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13-Steam Turbines (Compatibility Mode) PDF
13-Steam Turbines (Compatibility Mode) PDF
RMD 2501
Steam Turbines
Thot
p x
Pump Exhaust Steam
Low Pressure Low Pressure
Water and temp.
p
Cold
Pump x Hot
Tcold
13 © M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 5
Steam Turbine
PEMP
RMD 2501
¾ Steam turbine convert a part of the energy of the steam evidenced by high
temperature and pressure into mechanical power-in turn electrical power
¾ The steam from the boiler is expanded in a nozzle, resulting in the emission of
a high velocity jet. This jet of steam impinges on the moving vanes or blades,
mounted on a shaft. Here it undergoes a change of direction of motion which
gives rise to a change in momentum and therefore a force.
¾ The motive power in a steam turbine is obtained by the rate of change in
momentum of a high velocity jet of steam impinging on a curved blade which
is free to rotate.
rotate
¾ The conversion of energy in the blades takes place by impulse, reaction or
impulse reaction principle.
¾ Steam turbines are available in a few kW (as prime mover) to 1500 MW
¾ Impulse turbine are used for capacity up to
¾ Reaction turbines are used for capacity up to
Merits:
• Ability to utilize high pressure and high temperature steam.
• High
Hi h component efficiency.
ffi i
• High rotational speed.
• High capacity/weight ratio.
• Smooth, nearly vibration-free operation.
• No internal lubrication.
• Oil free exhaust steam.
• Can be built in small or very large units (up to 1200 MW).
Demerits:
• ForF slow
l speedd application
li ti reduction
d ti gears are required.
i d
• The steam turbine cannot be made reversible.
• The efficiency of small simple steam turbines is poor.
• Power generation
• Refinery Petrochemical
Refinery, Petrochemical,
• Pharmaceuticals,
• Food processing,
• Petroleum/Gas processing,
• Pulp & Paper mills,
• Waste to energy
Waste-to-energy
¾ Efficiency
¾ Life
¾ Power density (power to weight ratio)
¾ Direct
i operation
i cost
¾ Manufacturing and maintenance costs
T
3
Note that T5 < T3. Many wouthi
systems reheat to the qinhi qinlo 5
same temperature
(T3=T5). 4
2 woutlo
Reheat is usuallyy not win 1 qout 6
offered for turbines less
than 50 MW
s
13 © M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 12
Schematic of Rankine Reheat Cycle
PEMP
RMD 2501
qinlo Low
5 Pressure
4 TURBINE
BOILER
w outhi
w outlo
3
High
Pressure 6
2 CONDENSER
TURBINE
qinhi qout
1
win PUMP
Imp lse T
Impulse Turbines
rbines Reaction Turbines
• Reaction turbine makes use of the
• An impulse turbine has fixed
reaction force produced as the steam
nozzles that orient the steam flow
accelerates through the nozzles
into high speed jets.
formed by the rotor
• Blade profile is symmetrical as no
• Blades have aerofoil profile
pressure drop takes place in the
(convergent passage) since pressure
rotor blades.
bl d
drop occurs partly in the rotor
• Suitable for efficiently absorbing
blades.
the high velocity and high
• Efficient at the lower pressure stages
pressure
pressure.
• Fine blade tip clearances are
• Steam pressure is constant across
necessary due to the pressure
the blades and therefore fine tip
leakages.
clearances are not necessary.
necessary
• Inefficient at the high pressure stages
• Efficiency is not maintained in the
due to the pressure leakages around
lower pressure stages (high
the blade tips.
velocity
y cannot be achieved in
• Fine tip clearances can cause ca se
steam for the lower pressure
damage to the tips of the blades.
stages).
13 © M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 22
Losses in Steam Turbine
PEMP
RMD 2501
Profile loss: Due to formation of boundary layer on blade surfaces. Profile loss is a
boundary layer phenomenon and therefore subject to factors that influence
boundary y layer
y development.
p These factors are Reynolds
y number,, surface
roughness, exit Mach number and trailing edge thickness.
Secondary loss: Due to friction on the casing wall and on the blade root and tip. It
is a boundary layer effect and dependent upon the same considerations as those of
profile loss.
Tip leakage loss: Due to steam passing through the small clearances required
b
between the
h moving
i tip
i andd casing
i or between
b the
h movingi blade
bl d tip
i andd rotating
i
shaft. The extend of leakage depends on the whether the turbine is impulse or
reaction. Due to pressure drop in moving blades of reaction turbine they are more
prone to leakages.
leakages
Disc windage loss: Due to surface friction created on the discs of an impulse
turbine as the disc rotates in steam atmosphere. The result is the forfeiture of shaft
power for an increase in kinetic energy and heat energy of steam.
Lacing wire loss: Due to passage blockage created by the presence of lacing wires
in long blade of LP Stages.
Wetness loss: Due to moisture entrained in the low pressure steam at the exit of LP
turbine. The loss is a combination of two effects; firstly, reduction in efficiency due
to absorption of energy by the water droplets and secondly, erosion of final moving
blades leading edges.
Annulus loss: Due to significant amount of diffusion between adjacent stages or
where wall cavities occur between the fixed and moving blades. The extent of loss
is greatly reduced at high annulus area ratios (inlet/outlet) if the expansion of the
steam is controlled by a flared casing wall.
Leaving loss: Due to kinetic energy available at the steam leaving from the last
stage of LP turbine. In practice steam does slow down after leaving the last blade,
but through the conversion of its kinetic energy to flow friction losses.
Partial admission loss: Due to ppartial filling
g of steam,, flow between the blades is
considerably accelerated causing a loss in power.
Suffix
1 Inlet
2 Outlet
13 © M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 25
Velocity Triangles
PEMP
RMD 2501
Vw1
W1
V1 Va1
Vw2 U
Va2 V2
W2
Vw2 Vw1
W1
Va2 V2 V1 Va1
W2
ΔVw
If the
th blade
bl d is
i symmetrical
t i l then
th β1 = β2 and
d neglecting
l ti frictional
f i ti l effects
ff t off the
th
blades on the steam, W1 = W2.
In actual case, the relative velocity is reduced by friction and expressed by a blade
velocity coefficient k.
Thus k = W2/W1
From Euler
Euler’ss equation, work done by the steam is given by;
Wt = U(Vw1 ± Vw2) (1)
Since Vw2 is in the negative r direction, the work done per unit mass flow is given
by,
by
Wt = U(Vw1+Vw2)
(2)
If Va1 ≠ Va2, there
th willill an axial
i l thrust
th t ini the
th flow
fl direction.
di ti Assume
A that
th t Va
V is
i
constant then,
Wt = UVa (tanα1+ tanα2) (3)
(t β1+ tanβ
Wt = UVa (tanβ t β2) (4)
Equation (4) is often referred to as the diagram work per unit mass flow and hence
13 the diagram efficiency is© defined as School of Advanced Studies
M.S. Ramaiah 31
Work Done – Impulse Steam Turbine
PEMP
RMD 2501
Where h0 is the enthalpy at the entry to the nozzle and h1 is the enthalpy at the
exit neglecting the velocity at the inlet to the nozzle.
exit, nozzle The energy supplied to the
blades is the kinetic energy of the jet V12 and the blading or diagram efficiency;
2
13 © M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 32
Work Done – Impulse Steam Turbine
PEMP
RMD 2501
ηd = RateEnergy
of work performed per unit mass flow
supplied per unit mass of steam
ηd = (UΔ V )wx
V
2 2UΔV
1
2
=
V 1
2
w ((10))
Using the blade velocity coefficient (k=W2/W1) and symmetrical blades (β1= β2),
then; ΔVw = 2V1 cos α1 − U
And the rate of work performed per unit mass = 2(V1 cos α1 − U )U
Therefore; η d = 2(V1 cos α1 − U )U × 2
V12
4(V1 cos α1 − U )U 4U ⎛ U⎞
ηd = = ⎜⎜ cos α1 ⎟⎟
V1 2
V1 ⎝ V1 ⎠
where
U is called the blade speed
p ratio
(12)
V1
or U = cos α1 (13)
V1 2
i.e., maximum diagram efficiency
4 cos α1 ⎛ cos α1 ⎞
= ⎜ cos α1 − ⎟
2 ⎝ 2 ⎠
or η d = 4 cos 2 α1 ((14))
Substituting this value in equation (7), the power output per unit mass flow rate at
the maximum diagram efficiency
(15)
P = 2U 2
The static enthalpy at the inlet to the fixed blade in terms of stagnation enthalpy
and velocity at the inlet to the fixed blades is given by
V02 similarlyy V22
h0 = h00 − h2 = h02 −
2C p 2C p
Substituting Λ =
(h1 − h2 )
⎛ V 2 ⎞ ⎛
V 2 ⎞
⎜ h00 − 0 ⎟ − ⎜ h02 − 2 ⎟
⎜ 2C p ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 2C p ⎟⎠
⎝
13 © M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 35
Degree of Reaction
PEMP
RMD 2501
But for a normal stage, V0 = V2 and since h00 = h01 in the nozzle, then;
Λ=
(h1 − h2 )
(17)
(h01 − h02 )
(h − h ) + (V )
− Vw22
2
We know that (h01 – h02) = 1 2
w1
=0
2
Substituting for (h1- h2) in equation (17),
(17)
(V −V
2 2
) =
(V 2
− Vw21
w2 )
Λ= w2 w1
[2(h01 − h02 )] [2U (Vw1 − Vw2 )] (18)
Assuming the axial velocity is constant through out the stage, then
Λ=
(V
− Vw21
2
w2 )
[2U (U + Vw1 + Vw2 − U )]
Λ=
(Vw2 − Vw1 )(Vw2 + Vw1 )
[2U (Vw1 + Vw2 )] (19)
Va (tan β 2 + tan β1 )
Λ=
2U
From the velocity
y triangles
g it is seen that
Vw1 = U + Vw1 Vw 2 = Vw 2 − U
Now h01r01 = h02r02 and h1 = h2 for Λ = 0. Then W1 = W2. In the ideal case,, there is
no pressure drop in the rotor and points 1 2 and 2s on the mollier chart should
coincide. But due to irreversibility, there is a pressure drop through the rotor. The
zero reaction in the impulse stage by definition, means there is no pressure drop
through the rotor. The Mollier diagram for an impulse stage is shown in Fig. 1.a,
where it can be observed that the enthalpy increases through the rotor.
13 © M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 38
Degree of Reaction
PEMP
RMD 2501
U
Substituting β 2 = tan α 2 + into equation (21)
Va
Va
Λ = 1+ (tan α 2 − tan α1 ) (22)
2U
Thus when α2 = α1, the reaction is unity
(also V1 = V2). The velocity diagram for
Λ = 1 isi shown
h i Fig.
in i withi h the
h same
values of Va, U and W used for Λ = 0
and Λ = ½. It is obvious that if Λ
exceeds unity,
unity then V1<V0 (i.e.,
(i e nozzle
flow diffusion).
Choice of Reaction and Effect on Efficiency
Vw 2 − Vw1
Equation (17) can be rewritten as Λ = 1 +
2U
Cw2 can be eliminated by using this equation
W W Vw1
Vw 2 = − Vw1 yielding Λ = 1 + −
U 2U 2 U
13 © M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 40
Degree of Reaction
PEMP
RMD 2501
•
The continuity equation m = ρAV may be used to find the blade height ‘h’. The
annular area of flow = πDh. Thus the mass flow rate through an axial flow
turbine is
•
m = ρπDhVa
•
m
h=
ρπDVa
ρ
Blade height will increase in the direction of flow in a turbine and decrease in
the direction of flow in a compressor.
P1 P2 P3 P4
i.e., = = =
P2 P3 P4 P5
Let η0 is the overall efficiency of expansion and is defined as the ratio of actual
work done per kg of steam to the isentropic work done per kg of steam between
1 and 5.
⎛ Wa ⎞ h1 − h5
i.e.,η0 = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ i.e.,η0 =
⎝ Ws ⎠ h1 − h5'
(22)
The actual work done per kg of steam Wa = η0 Ws
Isentropic or ideal values in each stages are ΔWs1, ΔWs2, ΔWs3, ΔWs4.
Therefore the total value of the actual work done in these stages is,
Wa = Σ(1-2)+(2-3)+(3-4)+(4-5)
Also stage efficiency for each stage is given by
F stage
For t 1
Wa1 h1 − h2 Wa1
i.e.,η s1 = = = orΔWa1 = η s1ΔWs1
Ws1 h1 − h2 ΔWs1
'
⎛ ∂h ⎞
⎜ ⎟ =T
⎝ ∂s ⎠ p
13 © M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 45
PEMP
Effect of Reheat Factor & Stage Efficiency RMD 2501
This shows that the constant pressure lines must diverge towards the right.
Therefore ΣΔWs
.
>1
Ws
F expansion
For i process. ItI is
i obvious
b i that
h theh enthalpy
h l increases
i when
h we move
towards right along the constant pressure line. Hence the summation of ΔWs1
ΔWs1 etc., is more than the total isentropic enthalpy drop Ws
Th ratio
The ti off summation
ti off isentropic
i t i enthalpyth l drop
d f individual
for i di id l stage
t t the
to th total
t t l
isentropic enthalpy drop as a whole is called Reheat factor. Thus
RF =
[
Σ[ΔWs1 + ΔWs 2 + ΔWs 3 + ΔWs 4 ] Σ (1 − 2' ) + (2 − a ' ) + (3 − b ' ) + (4 − c ' )
=
]
ΣΔWs Ws (1 − 5)
RF = (25)
Ws
Therefore the overall efficiency of the expansion process,
process
η0 = η stage × RF (26)
As RF = (ΣΔWs / Ws ) > 1
th overall
the ll efficiency
ffi i off the t bi η0 is
th turbine i greater
t than
th than
th stage
t ffi i i ηs
efficiencies
i.e.,η0 > η s for turbines (27)
13 © M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 46
Merits and Demerits of Reheating
PEMP
RMD 2501
Advantages of Reheating
1. There is an increase in output of turbine.
2. Erosion and corrosion problems in steam turbine are reduced.
3. There is an improvement in overall thermal efficiency of the turbine.
4. Condition of steam in last stage are improved.
Demerits
1. Capital cost required for Reheating
2. The increase in thermal efficiency is not appreciable compared to
expenditure incurred in reheating for smaller capacity turbines.
turbines
Thank you