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4 Flexure PDF
4 Flexure PDF
June 9, 2003
CVEN 444
Lecture Goals
Basic Concepts
Rectangular Beams
Flexural Stress
The beam is a structural
member used to support
the internal moments and
shears. It would be
called a beam-column if
a compressive force
existed.
C=T
M = C*(jd)
= T*(jd)
Flexural Stress
The stress in the block
is defined as:
s = (M*y) / I
Sxx = I / (ymax)
The equation for Sxx
modulus for calculating
maximum compressive
stress.
Flexural Stress
There are 5 stages the concrete through which the beam
goes.
Stage 1: No external
loads self weight.
Flexural Stress
There are 5 stages the concrete through which the beam
goes.
Stage 2: the external
load P cause the bottom
fibers to equal to
modulus of rupture of
the concrete. Entire
concrete section was
effective, steel bar at
tension side has same
strain as surrounding
concrete.
Flexural Stress
There are 5 stages the concrete through which the beam
goes.
Stage 3: The tensile
strength of the concrete
exceeds the rupture fr and
cracks develop. The
neutral axis shifts upward
and cracks extend to
neutral axis. Concrete
loses tensile strength and
steel starts working
effectively and resists the
entire tensile load.
Flexural Stress
There are 5 stages the concrete through which the beam
goes.
Stage 4: The
reinforcement yields.
Stage 5: Failure of the
beam.
Flexural Stress
The three stages of
the beam.
Stage 1: No external
loads acting on the
beam.
Stage 3: Service
loading on the beam.
Stage 5: Beam
failure.
Flexural Stress
The moment-curvature
diagram show the five
stages of the beam. The
plot is of the curvature
angle, f , verse the
moment.
f = (e / y) = [ s / E ] / y
= [(My / I) / E] / y
f=M/(EI)
Flexural Stress
The beam fails first in shear and the second beam fails
in bending moment.
Flexural Stress
There are three types of flexural failure of a structural
member.
Steel may reach its yield strength before the concrete
reaches its maximum. (Under-reinforced section).
Steel reaches yield at same time as concrete reaches
ultimate strength. (Balanced section).
Concrete may fail before the the yield of steel due to
the presence of a high percentage of steel in the
section. (Over-reinforced section).
Flexural Stress
Steel may reach its yield strength before the concrete
reaches its maximum. (Under-reinforced section).
Flexural Stress
Steel reaches yield at same time as concrete reaches
ultimate strength. (Balanced section).
Flexural Stress
Concrete may fail before the the yield of steel due to the
presence of a high percentage of steel in the section.
(Over-reinforced section).
Flexural Stress
The flexural strain and stress distribution of beam from a
test beam.
Flexural Stress
Strain measured in test of eccentrically loaded
columns for a tied and spiral columns.
Flexural Stress-Example
Example
Consider a simple rectangular beam( b x h )
reinforced with steel reinforcement of As.
y=
ynA
i i i
Centroid (NA)
n A i i
I = n I ( y y n A Moment of Inertia
2
i i i i i
Example (uncracked)
Area yi y iA I yi - y (y i -y)2 A
Concrete bh h/2 bh2/2 bh3/12 (h/2-y) (h/2-y)2bh
Steel (n-1)As d d(n-1)As --- (d-y) (d-y)2(n-1)As
bh 2
( n 1 As d
y=
i i= 2
y A
Ai bh ( n 1 As
2
bh3 h
I = I i ( yi y Ai = y bh ( d y ( n 1 As
2 2
12 2
Example - (cracked)
Using Equilibrium
T =C
1
As f s = yb f c
2
yb
fs = fc
2 As
Example - (cracked)
Using Hooke’s law f = Ee
yb e c Es 2 As 2nAs
Ese s = Ece c = =
2 As e s Ec yb yb
es ec ec
y
= =
d y y es d y
2nAs 2nAs
y
2
y d = 0
b b
Example - (cracked)
Use a ratio of areas of concrete and steel.
As
= y 2n d y 2n d = 0
2 2
bd
Modify the equation to create a non-dimensional ratio.
2
y y
2n 2n = 0
d d
Example - (cracked)
Use the quadratic formula
y 2n ( 2n 8n
2
=
d 2
y
= ( n 2n n
2
d
Solve for the centroid by multiplying the result by d.
Example - (cracked)
The moment of inertia using the parallel axis
I = I i ( yi y Ai
2
2
by y
3
= by ( d y nAs
2
12 2
3
by
= ( d y nAs
2
3
Example
For the following example find centroid and moment
of inertia for an uncracked and cracked section and
compare the results.
Es = 29000 ksi
Ec = 3625 ksi
d = 15.5 in b = 12 in. h = 18 in.
Use 4 # 7 bars for the steel.
Example
Es 29000 ksi
n= = =8
Ec 3625 ksi
As = 4 ( 0.6 in 2
= 2.4 in 2
Example
The uncracked centroid is
bh 2
( n 1 As d
y= 2
bh ( n 1 As
(12 in (18 in
2
( 8 1 ( 2.4 in 2 (15.5 in
= 2
(12 in (18 in (8 1 ( 2.4 in 2
2204.4 in 3
= 2
= 9.47 in
232.8 in
Example
The uncracked moment of inertia
2
bh h
3
I= y bh ( d y ( n 1 As
2
12 2
(12 in (18 in 18 in
3 2
= 9.47 in (12 in (18 in
12 2
(15.5 in 9.47 in ( 8 1 ( 2.4 in 2
2
= 6491 in 4
Example
The cracked centroid is defined by:
As 2.4 in 2
= = = 0.0129
bd (12 in (15.5 in
y
= ( n 2n n
2
d
3
1
= (12 in ( 5.62 in
3
3
(15.5 in 5.62 in ( 8 ( 2.4 in
2 2
= 2584.2 in 4
Example
f c 4000
b1 = 0.85 0.05 * 0.65
1000
Flexural Stress
Requirements for analysis of reinforced concrete beams
[1] Stress-Strain Compatibility – Stress at a point in
member must correspond to strain at a point.
[2] Equilibrium – Internal
forces balances with
external forces
Flexural Stress
Example of rectangular reinforced concrete beam.
(1) Setup equilibrium.
F x =0 T=C
As f s = 0.85 f c ab
a
M = 0 T d 2 = M n
Flexural Stress
Example of rectangular reinforced concrete beam.
(2) Find flexural capacity.
T = As f s
C = 0.85 f c ab
As f s
a=
0.85 f cb
Flexural Stress
Example of rectangular reinforced concrete beam.
(2) Find flexural capacity.
M n = T ( moment arm
a
= As fs d
2
Flexural Stress
Example of rectangular reinforced concrete beam.
(3) Need to confirm es > ey
sy
ey =
Es
a
c=
b1
es =
(d c
e ey
c
c