 An enclosed or partially enclosed space

 At atmospheric pressure during occupancy

 Not designed as a place of work
 Liable at any time to :
i. Harmful levels of contaminants
ii. Oxygen deficiency or excess
iii.Cause engulfment
 Have restricted means for entry and exit.

(From Industry Code Of Practice For Safe Working In Confined Space 2010)

2
3
Manhole

4
5
6
7
 Cleaning – remove sludge and waste materials
 Inspection – physical integrity and process equipments
 Maintenance – application of surface coating
 Repair – welding and adjustments of mechanical
equipment
 Rescue of workers
 Construction purposes

9
 Oxygen Deficiency  Toxic Materials
 <19.5% or >23.5%  Carbon Monoxide
oxygen  Hydrogen Sulfide
concentration  Carbon Dioxide
 Combustibles  Ammonia
contaminants  Electricity
 Methane
 Physical Hazards
 Hydrogen
 Noise
 Acetylene
 Thermal Effect
 Propane
 Slip and fall
 Gasoline fumes
 > 23.5 % VOL. AIDS EXPLOSION.
DO NOT ENTER!
O2
20.8 % VOL. NORMAL CONCENTRATION
OXYGEN IN AIR.

< 19.5 % VOL. DANGER OF ASPHYXIATION.

DO NOT ENTER!

11
 (19.5%) – Minimum permissible level
CO2 O2 (15%) – Decreased Ability to work
strenuously

RAMESH Z SHAMSUL
(12%) – Pulse up, impaired co-ordination
& perception
(10%) – Respiration increases, poor
judgement, lips blue
(8%) – Mental failure, fainting, ashen face
(6%) – 8 minutes : 100% fatal
(4%) – Coma in 40 seconds, convulsions,
12
death
 Combustible contaminant
 Methane
 Hydrogen
 Acetylene
 Propane
 Gasoline fumes

 Fuel, oxygen, source of ignition

 Must have the proper mixture

To BURN the concentration must be above the lower

explosive limit (LEL) and below the upper explosive limit
(UEL) 13
 17 TOO RICH
15-------------UEL------------------------
CH4
METHANE BURN

(5 – 15%)
5----------------LEL-----------------------
TOO WEAK
0

If there is Methane in this room, and the concentration 14

either 4 % or 40%, which condition is more dangerous?
Carbon monoxide
 Inhibits the bodies ability to transport oxygen to all parts of the body.
 PEL = 25ppm

Hydrogen Sulphide
 “sewer gas” colourless gas with odor or rotten eggs, causes a loss of sense
of smell
 PEL = 10ppm

Carbon dioxide
 Colourless gas that cause dizziness, drowsiness, lack of concentration,
confusion, headaches, coma and death at high concentration
 PEL = 5000ppm

Ammonia
 gas with pungent smell that able to cause serious eyes and respiratory
irritant
 PEL = 25ppm 15
16
Noise
 Caused by hammering or the use of equipment within

the confined space such as welding machines, grinders,

drilling
 Usually intensified because the interior tends to cause
sound to reverberate.

17
Thermal Effect
 Temperature too high or too low

18
Soft tissue injuries, fractures, dislocations,
head injury, paralysis, coma death

19
 Permission to carry out job/task in the confined
space

 Returning confined space following termination

of entry

 Determines :
 How the job can be done safely
 What precautions have to be taken and what
foreseeable risks have to be avoided
 Responsible person and
 Who authorizes the job
 Tool
to carefully study each job or task, and
come out with a Safe Operating Procedure
 InJHA, HIRARC is carried out for all the steps
of the task identified; here, all possible hazards
related to every step of the task is identified,
and then adequately controlled.
A PTW should only be issued after JHA has
been carried out
 Identify Task Scope
State Objectives

Break Down Task into

Basic Steps

For EACH STEP, do a HIRARC

Define Control and

Identify Hazards Assess The Risk
Recovery

Endorse & Record

Review
Implement the JSP Job Safety Practice
(JSP)
 JOB SAFETY DATE :_______________________

ANALYSIS
JOB DESCRIPTION : _________________________________________________________________________
WORK ORDER : _________________________________________________________________________
BASIC JOB STEP POTENTIAL HAZARDS CONTROLS AND SAFETY
PRECAUTIONS
1. Verify location and check area of work to 1.1 Wrong location of work to be done 1.1.1 Site visit with operation and contractor

be done. 1.1.2 Tag location by Contractor and Operation

2. Permit to work 2.1 Misunderstanding on work description 2.1.1 Proper coordination between contractor and
and operation

welding on wrong item. 2.1.2 Verification of work scope between contractor and
operation

2.1.3 To check and ensure OX, TOX, LEL

2.2 Working without permit. 2.2.1 To Display PTW and JSA

3. Confined Space Entry 3.1 Entry without permit / Stanby Person 3.1.1 To display PTW and JSA

3.2 Oxygen deficiency 3.2.1 OX, TOX, LEL check continously

3.2.2 Sufficient ventilation required & wear proper PPE

SAFETY EQUIPMENT REQUIRED FOR THE JOB

Safety Helmet? Safety Shoes ? Work Vest ? Safety Harness ? Respirator ?

Google ? Safety Glasses ? Barricade ? Fire Extinguisher ? Chemical Gloves ?

Face Shield? Lock-Out/Tag-Out? Ear Muff / Ear Plug ? Ladder ?

Bump Cap ? Plastic Boot ? Safety Signages ? Gas Detector ?

JSA Leader : _________________________ JSA Team : 1.____________________ 2. _____________________

Approved by : ________________________ 3.____________________ 4. ______________________
 Permit Applicant (PA) :
 Contractor Work Supervisor, Work Leader

 Permit Issuer (PI) / Entry Supervisor (ES)

 Company Safety Supervisor

 Approving Authority (AA)

 Area Manager, Approves the permit
 Permit Issuer and Approving Authority may or may not be
different persons

 Authorized Gas Tester (AGT)

 Confirms safe atmosphere for entry
 Entry Supervisor is also a qualified AGT, BUT ES cannot be AGT
for the same PTW
 Authorized Entrants (AE)
 Workers trained and authorized for confined space entry

 Standby Person (SP)

 Required by Law to watch over safety of AEs

 Fire Watcher (FW)

 Ensures Fire Safety during Hot Work in confined space
 SP can also be FW for small confined spaces

 Emergency Response Team (ERT)

 On standby during Confined Space entry
 Communicates with the Standby Person
1. Isolate the space
2. Cleaning & purging
3. Ventilate the space
4. Test the atmosphere
5. Complete permit
6. Conduct Tailboard
7. Enter the space
8. Complete work
 Isolation of confined space
 Barricades and signage outside – DANGER, CONFINED
SPACE, ENTER BY PERMIT ONLY
 Close Valves

 Double block & bleed

 Blank flange
 Lockout/Tagout Equipment

 Electrical sources
 Rotating/reciprocating parts
 Empty the Space
 Depressurize, vent & drain
 Clean residue from the space
 Use mechanical ventilation
 Fans
 Air horns

 Uncontaminated air supply

 Ventilation air supply must be from fresh air
uncontaminated with flammables, toxins, etc.
 Check for Oxygen Content
 At least 19.5% and less than 23.5%

 Check for Combustibles

 Less than 10% of the LEL

 Check for Toxic Gasses

 Most commonly carbon monoxide (PEL <35 ppm)
 Any other hazardous materials as determined by the
use of the space.
 Prior to every entry when the space is vacant

 After a 10 minute ventilation period (if ventilation

is necessary)

 More frequently, if conditions or suspicions

warrant.

 Testing conducted at various level

Always test the
air at various levels
to be sure that the Good Air
entire space is safe.

Poor Air
Good air near the
opening does NOT
mean there is good
air at the bottom!

Deadly Air

32
 Any time a limit is
exceeded, no matter
what the reason, all
personnel shall
immediately exit the
space, and no others
shall enter until
atmospheric conditions
are returned to safe
levels
 Permit must be correctly and completely filled out prior to
entry.

 No entry is allowed without a valid permit.

 Permits are valid for up to 8 - 12 hours.

 When work is completed, permit and tailboard form

should be returned to safety.
1. General
Location of Work ....................................
Employees Assigned .............................
Outside Contractors ..............................

2. Work Description
Description of Work to be Undertaken
.............................................................................
Requested Entry Time ……………(hrs) to……………..(hrs)
Requested Entry Date .................................................
Requester ...................................Signature:………………
Date : .......................
 Purpose of Entry :
 General Inspection
 Scaffolding
 Repair (Hot / Cold) Work
 Tank Cleaning
 Automation / Electrical
Work
 Blasting / Painting
 Radiography
 Box-up
 Others : ________________
 Item to be worked on :
_______________________
4. ATMOSPHERIC TEST REQUIREMENTS
The atmosphere has been tested to ensure no oxygen deficiency
or excess and for the following contaminants:
 (19.5 % ≤ O2 ≤ 23.5 % ) ............................................
 (Flammable Gas Concentration ≤ 10 % LEL) ..........
 (CO ≤ 25 ppm) ............................................................
 ( H2S ≤ 10 ppm ) ........................................................
 Other gases …………………………………………….…
Continuous monitoring of the atmosphere required / not
required*.
The conditions are safe for entry under the conditions ticked
below:
 With a supplied-air respiratory protective device.
 With an air purifying (non-air-supplied) respiratory protective
device.
 Without a respiratory protective device.
Testing time ............................. Date ...........................
Authorised Gas Tester ......................................
6. USE OF CHEMICALS
(Details to be completed)
No chemicals other than those listed below to be
taken into the confined space:
 ............................................................
 ............................................................
 ............................................................
 ............................................................

Verified by Entry Supervisor ........................................

Signature:………………… Date : .......................
7. HOT WORK : The precautions ticked below shall be observed:
 Area clean and free of all readily combustible materials within 15 metres.
 All drains within 15 metres covered with wet fireproof blanket.
 Appropriate fire extinguishers on site near source of ignition.
 A water hose run to job site and tested/left running.
 All sparks for work more than 2 metres above ground contained completely
by use of a suitable enclosure that shall be inspected before commencing
work.
 Welding machine/gas cylinders located ............. (not within 8 metres of any
drain).
 All welding machines / gas cylinders shall be located outside the confined
space.
 Welding machine earthed directly to equipment being welded as close to
welding point as possible.
 Power leads not draped across pipelines or access ways.
 Electrical trace on pipes isolated.
 Coatings are removed for a sufficient distance from the area to be heated.
 Any other : ……………………………
 Fire watch : Name :………………………………….
Hot work allowed / not allowed inside the space. (* Delete as appropriate)
If not allowed (Why)……………………………………………………………………
Verified by Entry Supervisor ........................... Signature:…………… Date : ....................
8. STAND-BY PERSONNEL AND RESCUE
ARRANGEMENTS

 Stand-by person : Name : ……………………………….

 Rescue and emergency procedures are understood and
have been posted.
 Rescue facilities and communication are in place.
 Rescue personnel :
Name:………………………………
Name:………………………………

Verified by Entry Supervisor ........................................

Signature:………………… Date : .......................
9. OTHER PRECAUTIONS
Precautions ticked below have been implemented:
 Warning notices/barricades are in position.
 Smoking/drinking/eating is prohibited in confined space.
 Special precautions (indicate)
..................................................................................
Verified by Entry Supervisor ........................................
Signature:………………… Date : .......................

10. AUTHORISATION
Based on my evaluation, the confined space described above is in a
safe condition for work to be done, provided that the precautions
above are fully observed.
Entry Date…………………………………………..
Entry Time…………………(hrs) to…………………(hrs)
Permit Issuer......................Signature…………………Date ………….
13. SIGNING OUT
All persons / equipment* have been withdrawn, the work has been
completed / suspended* and further entry shall not be permitted
unless a new entry permit is signed.
Plant / machinery* is deemed fit / not fit* for use.
Entry Supervisor ..................... Signature:……… Date : .................
14. DEBRIEFING AND ACCEPTANCE OF COMPLETED JOB
I have been briefed by the Entry Supervisor and accept the work as
defined in Section 2 of this Permit has been completed.
The following observation(s) of unsatisfactory aspects of the
operation in the confined space are noted for attention prior to
undertaking similar operations. (Attach separate sheet if necessary)
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
Employer / Responsible Person (AA) ....................................
 Entire crew must attend
 Attendants, entrants, entry supervisor

 Review hazards of entry and work

 Review PPE

 Review procedure for contacting rescue

 verify rescue available
 SP shall be posted near the entrance for the
duration of the work.

 Constant communication with AEs while the job is

in progress.

 AEs shall sign the sign in log when entering the

space and sign out when exiting.
Safety Precautions

 Smoking and eating is not allowed in the

confined space
 Stay alert
 Get out as fast as you can if you feel light
headed or disoriented or experience any
unusual symptoms
 Remove all personnel, tools, and debris from the
space. Sign off the log.

 Close the space, de-isolate, de-energize

 PTW closed

 Hand-over and review the job with the host

employer