Work Immersion Notes

Chapter 4
Samples and Sample Techniques

 Sample
o Any aggregate drawn from the population.
 Sampling
o Process of selecting suitable or representative samples.
 Sample size
o Representative of the population
o Should be adequate in number for a reliable result
 Population
o Whole number of people or inhabitants in an area or given place
A. Probability Sampling
a. Random Sampling
i. Drawing of samples
1. Stratified random sampling selection of suitable samples from various
groups or classes of the population involved in the study
b. Systematic sampling
i. Drawing of samples after determining the sample size of the study
c. Cluster Sampling
i. Selection of samples involving a cluster or group
B. Non-Probability Sampling
a. Accidental Sampling
i. Aka convenience sampling (involves selection based on the convenience of the
writer)
b. Purposive Sampling
i. Aka deliberate sampling (samples are selected based on the decision or
judgement of the researcher on who is best qualified to answer the objectives of
the study)
c. Quota Sampling
i. Identifies certain number of respondents to be involved in the study
Ways to determine representativeness of samples
1. Use of Percentage
2. Use of Specific Margin of Error
3. Use of Formula
N
a. n= 2 (Slovin’s Formula; N=size of population, n= size of sample, e= desired
1+( N )(e )
margin of error)
NZ 2 xp (1− p)
b. n= (N= size of population, n= size of sample, Z= value of normal
Dd 2+ Z 2 (1− p)
variables (1.96) for a reliable level of confidence, p=largest possible proportion (0.5),
d=sampling error (0.02))
Chapter 5
Instrumentation

 Science concern with the development of devices use for a particular purpose
 Devices that could be used for collecting data

A. Analytical Reading, Sensing and Observation

-Use of five senses.
a. Unstructured Type
i. No pattern or guide
ii. Exercises flexibility
b. Structured Type
i. Follows certain pattern or guide
B. The Interview
a. Face to face meeting of individuals interacting together to get information regarding the
topic
b. Important points to be considered in the conduct of the interview
i. Preparation of the interview guide and interview schedule
ii. Know the appropriate place and time for the interview
iii. Develop rapport (develop harmonious and friendly atmosphere)
iv. Sustaining the interview
v. Interview recording
vi. Closing the interview
c. Type of Interview According to Purpose
i. Standardized
1. Formal interview
2. Uses substantially uniform and well established questions without
variation from the interview schedule
ii. Non-standardized
1. Informal interview
2. Use set of questions according to specific pattern of questions organized
iii. Semi-standardized
1. Combo of standardized and non-standardized
iv. Non-directive
1. Gives liberty to the interviewee to talk freely on the questions asked
v. Focused Interview
1. Depth interview (similar to informal)
2. Focuses on asking questions on specific topics that are investigated in
depth
d. Type of Interview According to format
i. Standardized
ii. Semi-standardized
iii. Unstructured
e. Type of Interview According to Style
i. Formal
1. Interviewer follows a standard set of questions as indicated in the
interview schedule
 ii. Informal
1. Guided by the interview guide.

C. Questionnaire
a. Set of questions used for obtaining statistically useful, relevant, or personal information
from individuals
i. Knowing the two types of questions
1. Open-ended Question
a. Freely allows the respondents to express themselves
2. Closed type Question
a. Aka fixed alternative question
b. Provides a list of choices
ii. Knowledge and information from the RRL
iii. Talking or interacting with persons who are knowledgeable in the constructions
of the questionnaire
iv. Make the draft. Complete and finalize
v. Test the validity and reliability of your questionnaire
D. Questionnaire Preparation Guidelines
a. Type title of study on the center top of the first page in V- formation
b. Observe correct grammar and punctuation
c. Give clear and definite directions and questions
d. Ask relevant and related questions and express them affirmatively
e. Give sufficient number of questions and relevant alternative responses
f. Arrange questions into categories following the specific problem of the study
g. Observe proper spacing of each question and provide sufficient space for the answers
The Cover Letter

 Should compose of:

o Date, name, and address, of the respondents and the opening letter
o Greetings, subject, and brief statement of the importance of the study
o Role of respondents in answering the questions
o Place where to return the questionnaire including the deadline
o Guarantee of the confidentiality and anonymity of the respondents
o Statement of thanks
o Name and signature of the investigator

Chapter 6
Statistical Tools

 Instruments used for statistical analysis of the research data

A. Mean
a. Aka arithmetic mean or arithmetic average
ΣX
b. Χ = (X=mean, ΣX= summation of all scores, N=sum of cases)
N
B. Median
a. Middlemost score
 Σ MscF−Σ mscuF
b. Md=Msc+ (Md=median, Msc= score where median falls,
fMsc
EMscF=sum of the frequency from top to the midscore, EmscuF=sum of the frequency
from the top to the score just above where midscore is located, fMsc=product of
frequency and Median)
C. Mode
a. Most frequent score