Assignment-Online Classes-1-A (Business Research

Strategies)
Note: Write answer to each of the following questions in not more than 200
words.
• What is meant by each of the following terms: positivism; realism; and interpretivism?
Why is it important to understand each of them?
Positivism-such as experiments and statistics to reveal a true nature of how society operates.
realism-A literary movement that sought to portray ordinary life as real people live it and attempted
to show characters and events in an objectives almost factual way.
Interpretivism -Is a constructionist approach that focuses on individuals lived experience and the
meaning individuals attaches to such experience.
IMPORTANT: important component of the positivist approach to research is that the research is
undertaken, as far as possible, in a value-free way. Interpretivism helps to define the essence of the
research.
What are the implications of epistemological considerations for research practice?
Alternatively, epistemology can be branded as the study of the criteria by which the researcher
classifies what does and does not constitute the knowledge. In simple words, epistemology focuses
on.

• Outline, using examples of your own, the difference between grand and middle-range
theory.
Grand theory is broader and provides an overall framework for structuring ideas. It is unbounded.
 Middle-range theory addresses more narrowly defined phenomena and can be used to suggest an
intervention. It is bounded by subject matter i-e heavily contextualized.

• What are the differences between inductive and deductive theory and why is the
distinction important?
Inductive Approach
• Data is Collected on the possible reasons why it occurs and trend in the data are examined
• A theory is developed from this data to explain the social phenomena.
• With induction, data are collected and a theory developed as a result of the data analysis.
Deductive Approach
• A theory is developed to explain why it occurred
• The theory is tested through research and the theory is either accepted, rejected, or revised

• What are the main differences between epistemological and ontological considerations?
Epistemological Consideration
• Of or relating to essence of the nature of being
• Branch of metaphysics that deals with the nature of existence
Ontological Consideration
• The branch of philosophy that studies the nature of knowledge, its presuppositions
and foundations, and its extent and validity
• What is meant by objectivism and constructionism?
Construction
• Reality is determined by the knower.
• Structure relies on experience.
• Thought grows out of physical and social experience.
• Meaning is determined by understand.
• Symbols are tools for constructing reality.
Objectivism
• Reality is external to the knower.
• Structure can be modelled.
• Thought reflects external reality.
• Meaning is external to understand.
• Symbols represent reality.

• Which theoretical ideas have been particularly instrumental in the growth of interest in
qualitative research?
Development practitioners are at the frontline, responding to humanitarian and development
needs, which make them particularly well suited to identifying issues on which research is required
and to taking an active role in facilitating research. Development practitioners can accelerate the
use of research findings and translate them into programming and advocacy.

• What are the main arguments for and against paradigm commensurability within
management and business research?
Social science paradigms can be used in management and business research to generate fresh
insights into real-life issues and problems. The four paradigms are: functionalist interpretive; radical
humanist; and radical structuralize.

• Outline the main differences between quantitative and qualitative research in terms of:
the relationship between theory and data; epistemological considerations; and
ontological considerations.
You can turn qualitative data into structured quantitative data through analysis methods
like coding.
Most of the time qualitative data will be collected from a smaller sample size than quantitative data,
because generally you’re not looking for statistical significance with qualitative research.
Qualitative data is quite rich, and can give you directional insights about people’s thoughts, feelings,
emotions, and so on. Quantitative data can help to give you more confidence about a trend, and
allow you to derive numerical facts.

• List the three most important practical considerations that need to be taken into
consideration in your research project.
Three most important practical considerations are:
- Access to participants or data
 - Consent
- Cost and resources

Name: Moin Uddin Ahmed

Reg No. 11925

Campus: Airport Campus

Date of Submission: Mar 21, 2020

Course In charge: M. Iftikhar Mubbahsir

Signature :