfonht f ydki;f udk tpdk;&
u ydkifqdkifoihfonf? rnhfonhftydkif;udk yk*¾vduu
ydkifqdkifoihfonfudk wdwdyy cGJjcm;owfrSwfay;Edkif
rnf j zpf o nf / xd k Y j yif Solicited Project twG u f
yk*¾vdu vkyfief;&Sifrsm;udk wif'gac:íjzpfap rdrdwdkY
bmom a&G;cs,fíjzpfap a&G;cs,frI vkyfaqmifcsuf
tqihw f kdi;f wGif yGihv
f if;jrifomrI &Sad p&efvnf; vdktyf
ygonf / aumif ;rGe f a om Regulatory Governance
rlabmifrsm;onf PPP jzihf vkyfaqmifaom vkyfief;
pDrHued ;f rsm;wGif tcGiht f a&;orm;rsm;ESihf t*wdorm;
rsm;twGuf t[efYtwm;jzpfapygonf/ tEknmw
pD&ifqkH;jzwfjcif; ( ckHorm"dwif pD&ifqkH;jzwfjcif;)
(Democratic Governance)
'Drdku&ufwpftkyfcsKyfa&;pepf usihfokH;aom
EdkifiHtrsm;pkwGif PPP enf;vrf; usihfokH;í vkyfief;
azmfaqmifrIrsm;udk trsm;tjym; awGY&ygonf/ tb,hf
 pDrH^zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
aMumihfqdkaomf EdkifiH\jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm; jyKvkyf
jcif;ESihftwl yk*¾vduu@jr§ihfwifjcif;rsm; jyKvkyf
aqmif&Guaf omaMumihjf zpfonf/ tpdk;&taejzihf rl0g'
csrSwfolrsm;tjzpf vkyfaqmifNyD; yk*¾vduu tpdk;&
rl0g'rsm; ½kyfvkH;ay:atmif yHhydk;taumiftxnfazmf
aqmif&u G &f NyD; jynfolvlxku csrSwaf om rl0g'rsm;udk
vdkufemusihfokH;&rnfjzpfygonf/
yl;aygif;aqmif&Gurf Irsm;jyKvky&f mwGif wpfOD;
ESihfwpfOD; ,kHMunfrI(Trust) &Sd&efvnf; tvGef vdktyf
ygonf/ umv&Snf pmcsKyfcsKyfqdk aqmif&Gufjcif; qdk
aomaMumihf tjyeftvSef ,kHMunfpdwf0ifpm;rI &Sd&yg
rnf/ aumif;rGeaf om pDrHcefYcGJrIrsK;d jzpfap&ef atmufyg
tcsuf (7) csufudk txl;owdxm;&ygrnf
(u) &if;ES;D jr§KyfErHS nho
f l (odrkY [kw)f tpk &S,,
f m&Sirf sm;
\ yl;aygif;yg0ifrI twdkif;twm (Degree of
Participation)
(c) EdkifiHESihf jynfoljynfom;rsm;udk ab;Oy'frjzpf
apbJ pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;ESihf avsmfnDpGm jyKrl
vdkufem aqmif&Gufjcif; (Decency)
(*) tpDtpOfrsm;ESihf qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;onf yGihfvif;
jrifomrI&Sdjcif; (Transparency)
(C) wm0efcHrI (Accountability)
(i) vlUtzGJYtpnf;&Sd vlwkid ;f wef;wlnDrQ &Sad omOya'?
vdkufemEdkifaom pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;csrSwfrI
( Fairness)
(p) vlUpGrf;tm;t&if;tjrpfESihf aiGaMu;t&if;tjrpf
rsm;udk tavtvGihfr&SdbJ xdxda&mufa&muf
tokH;jyKjcif; (Efficiency)
(q) tem*wftusdK; arQmfudk;í pOfqufrjywfzGHYNzdK;
rIudkpOf;pm;jcif; (Sustainable Development)
PPP enf;vrf;okH; vkyfief;pDrHudef;rsm; azmf
aqmif&mwGif aumif;rGefaomtkyfcsKyfrI? pDrHcefYcGJrIjzpf
ap&efvnf; atmufygtcsufrsm;udk odxm;&ygrnf-
65
twJG(6)? trSwf-2
(u) tpdk;&u yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufrnhf Partner a&G;
cs,f&mwGif a&G;cs,frItqihfwdkif;wGif rQwrI?
yGihfvif;jrifomrIrsm;&Sd&ef vdktyfygonf/
(c) Value for Money (VfM) ESihfywfoufívnf;
tpdk;&u tmrcHcsufay;Edkif&ygrnf/
(*) jynfolY0efaqmifrIvkyfief;rsm;udkvnf; wdk;wuf
atmifaqmif&Gufay;&rnf/ (Oyrm- vlYpGrf;tm;
t&if;tjrpf zGHYNzdK;ap&ef oifwef;ay;jcif;rsm;)
(C) pD;yGm;a&;t& atmifjrifrI tusK;d tjrwfrsm; jyef&
aomtcgwGifvnf;aumif;? Risk rsm;&Sdvmaom
tcgwGifvnf;aumif; rQwaomcGJa0rI rsKd; jzpf&
rnf/
(i) vkyfief;taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&GufpOf y#d
yu© j zpf rI rsm;ud k a&S m if &S m ;í ajyvnf a tmif
ajz&Sif;jcif;jzihf jynfolYtusKd;jyKvkyfief;rsm;
azmfaqmif&mwGif aESmihfaES;MuefYMumrIrsm;? rvdk
vm;tyfbJ aiGaMu;tydkukefusrIrsm;udk avsmhus
ap&rnf/
(p) PPP vkyfief;azmfaqmif&mwGif awGYBuHK&vm
Edkio
f nhf pdeaf c:rIrsm;? tcuftcJrsm;udk yl;aygif;
ajz&Sif;jcif;jzihf jynfolvlxktwGuf vkHNcHKrI
ay;Edkif&rnf/
PPP vkyi f ef;pDrHued ;f azmfaqmifrIwGif aumif;
rGefaom pDrHcefYcGJrIrsKd;jzpfap&ef UNECE rS pnf;rsOf;
owf r S w f & mwG i f atmuf y gtcsuf r sm;ud k pOf ; pm;
jyKvkyf&rnfjzpfaMumif; azmfjycJhygonf-
(1) rl0g'a&;&m (Policy)
(2) pGrf;&nfwnfaqmufjr§ihfwifa&; (Capacity Buil-
ding)
(3) Oa'a&;&mrlabmif (Legal Framework)
(4) pGefYpm;rIrsm;? tcuftcJrsm; rQa0cHpm; aqmif
&Gufjcif; (Risk Sharing)
(5) 0,f,la&;udpö&yf (Procurement)
 pDrH^zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
(6) vlom;tusdK;jyKjcif;(Social Welfare)
(7) obm0ywf0ef;usif (Natural Environment)
rl0g'a&;&mqdk&mwGif EdkifiHrsm;onf PPP
vkyif ef;azmfaqmif&eftwGuf wdusaom PPP rl0g'udk
OD;pGmcsrSwfoihfonf/ tcsKdUaomEdkifiHrsm;wGif PPP
rl0g'r&SdbJ PPP enf;vrf;tokH;jyKaqmif&Gufaeaom
EdkifiHtcsKdUudkvnf; awGY&ygonf/ xdkodkY aqmif&Guf
aejcif;onf vwfwavmwGif tqifajyEdkiaf omf vnf;
umv&SnfMumvmonfESihftrQ ajz&Sif;&cufaom
jyóemrsm; jzpfapvmEdkiyf gonf/ rl0g'csrSw&f mwGif
jynfolvlxk tusKd;tjrwf&&Sda&; OD;wnfí vlrIa&;
nDrQ rI&Sad p&ef? vlwef;pm;tm;vkH; yg0ifvm Edkiaf p&ef?
yGihv
f if;jrifomrI&Svd map&efESihf wm0efcHrI? wm0ef,lrI
rsm;udk em;vnfoabmaygufvmap&ef &nf&G,fí
csrSwfa&;qGJoihfygonf/
pGrf;&nfwnfaqmufjr§ihfwifa&;onf vkyf
ief;aqmif&Gurf nhf 0efxrf;rsm;\ t&nftcsi;f ? zGJYpnf;
ykHESihf vdktyfygu oifwef;ay;rIrsm;ESihf oufqdkifyg
onf/ PPP vkyfief;aqmif&Gufrnhf tzGJYtpnf;wGif;&Sd
0efxrf;rsm;onf yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufvdkpdwf&Sdjcif;?
pmcsKyfcsKyfqdkjcif; oabmw&m;udk em;vnfjcif;ESihf
aiGaMu;pm&if;udkif twwfynmrsm;udk wwfoed m;vnf
aom yk*¾dKvfrsm;jzpfoihfonf/ jynfolY0efxrf;tjzpf
aqmif&Guaf om tpdk;&u@wGif tqdkyg t&nftcsi;f
rsm;ESihf jynfpkHol0efxrf;ta&twGuf tvGef&Sm;yg;
ygonf/ xdkYaMumihf yk*¾vduu@rS uRrf;usifol
0efxrf;rsm; (odkYr[kw)f tBuHay;rsm;udk ac:,ltokH;jyK
Mu&ygonf/
PPP twGuf Oya'a&;&m rlabmifa&;qGJjcif;
u@onfvnf; tvGefta&;yg ygonf/ a&;qGJaom
Oya'onf EdkifiHa&;t&aomfvnf;aumif;? pD;yGm;a&;
t&aomf vnf;aumif; jyóemwpfpkw H pf&m ay:ayguf
vmygu &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHvkyfudkifrnhfolrsm;udk tum
tuG,fay;Edkifaom tmrcHcsufrsKd;vnf; xnhfoGif;
66
2019 ckESpf? ZGefv
pOf;pm;&rnf/ txl;ojzihf Oya'rlabmifonf ydkrdk
uspfvspfNyD;? t½dk;&Sif;qkH;ESihf ydkrdkaumif;rGefaom tae
txm;rsKd; jzpf&ygrnf/ Oyrm- “Fewer, Simpler and
Better rules” odkYrSom &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrnhfolrsm;u pdwf
yg0ifpm;NyD; jynfolY0efaqmifrI vkyif ef;rsm;ESihf jynf olY
tajccHtaqmufttkHrsm;zGHYNzdK;wdk;wufa&;wGif yg0if
aqmif&Gufvmrnfjzpfonf/
pGeYfpm;rIrsm;? tcuftcJrsm; rQa0cHpm; aqmif
&Gufjcif;onf “Cooperative Sharing and Mutual
Support” PPP vkyfief;aqmif&Gufjcif;aMumihf awGYBuHK
&Edkifonhf pGeYfpm;rIrsm;? qdk;usdK;oufa&mufrIrsm;udk
vnf; yk*¾vduwpfOD;wnf;omru tpdk;&uvnf;
rQa0cHpm;oiho f nf/ Risk rsm;enf;yg;atmif aqmif&u G f
&mwGiv f nf; wpfzufwpfvrf;rS taxmuf tyHhjzpfap
atmif ulnDay;&ygrnf/ tcsKdUEdkifiHrsm;wGif Risk
Matrix rsm;wnfaqmufí vkyi f ef;pDrHued ;f rpwifrDu
yif usoihfonhf? &Sdoihfonhf yrmPudk tcsKd;us owf
rSwfxm;wwfygonf/
0,f,la&;udpö&yfwGif tqihfwdkif;ü yGihfvif;
jrifomrI&Sd&efESihf cGJjcm;qufqHrIrsm; rjyK&efvnf;
vdktyfygonf/ Oyrm- aps;NydKifpepfac:,laom udpö
&yfrsm;? yk*¾vdu tqdkjyKvTmrsm; pdppfa&G;cs,fjcif;
vlom;tusKd;jyKjcif;vkyfief;rsm; aqmif&Guf&mwGif
owif;tcsuftvufrsm; jzefYa0jcif;? wm0efcHrI?
wm0ef,lrIESihf yHhydk;rIrsm; jyKvkyf&mwGif xdxda&muf
a&muf jyKvk y f a qmif & G u f & rnf j zpf o nf / obm0
ywf0ef;usiEf Sihf ywfoufí a&&Snw f nfwHhatmif xde;f
odr;f aqmif&Gu&f mwGif vkyif ef;azmfaqmifrIaMumihf jzpf
ay:vmEdkifaom qdk;usKd;oufa&mufrIrsm;udk BudKwif
umuG,jf cif;ESihf jyefvnf ukpm;Edkirf nhf enf;vrf;rsm;
udkvnf; BudKwifpOf;pm;xm;oihfonf/ vuf&SdtusKd;
tjrwfxuf tem*wftusKd;twGufyg arQmfudk;aqmif
&Gufoihfygonf/
(a&SUvquf&ef)
rdwfquf
'Daqmif;yg;udk ra&;cifrSm pma&;oltaeeJY jrefrmhpD;yGm;
a&; zGHYNzdK;wdk;wufrItwGuf t[efYtwm;jzpfapcJhwJh taMumif;
t&mtawmfrsm;rsm;udk aqmif;yg;tjzpf a&;om;cJhNyD;jzpfyg
w,f/ Oyrmtm;jzifh &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI jyKvkyrf nfh ESp&f Snaf jriSm;&rf;
Edkirf Itay: okH;oyfwifjycJhwJh aqmif;yg;awGyg/ ckaqmif;yg;rSm
vnf; jrefrmhv,f,majrpDrHcefYcGJrIESifh oufqdkifwJhtaMumif;
t&mudkyJ EdkifiHawmf wm0ef&Sdolrsm;taejzifh tcsdef,lokH;oyfEdkif
atmif vufvSrf;rDoavmuf todOmPf wpfxGmwpfrdkufjzifh
tenf;i,f wifjyyg&apvdkY OD;pGm yefMum;vdkygw,f/ pma&;ol
'Daqmif;yg;udk a&;om;&wJh &nf&G,fcsufuawmh jyefYusJaejyD;

67
 pDrH^zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
tvG,w f ul &if;ES;D jr§KyfEzHS kYd ajr ae&mcufcaJ ewJt
jrefrmEdkiif Hu ajr,may:vpDESihf Oya'awGukd waygif;
wpnf;wnf; pkaygif;NyD; vG,fvifhwul ajr,mOya'
rsm; jyifqifokH;oyfNyD; jynfwGi;f ESihfjynfy &if;ESD;jr§KyfESH
olawGtwGuf pepfwusvnf;jzpf? trsm;jynfolawG
vnf; xdcdkufrI tenf;qkH;jzpfatmifpDrHjcif;jzifh tjref
qkH; xda&muf taumiftxnfazmfaqmifEdkifatmif
tBuHjyKwdkufwGef;vdkjcif; jzpfyg w,f/
wu,fawmh jrefrmEdkiif rH mS vuf&t dS aetxm;
txd v,fajr^,majrESihf tdk;tdrw f nf axmifonfhajr
rsm;ponfh &Sd&SdorQaom EdkifiHawmfe,fedrdwftwGif;&Sd
wJh ajrwdkif;[m EdkifiHawmfydkifajrrsm;omjzpfwmudk
owdrlrdMur,fvdkYxifygw,f/ EdkifiHawmfqDrS tiSm;
csxm; &,lxm;Muwmudkvnf; owdrlrdMur,fvdkY
xifygw,f/ trsm;jynfolrsm;taejzifh taotcsm
rod&SdMuwmuawmh jrefrmEdkifiH&JU EdkifiHydkifajrtrsm;pk
[m 0efBuD;Xmeydkifajr? A[dktpdk;&xHwifjyjyD; pDrHcefYcGJ
cGihf&Swd Jhajr? wdki;f a'oBuD;^jynfe,ftpdk;&u pDrHcefYcGJ
cGifh&SdwJhajrponf jyefUusJwnf&Sdaejcif;udkyg/ wu,f
awmh &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIvkyrf nfh vkyif ef;tvwfESihf vkyif ef;
BuD;awGu NrdKUjyeJYa0;wJh ae&mus,fus,fjyefYjyefY&SdwJh
ae&mrsK;d awGuom trSew f u,ftokH;wnfhw
wd k i f ; a'oBuD ; ES i f h jynf e ,f t rsm;pk r S m ajrvG w f ?
ajrvwfESihf ajr½dki;f owfrSwx f m;wJhajrawG tvGeaf yg
rsm;ayrJh jrefrmEdkiif H &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI Oya't&qdk&ifawmh
pufrI*&rfaygufajrjzpfzkdYu tawmfav; tqifh trsm;
BuD;MumrS cGifhjyKcsuf&EdkifwmrsKd;yg/ wdkif;a'oBuD;^
jynfe,ftpdk;&awG&JU vkyyf kdicf Giht f mPm t&om ,m,D
tqifajyatmif ae&mcsxm;ay;wmrsK;d yJ jzpfaewmyg/
wu,fawmh ESp&f Snt f ajccsvkyu f kdiEf kdizf kdYqkdwm a&&m
wJh pufrIajray:rSm taotcsm ae&mcsay;EdkifrSom
,kHMunfrI ydkrdk&&SdEdkifrSmjzpfwmaMumifhyg/
vufawGYuiG ;f qif;MunfhwJhtcg pufrIZkeaf wG
owfrSwx f m;ayrJh pufrIZkef t*Fg&yfESihn f DwJh ae&mawG
u tawmfav;&Sm;ayrJh &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHzkdY vma&mufolawG
2019 ckESpf? ZGefv
h wGuf tzdkY ajraps;EIe;f tifrwef jrifhrm;aerIu t"dujyóem
wpfck jzpfaewmrdkY tawmfav; tcufawGYMu&ygw,f/
'ghtjyif iSm;&rf;ajrudk pufrI*&rfaygufvkyzf kdYqkdwmu
vnf; tawmfav; aiGukefvlyef;udpörsKd; jzpfaejyefyg
w,f/ vuf&SdtcsdefrSm jrefrmEdkifiH&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI aumf
r&SiftaeeJY pufrI*&rfavQmufxm;qJ taetxm;?
taxmuftxm;avmufeJY &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHcGifh cGifhjyKrdefY
xkwfay;aeayrJh qufvkyf&rnfh vkyfief;&SiftwGuf
uawmh vG,fulwmawmh r[kwfygbl;/ EdkifiHwum
ESifhtNydKif &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolawG udk,fhEdkifiHudk trsm;qkH;
vmapcsi&f ifawmh jrefrmEdkiif H &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIaumfr&Sif
udk ajccsvmwmeJY wpfNydKifeufwnf; b,fajrrSm vkyf
csifvJ wpfcgwnf; ñTef;qdkEdkif&rSmvnf; jzpfygw,f/
EdkifiHawmftaeeJY ckcsdefrSm tawmfav; BudK;pm; ñ§dEIdif;
vkyfudkif ay;aewmudkvnf; awGYjrifae&wJh twGuf
EdkifiHawmftaeeJY ajr,mOya'awGudk tjyeftvSef
okH;oyfpdppfNyD; jyKvG,fjyifvG,fwJh jrefqefwJh vkyfxkH;
vkyfenf;awGudk csrSwfvkyfaqmifoifhNyDvnf; jzpfyg
w,f/
vufvSrf;rDoavmufajr,mOya'rsm;
f mrsK;d yg/ pma&;oltaejzifh 'Dtydkif;rSm vufvSrf;rD
oavmuf ajr,mOya'pm&if;udk trsdK;om; rSwfwrf;
rsm; armfuGef;wdkufOD;pD;Xmeu avhvmNyD; pm&if;jyKpk
wifjyvdkygw,f/ jyifqifjcif;? y,fzsujf cif;ESihf topf
jy|mef;jcif;rsm; tao;pdwfudk trsKd;om;rSwfwrf;rsm;
armfuGe;f wdkuOf D;pD;XmerSm odr;f qnf;xde;f odr;f xm;wJh
tzd k ; wef p mawG u d k oG m ;a&muf a vh v mMuzd k Y v nf ;
wdkuw f Ge;f vdkygw,f/ vGwv f yfa&;r&cif udkvkdeDacwf
upNyD; 'Drkdua&pDacwftxd acwftqufquf wnf&Sd
jy|mef;cJhwJh ajr,mOya'awGudk pkpnf;azmfjy&mrSm
rSwfwrf;rsm;t& 1876 ckESpfuae 2012 ckESpftxd
azmfjyoGm;rSmvnf; jzpfygw,f/
68
 pDrH^zGHUNzdK;*sme,f twJG(6)? trSwf-2

Z,m;- ajr,mESifhv,f,mvkyfom;rsm;ESifh oufqdkifonfhOya' 24/ 1978 trdeafh Mumfjimpm 3^78 (0efBu;D XmeoabmwlnrD I &,laqmif&u G f
rlMurf;ESifh jy|mef;Oya'rsm; &ef)
trdehfajumfjimpm 4^78( oD;eSHrsm;udk owfrSwfcsuftwdkif;
pOf ckESpf Oya'rlMurf;? jy|mef;Oya'^enf;Oya' owfrSwfcsdeftwGif; pdkufysKd;&efESifU owfrSwftzGJhtpnf;xHodkh
owfrSwfaps;EIef;jzifU a&mif;cs&ef)
1/ 1876- atmufjrefrmEdkifiHajrESifU tcGefawmftufOya' v,f,majredik if yH ikd jf yKvyk Nf y;D a'orsm;wGif vkyu
f ikd af qmif&u
G &f ef
1879 ñTefMum;csufrsm;
2/ 1891 jrefrmedik if v
H ,f,mvkyu
f ikd o
f rl sm; oufomacsmifcsad &;Oya'Murf; yk*¾vduvkyfief; vkyfydkifcGifUOya't& v,f,mvkyfydkifcGifUrsm;
twGuf vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;rsm;
3/ 1892 oD;pm;Oya'Murf;
25/ 1987 owfrSwfxm;aomoD;eSHrsm;udk owfrSwftzGJhtpnf;rsm;odkhay;
4/ 1896 tjcm;oD;pm;Oya'Murf;
oGif;&efñTefMum;csuf
5/ 1906 v,f,majrydkifqdkifrIudk uehfowfaomoD;pm;Oya'Murf;
26/ 1988 oD;eSHrsm;pdkufysKd;a&;ESifUajrcGefudk aiGaMu;jzifUr[kwfyJoD;ESHjzifU
6/ 1937 jrefrmedkifiHoD;pm;Oya'Murf; pdkufysKd;&ef ñTefMum;csuf
7/ 1939 oD;pm;csxm;a&;tufOya' 27/ 1991 ajrvGwfajr½dkif;pDrHcehfcGJrIA[dktzGJh\ wm0efrsm;? vkyfydkifcGihfrsm;ESifU
8/ 1939 v,f,majr0,fjcrf;a&;tufOya' ajr,mvkyfydkifcGifUESifU tokH;jyKcGifU vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;rsm;

9/ 1941 v,f,majr edkifiHydkifjyKvkyfa&;tufOya'
10/ 1942 ajr,mvkyfudkifrIqdkif&mpnf;urf;rsm;
11/ 1945 ajr,my#dyu©tufOya'
12/ 1945 aiGwdk;acs;xm;olrsm;Oya'
13/ 1947 pdkufysKd;a&;ta<u;qdkif;iHUonfU Oya'
14/ 1947 v,f,majrvkyfudkifolwdkh\ a<u;NrDoufoma&;tufOya'
15/ 1948 v,f,mtvkyform;rsm;tenf;qkH; tcaMu;aiGtufOya'
16/ 1948 oD;pm;csxm;a&;tufOya'
17/ 1950 oD;pm;ppfEIef;tufOya'
18/ 1953 v,f,majredkifiHydkifjyKvkyfa&;tufOya'a&;qGJjy|mef;
19/ 1953- q,feSpfpDrHudef;- ajr,ma0jcrf;a&;tpDtpOf
1963
20/ 1954 v,f,majredkifiHydkifjyKvkyfa&;enf;Oya'
21/ 1963 oD;pm;csxm;a&;enf;Oya'
22/ 1963 awmifolv,form;tcGihfta&;umuG,fonhfOya'
23/ 1965 oD;pm;csxm;a&;Oya'udk jyifqifonfUOya'
28/ 2012 v,f,majrOya' ajrvGwf? ajrvyfESifU ajr½dkif;rsm; pDrHcehfcGJrI
Oya'
txufZ,m;u Oya'awGudk tMurf;zsif;
avhvmMunfh&ifawmh v,f,majrEdkifiHydkifjyKvkyfa&;
Oya'? ajrvGw?f ajrvyfESihf ajr½dki;f Oya'awGESihf v,f
,majrvkyfudkifolrsm;twGuf oufomacsmifcsda&;?
oD;pm;csxm;rIESifh tcGefoufomatmif vkyfay;wJh
Oya'awGukd awGY&rSmjzpfygw,f/ tusKd ;quftm;jzifh
jyefMunfrdwJhtcg jrefrmEdkifiHydkifajr,mtm;vkH;[m
0efBuD;Xmersm;ydkif ajr,mtjzpfvnf;aumif;? A[dk
tpdk;&udkwifjyNyD;rSom pDrHcGih&f w Sd Jhajr? wdki;f a'oBuD;^
jynfe,f pDrHydkifcGifh&SdwJh ajr,mrsm;tjzpf wuGJwjym;
jzpfaejyefygw,f/ omrmeft&yfpum;t&qdkygvQif
v,f^qnfykid af jr? tdk;tdrpf nfyifykid af jr? axGtkyyf kid af jr
ponfjzifh uGJjym;aeMujcif;yg/
'gaMumifh jrefrmEdkifiHudk &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHzdkY vm
a&muforl sm;tzdkY pufrZI kerf &Sw d hJ a'orsm;rSm pdwBf udKuf
&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHEkdizf kdYESihf tBuD;pm;&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIrsm; jyKvkyf
zdkYqdkwm csifhcsdefp&mawG jzpfvmapwmyg/

69
 pDrH^zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
bmawGcufcJaevJ
jrefrmEdkiif Hom;ESihf Edkiif Hjcm;om; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESH
olawGtzdkY jrefrmEdkiif HrSm tajccsvkyu f kdiEf kdizf kdY? BuD;rm;
wJh &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIawGudk vkyfudkifEdkifzdkUqdkwm us,fjyefY
wJh ajrtaetxm; vdktyfwmu trSefyJjzpfygw,f/
pma&;olwdkY tawGYtBuHKt&qdk&if v,fajr? ,majr?
O,smOfajrawGudk tjcm;okH;cGifhtygt0if pufrI*&rf
aygufvkyfzdkYqdkwm A[dkajr,mpDrHcefYcGJrI aumfrwD?
pD;yGm;a&;&m aumfrwDrsm;txd NrdKUe,frSonf A[dktxd
tqifhqifhaqmif&Guf&jyD; tcsdefESpfcsDukefrSmjzpfovdk
tokH;jyKpdkux f kw&f rnfh aiGaMu;ukeu f srIESihf MuefYMumrI
rsm;aMumifh &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI jyKvdkpw d rf sm; ukecf rf;oGm;Edkif
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tqifrajyEdkiaf y/ jrefrmEdkiif H &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIOya't&
qdkvQifvnf; pufrI*&rfajray:wGif &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHonfh
taxmuftxm; ajriSm;pmcsKyfwifjy&ef vdktyfrnf
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jrefrmEdkifiHudk vma&muf&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrnfhol
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ajriSm;&efyif tcuftcJBuD;wpfcktjzpf wnf&adS eqJjzpf
onf/ tqifhqifh aps;upm;jcif;? rnfodkYqufoG,f
aqmif&Gu&f rnfukd rodem;rvnfjcif;? jrefrmEdkiif H&if;
ESD;jr§KyfESHrIaumfr&Sirf Svnf; csucf si;f b,fajrBudKufvJ
vrf;ñTefjyEdkif&ef cufcJjcif;wdkYaMumifhvnf; &if;ESD;
jr§KyfESHrIrsm; wGefYqkwfvm&jcif;\ t"dutcsufwpfck
vnf;jzpfonf/ xdkYtjyif ajraxmufc oD;pm;c owf
rSwfxm;jcif; r&SdonfrSmvnf; ,kHMunfrIudk qkH;½IH;ap
jyefygonf/ trSeftm;jzifh &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrnfholrsm; jref
rmEdkifiH&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIaumfr&SifodkY a&mufvmonfESifh
ajrESifhywfoufaom vrf;ñTefcsufrsm;ESifh vdkufyg
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t0ef;u tBuD;pm;? tvwfpm;? tao;pm; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESH
rI E S i f h ud k u f n D w ,f / bmtcG i f h t vrf ; awG & rnf ?
70
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&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolrsm;yg tqifajyvG,fulí EdkifiHawmfrS
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 pDrH^zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
rsm;udk avhvmerlem,l jyKjyifEdkifaomfvnf; jrefrm
EdkifiH\ ajr,may:vpDESifh cufcJaom ajr,mtokH;jyK
cGiohf nf t"du twm;tqD;tjzpf qufvufwnf&adS ejrJ
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&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrnfh jrefrmEdkiif Hom;a&m? Edkiif Hjcm;
om;rsm;twGuyf g vG,u f w l hJ ESp&f n S f ajriSm;&rf;Edkirf nfh
ajr,may:vpDawG csrSwfxm;EdkifzdkY tqifoifh csxm;
ay;Edkirf nfh Edkiif Hykdiaf jrrsm;udkvnf; tqifoifh jyifqif
xm;Mu&rSmvnf; jzpfygw,f/ xdkif;EdkifiHqdkvQif
eSpf&Snfajrtydkif 0,fcGifhay;xm;NyD; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI rjyK
vkyfawmhonfhtcgrSom EdkifiHawmfudk ajrjyefvnf
tyfESH&onfh ay:vpDonf vuf&t Sd csed tf xd tvkyjf zpf
qJ j zpf o nf / w½k w f E d k i f i H u rl vma&muf &if ; ES D ;
jr§KyfESHolrsm;twGuf txl;pD;yGm;a&;Zkefrsm;? pufrIZkef
BuD;rsm;udk pepfwus csxm;NyD;jzpfonfhtjyif vm
a&muf &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolrsm;twGuf aexdkifEdkif&ef uGef'dk
rsm;udkyg tqifoifh csxm;Edki&f ef pDpOfaqmif&Gux f m;
onf/ xdkYtwl AD,uferfEkdiif Hukd ajccsvmonfh &if;ESD;
jr§KyfESHolrsm;udk vufrvGwfoGm;atmifvnf; tao
tcsm pDrHxm;onfudkvnf; avhvmod&SdEdkifonf/
t"durSm vufawGYqefqef vkyfaqmifzdkYu ta&;BuD;
vSygonf/ xda&mufaom ajr,may:vpDESifh csxm;
ay;Edki&f eftwGuf wdki;f a'oBuD;^jynfe,frsm; tm;vkH;
&Sd &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI cGifhjyKEdkifonfh ajr,mrsm;? ajrvGwf
ajr½dkif;rsm;udk ajrykH? tus,ft0ef;ESifh owfrSwfpH
aps;eIef;rsm;jzifh azmfjyvsuf jrefrmEdkifiH&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI
aumfr&Sio f kYd ay;ydkx
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PPP jyKvkyr f nfh puf½kH ajrrsm;pm&if; ponfwkdYukdvnf;
tqifoifhajrykHrsm;ESifhtwl twdtusazmfjy iSm;&rf;
pepfrsm;udkyg tqifoifh jyKvkyfxm;oifhvSygonf/
jref r mEd k i f i H & if ; ES D ; jr§ K yf E S H r I a umf r &S i f o nf
jrefrmEdkifiH\ pD;yGm;a&;wHcg;0ifaygufjzpfonfESifh
71
twJG(6)? trSwf-2
tnD jrefrmESifh EdkifiHjcm;om; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolrsm;
vdkcsifaom? vdktyfaeaom owif;tcsuftvuf rsm;
udk wpfxdkifwnf;? wpfae&mwnf;uay;Edkif rnfqdkyg
vQif tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;ESifh ,SOfNydKif qGJaqmif&mwGif
aemufwef;rusonfhtqifhodkY a&muf&Sdvmayrnf/
tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;enf;wl b,fajrtrsdK;tpm;rSm &if;ESD;
jr§KyfESHrnfqkdygu b,favmuftcGihftvrf; cHpm;cGihf&
rnfponfh ajray:vpDyg yl;wGJcsxm;Edkifrnfqdkygu
xl;jcm;qGJaqmifEkid rf IwiG yf g aemufaumufrusawmhbJ
vG,u f laom &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrItygt0if qGJaqmifEkdipf Gr;f
vnf; jrifhwufoGm;rnfvnf; jzpfonf/
urÇmhbPftygt0if? urÇmhaiGaMu;&efykHaiG
tzGJY tpD&ifcHpmrsm;t& jrefrmhpD;yGm;a&;onf 2020
ckESpw f Gif tusbufokdY OD;wnf okH;oyfrIrsm; xGuaf y:
vsu&f adS eonf/ rnfonfh twdki;f twm tñTe;f ude;f rsm;
jzifh wdkif;wmwGufcsufonfudk tomxm;í rdrdwdkY
jyKvG,fjyifvG,f aqmif&Guf&rnfh vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk
EdkifiHawmftpdk;&ESifhtwl vufwGJ taumiftxnf
azmfaqmifMu&rnfvnf;jzpfonf/
pma&;ol txl;tBuHjyKvdkonfrSm trsdK;rsdK;
uG J j ym;jcm;em;aeaom Ed k i f i H y d k i f a jrrsm;ud k pd p pf í
vnf;aumif;? ajr,may:vpDESifh Oya'rsm;udk jyKjyif
jy|mef;jcif;rsm; jyKvkyfjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;? &if;ESD;
jr§KyfESHrI jyKvkyfEdkifonfh ajrrsm;udk wpfEdkifiHvkH; wpfpk
wpfpnf;wnf; pkpnf;vsuf pufrI*&rfaygufajrrsm;
tjzpf oifah vsmaf om ajraxmufcrsm;owfrw S jf cif;jzifh
vuf0g;BuD;tkyf BudK;eDpepfukd a&Smif&Sm;Edkio f nfhpepfukd
tokH;csí EdkifiHawmf\tpDtpOfjzifh txl;Muyfrwf
xde;f ausmif; vkyaf qmifEkdi&f ef okH;oyfcsed w f efNyD jzpfyg
aMumif; a&;om;&if; ed*kH;csKyfvdkuf&ygw,f/
usrf;udk;pm&if;/ ajr,mqdkif&mtaxmuftxm;ESifh Oya'rsm;?
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&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIOya'
 rl;,pfaq;0g;rsm;onf vlrIb0zGHYNzdK;a&;udkomru wefzdk;&Sdonhf EdkifiH\
tem*wfvlYpGrf;tm;t&if;tjrpfESifh vlYywf0ef;usifudk rsm;pGmtaESmihft,Suf t[efY
twm;jzpfaponht f &mrsm;wGif wpfckjzpfayonf/ odkYaomfvnf; ,aeYacwfwGif rsK;d
pkHvSaom rl;,pfaq;0g;rsm;udk w&m;0ifaomfvnf;aumif;? w&m;r0ifaomfvnf;
aumif; a&mif;csokH;pGJaeonfukd vnf; awGY&Sad e&ygonf/ rl;,pfaq;0g;[kqkd&mwGif
bde;f ? udkuif;? &mr? pdw<f u½l;oGyaf q;jym; (WY) ponfwkdYukdom qdkvkdjcif;r[kwb
f J
aq;vdyf? t&uf? uGrf;wdkYyg yg0ifaeygonf/

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t&nfwpfrsK;d rsK;d udk ta&jym;twGi;f odkY xdk;oGi;f jcif;ESihf ½SL½Iu
d o f kH;pGJjcif;yifjzpfonf/
owif;pmrsm;? aqmifyg;rsm;wGiv f nf; rl;,pfaq;0g; okH;pGJrI? a&mif;csrIjzihf zrf;qD;cH
&rIrsm;udk aeYpOfvdkvdk awGYjrifae&onf/ xdkrQru 'Drdkua&pDpepf yGihfvif;jrifomrI
tm;aumif;vmonfESiht f rQ owif;pmtcsKUd Oyrm- (jrefrmwdki;f rf;) ESihf owif;rD'D,m
tcsKdUwGif bdef;pdkufcif;rsm;? aq;&GufBuD; pdkufcif;rsm; wnf&Sd&mae&ma'orsm;udk
"mwfykrH sm;ESiw hf uG trsm;jynfol od&EdS kid &f ef azmfjyvmMuonfukd awG&Y adS e&jyDjzpfonf/
xdkYjyif jrefrmEdkifiHonf urÇmay:wGif bdef;pdkufysKd;xkwfvkyfaom t"du
EdkifiHrsm;teuf wpfcktygt0ifjzpfNyD; urÇmhbdef;xkwfvkyfrI\ 14 &mcdkifeIef;udk
xkwv f kyaf Mumif;ESihf urÇmh bde;f pdku{f &d,m pkpkaygif; 20 &mcdkiEf Ie;f cefY&aSd Mumif; 2016
ckESpf urÇmhrl;,pfaq;0g; tpD&ifcHpmu qdkonf/ bdef;pdkufysKd;xkwfvkyfrIonf

72
 pDrH^zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
jrefrmEdkifiH\ BuD;rm;aom rl;,pfaq;0g;qdkif&m
jyóemtjzpf wnf&SdaeqJjzpfNyD; vGefcJhonhf ajcmuf
ESpfausmfumvcefYrSpwifí pdwf<u&l;oGyfaq;jym;
jyóemuvnf; xyfrHBuD;xGm;vmcJh&m urÇmay:&Sd
pdwf<u&l;oGyfaq;jym; xkwfvkyfonhf t"duEdkifiHrsm;
pm&if;wGif jrefrmEdkifiH yg0ifvmcJhonf/
2018 ckESpw f Gif ukvor*¾ rl;,pfaq;0g;ESihf
&mZ0wfrIckH½kH; (United Nations Office on Drugs and
Crime - UNODC) ES i f h Central Committee for Drug
Abuse Control (CCDAC) wdkY yl;aygif;í jrefrmEdkii f HwGif
bde;f pdkuyf sK;d rI? xkwv
f kyrf IESihf ¤if;\tusK;d oufa&muf
rI r sm;ud k ppf w rf ; aumuf x m;onh f tpD & if c H p mü
bdef;yifrsm;tm; &Srf;jynfe,f? ucsifjynfe,fwdkYwGif
trsm;qkH;pdkuyf sK;d aeonfukd awGY&&Sd NyD; csi;f jynfe,fESihf
u,m;jynfe,fwdkYvnf; yg0ifygonf/
rl;,pfaq;tEÅ&m,fESifU vli,f
,aeYacwfumvwGif tvG,w f ul 0,f,l&&Sd
Edkifonhf rl;,pfaq;rsm;onf vli,frsm; tMum;wGif
vsijf refpmG xdk;azmuf0ifa&mufvsu&f o
Sd nfukd awGY&aSd e
&onf/ rl;,pfaq;0g; trsm;qkH;okH;pGJonhf touf
t&G,fwGif vli,fESifh oufvwfydkif;rsm;rSm trsm;qkH;
jzpfonf/ ]t&if;ppf ajrrSmtjrpf} qdkouJhodkY t"du
taMumif;w&m;rsm;udk jyefppf&vQif ausmif;aet&G,f
tv,fwef;ESihf txufwef;ausmif;om;rsm;yif rl;,pf
aq;0g;rsm; pwifjrnf;prf;aeNyDjzpfonf/ ausmif;jyify
teD;tem;wGif vG,fvihfwul &&Sdaeaom aq;vdyf?
uGrf;,mrsm;onf jrD;aumifayguf ausmif;om;rsm;
twGuf rl;,pfaq;0g;udk pwifvufwnhfprf;p&m
wpfckjzpfvmcJhonf/ xdkrSwpfqihf t&uf? bD,m
pojzihf vufwnhfprf;&mrS aq;vdyf? t&uf raomuf
wwfvQif vl&mr0if? acwfrrDonhf ,Ofaus;rIudk
vufcHvmMuonf/ tm;vkH;udk rqdkvdkaomfvnf;
ausmif ; om;awmf a wmf r sm;rsm;onf tv,f w ef ; ?
txufwef;avmufuwnf;uyif rl;,pfaq;0g;udk
73
twJG(6)? trSwf-2
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ay:xGufvmrnhf ed'gef;aumif;udk rsm;pGm Ncdrf;ajcmuf
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csKd; r&Edkifatmif &SdaejyDjzpfonf/ vrf;wdkif;wGifvnf;
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rwwf &Sad eonfrmS rl;,pfaq;tEÅ&m,f vuf,ufac:
aeouJhokdY &Sad eygonf/ ausmif;0dki;f twGi;f wGif rl;,pf
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ab;em;wGif uGr;f ,m? aq;vdyq f kdirf sm; &Sad ejcif;onf
rnfodkYrQ roihfavsmfonhf tcsufyifjzpfonf/ xdkY
aMumihf toufi,f&G,faom uav;rsm; vufvSrf;rD
Edkiof nhf ausmif;rsm;teD;wGif rl;,pfaq;0g;rsm; pD;yGm;
jzpf a&mif;csaejcif;udk xda&mufpGm wm;qD;umuG,f
jcif;rsm; aqmif&GufEdkif&ef BudK;yrf;Mu&rnfjzpfonf/
vlYywf0ef;usiftm; xdcdkuf
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onfjzpfap vlrIb0? obm0ywf0ef;usifudk xdcdkuf
ap½kHomru jrefrmEdkifiH\ bmoma&; tqkH;trtm;
jzihfvnf; wm;jrpfxm;ygonf/ tBuD;pm; rl;,pf
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twGuf pnf;urf;r&Sdaom vlwcsKdU\ Public Area
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 pDrH^zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
pnf;urf;rJhpGm pGefYypfrIaMumihf rD;ab;tEÅ&m,fvnf;
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usef;rma&;udkvnf;aumif;? ywf0ef;usif om,m
vSyrIudkvnf;aumif; rsm;pGm zsufqD;vsuf&Sdonf/
Oyrmtm;jzihf vGefcJhaom vtenf;i,fu awmif
udk;&D;,m;EdkifiHwGif ausmfMum;onhf ½kyfoHXmewpfck
jzpfaomSBS owif;XmerS awmifu&kd ;D ,m;jynforl sm;rSm
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aMumihf xdwv f efv
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jyKvkyfcJh&m awmifudk&D;,m;a&muf jrefrmrsm;\ pnf;
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cJhonhf ½kyfoHonf vlrIuGef&ufwGif ysHUESHYcJhonf/ EdkifiH
&yfjcm;üyifvsSif t&Suf&aponfh jzpf&yfyifjzpfonf/
jrefrmEdkiif Hüvnf; vrf;ab;yvufazmif;rsm;ESihf vrf;
rsm;ay:wGif uGrf;wHawG;rsm; pnf;urf;rJhpGm axG;xm;
onfukd awGY&onf/ xdkYtjyif rD;yGKd ih&f yfaom ae&mrsm;
ESihf vrf;ab;wdki;f vdkvkdwGif xdkteDa&mif tuGurf sm;udk
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- ( https://www.unodc.org/documents/crop-
monitoring/Myanmar)
- jrefrmhtvif;owif;pm
- https://www.unitypoint.org/livewell/article
- Internet/ facebook news