Ohm’s law

Statement: The potential difference across a resistor is directly

proportional to the current flowing through the resistor, provided
temperature remains same.
V I

R R

A I B  
R O I O V

Figure-I Figure-II Figure-III

According to Ohm’s Law ( From Figure –I)
V = VA –VB  I
 V = VA –VB = R I  Ohm’s Law ( Graph will be Straight –Line)
V VA  VB
I 
R R
If we plot graph V (Potential difference) versus I (Current), it will
appears like figure-II and greater the value of  , more the
resistance
V
tan   R
I
If we plot graph I (Current) versus V (Potential difference), it will
appears like figure-III and lesser the value of  , more the
resistance
I 1
tan   
V R
Q1. What is the value of Current I ?
20

I I

5V

Ans1. 0.25 A

1
Conductors re of two types
( 1) Ohmic Conductor :
If the current flowing through the conductor is directly
proportional to the Voltage applied or potential difference crosses
the conductor, then that conductor is called Ohmic Conductor.
In another words
The conductor which obeys the Ohm’s law is called Ohmic
conductor
Example: Resistance
Resistance is a property of conductor to resist flow of charge
through it. Its SI unit is Ohm ().

( 2) Non- ohmic conductor

The conductor which does not obey the Ohm’s law is called Non-
Ohmic conductor
Example: Diode , Transistor

2
Assignment-1: Question Based on Ohm’s Law

Q1. Arrange the resistances in increasing V

R3
order for given graph R2

R1

O I

Q2. Arrange the resistances in increasing I

R3
order for given graph R2

R1

O V

Q3. Find the value of R1 and R2 from given V ( Volt)

R2
50
graph
40
30
20
10 R1
I (Amp)
O 5 10 15 20 25

Q4. Find the value of R1 and R2 from given I (Amp)

35 R2
graph 30
25
R1
20
15
10
5
V ( Volt)
O 20 40 60 80 100

3
Q5. The graph is plotted for a resistance at V
T3
three different temperatures as indicated in T2
figure. Arrange the temperature in
T1
increasing order.
O I

Q6. The graph is plotted for a resistance at I

T3
three different temperatures as indicated in T2
figure. Arrange the temperature in
T1
increasing order.
O v

Q7. Find the value of R1 and R2 from given V ( Volt)

R2
graph

R1

600 300 I (Amp)

O

Q8. Find the value of R1 and R2 from given I (Amp)

R2
graph

R1

600 300 V ( Volt)

O

4
Multi choice single correct
Q9. Which of the flowing plots, correctly showing the dependence of the
current I on the potential difference V across a resistor R is.

I I I I

O O O O
V V V V

(A) (B) (C) (D)

Q10. The graph of V-I is a straight line. The slope of this straight line graph
gives
(A) Potential difference (B) Power
(C) Resistance (D) Rheostat.

Q11. The given graph is plotted for

V-I to verify Ohm’s law. The 3
resistance of the conductor 2
used in the experiment is V(Volt) 1
(A) 1 ( B) 1.5
(C) 3 (D) 2
0.5 1 1.5
I (Ampere)

2-mark Questions

Q12. Why temperature of resistance should be same for Ohm’s law?

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ANSWER: Question Based on Ohm’s Law
Ans1. R1 < R2 < R3
Ans2. R3 < R2 < R1
Ans3. R1 = 1/2  , and R2 = 10/3 
Ans4. R1 = 3  , and R2 = 8/7 
Ans5. T1 < T2 < T3
Ans6. T3 < T2 < T1
1
Ans7. R1   , and R 2  3 
3

1
Ans8. R1  3  , and R 2  
3

Ans9. A
Ans10. C
Ans11. D

6
Calculation of Equivalent Resistance

( A) Series Combination

If there is no branching between two given points , then the

resistances are called in series

R1 R2 R3 R4 R5

A C D E F B

E E

R3
R4

R1 R2 R5

A C D F B

The resistances R1, R2 , R3 , R4 and R5 are in Series

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Now suppose we have three resistances as shown in the figure

R1 R2 R3
A B Req
C D A B

I I I I
V volt
V volt
A B
A B

VA  VB  VA  VB

 VA  VB  VA  VC   VC  VD   VD  VB 

 Req I  R1 I  R2 I  R3 I

 Req  R1  R2  R3

In general
n
Req  R1  R2  R3  .........  Rn   Ri  Ri
i0

Rule-1: If resistances are in series, the current flowing through each

resistance will be same,
But
Converse may or may not be true
For example, see the nature of following two resistances.
Although, current through both
resistances are same but they are 4A 5 4A
not in series. In fact they are in
parallel 4A 5 4A
4A 4A
8A 8A

20V

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( B) Parallel Combination

If all resistances are connected between two given points , then

the resistances are called in Parallel.

R1

R2
A B

R3

The resistances R1, R2, and R3 are in parallel

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Now suppose we have three resistances as shown in the figure
R1
I1
Req
A B
I2 R2
A B
I I
I3 V volt
I
I R3 A B
V volt

A B

Here the current I, which reaches to point A, distributes in in three

branches into I1 , I2 , and I3 as shown in the figure, so
VA  VB VA  VB VA  VB VA  VB
I  I1  I 2  I 3    
Req R1 R2 R3

1 1 1 1
   
Req R1 R2 R3

In general
n
1 1 1 1 1 1
    .........    Req  Ri
Req R1 R2 R3 Rn i 0 Ri

Rule-2: If resistances are in parallel, the potential difference across

each resistance will be same,
But
Converse may or may not be true
For example, see the nature of following two resistances. Here

R1=5  R2=5 
2A C 2A
A B
2A 2A
A 2A 2A B
20V
Potential difference across R1 = VA – VC = R1 X I = 10 volt
Potential difference across R2= VC – VB = R2 X I = 10 volt
Although, potential difference across both resistances are same but
they are not in parallel. In fact they are in series.

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NAMING of Points of the circuit
Rule-1: All the points of connecting wire having nothing should
given same name, because they are equi-potential points.

For example, consider a connecting wire as shown in the figure

A A A A A A

Consider another example

A A

A A

A A

A A

Conclusion: This Rule is valid for straight connecting wire s well as any
zig- zag shape

Rule-2: Name each point of the circuit where two or more than
electrical components ( Resistance, battery etc) are
connected

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Now lets try to name the each point of circuit, shown below.
10  40 

A
30  B 50 

20 

Lets start moving from point-A and move till you did not face any
electrical component. Name all these points as Point-A as shown
in the figure-I

10  40 
A
A

A 30  B 50 
A
A
A 20 
Figure-I

Lets start moving from point-B and move till you did not face any
electrical component. Name all these points as Point-B as shown
in the figure-II

10  40 
B B BB
B

30  B B 50 
A
B B
A 20  BB B B
Figure-II

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Now if we closely observe the circuit, we can realise that the
portion of connecting wire in between 40 - resistance and 50  -
resistance is without name. Now name this portion also, it will
look like as shown in the figure-III

10  40 
C
C
C
30  B 50 
A

20 
Figure-III

If we combine all these figures , then it will look like as figure -IV

10  40 
A B B BB C
A B C
C
A 30  B B 50 
A
B B
A
A 20  BB B B
Figure-IV

Now this figure looks very bulky, unhygienic and clumsy

Is it our aim to make the circuit so complicated?
Answer is NO.
Our target was to name each point of the circuit across any
electrical component (Resistance, battery, Capacitor,
inductor) or Electrical instrument / measuring devices (
Ammeter, Voltmeter, Watt Meter, etc) are connected.

13
If we remove all unwanted or undesired points from figure-
IV , it will look like figure-V
10  40 
A B B C
B C
30  B 50 
A
B B
A 20  B
Figure-V

This is our basic target to solve any Question of Current

electricity.
So we can conclude that the fist step to solve any Question
of Current electricity, we should name the required points
of circuit correctly.

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NODE :
The point of the circuit where more than two electrical component
(Resistance, battery, Capacitor, inductor) or Electrical instrument /
measuring devices ( Ammeter, Voltmeter, Watt Meter, etc) are
connected

Note:
Points across which equivalent has to be calculated are always
considered as Node

For example consider the circuit as shown below

10  40 

A
30  B 50 

20 

As we know that after naming circuit will look like as shown below

10  40 
A B B C
B C
30  B 50 
A
B B
A 20  B
Figure-V

Check
At point-A Two Resistances ( 10  and 20  ) are connected Node

At point-B All five Resistances are connected Node

At point-A Two Resistances ( 40  and 50  ) are connected

 NOT a Node
Conclusion: This circuit have only two Nodes

15
Q1. Name the each required points of the following circuits and count the
number of nodes in the circuit.

A B

Circuit-I

R
A B

Circuit-II

16
 R

A B
R

R
Circuit-III

20  5

5 20 
B
Circuit-IV

2.4  4

A B

2.4  1

Circuit-V

17
 r
r

r r
r

A B
r
Circuit-VI

4 8

A B

4
8
Circuit-VII

6

A B
8 3
Circuit-VIII
ANSWER:
4R Circuit-V: 2
Circuit-I:
3 R
Circuit-VI:
R 3
Circuit-II:
2 Circuit-VII: 6
R Circuit-VII: 10
Circuit-III:
4
Circuit-IV: 4

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