Earth Science

1st Grading
Grade 8
“Remediation”

Ms. Shane Catherine T. Besares

Science Teacher – RANHS
Lesson 1 – Force: Balance and Unbalanced Forces
What is Force?
Push or pull of an object is considered a force. Push and pull come from the objects interacting with one another.
Terms like stretch and squeeze can also be used to denote force.
In Physics, force is defined as:

The push or pull on an object with mass that causes it to change its velocity.
Force is an external agent capable of changing the state of rest or motion of a particular body. It has a magnitude
and a direction. The direction towards which the force is applied is known as the direction of the force, and the
application of force is the point where force is applied.
The Force can be measured using a spring balance. The SI unit of force is Newton(N).

Common symbols: F→, F

SI unit: Newton
In SI base units: kg·m/s2
Other units: dyne, poundal, pound-force, kip, kilopond
Derivations from other quantities:  F = m a
Dimension: LMT-2

What are the Effects of Force?

In physics, motion is defined as the change in position with respect to time. In simpler words, motion refers to the
movement of a body. Typically, motion can either be described as:

1. Change in speed
2. Change in direction

The Force has different effects and here are some of them.

 Force can make a body which is at rest to move.

 It can stop a moving body or slow it down.
 It can accelerate the speed of a moving body.
 It can also change the direction of a moving body along with its shape and size.

Force can be of two types:

 Balanced force
 Unbalanced force
According to Newton’s First Law,

A body at rest or in motion will continue to remain in the unchanged position unless an
external force is applied to it.
What is a Balanced Force?
A force where two forces of equal size, act on a body, in opposing directions is known as a Balanced Force. In
Balanced Force, a body continues to be in its position i.e. it may be continuously moving with the same speed and in
the same direction or it may be still in its position.

What are the examples of Balanced Force?

Suppose you are pushing a wall and as expected, the wall does not move and neither do you. It means that you and
the wall are exerting a balanced force on each other.

An illustration of a man pushing against the wall. Here, the forces at play balance each other as a result of which the
wall doesn’t move.
Let us look at the following illustration for better understanding.

A game of tug of war with equally matched opponents is an example of balanced force
The image displayed above is a game of tug-of-war between two equally matched teams. Neither of the teams is
able to pull the opposing team towards itself. This is an example of two balanced forces.

What is an Unbalanced Force?

A force where two forces acting in opposing directions on a body, are not equal in magnitude and in size, is known
as an unbalanced force. In an unbalanced force, a body changes its position i.e. we can observe a moving object
changing its direction, either increasing the speed or decreasing the speed and a body at rest starts to move and
vice versa.

What are the examples of Unbalanced Force?

Practically anything that moves is a result of the exertion of unbalanced forces on it. If
you kick a football and it moves from one place to another, it means that unbalanced
forces are acting upon it.
Ball moves from one place to another after kicking it.
This is an example of unbalanced force.

One person significantly heavier than the other

creates a condition of unbalanced force in a seesaw

The above image shows two people on a seesaw. The person on the right is significantly heavier than the person on
the left and the seesaw is effectively tilted towards him. This is an example of two unbalanced force.
Now that we know what each of these forces are, let us look at their differences.
 Assessment
Fill in the table below.

The difference between Balanced and Unbalanced Force

Unbalanced
Balanced forces
forces
Is magnitude equal or
unequal?

What is the direction?

Opposite or in any
direction.
Does it cause a change in
motion?
Does the object move?
Lesson 2 – Laws of Motion
Newton's Laws of Motion
There are three of Newton’s laws of motion. In these three laws of motion, he explained the relationship
between forces acting on the body and the motion of the body. Newton’s three laws are as stated below:

1. An object continues to be under the state of uniform motion unless an external force acts on it.
2. Force is a product of mass and acceleration.
3. For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Newton’s first law of motion is also known as the law of inertia. In Newton’s second law of motion, the
velocity is constant. Newton’s third law of motion is also known as conservation of momentum.

Newton’s Law of Motion

Sir Isaac Newton was an English mathematician, astronomer and physicist who gave three laws which proved
to be fundamental laws for describing the motion of a body. These are generally known as Newton’s laws of
motion. We will discuss each law of motion one by one in detail.

Newton’s First Law of Motion:

Newton’s first law of motion states that “A body at rest
or uniform motion will continue to be at rest or uniform
motion until and unless a net external force acts on it”.
Suppose a block is kept on the floor, it will remain at
rest until we apply some external force to it. Also, we
know that it takes us more effort or force to move a
heavy mass. This is directly related to a property
known as Inertia. This law is also known as the law of
inertia.

Newton’s Second Law of Motion:

The first law has already given us a qualitative
definition of force. Now we are interested in finding out
its magnitude. According to Newton’s second law of
motion, the net force experienced by a body is directly
proportional to the rate of change of momentum of the
body. It can be written as:
F = ma

Newton’s Third Law of Motion:

According to Newton’s third law of motion, for every
action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. Forces
are always found in pairs. For instance, when you sit
on a chair, your body exerts a force downward and that
chair needs to exert an equal force upward or else the
chair will collapse.
Example for solving Problems

Suppose a body of mass 10kg is having an acceleration of 5m/s . What is the net force experienced by it?
2

Solution:
From the second law of motion, we know,
F = ma
Putting the values, we get:
F = (10 x 5) N
F = 50N
So the body is experiencing a net force of 50N.

Assessment
Task A.
Answer the following question below.
Q1: What is the SI unit of Force

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Q2: How do force, mass, and acceleration are related?

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Q3: If the mass of the body increases, keeping the acceleration constant, what happens to the net force?

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Q4: For a constant mass. If acceleration decreases, what happens to net force?

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Q5: If the rate of change of momentum is small, what will be the net resultant force?

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Q6: If Mr John wants to move a 10 kg and 20 kg solid block from the rest, which block needs more force?

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Q7: Fill in the blank. Newton’s first law of motion is alternatively called as _________.
Task B.
Give an example in your daily life where you can observe each Law of Motion and explain how is that Law
happens. Be specific and defend your answer.
1st Law- Inertia

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2nd Law- Acceleration

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3rd Law- Action and Reaction

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