H-01 DESIGN

Propylene-Propane Heat Exchanger

I. Thermal Design

T- 70⁰C T- 35⁰C

T- 30⁰C T- 25⁰C

From Energy Balance

Q=27.23 KW
Select 1-Shell and 2-Tube pass.

Shell Side: Water

T shell ,∈¿=25℃ ¿

T shell, out =35 ℃

Tube Side: Propylene-Propane

T tube,∈¿=70℃ ¿

T tube, out =35 ℃

∆ T 1=( 70−30 ) ℃ =40 ℃

∆ T 2=( 35−25 ) ℃ =10 ℃

∆ T 1 −∆ T 2 40℃ −10 ℃
∆ T lm= [ A ]=
∆T 1 40 ℃
ln ⁡( ) ln ⁡( )
∆T 2 10 ℃

∆ T lm=21.64 ℃
Calculating F T
T hi −T ho 70−35
R= [B ]=
T co −T ci 35−25
R=7.00
T co−T ci 35−25
S= [ C]=
T hi −T ci 70−25
S=0.11

F T =0.90[1]

∆ T m=(0.90)(21.64 ℃ )
∆ T m=19.48 ℃

Determination of trial Overall Coefficient:

W
U =300 [2]
m2 . K
Determination of trial area:
q=UA ∆ T m [ D]

q (27230W )
A= =
U ∆T m W
(300 2 )(19.48 K )
m .K

A=4.66 m2
Selection of Outside, Inside Diameter and Length of Tubes [3]

Outside Diameter = 25.4mm

Inside Diameter = 22.10mm
Length = 3.66m

Areaof ( 1 ) tube=π . d . L=(π )(25.40 x 10−3 m)(3.66 m)

Areaof ( 1 ) tube=0.2921 m2

A 4.66 m 2
No .of Tubes= =
A of (1 ) Tube x No . of Shell Pass 0.2921 m 2
 No .of Tubes=15.95 Tubes
True No . of Tubes=16 Tubes [4 ]
D s =203.2 mm[4 ]

Pt =1.25 ( d o )=1.25 ( 25.4 mm )=31.75 mm[4 ]

C=Pt −d o

C=31.75 mm−25.4 mm
C=6.35 mm

Use triangular pitch as the shell-side fluid is only water[5].

n1= 2.207
k1= 0.249
Db =d o ¿

Db =25.4 mm ¿

Db =167.5mm

Computation of Tube-Side Coefficient

Tube Side: Propane-Propylene
Mass of Fluid(kg/s) 0.39

(70+35)℃
Mean Temp . of Tube Side Fluid(T m )=
2
(T m)=52.5℃

π
Tube cross−sectional area= ¿
4
Tubes 16 Tubes
= =8
pass 2 pass
 Tubes
Total flow area=( )(Tube cross−sectional area)
pass

Total flow area=(8)(383.60 mm2)¿

Total flow area=3.07 x 10−3 m2

kg
0.39
s kg
Mass Velocity= −3 2
=127.04
3.07 x 10 m s . m2
Physical Properties of Tube-Side Fluid [6]
Density(kg/m3) 1.67
Viscosity(cp) 0.0093
Thermal Conductivity(W/m.C) 0.021
Cp(kJ.kg.K) 1.83

kg
127.04
s .m 2 m
Linear Velocity ( u )= =76.07
kg s
1.67 3
m

hi d i
= j h ℜ Pr 0.33 ¿
kf

kg m
(1.67 )(76.07 )(22.10 x 10−3 m)
ρud i m 3
s
ℜ= =
μ kg
0.0093 x 10−3
m.s
ℜ=301883.40
J kg
(1.83 x 103 )(0.0093 x 10−3 )
Cp. μ kg . K m. s
Pr= =
kf W
0.021
m. ℃
Pr=0.8104
Assume No Correction Factor ¿
 L 3.66 x 10 3 mm
= =165.61
di 22.10 mm
j h =0.0021[7]

W
0.021
m. ℃
hi = (0.0021)(301883.40) ¿
22.10 x 10−3 m
W
hi =562.03
m2 ℃
Computing for the Correction Factor
Temperature Difference of shell∧tube Mean Temp .=( 52.5−27.5 ) ℃=25 ℃
W
300
U m2 ℃ (
Film Temperature= ( ∆T )= 25 ℃ )=13.34 ℃
ho W
562.03 2
m ℃
Mean Wall Temperature ( T w ) =( 52.5−13.34 ) ℃=39.16 ℃

Viscosity at T w =0.009 cp [6]

Computing the Correction Factor

¿
Therefore we can neglect the correction factor.

Shell-Side Coefficient
Shell Side Water
Mass of Fluid(kg/s) 1.26

Select Spaces for Baffles = 0.8Ds

Baffle Spacing (l b )=( 0.8 ) D s=(0.8) ( 203.2 mm )=162.56 mm

( D¿¿ s)(C )(l b)

Cross−Flow Area ( A s )= ¿
Pt
 (203.2 mm)(6.35 mm)(162.56 mm)
A s=[ ]¿
31.75 mm

A s=6.61 x 10−3 m2

kg
1.26
Mass of Fluid s
Mass velocity ( G s )= =
As 6.61 x 10−3 m2
kg
G s =190.62
s .m 2
1.10 2
Equivalent diameter ( d e ) −For triangular pitch= ( pt −0.917 d2o)[G]
do

1.1
d e= ¿
25.4 mm

(30+ 25)℃
Mean Shell Side Temp .= =27.5 ℃
2

Physical Properties of Shell-Side Fluid at Mean Temperature

Density(kg/m3) 996.40[8]
Viscosity(cp) 0.84[9]
Heat Capacity(kJ/kg.C) 4.37[10]
Thermal Conductivity(W/m.C) 0.61[11]

kg
(190.62 )(0.01804 m)
G s de s . m2
ℜ= =
μ kg
0.84 x 10−3
m. s
ℜ=4093.79
J kg
( 4.37 x 103 )(0.84 x 10−3 )
Cp. μ kg . K m. s
Pr= =
kf W
0.61
m .℃
Pr=6.02
Choose 25% Baffle Cut
 j h =0.0086[7]

ho d e
= j h ℜ Pr 0.33 ¿
kf

Neglect first correction factor ¿

W
0.61
m. ℃
h o= ( 0.0086)(4093.79)¿
18.04 x 10−3 m
W
h o=2152.70
m2 . K
Computing for the Correction Factor
Temperature Difference of shell∧tube Mean Temp .=( 52.5−27.5 ) ℃=25 ℃
W
300
U m2 ℃ (
Film Temperature= ( ∆T )= 25 ℃ )=3.48 ℃
ho W
2152.70 2
m .K
Mean Wall Temperature ( T w ) =( 27.5−3.48 ) ℃=24.02 ℃

Viscosity at T w =0.94 cp[9]

Computing the Correction Factor

¿
Applying the correction factor:
W
(
h o=( 0.98 ) 2152.70
m2 . K )
W
h o=2109.65
m2 . K
Computation for Overall-Heat transfer Coefficient U
do
d o ln ( )
1 1 1 di do do
= + +
U o ho h od 2 kw ( )( )
+
di . hid
+
di . hi
[ I]
Take the following values
kw(tube-CuproNickel)-W/m.C 50[12]
hod-Shell(W/m2.C) 4000[13]
hid-tube(W/m2.C) 5000[13]

25.4
(25.4 x 10−3 m)ln ( )
1 1 1 22.10 25.4 25.4
Uo
=
W
2109.65 2
m .K
+
W
4000 2
m .K
+
2(50
W
m.K
)
+
( (22.10) 5000
W
m .K )(
+
( 22.101 ) 562.03
W
m2 ℃
)
1 m2 . K
=0.00303
Uo W
W
U o =330.03
m2 . K
Computation for %Error
U o ,calc −U o ,ass
0%< <30 % [J ]
U o , ass

0%< ( 330.03−300
300 )100 % <30 %
%Error=10.01 %
Therefore the assumed UCalc (Overall heat transfer coefficient is acceptable)

Computation for %OverSurface

U c −U o ,calc
%Oversurface=15 %< ( Uc ) x 100 %<50 % [K ]

(h¿¿ io)(h o)
U c= ¿
hio +ho
W
(22.10 mm)(562.03 )
( d )(h ) m2 ℃ W
hio = i i = =489.01
do 25.40 mm m2 ℃
 W W
( 489.01
2
)(2109.65 2 )
m ℃ m .K W
U c= =396.99 2
W W m ℃
489.01 2 +2109.65 2
m ℃ m .K

%Oversurface= ( 396.99−330.03
396.99 ) x 100 %
%Oversurface=16.87 %
Therefore the Over-surface is acceptable.

Tube Sheet Thickness

For ad o =25.4 mm , MinimunTube Sheet Thickness=19 mm[14 ], therefore:
t ts =19 mm

Computation for %OverDesign

U o , Calc
%Overdesign=0 %< ( Ud )−1 X 100 % <10 %

Q
Ud=
( AA)(∆ T m )

AA=( Le ) ( π ) ( N t ) ( d o)

For Fixed Tube Sheet

Le =L−2 ( t ts ) =3.66 m−2(19 x 10−3) m=3.62 m

AA= (3.62 m ) ( π ) ( 16 ) ( 25.4 x 10−3 m ) =4.62 m 2

27230 W W
Ud= 2
=302.56 2
(4.62m )(19.48⁰C ) m .⁰ C
 W
330.03
%Overdesign=
(
m .C
W
302.56 2 0
m .C
−1 x 100 %
2 0

)
%Overdesign=9.08 %
Therefore the Over-all Design is acceptable.

Tube-Side Pressure Drop

∆ Pt =N p ¿

For ℜ=301883.40 , j f =0.0021[15]

m=0.14 for Turbulent Flow

∆ Pt =2 ¿

∆ Pt =50922.90 Pa

∆ Pt =50.92 Kpa

Shell-Side Pressure Drop

kg
(190.62 )
Gs s .m 2 m
Linear Velocity = = =0.19
ρ kg s
996.4 3
m

D s L ρu 2s
∆ P s=8 j f ( )( )( )¿
d e lb 2
For ℜ=4093.79, j f =0.08[16]

203.2 mm 3.66 x 103 mm

∆ P s=8( 0.08)( )( )¿
18.04 mm 162.56 mm
∆ P s=2965.41 Pa

∆ P s=2.97 Kpa

Number of Baffles
 L
=N b +1[ N ]
lb

3.66 x 10 3 mm
Nb= −1
162.56 mm
N b =22baffles

Nozzle Sizing
Ds =203.2 mm=8.02 inch

For a Ds =8.02inch , Nozzle ID=2inch[17], therefore:

Nozzle ID=50.8 mm

Effectiveness of Heat Exchanger

ε =f ( NTU , c )
U ( AA)
NTU = [O]
C min
C min
Capacity Ratio(c )= [ P]
C max

For Hot (Gas) and Cold (Water) Fluid

kg kJ KW
(
C h=m h C ph= 0.39
s )(
1.67
kg . K )
=0.6513
K

kg kJ KW
(
C c =m c C pc= 1.26
s )(
4.37
kg . K )
=5.51
K

Therefore:
C min =Ch ; Cmax =C c

Computing the Capacity Ratio

KW
0.6513
K
c= =0.12
KW
5.51
K
Computing for the NTU
 W
(330.03 2 0
)( 4.62 m2 )
m .C
NTU = =2.34
W
651.3
K

For 1 Shell Pass and 2 Tube Pass

ε =2 {1+c + √ 1+ c 2 1+exp ⁡¿ ¿

ε =2 {1+0.12+ √ 1+ 0.122 1+exp ⁡¿ ¿

ε =0.8555

Effectiveness of H . E ( ε ) ≈ 85.55 %

II. Mechanical Design

Shell Thickness
p Ds
t s= + C[ R]
fJ−0.6 p
N
p ( Desin Pressure ) =1.1 ( 101325 Pa )=111457.5 Pa=0.11
mm2
N
f =13000 psi ( Choose Low Carbon−Nickel Steel )=89.61 [22]
mm2
C=3.175 mm[22]
Take J = 0.8

N
(0.11 )(203.2 mm)
mm2
t s= +3.175 mm
N N
( 89.61 2
)(0.8)−0.6(0.11 )
mm mm2
t s=3.49 mm

Inside Depth of Head

hi =Ri−¿

Where:
Ri=D s=203.2 mm

r i=0.06 R i=0.06 ( 203.2 mm )=12.19 mm

hi =203.2mm−¿

hi =27.15 mm

Thickness of Head
p Ri W
t h= + C[T ]
(2 fJ −0.2 p)

R
W=
1
4( √ ) 1
3+ i [S ]= 3+
ri 4
203.2mm
12.19 mm( √
=1.77 )
N
( 0.11 )(203.2mm)(1.77)
mm2
t h= +3.175 mm
N N
(2)(89.61 )(0.8)−0.2(0.11 )
mm 2 mm2
t h=3.45 mm

Channel Cover thickness

Dc C1 p
t cc =
10 (√ )
f
+C [U ]

Dc (Outside Shell Diameter )=D s+ 2(t s)

Dc (Outside Shell Diameter )=203.2 mm+2 ( 3.49 mm )=210.18 mm

Take C1 = 0.3 (For carbon steel)

 N
√ ( )
t cc =
210.18 mm
10
( 0.3 0.11

89.61
mm 2
N
mm
2
)
+3.175 mm

t cc =3.22 mm

Impingement Plate
p v 2 ≪125[V ]
m
v n=
π D2n
( )ρ
4
Where Dn = Nozzle Diameter = 50.8mm = 0.0508m

kg
0.39
s
v n=
¿¿
kg
(1.67 )¿
m3
Therefore Impingement plate is required

Nozzle Thickness
p Dn
t n= +C [ X ]
2 fJ− p
N
(0.11 )(50.8 mm)
mm2
t n= +3.175 mm
N N
(2)(89.61 )(0.8)−( 0.11 )
mm 2 mm 2

t n=3.21 mm
Design of Gaskets
D OG Y −pm
D IG
=
√
Y −p (m+ 1)
[Y ]

For Flat Iron Jacketed Asbestos Fill [23]

m=3.75
Y=5.35kgf/mm2 = 52.47N/mm2
D IG=D s+ 0.25 mm=203.2+0.25 mm=203.45 mm

N N

√
52.47 2
−(0.11 )(3.75)
D OG mm mm2
=
203.45 mm N N
52.47 2
−(0.11 )(3.75+1)
mm mm2
D OG =203.67 mm

D OG−D IG
Gasket Width , N=
2
203.67 mm−203.45 mm
N= =0.11 mm
2
D OG + DIG
Mean Gasket Diameter , G=
2
203.67 mm+203.45 mm
G= =203.56 mm
2
N 0.11 mm
Basic Gasket Seating Width , bo = = =0.055mm
2 2
Effective Gasket Seating Width ,b=0.5 √ bo

b=0.5 √ 0.055=0.12 mm

Bolts Design
The bolt load due to gasket reaction under atmospheric conditions is given:
N
W m 1 =πbGY [Z ]=( π )(0.12 mm)(203.56 mm)(52.47 )
mm2
W m 1 =4026.56 N
 W m 2 =H+ H p [ AA]

π
Total Hydrostatic End Force , H= G 2 p
4
π
H= ¿
4

Bolt Under Tight Pressure

Total Joint Contact Surface Compression load , Hp=2 πbGmp

N
(
Hp=2 π ( 0.12 mm ) ( 203.56 mm ) ( 3.75 ) 0.11
mm2)=63.31 N

W m 2 =3579.87 N + 63.31 N

W m 2 =3643.18 N

Therefore Wm2 is the controlling load because Wm1>Wm2

Minimum Bolts Cross Sectional

W m1 4026.56 N
Am = [ AB]= =44.93 mm2
f N
89.61
mm2
Select M16 Nominal Thread Diameter [24]
Cb = 324mm
No. of Bolts = 12
Root Diameter, dbr = 18mm

Actual Bolt Circle Diameter

 π
Ab = d 2br xNo . of Bolts [ AC ]
4
π
Ab = ¿
4
Ab > A m ; Therefore the Selected Bolts are Suitable

Minimum Gasket Width

Ab f
N min = [ AD ]
2 πYG
N
(3053.63 m m2 )(89.61 )
mm 2
N min =
N
2 π (52.47 )(305.21 mm)
mm2
N min =2.72 mm

N min > N ; Therefore use N min.

H-02 DESIGN
Cumene-DIPB Heat Exchanger 1

I. Thermal Design

T- 164.2⁰C T- 100⁰C

T- 50⁰C T- 25⁰C

From Energy Balance

Q=57.73 KW
Select 1-Shell and 2-Tube pass.

Shell Side: Water

T shell ,∈¿=25℃ ¿

T shell, out =50 ℃

Tube Side: Propylene-Propane
T tube,∈¿=164.20℃ ¿

T tube, out =100 ℃

∆ T 1=( 100−25 ) ℃ =75 ℃

∆ T 2=( 164.20−50 ) ℃ =114.20℃

∆ T 1 −∆ T 2 75 ℃−114.20 ℃
∆ T lm= [ A ]=
∆T 1 75
ln ⁡( ) ln ⁡( )
∆T 2 114.20

∆ T lm=93.23 ℃

Calculating F T
T hi −T ho 164.2−100
R= [B ]=
T co −T ci 50−25
R=2.57
T co−T ci 50−25
S= [C]=
T hi −T ci 164.2−25
S=0.18

F T =0.96[ 1]

∆ T m=(0.96)(93.23 ℃ )
∆ T m=89.50℃

Determination of trial Overall Coefficient:

W
U =350 [2]
m2 . K
Determination of trial area:
q=UA ∆ T m [ D]

q (57730W )
A= =
U ∆T m W
(350 2 )(89.50 K )
m .K
 A=1.84 m 2
Selection of Outside, Inside Diameter and Length of Tubes [3]

Outside Diameter = 15.88mm

Inside Diameter = 10.33mm
Length = 1.83m

Areaof ( 1 ) tube=π . d . L=(π )(15.88 x 10−3 m)(1.83 m)

Areaof ( 1 ) tube=0.0913 m 2

A 1.84 m 2
No .of Tubes= =
A of (1 ) TubexNo . of Shell Passes 0.0913 m 2
No .of Tubes=20.15 Tubes
True No . of Tubes=21 Tubes [4]
D s =203.2 mm[4 ]

Pt =1.25 ( d o )=1.25 ( 15.88 mm ) =19.85 mm

C=Pt −d o

C=19.85 mm−15.88 mm
C=3.97 mm

Use triangular pitch as the shell-side fluid is only water.[5]

n1= 2.207
k1= 0.249
Db =d o ¿

Db =15.88 mm¿

Db =118.45 mm

Computation of Tube-Side Coefficient

Tube Side: DIPB-Cumene
 Mass of Fluid(kg/s) 0.42

(164.2+100)℃
Mean Temp . of Tube Side Fluid(T m )=
2
(T m)=132.1℃

π
Tube cross−sectional area= ¿
4
Tubes 21 Tube
= =11
pass 2 pass

Tubes
Total flow area=( )(Tube cross−sectional area)
pass

Total flow area=(11)(83.81 mm2) ¿

Total flow area=9.22 x 10−4 m 2

kg
0.42
s kg
Mass Velocity= −4 2
=455.53
9.22 x 10 m s . m2
Physical Properties of Tube-Side Fluid [6]
Density(kg/m3) 797.08
Viscosity(cp) 0.2167
Thermal Conductivity(W/m.C) 0.1
Cp(kJ.kg.K) 2.01

Density
Mass (kg) Density(kg/m3) Volume(m3)
Cumen
e 7208.36 761.49[18] 9.4661
DIPB 4816.49 857.00[19] 5.6202
Total 12024.85 15.0863
12024.85 kg kg
ρ= 3
=796.08 3
15.09 m m
Viscosity
 Volume(m3) Vol. Fraction Viscosity(cp) Viscosity Mix
Cumen
e 9.4661 0.6275 0.28[6] 0.1757
DIPB 5.6202 0.3725 0.11[9] 0.0410
Total 15.0863 1.0000 0.2167
μmix =0.2167 cp

Thermal Conductivity

Volume(m3) Vol. Fraction K(W/m.K)

Cumen
e 9.4661 0.6275 0.1010[6] 0.0634
DIPB 5.6202 0.3725 0.0950[20] 0.0354
Total 15.0863 1.0000 0.0988
W W
k mix=0.0988 =0.1
m. K m. ℃
Specific Heat

Mass Wt. Cp(J/kg.K) Cp(mix )

(kg) Fraction
Cumen 0.5995 2185.37[17] 1310.03
e 7208.36
DIPB 4816.49 0.4005 1746.72[21] 699.64
Total 12024.8 1.00   2009.67
5
kJ
Cpmix =2.01
kg . K

kg
455.53
s .m 2 m
Linear Velocity ( u )= =0.57
kg s
796.08 3
m

hi d i
= j h ℜ Pr 0.33 ¿
kf

kg m
(796.07 )(0.57 )(10.33 x 10−3 m)
ρud i m 3
s
ℜ= =
μ kg
0.2167 x 10−3
m. s
 ℜ=21630.55
J kg
(2.01 x 103 )(0.2167 x 10−3 )
Cp. μ kg . K m. s
Pr= =
kf W
0.1
m. ℃
Pr=4.36
Assume No Correction Factor ¿

L 1.83 x 103 mm
= =177.15
di 10.33 mm
j h =0.0038[7]
W
0.1
m. ℃
hi = (0.0038)(21630.55)¿
10.33 x 10−3 m
W
hi =1293.54
m2 ℃
Computing for the Correction Factor
Temperature Difference of shell∧tube Mean Temp .=( 132.1−37.5 ) ℃=94.6 ℃
W
350
U m2 ℃ (
Film Temperature= ( ∆ T )= 94.6 ℃ )=25.60 ℃
hi W
1293.54 2
m ℃
Mean Wall Temperature ( T w ) =( 132.1−25.60 ) ℃=106.5 ℃

Viscosity at T w =0.34 cp[6]

Computing the Correction Factor

¿
Applying the Correction Factor
W
.hi =(0.943)(1293.54 )
m2 ℃
W
hi =1220
m2 ℃
Shell-Side Coefficient
Shell Side Water
Mass of Fluid(kg/s) 0.53

Select Spaces for Baffles = 1Ds

Baffle Spacing(l b )=D s=203.2 mm

( D¿¿ s)(C )(l b)

Cross−Flow Area ( A s )= ¿
Pt

(203.2 mm)(3.97 mm)(203.2 mm)

A s=[ ]¿
19.85 mm

A s=8.23 x 10−3 m 2

kg
0.53
Mass of Fluid s
Mass velocity ( G s )= =
As 8.23 x 10−3 m2
kg
G s =64.40
s . m2
1.10 2
Equivalent diameter ( d e ) −For triangular pitch=
do
( p t −0.917 d 2o ) [G ]
1.1
d e= ¿
15.88 mm

(50+25) ℃
Mean Shell Side Temp .= =37.5℃
2

Physical Properties of Shell-Side Fluid at Mean Temperature

Density(kg/m3) 993.1[8]
Viscosity(cp) 0.6814[9]
Heat Capacity(kJ/kg.C) 4.35[10]
Thermal Conductivity(W/m.C) 0.63[11]
 kg
(64.40 )(11.28 x 10−3 m)
G s de s.m 2
ℜ= =
μ kg
0.6814 x 10−3
m. s
ℜ=1066.09
J kg
( 4.35 x 103 )(0.6814 x 10−3 )
Cp. μ kg . K m. s
Pr= =
kf W
0.63
m .℃
Pr=4.70
Choose 45% Baffle Cut
j h =0.013[7]

ho d e 0.33
= j h ℜ Pr ¿
kf

Neglect first correction factor ¿

W
0.63
m. ℃
h o= (0.013)(1066.09)¿
11.28 x 10−3 m
W
h o=1295.66
m2 . K
Computing for the Correction Factor
Temperature Difference of shell∧tube Mean Temp .=( 132.1−37.5 ) ℃=94.6 ℃
W
350
U( m2 ℃ (
Film Temperature= ∆T =
) 94.6℃ )=25.55 ℃
ho W
1295.66 2
m .K
Mean Wall Temperature ( T w ) =( 37.5−25.55 ) ℃=11.95 ℃

Viscosity at T w =1.3 cp [9]

Computing the Correction Factor

 ¿

Applying the correction factor:

W
h o=( 0.91)(1295.66 )
m2 . K
W
h o=1179.05
m2 . K

Computation for Overall-Heat transfer Coefficient U

do
d o ln ( )
1 1 1 di do do
= + +
U o ho h od 2 kw ( )( )
+
di . hid
+
di . hi
[ I]

Take the following values

kw(tube-CuproNickel)-W/m.C 50[12]
hod-Shell(W/m2.C) 4500[13]
hid-tube(W/m2.C) 5000[13]

15.88
(15.88 x 10−3 m) ln( )
1 1 1 10.33 15.88 15.88
Uo
=
W
1179.05 2
m .K
+
W
4500 2
m .K
+
2(50
W
m. K
)
+
( (10.33)5000
W
m. K )(
+
( 10.33 ) 1220
W
m2 ℃
)
1 m2 . K
=0.0027
Uo W
W
U o =370.37
m2 . K
Computation for %Error
U o ,calc −U o ,ass
0%< <30 % [J ]
U o , ass

0%< ( 370.37−350
350 ) 100 %<30 %
%Error=5.82 %
Therefore the assumed UCalc (Overall heat transfer coefficient is acceptable)
Computation for %OverSurface

U c −U o ,calc
%Oversurface=15 %< ( Uc )x 100 %<50 % [K ]

(h¿¿ io)(h o)
U c= ¿
hio +ho
W
(10.33 mm)(1220 )
( d )(h ) m2 ℃ W
hio = i i = =793.61
do 15.88 mm m2 ℃
W W
( 793.61
2
)(1179.05 2 )
m ℃ m .K W
U c= =474.33 2
W W m ℃
793.61 2 +1179.05 2
m ℃ m .K

%Oversurface= ( 474.33−350
474.33 )
x 100 %

%Oversurface=26.21 %
Therefore the Over-surface is acceptable.

Tube Sheet Thickness

For ad o =15.88 mm , Minimun Tube Sheet Thickness=13 mm [14 ], therefore:
t ts =13 mm

Computation for %OverDesign

U o , Calc
%Overdesign=0 %< ( Ud )−1 X 100 % <10 %

Q
Ud=
( AA)(∆ T m )

AA=( Le ) ( π ) ( N t ) ( d o)
For Fixed Tube Sheet

Le =L−2 ( t ts ) =1.83 m−2(13 x 10−3)m=1.804 m

AA= (1.804 m) ( π )( 21 ) ( 15.88 x 10−3 m )=1.89 m 2

57730 W W
Ud= 2
=341.28 2
(1.89 m )(89.50 ℃ ) m .⁰ C

W
370.37
%Overdesign=
(
m2 .0 C
W
341.28 2
m .⁰C
−1 x 100 %
)
%Overdesign=8.52 %
Therefore the Over-all Design is acceptable.
Tube-Side Pressure Drop
∆ Pt =N p ¿

For ℜ=21630.55 , j f =0.0039[15]

m=0.14 for Turbulent Flow

∆ Pt =2 ¿

∆ Pt =2165.57 Pa

∆ Pt =2.17 Kpa

Shell-Side Pressure Drop

kg
(63.18 )
G s . m2 m
Linear Velocity = s = =0.064
ρ kg s
993.1 3
m

D s L ρu 2s
∆ P s=8 j f ( )( )( )¿
d e lb 2
For ℜ=1045.89 , j f =0.06 [16]
 203.2 mm 1.83 x 103 mm
∆ P s=8( 0.06)( )( )¿
11.28 mm 203.2mm
∆ P s=173.37 Pa

∆ P s=0.173 Kpa

Number of Baffles
L
=N b +1[ N ]
lb

1.83 x 103 mm
Nb= −1
203.2 mm
N b =8 baffles

Nozzle Sizing
Ds =203.2 mm=8 inch

For a Ds =8 inch, Nozzle ID=2 inch[17], therefore:

Nozzle ID=50.8 mm

Effectiveness of Heat Exchanger

ε =f ( NTU , c )
UA
NTU = [O]
Cmin

C min
Capacity Ratio(c )= [ P]
C max

For Hot (DIPB) and Cold (Water) Fluid

kg kJ KW
(
C h=m h C ph= 0.42
s)(
2.01
kg . K )
=0.84
K

kg kJ KW
(
C c =m c C pc= 0.53
s)(
4.35
kg . K )
=2.31
K

Therefore:
C min =Ch ; Cmax =C c
Computing the Capacity Ratio
KW
0.84
K
c= =0.36
KW
2.31
K
Computing for the NTU

W
(370.37 2
)(1.89 m 2)
m .K
NTU = =0.83
W
840
K

For 1 Shell Pass and 2 Tube Pass

ε =2 {1+c + √ 1+ c 2 1+exp ⁡¿ ¿

ε =2 {1+0.37+ √1+0.37 2 1+exp ⁡¿ ¿

ε =0.5083

Effectiveness of H . E ( ε ) ≈51 %

II. Mechanical Design [R]

Shell Thickness
p Ds
t s= + C[ R]
fJ−0.6 p
N
p ( Desin Pressure ) =1.1 ( 101325 Pa )=111457.5 Pa=0.11
mm2
 N
f =13000 psi ( Choose Low Carbon−Nickel Steel )=89.61 [22]
mm2
C=3.175 mm[22]
Take J = 0.8

N
(0.11 )(203.2 mm)
mm2
t s= +3.175 mm
N N
( 89.61 2
)(0.8)−0.6(0.11 )
mm mm2
t s=3.49 mm

Inside Depth of Head

hi =Ri−¿

Where:
Ri=D s=203.2 mm

r i=0.06 R i=0.06 ( 203.2 mm )=12.19 mm

hi =203.2mm−¿

hi =27.15 mm

Thickness of Head
p Ri W
t h= + C[T ]
(2 fJ −0.2 p)

R
W=
1
4 ( √ ) ( √
ri
1
3+ i = 3+
4
203.2 mm
12.19 mm
=1.77 )
N
( 0.11 )(203.2mm)(1.77)
mm2
t h= +3.175 mm
N N
(2)(89.61 )(0.8)−0.2(0.11 )
mm 2 mm2
 t h=3.45 mm

Channel Cover thickness

Dc √ C1 p
t cc =
10 ( f ) +C [U ]

D c (Outside Shell Diameter )=D s+ 2(t s)

D c (Outside Shell Diameter )=203.2 mm+2 ( 3.49 mm )=210.18 mm

Take C1 = 0.3 (For carbon steel)

N
√ ( )
t cc =
210.18 mm
10
( 0.3 0.11

89.61
mm 2
N
mm
2
+3.175 mm
)
t cc =3.22 mm

Impingement Plate
2
p v ≪125[V ]
m
v n=
π D2n
( )ρ
4
Where Dn = Nozzle Diameter = 50.8mm = 0.0508m

kg
0.52
s
v n=
¿¿
kg
(993.1 )¿
m3
Therefore Impingement plate is NOT required

Nozzle Thickness
 p Dn
t n= +C [ X ]
2 fJ− p
N
(0.11 )(50.8 mm)
mm2
t n= +3.175 mm
N N
(2)(89.61 )(0.8)−( 0.11 )
mm 2 mm 2

t n=3.21 mm

Design of Gaskets
DOG Y −pm
D IG
=
√
Y −p (m+ 1)
[Y ]

For Flat Iron Jacketed Asbestos Fill [23]

m=3.75
Y=5.35kgf/mm2 = 52.47N/mm2
D IG=D s+ 0.25 mm=203.2+0.25 mm=203.45 mm

N N

√
52.47 2
−(0.11 )(3.75)
D OG mm mm2
=
203.45 mm N N
52.47 2
−(0.11 )(3.75+1)
mm mm2
DOG =203.67 mm

D OG−D IG
Gasket Width , N=
2
203.67 mm−203.45 mm
N= =0.11 mm
2
D OG + DIG
Mean Gasket Diameter , G=
2
203.67 mm+203.45 mm
G= =203.56 mm
2
N 0.11 mm
Basic Gasket Seating Width , bo = = =0.055mm
2 2
 Effective Gasket Seating Width ,b=0.5 √ bo

b=0.5 √ 0.055=0.12 mm

Bolts Design
The bolt load due to gasket reaction under atmospheric conditions is given:
N
W m 1 =πbGY [Z ]=( π )(0.12 mm)(203.56 mm)(52.47 )
mm2
W m 1 =4026.56 N

W m 2 =H+ H p [ AA]

π
Total Hydrostatic End Force , H= G 2 p
4
π
H= ¿
4

Bolt Under Tight Pressure

Total Joint Contact Surface Compression load , Hp=2 πbGmp

N
(
Hp=2 π ( 0.12 mm ) ( 203.56 mm ) ( 3.75 ) 0.11
mm2)=63.31 N

W m 2 =3579.87 N + 63.31 N

W m 2 =3643.18 N

Therefore Wm2 is the controlling load because Wm1>Wm2

Minimum Bolts Cross Sectional

 W m1 4026.56 N
Am = [ AB]= =44.93 mm2
f N
89.61
mm2
Select M16 Nominal Thread Diameter [24]
Cb = 324mm
No. of Bolts = 12
Root Diameter, dbr = 18mm

Actual Bolt Circle Diameter

π 2
Ab = d br xNo . of Bolts [ AC ]
4
π
Ab = ¿
4
Ab > A m ; Therefore the Selected Bolts are Suitable

Minimum Gasket Width

Ab f
N min = [ AD ]
2 πYG
N
(3053.63m m 2)(89.61 )
mm2
N min =
N
2 π (52.47 )(203.56 mm)
mm2
N min =4.08 mm

N min > N ; Therefore use N min.

H-03 DESIGN
Cumene-DIPB Heat Exchanger 2

I. Thermal Design

T- 100⁰C T- 30⁰C

T- 35⁰C T- 25⁰C
From Energy Balance
Q=54.44 KW
Select 1-Shell and 2-Tube pass.

Shell Side: Water

T shell ,∈¿=25℃ ¿

T shell, out =35 ℃

Tube Side: Propylene-Propane

T tube,∈¿=100℃ ¿

T tube, out =30 ℃

∆ T 1=( 30−25 ) ℃ =5 ℃

∆ T 2=( 100−35 ) ℃ =65 ℃

∆ T 1 −∆ T 2 5 ℃−65 ℃
∆ T lm= [ A ]=
∆T 1 5℃
ln ⁡( ) ln ⁡( )
∆T 2 65 ℃

∆ T lm=23.39 ℃

Calculating F T
T hi −T ho 100−30
R= [B ]=
T co −T ci 35−25
R=7.00
T co−T ci 35−25
S= [C]=
T hi −T ci 100−25
S=0.13

F T =0.82[1]

∆ T m=(0.82)(23.39℃ )
∆ T m=19.18 ℃
Determination of trial Overall Coefficient:
W
U =400 [2]
m2 . K
Determination of trial area:
q=UA ∆ T m [ D]

q (54440W )
A= =
U ∆T m W
( 400 2 )(19.18 K )
m .K

A=7.10 m2
Selection of Outside, Inside Diameter and Length of Tubes [3]

Outside Diameter = 15.88mm

Inside Diameter = 10.33mm
Length = 4.88m

Areaof ( 1 ) tube=π . d . L=(π )(15.88 x 10−3 m)( 4.88 m)

Areaof ( 1 ) tube=0.2435 m 2

A 7.10 m 2
No .of Tubes= =
A of (1 ) TubexNo . of Shell Passes 0.2435 m 2
No .of Tubes=29.16 Tubes
True No . of Tubes=30 Tubes [4 ]
Ds =203.2 mm[4 ]

Pt =1.25 ( d o )=1.25 ( 15.88 mm ) =19.85 mm

C=Pt −d o

C=19.85 mm−15.88 mm
C=3.97 mm

Use triangular pitch as the shell-side fluid is only water. [5]

n1= 2.207
k1= 0.249
Db =d o ¿

Db =15.88 mm¿

Db =139.23mm

Computation of Tube-Side Coefficient

Tube Side: DIPB-Cumene
Mass of Fluid(kg/s) 0.42

(30+100)℃
Mean Temp . of Tube Side Fluid(T m )=
2
(T m)=65 ℃

π
Tube cross−sectional area= ¿
4
Tubes 30 Tubes
= =15
pass 2 pass

Tubes
Total flow area=( )(Tube cross−sectional area)
pass

Total flow area=(15)( 83.81mm 2)¿

Total flow area=1.25 x 10−3 m2

kg
0.42
s kg
Mass Velocity= −3 2
=336
1.25 x 10 m s . m2
Physical Properties of Tube-Side Fluid [6]
Density(kg/m3) 562.54
Viscosity(cp) 0.4621
Thermal Conductivity(W/m.C) 0.26
Cp(kJ.kg.K) 1.73
Density
Mass (kg) Density(kg/m3) Volume(m3)
Cumen
e 7172.32 457.50[18] 15.68
DIPB 4792.41 857.00[19] 5.59
Total 11964.73 21.27
11964.73 kg kg
ρ= 3
=562.52 3
21.27 m m
Viscosity

Volume(m3) Vol. Fraction Viscosity(cp) Viscosity Mix

Cumen
e 15.68 0.7371 0.47[6] 0.3464
DIPB 5.59 0.2629 0.44 [9] 0.1157
Total 21.27 1.0000 0.4621
μmix =0.4621 cp

Thermal Conductivity

Volume(m3) Vol. Fraction K(W/m.K)

Cumen
e 15.68 0.7371 0.12[6] 0.0884
DIPB 5.59 0.2629 0.65[20] 0.1709
Total 21.27 1.0000 0.2593
W W
k mix=0.2593 =0.26
m. K m. ℃
Specific Heat

Mass Wt. Cp(J/kg.K) Cp(mix )

(kg) Fraction
Cumen 0.5995 1908.69[10]
e 7172.32 1144.26
DIPB 4792.41 0.4005 1460.17[21] 584.80
Total 11964.7 1.00  
3 1729.06
kJ
Cpmix =1.73
kg . K

kg
336
s . m2 m
Linear Velocity ( u )= =0.60
kg s
562.52 3
m
 hi d i
= j h ℜ Pr 0.33 ¿
kf

kg m
(562.52 )(0.60 )(10.33 x 10−3 m)
ρud i m 3
s
ℜ= =
μ kg
0.4621 x 10−3
m. s
ℜ=7544.90
J kg
(1.73 x 103 )(0.4621 x 10−3 )
Cp. μ kg . K m. s
Pr= =
kf W
0.26
m. ℃
Pr=3.07
Assume No Correction Factor ¿

L 4.88 x 103 mm
= =472.41
di 10.33 mm
j h =0.0039[7]

W
0.26
m. ℃
hi = (0.0039)(7544.90) ¿
10.33 x 10−3 m
W
hi =1072.38
m2 ℃
Computing for the Correction Factor
Temperature Difference of shell∧tube Mean Temp .=( 65−30 ) ℃=35℃
W
400
U m2 ℃ (
Film Temperature= ( ∆ T )= 35 ℃ )=13.06 ℃
hi W
1072.38 2
m℃
Mean Wall Temperature ( T w ) =( 65−13.06 ) ℃=51.94 ℃

Viscosity at T w =0.53 cp [6]

Computing the Correction Factor
¿
Applying the Correction Factor
W
.hi =(0.98)(1072.38 )
m2 ℃
W
hi =1050.93
m2 ℃

Shell-Side Coefficient
Shell Side Water
Mass of Fluid(kg/s) 1.26

Select Spaces for Baffles = 0.5Ds

Baffle Spacing ( l b )= ( 0.5 ) D s=( 0.5 ) 203.2 mm=101.6 mm

( D¿¿ s)(C )(l b)

Cross−Flow Area ( A s )= ¿
Pt

(203.2 mm)(3.97 mm)(101.6 mm)

A s=[ ]¿
19.85 mm

A s=4.13 x 10−3 m2

kg
1.26
Mass of Fluid s
Mass velocity ( G s )= =
As 4.13 x 10−3 m2
kg
G s =305.08
s . m2
1.10 2
Equivalent diameter ( d e ) −For triangular pitch= ( p t −0.917 d 2o ) [G ]
do

1.1
d e= ¿
15.88 mm

(35+ 25) ℃
Mean Shell Side Temp .= =30 ℃
2
Physical Properties of Shell-Side Fluid at Mean Temperature
Density(kg/m3) 995.86[8]
Viscosity(cp) 0.8[9]
Heat Capacity(kJ/kg.C) 4.34[10]
Thermal Conductivity(W/m.C) 0.62[11]

kg
(305.08 )(11.28 x 10−3 m)
G s de s.m 2
ℜ= =
μ kg
0.80 x 10−3
m.s
ℜ=4301.63
J kg
(4.34 x 103 )(0.80 x 10−3 )
Cp. μ kg . K m. s
Pr= =
kf W
0.62
m .℃
Pr=5.6
Choose 20% Baffle Cut
j h =0.009[7]

ho d e
= j h ℜ Pr 0.33 ¿
kf

Neglect first correction factor ¿

W
0.62
m. ℃
h o= (0.009)( 4301.63)¿
11.28 x 10−3 m
W
h o=3757.16
m2 . K
Computing for the Correction Factor
Temperature Difference of shell∧tube Mean Temp .=( 65−30 ) ℃=35℃
 W
400
U m2 ℃ (
Film Temperature= ( ∆T )= 35 ℃ )=3.73℃
ho W
3757.16 2
m .K
Mean Wall Temperature ( T w ) =( 30−3.73 ) ℃=26.27 ℃

Viscosity at T w =0.87 cp[9]

Computing the Correction Factor

¿

Therefore we can neglect the correction factor:

Computation for Overall-Heat transfer Coefficient U

do
d o ln ( )
1 1 1 di do do
= + +
U o ho h od 2 kw ( )( )
+
di . hid
+
di . hi
[ I]

Take the following values

kw(tube-CuproNickel)-W/m.C 50[12]
hod-Shell(W/m2.C) 4000[13]
hid-tube(W/m2.C) 5000[13]

15.88
(15.88 x 10−3 m) ln ( )
1 1 1 10.33 15.88 15.88
Uo
=
W
3757.16 2
m .K
+
W
4000 2
m .K
+
2(50
W
m.K
)
+
( (10.33)5000
W
m. K )(
+
( 10.33 ) 1050.93
W
m2 ℃
)
1 m2 . K
=0.0024
Uo W
W
U o =416.67
m2 . K
Computation for %Error
U o ,calc −U o ,ass
0%< <30 % [J ]
U o , ass
 0%< ( 416.67−400
400 ) 100 %<30 %
%Error=4.17 %
Therefore the assumed UCalc (Overall heat transfer coefficient is acceptable)

Computation for %OverSurface

U c −U o ,calc
%Oversurface=15 %< ( Uc ) x 100 %<50 % [K ]

(h¿¿ io)(h o)
U c= ¿
hio +ho
W
(10.33 mm)(1050.93 )
( d i)(h i) m2 ℃ W
hio= = =683.63
do 15.88 mm m2 ℃
W W
( 683.63
2
)(3757.16 2 )
m ℃ m .K W
U c= =578.39 2
W W m ℃
683.63 2 + 3757.16 2
m ℃ m .K

%Oversurface= ( 578.39−416.67
578.39 ) x 100 %
%Oversurface=27.96 %
Therefore the Over-surface is acceptable.

Tube Sheet Thickness

For ad o =15.88 mm , Minimun Tube Sheet Thickness=13 mm [14 ], therefore:
t ts =13 mm

Computation for %OverDesign

 U o , Calc
%Overdesign=0 %< ( Ud )−1 X 100 % <10 %

Q
Ud=
( AA)(∆ T m )

AA=( Le ) ( π ) ( N t ) ( d o)

For Fixed Tube Sheet

Le =L−2 ( t ts) =4.88 m−2(13 x 10−3 )m=4.854 m

AA= ( 4.854 m ) ( π ) ( 30 ) ( 15.88 x 10−3 m )=7.26 m 2

54440 W W
Ud= 2
=390.96 2
(7.26 m )(19.18 ℃ ) m .⁰ C

W
416.67
%Overdesign=
(
m .C
390.96 2
W
m .⁰C
−1 x 100 %
2 0

)
%Overdesign=6.58 %
Therefore the Over-all Design is acceptable.

Tube-Side Pressure Drop

∆ Pt =N p ¿

For ℜ=7544.90 , j f =0.0051[15]

m=0.14 for Turbulent Flow

∆ Pt =2 ¿

∆ Pt =4485.10 Pa

∆ Pt =4.49 Kpa

Shell-Side Pressure Drop

 kg
(305.08
)
Gs s . m2 m
Linear Velocity = = =0.31
ρ kg s
995.86 3
m

D s L ρu 2s
∆ P s=8 j f ( )( )( )¿
d e lb 2
For ℜ=4301.63 , j f =0.06[16]

203.2 mm 4.88 x 103 mm

∆ P s=8( 0.06)( )( )¿
11.28 mm 101.6 mm
∆ P s=20108.22 Pa

∆ P s=20.11 Kpa

Number of Baffles
L
=N b +1[ N ]
lb

4.88 x 103 mm
Nb= −1
101.6 mm
N b =48 baffles

Nozzle Sizing
Ds =203.2 mm=8 inch

For a Ds =8 inch, Nozzle ID=2 inch[17], therefore:

Nozzle ID=50.8 mm

Effectiveness of Heat Exchanger

ε =f ( NTU , c )
UA
NTU = [O]
Cmin

C min
Capacity Ratio(c )= [ P]
C max

For Hot (DIPB) and Cold (Water) Fluid

 kg kJ KW
(
C h=m h C ph= 0.42
s )(
1.73
kg . K
=0.73) K

kg kJ KW
(
C c =m c C pc= 1.26
s )(
4.34
kg . K )
=5.47
K

Therefore:
C min =Ch ; Cmax =C c

Computing the Capacity Ratio

KW
0.73
K
c= =0.13
KW
5.47
K
Computing for the NTU

W
( 4 16.67 2 0
)(7.26 m 2)
m .C
NTU = =4.14
W
730
K

For 1 Shell Pass and 2 Tube Pass

ε =2 {1+c + √ 1+ c 2 1+exp ⁡¿ ¿

ε =2 {1+0.13+ √ 1+0.132 1+ exp ⁡¿ ¿

ε =0.0217

Effectiveness of H . E ( ε ) ≈ 92.17 %

II. Mechanical Design

Shell Thickness
p Ds
t s= + C[ R]
fJ−0.6 p
N
p ( Desin Pressure ) =1.1 ( 101325 Pa )=111457.5 Pa=0.11
mm2
N
f =13000 psi ( Choose Low Carbon−Nickel Steel )=89.61 [22]
mm2
C=3.175 mm[22]
Take J = 0.8

N
(0.11 )(203.2 mm)
mm2
t s= +3.175 mm
N N
( 89.61 2
)(0.8)−0.6(0.11 )
mm mm2
t s=3.49 mm

Inside Depth of Head

hi =Ri−¿

Where:
Ri=D s=203.2 mm

r i=0.06 R i=0.06 ( 203.2 mm )=12.19 mm

hi =203.2mm−¿

hi =27.15 mm

Thickness of Head
p Ri W
t h= + C[T ]
(2 fJ −0.2 p)
 R
W=
1
4 ( √ ) ( √
ri
1
3+ i = 3+
4
203.2 mm
12.19 mm
=1.77 )
N
( 0.11 )(203.2mm)(1.77)
mm2
t h= +3.175 mm
N N
(2)(89.61 )(0.8)−0.2(0.11 )
mm 2 mm2
t h=3.45 mm

Channel Cover thickness

Dc C1 p
t cc =
10 (√ )
f
+C [U ]

D c (Outside Shell Diameter )=D s+ 2(t s)

D c (Outside Shell Diameter )=203.2 mm+2 ( 3.49 mm )=210.18 mm

Take C1 = 0.3 (For carbon steel)

N
√ ( )
t cc =
210.18 mm
10
( 0.3 0.11

89.61
mm 2
N
mm
2
)
+3.175 mm

t cc =3.22 mm

Impingement Plate
p v 2 ≪125[V ]
m
v n=
π D2n
( )ρ
4
Where Dn = Nozzle Diameter = 50.8mm = 0.0508m
 kg
0.42
s
v n=
¿¿
kg
(562.52 )¿
m3
Therefore Impingement plate is NOT required

Nozzle Thickness
p Dn
t n= +C [ X ]
2 fJ− p
N
(0.11 )(50.8 mm)
mm2
t n= +3.175 mm
N N
(2)(89.61 )(0.8)−( 0.11 )
mm 2 mm 2

t n=3.21 mm

Design of Gaskets
D OG Y −pm
D IG
=
√Y −p (m+ 1)
[Y ]

For Flat Iron Jacketed Asbestos Fill [23]

m=3.75
Y=5.35kgf/mm2 = 52.47N/mm2
D IG=D s+ 0.25 mm=203.2+0.25 mm=203.45 mm

N N

√
52.47
2
−(0.11 )(3.75)
D OG mm mm2
=
203.45 mm N N
52.47 2
−(0.11 )(3.75+1)
mm mm2
D OG =203.67 mm

D OG−D IG
Gasket Width , N=
2
 203.67 mm−203.45 mm
N= =0.11 mm
2
D OG + DIG
Mean Gasket Diameter , G=
2
203.67 mm+203.45 mm
G= =203.56 mm
2
N 0.11 mm
Basic Gasket Seating Width , bo = = =0.055mm
2 2
Effective Gasket Seating Width ,b=0.5 √ bo

b=0.5 √ 0.055=0.12 mm

Bolts Design
The bolt load due to gasket reaction under atmospheric conditions is given:
N
W m 1 =πbGY [Z ]=( π )(0.12 mm)(203.56 mm)(52.47 )
mm2
W m 1 =4026.56 N

W m 2 =H+ H p [ AA]

π
Total Hydrostatic End Force , H= G 2 p
4
π
H= ¿
4

Bolt Under Tight Pressure

Total Joint Contact Surface Compression load , Hp=2 πbGmp

N
(
Hp=2 π ( 0.12 mm ) ( 203.56 mm ) ( 3.75 ) 0.11
mm2 )
=63.31 N

W m 2 =3579.87 N + 63.31 N
 W m 2 =3643.18 N

Therefore Wm2 is the controlling load because Wm1>Wm2

Minimum Bolts Cross Sectional

W m1 4026.56 N
Am = [ AB]= =44.93 mm2
f N
89.61
mm2
Select M16 Nominal Thread Diameter [24]
Cb = 324mm
No. of Bolts = 12
Root Diameter, dbr = 18mm

Actual Bolt Circle Diameter

π
Ab = d 2br xNo . of Bolts [ AC ]
4
π
Ab = ¿
4
Ab > A m ; Therefore the Selected Bolts are Suitable

Minimum Gasket Width

Ab f
N min = [ AD ]
2 πYG
N
(3053.63m m 2)(89.61 )
mm2
N min =
N
2 π (52.47 )(203.56 mm)
mm2
N min =4.08 mm

N min > N ; Therefore use N min.

 REFERENCES:

 EQUATIONS USED
[A] – Eqn. 4.9-1 Pg. 269 from Geankoplis et.al. Transport Processes and Unit Operation 3 rd Edition. (1993).
Prentice Hall Inc. New Jersey
[B] – Eqn. 4.9-2 Pg. 270 from Geankoplis et.al. Transport Processes and Unit Operation 3 rd Edition. (1993).
Prentice Hall Inc. New Jersey
[C] – Eqn. 4.9-3 Pg. 270 from Geankoplis et.al. Transport Processes and Unit Operation 3rd Edition. (1993).
Prentice Hall Inc. New Jersey
[D] – Eqn. 4.9-5 Pg. 271 from Geankoplis et.al. Transport Processes and Unit Operation 3rd Edition. (1993).
Prentice Hall Inc. New Jersey
[E] - Eqn. 12.3b Pg. 648 from R.K Sinnott, Chemical Engineering Design Vol. 6. (2005).Elsevier
Butterworth- Heinemann. Oxford
[F] – Eqn. 12.15 Pg. 664 from R.K Sinnott, Chemical Engineering Design Vol. 6. (2005).Elsevier
Butterworth- Heinemann. Oxford
[G] – Eqn. 12.23 Pg. 672 from R.K Sinnott, Chemical Engineering Design Vol. 6. (2005).Elsevier
Butterworth- Heinemann. Oxford
[H] - Eqn. 12.25 Pg. 675 from R.K Sinnott, Chemical Engineering Design Vol. 6. (2005).Elsevier
Butterworth- Heinemann. Oxford
[I] – Eqn. 12.20 Pg. 635 from R.K Sinnott, Chemical Engineering Design Vol. 6. (2005).Elsevier
Butterworth- Heinemann. Oxford
[J] – Pg. 684 from R.K Sinnott, Chemical Engineering Design Vol. 6. (2005).Elsevier Butterworth-
Heinemann. Oxford
[K] – Pg. 26 from NPTEL – Chemical Engineering – Chemical Engineering Design II: Module No. 1
[L] – Eqn. 12.20 Pg. 667 from R.K Sinnott, Chemical Engineering Design Vol. 6. (2005).Elsevier
Butterworth- Heinemann. Oxford
[M] – Eqn. 12.26 Pg. 675 from R.K Sinnott, Chemical Engineering Design Vol. 6. (2005).Elsevier
Butterworth- Heinemann. Oxford
[N] – Pg. 675 from R.K Sinnott, Chemical Engineering Design Vol. 6. (2005).Elsevier Butterworth-
Heinemann. Oxford
[O] – Eqn. 13.39 Pg. 694 from Cengel, Y.A, Heat Transfer: A Practical Approach 2nd Ed.
[P] – Eqn. 13.40 Pg. 694 from Cengel, Y.A, Heat Transfer: A Practical Approach 2nd Ed.
[Q] – Table 13-4 Pg. 694 from Cengel, Y.A, Heat Transfer: A Practical Approach 2nd Ed.
[R] – Pg. 7 from NPTEL – Chemical Engineering – Chemical Engineering Design II: Module No. 2
[S] – Pg. 17 from NPTEL – Chemical Engineering – Chemical Engineering Design II: Module No. 2
[T] – Pg. 8 from NPTEL – Chemical Engineering – Chemical Engineering Design II: Module No. 2
[U] – Pg. 8 from NPTEL – Chemical Engineering – Chemical Engineering Design II: Module No. 2
[V] – Pg. 11 from NPTEL – Chemical Engineering – Chemical Engineering Design II: Module No. 2
[X] – Pg. 19 from NPTEL – Chemical Engineering – Chemical Engineering Design II: Module No. 2
[Y] – Pg. 12 from NPTEL – Chemical Engineering – Chemical Engineering Design II: Module No. 2
[Z] – Pg. 13 from NPTEL – Chemical Engineering – Chemical Engineering Design II: Module No. 2
[AA] – Pg. 13 from NPTEL – Chemical Engineering – Chemical Engineering Design II: Module No. 2
[AB] – Pg. 14 from NPTEL – Chemical Engineering – Chemical Engineering Design II: Module No. 2
[AC] – Pg. 20 from NPTEL – Chemical Engineering – Chemical Engineering Design II: Module No. 2
[AD] – Pg. 14 from NPTEL – Chemical Engineering – Chemical Engineering Design II: Module No. 2

 REFERENCES FOR VALUES USED

[1] – Fig. 12. 19 Pg. 657 from R.K Sinnott, Chemical Engineering Design Vol. 6. (2005).Elsevier
Butterworth- Heinemann. Oxford
[2] – Table 12.1 Pg. 637 from R.K Sinnott, Chemical Engineering Design Vol. 6. (2005).Elsevier
Butterworth- Heinemann. Oxford
[3] – Appendix A.5-2 Pg. 837 from Geankoplis et.al. Transport Processes and Unit Operation 3 rd Edition.
(1993). Prentice Hall Inc. New Jersey
[4] – True Number of Tubes:

[5] –Table 12.4 Pg. 649 from R.K Sinnott, Chemical Engineering Design Vol. 6. (2005).Elsevier
Butterworth- Heinemann. Oxford
[6] - Gathered using DWSIM: NRTL Thermodynamic Package (For Liquids); Peng-Robinson
Thermodynamic Package (For Gases), Nested Loops Flash Algorithm
[7] – Fig. 12.23 Pg. 665 from R.K Sinnott, Chemical Engineering Design Vol. 6. (2005).Elsevier
Butterworth- Heinemann. Oxford
[8] – Appendix A.2-3 Pg. 855 from Geankoplis et.al. Transport Processes and Unit Operation 3 rd Edition.
(1993). Prentice Hall Inc. New Jersey
[9] – Appendix A.2-4 Pg. 885 from Geankoplis et.al. Transport Processes and Unit Operation 3 rd Edition.
(1993). Prentice Hall Inc. New Jersey
[10] – From Table 2-153 from Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook 8 th Ed. By Perry and Green

Using the following equation:

J
Cp L ( )=C 1+C 2 ( T ) +C 3 ( T 2 )+ C 4 ( T 3 ) +C 4 ( T 4 )
kmol . K

T =Kelvin( K )

J J J
* To convert to just divide the answer in to corresponding compounds
kmol . K kg . K kmol . K
molecular weight.

[11] – Appendix A.2-6 Pg. 856 from Geankoplis et.al. Transport Processes and Unit Operation 3 rd Edition.
(1993). Prentice Hall Inc. New Jersey
[12] – Table 12.6 Pg. 662 from R.K Sinnott, Chemical Engineering Design Vol. 6. (2005).Elsevier
Butterworth- Heinemann. Oxford
[13] – Table 12.2 Pg. 640 from R.K Sinnott, Chemical Engineering Design Vol. 6. (2005).Elsevier
Butterworth- Heinemann. Oxford
[14] – Minimum Tube Sheet thickness

[15] – Fig 12.24 Pg. 668 from R.K Sinnott, Chemical Engineering Design Vol. 6. (2005).Elsevier
Butterworth- Heinemann. Oxford

[16] – Fig 12.30 Pg. 674 from R.K Sinnott, Chemical Engineering Design Vol. 6. (2005).Elsevier
Butterworth- Heinemann. Oxford
[17] – Table 2.3 Pg. 11 from NPTEL – Chemical Engineering – Chemical Engineering Design II: Module
No. 2
[18] – Pg. 2-103
C1
ρ=
C 2¿ ¿ ¿
Where T is in K; C1, C2, C3, and C4 are found in Table 2-32

[19] – Density-DIPB
[20] – K-DIPB

[21] - Eqn. 2-50 and 2-51 from Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook 8 th Ed. By Perry and Green,
(2008), The McGraw Hill Companies Inc. New York.

*Using Ruzicka-Domalski Method

Cp T
R
= A +B
100 K (
+D ¿ )
N N N
A=∑ ni ai B=∑ ni bi C=∑ ni c i
i=1 i=1 i=1

Group ni a b d sum(a) sum(b) sum(C)

C- 4 3.8452 - 0.19489 15.380 - 0.77956
(3H,C) 0.3399 8 1.3598
7 8
Cb-C 2 1.507 - 0.01179 3.014 - 0.02359
0.1336 9 0.2673 8
6 2
=C- 2 1.0679 - 0.33607 2.1358 - 0.67214
(C,Cb) 0.5095 1.0190
2 4
20.530 - 1.47529
6 2.6462 8
4

At 338.15K and 405.25

 T 338.15 T 405.25

B1 3.3815 B1 4.0525
D1 3.3815 D1 4.0525

Cp(J/mol. 236.547 Cp(J/mol. 282.968

K) 4 K) 4
MW 162 MW 162

CP(J/kg.k) 1460.16 1746.71

9 CP(J/kg.k) 9

[22] – Pressure Vessel Design

[23] – Table 2.4 Pg. 13 from NPTEL – Chemical Engineering – Chemical Engineering Design II: Module
No. 2
[24] – From Bureau of Indian Standards (1993), IS:4864-1968, IS:4870-1968 6th Reprint