Untπma C≥ Fen-sa‚dn FPyp-t°-j≥

DIPLOMA IN ELEMENTARY EDUCATION D.El.Ed.

ska-ÿ ˛ 2

t]∏¿ ˛ 208 Ie, {]hrØn hnZym-`ym-kw,

t_m[-\i- mkv{Xw
bqWn‰v -˛ 1 tcJIƒ, h¿W߃
bqWn‰v -˛ 2 KoXhpw hmZyhpw
bqWn‰v -˛ 3 ImadbpsS Ie

kwÿm\ hnZym-`ymk Kth-jW

]cn-io-e\ kanXn (SCERT)
Iem-hn-Zym-`ymkw

bqWn‰v 1
tcJIÄ hÀW§Ä

1
 ]T-\t- \-´ß
- ƒ
$ Bib hn\nabØn\v Nn{XIe A\ptbmPyamb D]m[nbmIp∂Xv Fßs\sb∂v
hniZoIcn°p∂p.
$ Ip´nIfpsS Nn{XoIcW coXnIfpw ¢mkvdqw kao]\ßfpw Xncn®dn™v ¢mkvdqw
{]h¿Ø\߃ Hcp°p∂p.
$ te˛Hu´v cN\mX{¥ßƒ F∂nhsb∏‰n [mcW t\Sp∂p, D]tbmKn°p∂p.
$ tcJIƒ cq]߃, h¿W߃, F∂nhbpsS [mcWtbmsS kwtbmP\w kwXpe\w
F∂nh Xncn®dn™v Nn{X߃ cNn°p∂p.
$ kzX{¥ cN\Iƒ e`n°p∂ BibØn\\pkrXamb Nn{XoIcWw, Im¿´q¨
Imcnt°®¿, sImfmjv XpSßnb cN\mcoXnIƒ ]cnNbs∏Sp∂p, ]cnioen°p∂p.

{][m\ Bi-bß
- ƒ
1. $ Zriyÿe]c_p≤n
$ Nn{XIebpw ImgvNbpw
$ hnhn[ ho£W tImWpIƒ
$ Bib hn\nab km[yXIƒ
2. $ apXn¿∂hcn¬ \n∂pw hyXyÿhpw `mh\mkº∂hpw Bib cN\m coXnIƒ
Ip´nIfn¬ D≠v.
$ Ip´nIfpsS Nn{XcN\bn¬ AhcpsS kzm`mhnI Hgp°n\v XS w \n¬°msXbp≈
]cnt]mjn∏n°¬ thWw.
$ Ip´nIƒ hc°p∂ Nn{Xßsf KpWmflI hnebncpØen\v hnt[bam°Ww.
$ {]tXyI ]cnKW\b¿ln°p∂ Ip´nItfbpw Nn{XIebn¬ sa®s∏SpØm≥ Ignbpw.

3. $ ISemkv, ªm°v & ssh‰v t_m¿Uv, XpSßnb {]XeØn¬ Nn{X߃, Bib߃

F∂nh kuμcymflIambpw hy‡ambpw hn\yknt°≠Xp≠v.
$ Nn{XIebn¬ [mcmfw cN\m X{¥ßƒ D≠v.
$ Geometrical Pattern A[njTnXamb Nn{X߃, I´u´v Nn{X߃, Spry Printing,
Mabiling, Spattering Printing, \q¬ Nn{X߃, aS°p Nn{X߃ A£c Nn{X߃,
{]IrXnZØ h¿WNn{X߃, \ng¬ Nn{X߃ F∂nh GsXmcmƒ°pw A\mbmkw
cNn°mhp∂XmWv.
4. $ hyXyÿ tcJm Nn{X߃
$ {Xnam\cq]ßfpsS Nn{XoIcWw
$ {]mYanI h¿W߃, ZznXob h¿W߃ {XnXob h¿W߃
$ LS\cq]߃, \ngepw shfn®hpw
5. $ Im¿´q¨ Imcnt°®¿ F∂nh ^enXck {][m\hpwNnt¥mZo]Ihpamb
Nn{XimJbmWv.
$ sImfmjv cN\bneqsS F¬.]n. bq]n. Ip´nIƒ°v h¿Wt_m[w, cq]t_m[w,
Bibhn\nabtijn F∂nh hnIkn°m≥ Gsd km[yamIp∂p.

2
 BapJw
tcJs∏SpØm≥ km[n°p∂ BZy Iemcq]ambncp∂p Nn{XIe. GsXmcp Iebpw t]mse
Nn{XIebpw ]mcºcyhpw P∑kn≤hpamb Ignhne[njvTnXamWv F∂ ap≥hn[ntbmsS
ImWmdp≠v. F∂m¬ hcbneqsS Bib߃ {]ISn∏n°m\p≈ Ignhpw tijnbpw
F√mhcnepap≠v F∂XmWv hkvXpX. Ip´nIfpsS Zriyÿe]c_p≤nsb
]cnt]mjn∏n°phm≥ Nn{XIe°v Ignbpsa∂ B[p\nI a\imkv{X ]T\߃ \¬Ip∂
Xncn®dnhv \Ωƒ kzoIcnt°≠Xp≠v.
`mh\m]q¿Wambn Nn{XcN\bn¬ i‡amb Bib߃ k∂nthin∏n®v kmaqly
{]Xn_≤Xbp≈ hy‡nXz߃ krjvSn°m\pw BkzmZ\ {]IS\tijnbp≈ Xeapdsb
hf¿ØnsbSp°m\pw\ap°v IgnbWw. Nn{Xw cNn°p∂Xn\pw BkzZn°p∂Xn\pw
hna¿i\mflIambn {]XnIcn°p∂Xn\pw ¢mkv apdnbn¬ Ahkcsamcp°m≥ \ap°v
Igntb≠Xp≠v. ¢mkv apdn Iebnse ]pXnb ]co£W߃ \SØp∂ em_pIfmbpw Ip´nIƒ
k¿KmflIXbn¬ ]pXnb taJeIƒ tXSp∂ Iem imkv{X⁄m≥amcmbpw hftc≠Xp≠v.
X\n°v sshImcnIambn {]XnIcnt°≠ CSßfn¬ k¿§mflIambn {]IS\߃ \SØm\p≈
`mjbmbpw Nn{XIe D]tbmKs∏SptØ≠Xp≠v. CXn\p≈ A\p`hßfmWv ]T\taJebn¬
D≠mtI≠Xv.

DtZiy߃
$ Bib hn\nabØn\v Nn{XIe A\ptbmPy D]m[nF∂ Xncn®dnbp∂Xn\v.
$ inipIe kw_‘n®v [mcW t\Sp∂Xn\v.
$ kzX{¥tcJm Nn{X߃, BibØn\\pkrXamb Nn{XoIcWw, Im¿´q¨, Imcnt°®¿,
sImfmjv F∂o cN\m coXnIƒ ]cnNbs∏Sp∂Xn\v.
$ tcJIƒ, cq]߃, \nd߃ F∂nhbn¬ [mcWcq]oIcn°p∂Xn\v.
$ Nn{XIebpambn _‘s∏´ hnhn[ am[ya߃, D]IcW߃ F∂nhsb°pdn®v [mcW
ssIhcn°p∂Xn\v.
$ te˛Hu´v, cN\m X{¥ßƒ F∂nhsb∏‰n [mcW t\Sp∂Xn\v.

3
Bibhn\nabØn\v Nn{XIe A\ptbmPyamb D]m[nbmWv F∂v Xncn®dnbp∂Xn\v.

\Ωƒ bm{X-sN-øp-tºmƒ ImWp∂ Nn”߃ Fs¥ms°bmWv?

XmsgImWp∂ Nn”߃ F¥v BibamWv ssIamdp∂Xv?

$ ]pIhen ]mSn√
$ Fb¿tlm¨ D]tbmKn°cpXv
F{X Ffp∏ØnemWv Cu Bib߃ \Ωfn¬ FØp∂Xv? N¿®.

\nXyPohnXØn¬ Bibßfpw \n¿t±ißfpw ssIam‰w sNøm\p≈ G‰hpw efnXamb

am¿§ßfn¬ H∂mWv Nn”߃. hfsctbsd hm°pIƒ D]tbmKn®v ssIam‰w sNtø≠
Bibßsf sNdnb Nn”ßfneqsS hfsc thKØn¬ hy‡ambn Bbmk clnXambn
Fhn- s Sbpw D]tbmKn°m\mIpw. Nn”߃ D]tbmKn®v Bi߃ {]ISn∏n°p∂
coXnsbbmWv Nn”imkv{Xw (semiotics) F∂v ]dbp∂Xv.

\Ωƒ HcmibsØ as‰mcmfnte°v hm°pIfneqsStbm, A£cßfneqsStbm

{]ISn∏n°ptºmƒ `mjbpsS klmbw Bhiyambn hcp∂p. \Ωƒ D]tbmKn°p∂ `mj
tIƒ°p∂bmƒ°v As√¶n¬ hmbn°p∂ Bƒ°v Adnbn√/ Abmƒ ]Tn®n´n√ F¶n¬
\Ωƒ ]dbm≥ {ian°p∂ Bibw a‰p≈h¿°v ]q¿Wambn {Kln°m\mhn√. AYhm ]dbp∂
Bƒ Bib {]Imi\Øn¬ ]cmPnX\mbn Xocp∂p. CXv `mjbpsS henb {]Xnk‘nbmWv.
Cu {]Xnk‘n adnIS°m≥ Hcp ]cn`mjIs‚ klmbw Bhiyambnhcp∂p.

4
$ F∂m¬ Zriy`mjbv°v (Nn{XØn\v) Cu ]cnanXn D≠mIp∂n√. Hcp Nn{Xw, As√¶n¬
Hcp Zriyw ap≥t]m´v sh°p∂ BibsØ GXv `mj D]tbmKn°p∂h¿°pw, GXv cmPyØv
Xmakn°p∂h¿°pw a\knem°phm≥ `mjbpsStbm, ]cn`mjIs‚tbm klmbw
Bhiyambn hcp∂n√. DZmlcWØn\v hoSv F∂ BibsØ Cw•ojn¬ 'HOUSE'F∂v \Ωƒ
tcJs∏SpØnbm¬ B hm°pw AXns‚ A¿∞hpw Adnbmhp∂ Hcmƒt° AXv a\knemIq.
F∂m¬ CuNn”ØneqsS Hcp `mjt]mepw AdnbmØ Bƒ°pw Bibw {Kln°m\mIpw.

Hcp Nn{Xw apt∂m´v h°p∂ Bibw `mjbpsS ]cnanXnIƒ adnIS°pIbpw

Bibw BkzmZIcn¬ FØn°p∂Xn¬ ]q¿Wambn hnPbn°pIbpw
sNøp∂p.
AXn\memWv Nn{XsØ A¥¿tZiob`mj International Language F∂v hnfn°p∂Xv. $

]m_vtfm ]n°mtkmbpsS tKm¿Wn° F∂ Nn{Xw hniz{]kn≤amWv. tKm¿Wn°bn¬

D]tbmKn®ncn°p∂ GsX√mw Nn”߃ \n߃°v Xncn- ® - d n- b m≥ Ign- b p- ∂ p≠v ?
Fßs\bmWv Nn”߃ \ap°v Bib߃ \¬Ip∂Xv

1937 ¬ t\m¿Øv kvs]bn\n¬ B`y¥c Iem]Øns‚ `mKambn P¿Ω\nbpsS ssk\nI

Xeh\mb P\d¬ {^mt¶mbpsS t\XrXzØn¬ tKm¿Wn° F∂ sNdp{Kmaw
t_mw_m{IaWØn¬ \in∏n®p. s]mXpth kam[m\{]nbcmb P\߃ A[nhkn®ncp∂
tKm¿Wn°mbpsS Zpchÿ ]n°mtkmbpsS a\kn¬ henb thZ\bpfhm°n. bp≤tØmSp≈
{]XnIcWambn 3.49  7.76 ao‰¿ (11.5 feet x 25.6 feet) hen∏Øn¬ Idp∏v sh≈ Nmc\ndw Ch
D]tbmKn®v. tKm¿Wn° F∂ Nn{Xw cNn®p. bp≤Øn¬ a\pjy\pw arK߃°pw D≠mb
\misØ ]n°mtkm Iyq_nkw ssienbn¬ ]p\chXcn∏n®p. kvs]bn\ns‚ kwkvImc
Nn”amb Imfbpw Imft∏mcpw, Icbp∂ IpXncbpw, AΩbpw Ip™pw, XI¿∂ inev]w

5
XpSßnb Nn”ßfneqsS temIw apgph≥ N¿® sNbvX Cu Nn{Xw
C∂p bp≤Øns\Xnscbp≈ Nn”ambn \nesIm≈p∂p. `mjbptStbm,
h¿Æh¿§ßfptStbm th¿Xncnhn√msX ]n°mtkmbpsS tKm¿Wn°
BkzmZIcpsS a\w Ih¿∂psIm≠v \nesIm≈p∂p.
Bibhn\nabØn\v G‰hpw A\ptbmPyamWv Nn{XIe. Hmtcm
Pablo Ruiz Picasso
Nn{XØn\p ]n∂nepw AXoh{][m\amb Ncn{Xw \nesIm≈p∂p. Hcp Nn{Xw Spanish painter, sculptor,
hmbn°ptºmƒ \Ωƒ Nn{XØneqsS B ImeL´Øns‚ Ncn{XamWv printmaker, ceramicist,
stage designer, poet and
hmbn°p∂Xv. playwright who spent
most of his adult life in
AXpt]mse Xs∂ Edvard munch s‚ The screme, cmPm-c-hn-h¿Ω- France.
Born: 25 October 1881,
bpsS Here comes pappa, kp[o- j ns‚ A Train from the past Málaga, Spain
Died: 8 April 1973,
XpSßnbhsbms° CØcw i‡amb Bib߃ kaqlØnte°v hn\n- Mougins, France
abw sNøp- h m≥ {]m]v X amWv . Cu Nn{XßfpsS BkzmZ\Ipdn∏v On view: Museum of
Modern Art, Art Institute of
Xbmdm°pI Chicago,
Periods: Cubism,
]cnKWn¡mhp¶LSI§Ä Surrealism, Expression-
ism, Post-Impressionism,
$ Nn{X-¯nsâ Bibw, $ Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-¯n\v D]-tbm-Kn¨ NnÓ-
§Ä, $ kt¦-X§Ä ($ am[y-aw, $ {]X-ew, $ ssien, $ hen-¸w) $ Ime-
L-«w, $ kuµ-cymw-i-§Ä.

RAJA RAVIVARMA
Born 29 April 1848
Kilimanoor, Travancore
(present day Kerala)
Died 2 October 1906
(aged 58)
Attingal,Travancore, British Raj
Other names
Koili Thampuran of Kilimanoor,
Ravi Varma Koil Thampuran
Occupation Painter, artist

Here comes pappa,

6
 Edvard Munch was a Norwegian painter,
whose best known work, The Scream,
has become one of the most iconic images
of world art. His childhood was overshad-
owed by illness, bereavement and the
dread of inheriting a mental condition that
ran in the family
Born: 12 December 1863, Ådalsbruk, Nor-
way
Died: 23 January 1944, Oslo, Norway
Periods: Expressionism, Modern art, Sym-
bolism, Impressionism, Realism, Post-Im-
pressionism
Known for: Painting and graphic artist
Education: Oslo Engineering College (1879–
1880)

The screme

kp[o-jv
A Train from the past

7
Ip«nIfpsS Nn{XIe

""Rms\mcn°epw Ip´nIsf t]mse hc®ncp∂n√. Rm\mZyw {ian®Xv sl¿°peokns‚ {]Xna

]I¿Øm\mbncp∂p. hc®p Ign™t∏mƒ AXv ]I¿∏v Bbncp∂n√, sl¿°qeokns‚ {]Xna
Xs∂bmbncp∂p. \nßsft∏mse Ip´nbmbncp∂ ImeØv Rm≥ dmt^ent\bpw, UmhnVvNntb
t]msebpw hc®ncp∂p. F∂m¬ Ip´nIsft]mse hc°phm≥ F\n°v hfsc°mew
]Tnt°≠h∂p.''
20--˛mw \q‰m≠v I≠ G‰hpw {]K¤\mb Nn{XImc≥ ]mtªm, ]n°mtkmbpsS ""Ip´nIfpsS
Nn{X{]Z¿i\w'' DZvLmS\w sNbvXpsIm≠v ]d™ hm°pIfmWnh. Fßs\ Bbncn°Ww
Ip´nIfpsS Nn{X߃ F∂Xns‚ ASnÿm\ BibamWv ]n°mtkmbpsS hm°pIƒ.

""A\izc _meNn{XImc≥ tXmakv FUva≠v ¢o‚n s‚ Nn{X߃ \n߃ I≠n-cn-°pw. Fs¥√mw

{]tXy-I-X-I-fmWv B Nn{X-Øn¬ \nco-£n-°m≥ Ign-™n-´p-≈-Xv.?

Fw.‰n. tPmk^nt‚bpw Nn∂Ω

tPmk^ns‚bpw aI\mb ¢n‚ v
Xs‚ Ggp hbkphscbp≈
sNdnb PohnXØn¬ GItZiw
25,000 e[nIw Nn{X߃
hc®ncp∂p. 15 G{]¬ 1983 ¬
acn® ¢n‚ v X\n°p Np‰pw Xm≥
I≠Xpw tI´Xpsams° Xs‚
coXnbn¬ Nn{Xambn
Bhnjv°cn®p. "" AΩ
]d™psImSpØ IYIƒ ¢n‚ v
kzmwioIcn°pIbpw Xm\nXphsc
I≠n´n√mØ hkvXp°fpw
PohnIfpsams° Xt‚Xmb
coXnbn¬ Bhnjv°cn®p.

8
¢n‚ ns‚ Nn{Xßfn¬ πmtªm ]n°mtkmbpsS hm°pIƒ F{XtØmfw
{]mtbmKnIamIp∂psh∂v Is≠ØpI
Fs¥ms°bmWv Ip´nIfpsS Nn{XØns‚ {]tXyIXIƒ?
$ kzm`mhnIamb cN\
$ kzX{¥ambpw \n¿`bambpap≈ CSs]S¬
$ kz¥w ImgvNIsf X\n°njvSap≈ coXnbn¬ BhnjvIcn°¬
$ BkzmZ\Øns‚ ]p\cmhnjvImcw
$ Nn¥Iƒ°v {]m[m\yap≈ krjvSn]cX
$ kmt¶XnIX tcJ, h¿W{]tbmK kn≤m¥ßƒ F∂nhbn¬ B[njvTnXa√mØ Nn{X߃

¢mkv apdnbn¬ Ip´nIƒ°v cN\°mhiyamb A¥co£w Hcp-°p-tºmƒ \Ωƒ Cu ]d™

Imcy-߃ ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xnt√?
Ip´nIƒ XßfpsS Bißsf efnXambpw kzm`mhnIambpw Xs∂ Bhnjv°cn°p∂p.
AXn\p≈ A\pIqe kmlNcyw Hcp°ns°mSp°pI F∂Xmbncn°Ww A[ym]Icpw
c£nXm°fpw a‰v apXn¿∂hcpsSbpw _m[yX.
Nn{X߃°v km¿Δ euInIamb Hcp `mj klPambp≠v. 3 apX¬ 11 hbkphscbp≈
ImeL´Øns\ a\imkv{X⁄≥am¿ ssiih_meyImeL´w F∂mWv hntijn∏n®ncn°p∂Xv.
\nch[n hkv X p°fpambpw kw`hßfpambpw ka{]mb°mcpambpw Ah¿ Cu _‘w
ÿm]n®ncn°pw. Ip´n hc°p∂ Nn{XØn\pw AhcpsS `mh\°pw CXmbncn°pw {]tNmZ\tI{μw.
Ah¿°v ]cnNnXhpw kzm`mhnIhpamb kμ¿`߃ hoSpw Ab¬]°hpw a‰pambncn°pw. Ip´nIƒ
krjvSn°p∂ Cu {]XoIcN\Ifn¬ \n∂pw \ap°Xv Xncn®dnbm\mhWw.
\nc¥camb tNmZyßfneqsSbpw kw`mjWßfneqsSbpw Nn{XImgvNIfneqsS Ip´nIfpsS
k¿§mflI taJe Xncn®dnbm≥ \ap°mhWw. km[mcW ]cnNnXcq]ßfneqsS {]Xew \nd°m≥
{ian°p∂ Ip´nIsf GI hkvXp°fnte°v (kvYqeØn¬\n∂pwkq£vaØnte°v) {i≤
tI{μoIcn®v cN\\SØm\p≈ t{]m’ml\w \¬Im≥ \ap°v IgnbWw.

9
Ip´nIfpsS Zriy ÿe]camb _p≤nsb ]camh[n ]cnt]mjn∏n°m≥ Ffp∏Øn¬
D]tbmKn°m≥ Ignbp∂ {Itbm¨kv, Hmbn¬ t]ìkv XpSßnb am[yaßfn¬ hg°w e`n°p∂
{]h¿Ø\߃ ¢mkv apdnIfn¬ \St°≠Xp≠v. H∏w \nc¥cw Nn{Xw ImWm\p≈ Ahkchpw
D≠mIWw.
Ip´nIfpsS Nn{Xw hnebncpØptºmƒ KpWmflIamb hnebncpØepIƒ am{Xw \SØp∂Xn\v
hnebncpج kqNI߃ Ip´nIfn¬ \n∂pXs∂ cq]s∏SpØWw. CXv ]T\ {]h¿Ø\Øns‚
`mKambn ¢mkv apdnbn¬ \S∏m°pIbpw thWw.
CXnsâ `mKbmbn Fs´Ãmw {]hÀ¯\§Ä \St¡- X p- v ?

$ Ip´nIƒ hc® Nn{XßfpsS {]Z¿i\w

$ kzbw hnebncpØm\pw ]ckv]cw hnebncpØm\pap≈ Ahkcw
$ hnebncpØen\p tijw ho≠pw sa®s∏SpØm\p≈ {]h¿Ø\߃
$ A`n\μ\߃

Ip´nIfpsS Nn{XoIcW coXnIfpw ¢mkvdqw kao]\hpw F∂ hnjbØn¬ Hcp

skan\m¿ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂Xn\v \n߃ Fs¥√mw Bi-b-ß-fmWv Dƒs∏Sp-Øp-I.
\n߃ Ip´n-I-fpsS Nn{X-߃ \nco-£n-®-t√m? CXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ \n߃ Xbm-
dm-°nb Ah-tem-I-\-Ip-dn-∏ns‚ anI-hp-Iƒ Fs¥√mw? hne-bn-cpØn sa®-s∏-Sp-Ønb
Ah-tem-I-\-°p-dn∏v t]m¿´-vt^m-fn-tbm-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-I.

te˛H´v, cN\m X{¥ßƒ F∂nhbn¬ [mcW t\Sp∂p. Ah {]tbmKn°p∂p.

Hcp BibsØ kaqlØns‚ ap∂nseØn°m≥ \nch[n BhnjvImc am¿§ßfp≠v. GsX√mw
am¿K-ß-fmWv \n߃°v \n¿tZ-in-°m\p≈-Xv.
$ \mSIw
$ kn\na
$ Nn{Xw
$ t]mÿ
$ ]pkvXIcN\/teJ\w

¢mkvapdnbn¬ \ap°v Ffp∏Øn¬ \SØm\mhp∂ {]h¿Ø\w GXmbncn°pw?

t]mÿ Xbmdm°ptºmƒ \Ωƒ Fs¥√mw aps∂mcp°ßƒ \StØ≠Xp≠v?
Fs¥ms° km[\ kma{KnIƒ Is≠ØWw?
$ Bib cq]oIcWwv
$ Xes°´pIƒ, ap{ZmhmIy߃

10
 $ Bhiyamb Nn{X߃
$ t]mÿ Xbmdm°m≥ Bhiyamb kvsI®vs]≥, ]i, I{XnI XpSßnb D]IcW߃
t]mÿ Xbmdm°ptºmƒ Fs¥√mw {i≤nt°≠Xp≠v.
$ s]´∂v hmbn°m\mIp∂ coXnbn¬ A£c߃ FgpXWw
$ Nn{X߃ `wKnbmbn {IaoIcn°Ww
$ A\ptbmPyamb ]›mØe \nd߃, ]mt‰WpIƒ \evIWw
$ s]´∂v {i≤]nSn®p]‰p∂ coXnbnep≈ \ndhyXymkw km[yamIWw
as‰-s¥√mw Imcy-߃ \n߃°v \n¿tZ-in-°m-\p-≠v.

t]mÃdpIƒ \n¿ΩmWw. {]Z¿i\w.

Cu t]mÿ `wKnbm°p∂Xn¬ {][m\]¶v AXnse A£cßfptSbpw Nn{XßfptSbpw
{IaoIcWw BWv. C{]Imcw IrXyambn LSIßsf {IaoIcn°p∂Xn\mWv te˛Hu´v F∂v
]dbp∂Xv . te˛Hu´v `wKnbmIptºmƒ t]mÃdn\v IqSpX¬ Bkzm[\£aX, angnhv Ch
ssIhcpIbpw A\phmNIcpambn kwthZn°pIbpw sNømw.
t]mÿ \n¿Ωn°p∂Xn\v AXns‚ te˛Hu´v Fs¥∂v GItZi[mcW D≠m°nbXn\ptijw
\n¿ΩmWw XpSßnbm¬ t]mÃdns‚ X\na \ne\n¿Øm≥ km[n°pw.
A£c߃ Left, Center, Right XpSßnb Allaignment Ifn¬ {IaoIcn°phm\pw,
{i≤nt°≠XmWv. H´nt°≠ Nn{X߃ hnhn[ coXnbn¬ h®v t\m°n anI® coXnbn¬ \n¿Ωn°mw.

11
CØcw t]mÃdpIƒ `wKnbm°phm≥ Fs¥ms° cN\m X{¥ßƒ \ap°v D]tbmKn°phm≥
km[n°pw?

$ PymaXob cq] Nn{X߃

$ kvt{]s]bn‚nwKv
$ am¿_nfnwKv
$ \q¬{]n‚ v Nn{X߃v
$ aS°pNn{X߃
$ A£cNn{X߃
$ aW¬Nn{X߃
$ \ng¬ Nn{X߃

$ PymaXobcq] Nn{X߃
{]IrXnbnse hkvXp°ƒ F√mw Xs∂ PymaXob cq]ßfn¬ A[njvTnXamWv. Cu cq]߃
Xncn®dn™m¬ cN\ A\bmkw \SØmw. hrØw, NXpcw Zo¿LNXpcw, {XntImWw XpSßnb
cq]ßfn¬ \n∂pw Nn{X߃ \n¿Ωn°p∂Xv ckIcamWv. BbmkclnXambn Ip´nIƒ Cu
{]{Inbbn¬ G¿s∏Sp∂Xv ImWmw. ¢mkvapdnbn¬ ^e{]Zambn\S∏m°m≥ ]‰p∂ coXnbmWnXv

PymaXobcq] Nn{X߃

.$ kvt{]bnwKv (Spraying)
hfsc efnXamb coXnbn¬ \ndßsf [qfnIfmbn sXdp∏n®v h¿Wte]\w \SØp∂ coXnbmWnXv.
Pe®mbw, t]mÿ If¿, XpSßnb am[ya߃ D]tbmKn®v kvt{]s]bn‚nwKv \SØmw. SqØv
{_jv {]IrXnZØ \mcpIƒ F∂nh D]tbmKn®v [qfnIƒ krjvSn°m≥ Ignbpw. CXn\mbn
cq]߃ sh´nsbSpØpw (cut out) sh´nb Dƒ`mKhpw (stencil) {]tbmP\s∏SpØmw. A®SntbmSv
InS]nSn°p∂ coXnbn¬ hfsc hnZKv[ambn CØcw kvt{] Nn{X߃ \n¿Ωn°m≥ km[n°pw.
`mh\, akvXnjvI t]in hnImkw, GIm{KX XpSßnbh Cu {]h¿Ø\ßfneqsS e`n°p∂p.

12
 kvt{]bnwKv (Spraying)

$ am¿_vfnwKv
Ccpºn\v teml\mi\w kw`hn°mXncn°m≥ te]\w sNøp∂ C\ma¬ s]bn‚ v (enamel paint)
D]tbmKn®v sNøp∂ coXnbmWnXv. _°‰n¬ sh≈w \nd®v D]cnXeØn¬ s]bn‚ v Xqhp∂p.
sh≈Øn¬ C\ma¬ s]bn‚ v ebn°mØXn\m¬ AXv sh≈Øn¬ s]mßnInS°pw. Cu¿°n¬
D]tbmKn®v sh≈Øn¬ Cf°n Ptem]cnXeØnse h¿W߃°v cq]am‰w hcpØmw. I´nbp≈
ISemkv sh≈Øn¬ C´v AXnte°v \nd߃ H∏nsbSp°mw. ]e \nd߃ D]tbmKn°ptºmƒ
AXnat\mlcamb ]mt‰WpIƒ D≠mIp∂Xv \sΩ A¤pXs∏SpØpw. Nn{Xw DWßm≥ Ipd®v
aWn°qdpIƒ th≠nhcpw.

am¿_vfnwKv

$ kv]m‰dnwKv (Spattering)
\nd߃ ISemkn¬ Pemwiw Iq´n XqInbXn\ptijw DuXnbpw {]Xew Nen∏n®pw \ndßsf
btYjvSw hy]n∏n°p∂ coXnbmWnXv. Pe®mbw, t]mÿ Nmbw XpSßnbh D]tbmKn°mw.
{Ko‰nwKv Im¿UpIƒ \n¿Ωn°phm\pw t]mÃdpIƒ \n¿Ωn°ptºmƒ {]tXyI effect \¬Iphm\pw
Cu coXnIƒ D]tbmKn°mw.

13
 kv]m‰dnwKv
(Spattering)

$ aS°p Nn{X߃ (folding art)

Hcp t]∏¿ c≠mbn aS°n \nh¿ØpI. CSXp`mKØv Pe®mbtam, t]mÿ Nmbtam Aev]w
t\¿∏n®v Xqhnbtijw t]∏¿ aS°pI. \√t]mse Aa¿Ønb tijw Xpd°ptºmƒ CSXp`mKsØ
\nd߃ heXphiØpw ]Xn™ncn°p∂Xp ImWmw. Semitrical Design s‚ G‰hpw anI®
DZmlcWamWnXv. sNdnb hcIƒ D]tbmKn®psIm≠v cq]ßfn¬ hy‡X hcpØmhp∂XmWv.
\qepIƒ D]tbmKn®pw CØcw Nn{X߃ \n¿Ωn°mw. \qev NmbØn¬ ap°nbXn\ptijw aS°n
\nh¿Ønb t]∏dns‚ CSXphiØv h®Xn\ptijw t]∏¿ aS°pI. \qens‚ Hc‰w t]∏¿
Aa¿Øn∏nSn®tijw]pdtØ°v hen°pI. \qev ]q¿Wambn ]pdØv h∂Xn\ptijw
\nh¿Ønbm¬ ]q°tfmSv kmayap≈ Nn{Xw cq]s∏Spw. Hcp t]∏dn¬ Xs∂ hnhn[ \ndØn¬
CØcw Nn{X߃ \n¿Ωn°mw.

aS°p Nn{X߃ (folding art)

$ CØcØnep≈ a‰p coXnIƒ \ap°v Fßs\ Is≠Ømw.

Hcp Nn{X-Im-c-\p-ambn A`n-apJw \S-Øp-tºmƒ hnhn[ Nn{X-c-N-\m-co-Xn-I-sf-°p-dn®v Fs¥√mw
Imcy-ß-fmWv \n߃ At\z-jn-®-dn-bp-I.
˛ Ah Dƒs∏SpØn Hcp tNmZymhen Xbmdm°mw.
˛ hnhn[ cN\mX{¥ßƒ \n߃ \SØnbt√m AXns‚ {]{Inbsb kw_‘n® Fs¥√mw
Imcy-ß-fmWv dnt∏m¿´n¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv.
XpS¿{]h¿Ø\w
$ CØcØep≈ cN\m X{¥ßfƒ Dƒs∏-SpØn Hcp ]pkvXIØns‚ Ih¿ Unssk≥
\nßfpsS `mh\bn¬ Xbmdm°pI.

14
$ tcJIƒ cq]߃ h¿W߃ F∂nhbpsS [mcWtbmsS kwtbmP\w kwXpe\w F∂nh
Xncn®dn™v Nn{X߃ cNn°p∂p.
aebmf {]kn≤oIcWßfnse IYIƒ°pw IhnXIƒ°pw teJ\߃°psams°
Nn{XoIcWw \SØnbncn°p∂Xv \n߃ I≠ncn°pat√m? anI® hmb\m\p`hw \¬Ip∂Xn¬
CØcw Nn{XoIcW߃ hln°p∂ ]¶v hfsc hepXmWv. Hmtcm {]kn≤oIcW߃°pw
CØcØn¬ Nn{XoIcWw \SØp∂Xn\v {]tXyIw ]cnioe\w e`n® Nn{XImc≥am¿
D≠mbncn°pw.
\n߃°v ]cnNnXamb {]kn≤oIcWßfn¬ hc°p∂ BfpIƒ Bsc-√m-am-Wv?
$ F.Fkv. \mb¿ $ Fw.hn. tZh≥ $ \ºqXncn $ kn.F≥. IcpWmIc≥
$ N{μtiJc≥ Nm≥kv $ `mkvIc≥ $ sjdo^v $ tSmw sP h´°pgn
$ `mKy\mYv

Nn{XoIcWw.
Nn{XoIcWw. \ºqXncn
F.Fkv. \mb¿

Nn{XoIcWw. Nn{XoIcWw.
`mKy\mYv sjdo^vv

15
 ChcpsS Nn{XoIcWßfpsS {]tXyIXIsf ASnÿm-\-s∏-SpØn ¢mkn¬ Hcp N¿® kwL-
Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v \n߃ Du∂¬ \¬Ip-∂Xv F¥ns\ms°-bmWv?
kqN\Iƒ
$ ssien $ am[yaw $ kwtbmP\w $ h¿W߃

CXpIqSmsX as‰s¥√mw Imcy߃ \n߃°v Iq´nt®¿°m\p≠v?

$ Hmtcm Nn{XImc≥amcpw hyXykv X coXnbn¬ BWv Nn{XoIcWw \SØp∂Xv.
ssieoIrXambpw, kzm`mhnIambpap≈ Nn{XoIcWw km[yamWv. tcJIƒ D]tbmKn®pw
h¿W߃ D]tbmKn®pw cN\ \SØmdp≠v.
ASpØImewhsc tcJm Nn{XßfmWv D]tbmKn®ncp∂Xv. Chcn¬ ]ecpw tcJmNn{X-
Imc≥amcmbmWv Adnbs∏Sp∂Xv. Ch¿ XßfpsS Nn{Xßfn¬ ]eXcØnepw coXnbnepap≈
tcJIƒ D]tbmKn°p∂p. t]\bpw, {_jpw, Nm¿t°mƒ AS°ap≈ aoUnbw D]tbmKn°mdp≠v.
FÆ®mbw, A{InenIv XpSßnb aoUnbßfn¬ Nn{XoIcWw \SØp∂hcp ap ≠v . tcJm
Nn{X߃°mbn ]e XcØnep≈ t]\Iƒ D]tbmKn°mdp≠v.

$ \n߃ \nco£n® Nn{XßfpsS Hcp {]Xn^e\°pdn∏v Fß-s\-bm-bn-cn°pw?

CØcw Nn{XoIcWßfnepw s]bn‚nwKpIfnepw hnhn[ tcJIfpw h¿Wßfpw am[yaßfpw
D]tbmKn°mdp≠v F∂v \n߃ I≠t√m. Nn{XImc≥am¿ km[mcW D]tbmKn°p∂ kt¶X߃
Fs¥ms°bmbncn°pw.
$ tcJIƒ $ {Xnam\X $ h¿W߃
$ \ngepw shfn®hpw $ am[ya߃, $ {]Xew, D]IcW߃

tcJIƒ
{]IrXnbn¬ tcJIƒ C√ F∂mWv hn{ipX Nn{XImc≥
""{^m≥knkv tKmb'' A`n{]mbs∏´Xv. At\Iw _nμp°ƒ
tN¿∂XmWv tcJ. t\¿tcJIfpw h{ItcJIfpw D≠v. \nd߃
ISp∏߃°\pkcn®v Xcw Xncn°p∂Xpt]mse
t\¿ØtcJIƒ (thin lines) ISpØtcJIƒ (thick lines) F∂pw
Xncn°mw, ew_tcJIƒ (vertical lines) Xnc›o\tcJIƒ
( horizondal lines ) tImWnIv tcJIƒ ( sloping line )
kzX{¥tcJIƒ cN\bn¬ D≠mbncn°pw. km¶ev]nIamb
Hcp ]pdw hc (out line) Nn{XØns‚ ]q¿ØoIcWØn\v
BhiyamWv . F∂m¬ {]IrXnbntem hkv X p°fntem
CØcØn¬ ]pdw hc ( out line ) ImWphm≥ km[n°n√.
At\Iw tcJIƒ Iq´nt®¿Øv shade, shadow XpSßnbh
Nn{XØn\v {Xnam\X hcpØmdp≠v.
(hyXykvX tcJIƒ

16
$ {Xnam\X
\ofhpw hoXnbpw am{Xapff Hcp {]XeØn¬ L\Xzw krjvSn°pI F∂XmWv {Xnam\X.
hkvXphn¬ hogp∂ \ng¬, shfn®w Ch kzm`mhnIambn Nn{XoIcn®v {Xnam\X km[yam°mw.
Hcp {Xnam\ hkvXphns‚ apIfn¬ kzm`mhnI shfn®w ]Xnbptºmƒ Ccp´mb`mK߃ ()
hyXyÿISp∏ßfn¬ D≠mbncn°pw. ]q¿Wshfn®Øn¬ \n∂pw ]q¿W Ccp´nte°p≈
h¿WhyXymksØ kq£vaXeØn¬ \nco£n°pIbpw hkvXphns‚ bYm¿∞ \ndØn\\pkcn®v
Nn{XoIcn°phm≥ {ian°pIbpw thWw. IqSmsX hkvXp ÿnXnsNøp∂ ÿeØv ]Xn™ncn°p∂
\ngepw hkvXphns‚ {Xnam\X krjvSn°≥ klmbn°p∂ LSIamWv.

h¿W߃
\ΩpsS ImgvNIsf at\mlchpw lrZblmcnbpam°p∂Xn¬ h¿WßfpsS ]¶v F{Xtbm
hepXmWv. h¿Wßfn√mØ Hcp temIsØ°pdn®v Nn¥n°pIXs∂ Akm[yamWv. Hmtcm
hkvXphpw hy‡nbpw hyXyÿamIp∂Xn¬ h¿W߃ F{X kzm[o\w sNepØp∂psh∂v
{]tXyIw ]dtb≠Xn√t√m.
Hmtcm h¿Whpw \Ωfnep≠m°p∂ A\p`qXnXe߃ hyXyÿamWv. Hmtcm a\pjys‚bpw
h¿Wt_m[hpw hyXyÿamWv. Nne {]tXyI h¿W߃ \nd™ ÿe߃ \ap°v im¥amb
{]XoXn Dfhm°p∂Xpw. Nne \nd߃ AkzÿX D≠m°p∂Xpw AXp-sIm-≠m-Wv.

{]ikv X Nn{XImc\mbncp∂ Paul Guagin At±lØns‚ Yellow Christ F∂

s]bn‚nwKn¬ {InkvXphn\v a™ \ndamWv \¬InXv. At±lw ]dbp∂Xv a™
{]WbØns‚ \ndamWv F∂XmWv. temIsØ apgph≥ kvt\ln®{InkvXphn\v G‰hpw
tNcp∂ \ndw a™bmWv F∂ At±lw AhImis∏Sp∂p≠v.
F¶n¬ a‰v \nd߃ Fs¥ms° A\p`qXnIfpw `mh-ß-fp-amWv \¬Ip∂Xv.

17
Eugène Henri Paul Gauguin
was a French post-Impressionist artist. Unap-
preciated until after his death, Gauguin is now
recognized for his experimental use of color
and Synthetist style that were distinctly differ-
ent from Impressionism.

Born: 7 June 1848, Paris, France

Died: 8 May 1903, Atuona, French Polynesia
Periods: Post-Impressionism, Modern art, Impres-
sionism, Primitivism, Synthetism, Symbolism
Known for: Painting, sculpture, ceramics, en-
graving
Children: Pola Gauguin, Jean René Gauguin,
Émile Gauguin,

Yellow Christ
Nn{X߃ ]cntim[n®v Ahbn¬ D]tbmKn®ncp∂ \nd߃ Nn{XØns‚ `mhsØ BibsØ
Fßs\bmWv kzm[o\n°p∂psh∂v N¿® sNøp-I.
N¿®m kqN-I-߃ Fs¥√mw?
$ sshImcnIA\p`qXnkrjvSn°p∂p
$ Zriy`wKnIq´p∂p
C\n Fs´ms¡ ]dbm\mIpw...

F¶n¬ hyXykvXamb h¿W{]]©ßƒ krjvSn°m≥ GsX√mw \nd߃ ]ckv]cw tN¿Øv

]pXnb\nd߃ krjvSn®n´p≠mhmw. GsXms° \nd߃ ]ckv]cw tN¿Øv ]pXnb \nd߃
D≠m°m≥ km[n°pw?
$ {]mYanI h¿W߃ (Primary Colours) : a™, Npa∏v, \oe
$ ZznXob h¿W߃ (Secondary Colours) : Xmsg-s°m-Sp-Øn-cn-°p∂ h¿W-߃ kwtbm-Pn-
∏n®v ]pXn-b-Xmbn In´nb h¿W-߃ GsXm-s°-bm-sW∂v Is≠-Øp-I.

a™ + Npa∏v =

a™ + \oe =

Npa∏v + \oe =

18
$ {XnXob h¿W߃ (Tertiary Colours) : kn{S≥, Heohv, dqk‰v

Hmd©v + ]® = kn{Sn≥
]® + hbe‰v = Heohv
Hmd©v+ hbe‰v = dqk‰v

$ amcnhn¬ \nd߃ (Rainbow Colours): hbe‰v, C≥UntKm, ªq, {Ko≥, a™, Hmd©v, Npa∏v
$ Hcp \ndØnt\msSm∏w sh≈ tN¿Øm¬ B \ndØns‚ Tone Iƒ e`n°pw, Idp∏v tN¿Øm¬
shade Dw In´p∂p.
{]h¿Ø-\w
CjvS-ap≈ Nn{Xw hc®v {]mY-an-I, ZznXo-b-h¿W-߃ \¬In `wKn-bm-°p-I.

tIcfØn¬ Nn{XIebpsS \thmYm\Øn\v

XpS°wIpdn®Xv cmPmchnh¿Ωbmbncp∂p.
cmPm°≥amcnse Nn{XImc≥, Nn{XImc∑mcnse cmPmhv
Fs∂ms°bmWv At±lsØ IemtemIw
hntijn∏n°p∂Xv. cmPmchnh¿ΩbpsS t]cv
]cma¿in°msX tIcfob Nn{XIem Ncn{Xw
Nn¥n°m≥ Bhn√.
$ Nn{XIebpsS cmPmhv F∂ coXnbn¬ At±lw
hf¿∂Xn¬ At±lØns‚ AΩmh≥
cmacmPh¿ΩbpsS ]¶v hepXmWv. cmPmchnh¿ΩbpsS
Ip´n°meØv chnh¿Ω cmPsIm´mcØns‚ shfpØ
`nØnbn¬ Icn°´ sIm≠v hc® Nn{Xw AΩmh≥
ImWp∂p. chnh¿ΩbpsS {]Xn` Xncn®dn™
AΩmh≥ chnh¿Ωsb Nn{XIebpsS henb
temItØ°v \bn°p∂p.
F´mbncn¡mw chnh¿ΩbpsS PohnXIY? kvIqƒ
sse{_dnbpsS klmbtØmsS ]q¿ØoIcn°mtam ?
. lwkZab´n. cmPmchnh¿Ω Nn{Xw
cmPmchnh¿Ω Nn{Xw hc®Xv cmPsIm´mcØns‚ `nØnbn¬ Bbncp∂p. hc°m\p]tbmKn®Xv
Icn°´bpw. km[mcW Nn{XImc∑m¿ hc°m\p]tbmKn°p∂ XesØbmWv {]Xew F∂mWv
]dbp∂Xv. hc°m\p]tbmKn® hkvXp°sf am[ya߃, D]IcW߃ Fs∂ms° ]dbpw.
hc°p∂ {]XeØns‚ am[yaØns‚ D]IcWØns‚ anIhv hc°p∂ Nn{Xßsf kzm[o\n°pw.
anI® D]IcW߃ D]tbmKn®v cNn® Nn{X߃ Imem¥ctØmfw \ne\n¬°pw. A√msX
\ndwaßn, am™v C√mXmIpw. Nn{XImc≥ Xs‚ am[yaw Xncs™Sp°p∂Xv ImemXoXambn
\ne \n¬°p∂ IemkrjvSnIƒ cNn°phm\mWv.

19
v
Nn{XImc≥am¿ D]tbmKn°p∂ {]Xew am[yaw, D]IcW߃, Fs¥ms° Bbncn°pw Xmsg
X∂ncn°p∂ ]´nI ]q¿ØoIcn°mw.

{]Xe߃ am[ya߃ D]IcW߃

Npa¿, \new Fa¬j≥, A{Inen¬ s]≥kn¬, Icn°´
Hmbn¬
XpWn/Im≥hmkv ^m{_n¬ s]bn‚ v hnhn[Xcw {_jpIƒ
A{Inen¬

\ngepw shfn®hpw
bqtdm]y≥ \thm∞m\ ImeL´Ønse {]K¤\mb Nn{XImc\mbncp∂p dw{_‚ v .
At±lØns‚ Nn{XßfpsS {]tXyIX \nb{¥nXamb shfn®ambncp∂p. Nn{XØn¬ {][m\
`mKØv tI{μoIcn°p∂ shfn®w, amkvacnIamb Nn{Xm\p`qXn {]Zm\w sNbvXncp∂p. kn\nabn¬
D]tbmKn°p∂ Nne shfn® kwhn[m\sØ dw{_‚ v C^IvSv F∂pXs∂ hntijn∏n°mdp≠v.

Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn was a Dutch

draughtsman, painter and printmaker. An innovative
and prolific master in three media, he is generally
considered one of the greatest visual artists in the
history of art and the most important in Dutch art
history.
Born: 15 July 1606, Leiden, Netherlands
Died: 4 October 1669, Amsterdam, Netherlands
Periods: Baroque, Dutch Golden Age,
Italian Renaissance
Full name: Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn
Spouse: Saskia van Uylenburgh (m. 1634–1642)
Known for: Painting, Printmaking, Drawing
Artworks

20
dw{_‚ns‚ Nn{X߃ ]cntim[n®v Nn{XØnse shfn®Øns‚ kzm[o\w Xncn®dnbmw.
Nn{XØn\v kzm`mhnIXbpw X\nabpw krjvSn°m\pw {Xnam\{]XoXn P\n∏n°m\pw \ngepw
shfn®hpw tI{μoIcn® Nn{XoIcWØn\v Ignbp∂p. shfn®Øns‚ IfntØmg\mWv \ng¬ F∂p
]dbp∂Xv. shfn®Øns‚ Xo{hX IqSptºmƒ \ngens‚ i‡n h¿≤n°p∂p. shfn®Øns‚bpw
\ngens‚bpw Xncn®dnhv Nn{XØns‚ BkzmZ\£aXsb h¿≤n∏n°mdp≠v.
˛ CØcw kt¶X߃ IqSpX¬ hy‡ambn a\knem°m≥ Hcp inev]ime kwLSn∏n°m≥
Fs¥ms° XbmsdSp∏pIƒ \Ωƒ \SØWw.
$ Fs¥ms° {]Xe߃
$ D]IcW߃
$ am[ya߃
$ ...........................
$ ...............................

kzX{¥ cN\Iƒ e`n°p∂ BibØn\\pkrXab Nn{XoIcWw, Im¿´q¨, Imcnt°®¿,

sImfmjv XpSßnb coXnIƒ ]cnNbs∏Sp∂p. ]cnioen°p∂p.
"t_m_\pw tamfnbpw' aebmfnsb G‰hpw A[nIw Nncn∏n°pIbpw Nn¥n∏n°pIbpw sNbvX
c≠v IYm]m{X߃ BWv. Chsc \n߃°v Adnbmtam? tSmwkv F∂ {]Xn`mimenbmb
Im¿´qWnÃv krjvSn® Cu IpkrXnIpcp∂pIƒ aebmfnIsf apgph≥ s]m´n®ncn∏n®pw Nn¥n∏n®pw
IS∂pt]mIp∂hcmWv. Ch¿ \S∂pt]mb hgnIfn¬ Ch¿°p Iq´mbn a‰t\Iw IYm]m{Xßtfbpw
tSmwkv krjv S n®n´p≠v . Ch¿ kaqlØnse
Hmtcm kw`hßtfbpw AXv cmjv{SobamIs´,
aX]chpw kmaqlyhpamIs´ F¥nt\bpw
^enXck{][m\ambn lmkyØns‚bpw
hna¿iØns‚bpw AIºSntbmsS AhXcn∏n®p.
Ch¿ kv]¿in°mØ Hcp taJebpw aebmfn
kaqlØn¬ C√mbncp∂p. kaqlØn¬
\ne\n∂ncp∂ F√m A\mNmcßsfbpw Ch¿
hna¿i\Øns‚ apƒap\bn¬ sImcpØncp∂p.
C∂pw F√m ]{XßfptSbpw
B\pImenIßfptSbpw {][m\t]PpIfn¬
Im¿´qWn\v ÿew \¬Inbn´p≠v. Hcp BibsØ
/ kw`hsØ lmkymflIambn
hna¿i\mflIambn AhXcn∏n°pIbmWv
Im#m¿´pWpIƒ sNøp∂Xv.

"t_m_\pw tamfnbpw'

21
 Im¿´q¨. i¶¿v Im¿´q¨. A_p

Im¿´q¨. ejva¨

Im¿´q¨. Ip´n

i¶¿, A_p, Ip´n, B¿.sI. ejva¨ tSmwkv

˛ B\pImenIßfneqsSbpw a‰pw \n߃°v ]cnNnXcmb Im¿´qWnÃpIƒ Im¿´qWpIƒ

GsXms°bmWv?
˛ Im¿´q¨ Fßs\bmWv kmaqlycmjv{Sob cwKßfn¬ CSs]SepIƒ \SØp∂Xv?
-˛ Im¿´qWnÃns‚ [¿Ω߃ Fs¥ms°bmWv?

22
Im¿´q¨ Ie-bpsS \qdmw h¿jw BtLm-jn-°p∂ thf-tbmS-\p-_-‘n®v Hcp Im¿´q¨ B¬_w
Xbm-dm-°p-I.
i¶¿, tbipZmk≥, _n.Fw. K^q¿, A_p, Ip´n, B¿.sI. ejva¨ ...................
˛ ChcpsS Im¿´qWpIfpsS {]tXyIXIƒ Fs¥ms°bmWv?
-˛ Chc√mØ a‰v Im¿´qWnÃpIƒ Bscms°?

Hcp Im¿´q¨ cNn°m≥ Fs¥ms° XbmsdSp∏pIƒ \StØ≠Xp≠v?

$ Bibw $ IYm]m{X߃ $ UbtemKpIƒ $ ImenI {]k‡n
CjvSap≈ BibØn¬ kz¥-ambn Hcp Im¿´q¨ hc®v \ndw \¬IpI.

C¥y≥ Im¿´qWns‚ Ipe]Xn i¶¿ BWv. kzX{¥ C¥ybnse {][m\s∏´ F√m cmjv{Sob
t\Xm°fpw i¶dns‚ Im¿´qWpIfn¬ CSw t\Snbn´p≠v. lmkyckamWv Im¿´qWns‚ ÿmbo
`mhw. lmky Nn{X߃°v ASnÿm\w AXnib]cX (exageration) BWv. kmaqlyam‰Øn\v
Im¿´qWpIƒ Gsd {]tbmP\s∏Sp∂p≠v.
Im¿´q¨ t]mseXs∂ {][m\ imJbmWv Imcnt°®¿. Hcp hy‡nbptStbm
hkvXphnt‚tbm cq]Ønse hyXyÿXIfpw khntijXIfpw lmkymflIambn
\¿Ω`mh\tbmsS Nn{XoIcn°p∂XmWv Imcn-t°-®¿. a\pjycq]߃ am{Xa√ ktNX\hpw
AtNX\hpamb F√m cq]ßfpw AXnib]cX Iq´n°e¿Øn Bhnjv°cn°mhp∂XmWv.
Ip´nIfn¬ kq£va \nco£W ]mShpw A\pIcW tijnbpw h¿≤n∏n°m≥ Imcnt°®¿
cN\bneqsS km[n°pw.

23
hyXykvX Im¿´qWnÃpIfpsS, Imcnt°®dpIƒ tiJcn®v B¬_w Xbmdm°mw
GsX¶nepw Im¿´qWpIfpsS BkzmZ\Ipdn∏v Xbmdm°pI

sImfmjv cN\
Nn{XcN\bnse Hcp apJyam[yaamWv sImfmjv. {^©p`mjbn¬ sImfmjv F∂ ]ZØns‚ A¿∞w
]eXp≠pIƒ H´n®p≠m°nb Nn{Xw F∂mWv. If¿ISemkpIjvW߃, [m\y߃ XpSßnbh
CXn\mbn D]tbmKn°mw. h¿Wt_m[w, cq]t_m[w, Bibhn\nab£aX XpSßnb Nn{XcN\m
tijnIfpw £aX, GIm{KX, kqjvaX XpSßnb KpWßfpw sImfmjv cN\bneqsS e`n°p∂p.
F¬.]n. bq.]n ¢m pIfnse Ip´nIƒ°v hfsc anI® ]T\{]h¿Ø\amWnXv.

sImfmjv \n¿Ωn°m≥ th≠ kma{KnIƒ Fs¥ms°bmWv?

$ ISemkv, h¿WISemkv
$ XpWn IjvW߃
$ ]i
$ ..................................
$ .......................................

24
sImfmjv \n¿ΩmWØns‚ L´ßƒ Fs¥ms°bmWv. N¿® sNøpI.
$ Bibw
$ ]pdwhc
$ kzm`mhnI \nd߃°mbp≈ ISemkpXp≠pIƒ H´n°¬
$ ^n\njnwKv
$ .......................................
$ .......................................
CjvSap≈ BibØn¬ Hcp sImfmjv \n¿Ωn°pI.
ss{]adn ¢mkp-I-fn¬ CXns‚ ]T-\-km-[y-X-Iƒ Fs¥-√m-sa∂v N¿® sNbvXv N¿®m°pdn∏v
Xbmdm°pI.

25
 bqWn‰v 2
KoXhpw hmZ-yhpw

1
Sys.15/Lizy/II semester/Deepa.tr/D.El.Ed._Cur./Art.Edn.Final Correction/16/01/19
 ]T-\t- \-´ß
- ƒ
$ hnZ-ym-`-ym-k-Øn¬ kwKo-X- I-e-bpsS {]k-‡nbpw {]m[m-\-yhpw Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p.
$ hy-X-y-kvX-ß-fmb kwKo-X-im-JIƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. Be-]n-°p-∂p.
2. $ \mS≥]m-´p-Iƒ, imkv{- Xob kwKoXw F∂nh th¿Xn-cn-®d
- n™v A[-ym-]\ tijn ssIh-
cn-°p-∂-Xn\v
$ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ß-fnse Ihn-X-I-fpsS Ah-X-cWw
$ \mZw, {ipXn, Xmfw XpSßn kwKo-XØ
- nse kmt¶-Xn-Ia
- mb Imc-yß
- f
- ne [mc-W t- \Sp∂p.
$ hmtZ-ym-]-I-c-W-߃ Xncn-®-dn-bp-Ibpw, th¿Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw Nneh hmZ\w \S-Øn-t\m-
°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
$ {]tX-yI ]cn-K-W\ A¿ln-°p∂ Ip´n-Isf kwKoX Ie-bn-eqsS sa®-s∏-Sp-ج ˛
[mcW t\Sp∂p.
{][m\ Bi-bß
- ƒ
$ kwKoX]camb _p≤n
$ hnZ-ym-`-ym-k-Øn¬ kwKo-X-I-e-bpsS {]k-‡nbpw km[-y-Xbpw
$ tIc-f-Øns‚ kº-∂-amb kwKo-X-]m-c-º-cyw
3. $ {]Ir-Xnbpw kwKo-Xhpw
$ hy-X-y-kvX-ß-fmb kwKo-X-cq-]-߃
$ Ihn-X-bpsS Bem-]\w
$ kwKo-X-Ønse kmt¶-Xn-I-amb Imc-y-߃
$ hmtZ-ym-]-I-c-W߃.
$ A\p-cq-]o-I-cWw kwKo-X-Øn¬

2
 BapJw
{]]©w a\p-j-y\v I\n™p \¬Inb hc-Zm-\-amWv kwKo-Xw. Cº-ap≈ t]cp-t]m-se-
Xs∂ Bscbpw hio-I-cn-°p∂ AXns‚ amkva-c-`mhw \sΩ GtXm A\p-`q-Xn-bn-te°v
Iq´ns°m≠p t]mIp-∂p. AXv F√m Poh-Pm-e-ß-fp-tSbpw a\- ns\ Iq´n-bn-W-°p-∂p. Hcp
Kmb-Is‚ IWvT-Øn¬ \nt∂m, Hcp hmZ-y-Im-cs‚ Icmw-Kp-eo-b-Øn¬ \nt∂m \n¿K-fn-°p∂,
{ipXn-a-[p-c-amb kwKoXw AXn¬ \n∂p \ap°p ]I¿∂p In´p∂ B\µw Af-hn-√m-ØXpw
A\n¿h-N\ - o-bh
- p-am-bn-cn-°pw. AXv \ap°v bYm¿∞-amb im¥n-bpw, kvt\l-hpw, kmtlmZcyhpw
{]Zm\w sNøp-∂p. temIØv Fhn-sS-bp≈ kwKo-Xa - m-bmepw tIƒhn am{X-bn¬ Xs∂ Bkzm-
Z-yI
- c
- a
- m-Ip-∂p. \ΩpsS a\- ns\ Iq´n-bn-W° - p-∂p. kwKoXw tZiotbm{K-Y\ ktµ-ia - m-Ip∂p.
kwKoXw Be- ] n- ° p∂ Kmb- I \pw Bk- z mZI\pw t{imXmhpw Htc Xe- Ø n¬
\n¬°p∂psh∂-XmWv kwKoXIe-bpsS khn-ti-jX. a\- ns\ BI¿jn-°p∂ Cº-ap≈
[z-\n-Isf ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp-≈-Hcp efn-X-I-e-bmWv kwKo-Xw. kwKo-X-Øns‚ \mZ-ho-Nn-
Iƒ a\p-j-y-a-\- p-I-fn¬ A\p-cW\w sNøp-tºmƒ krjvSn-°p∂ B\-µhpw AXn-eqsS e`n-
°p∂ a\-»m-¥n-bp-am-Wv kwKo-X-Øns‚ ]c-a-amb e£-yw. a\p-j-ys‚ hy-X-ykvX hnIm-c-
ßsf {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-hm≥ kwKo-XØ - n-eqsS km[n-°pw. kwKo-Xs
- a∂ ]Z-Øn\v ""kay°v BIp∂
KoXw'' F∂¿∞w. kay°v F∂m¬ Iq´w F∂mWv A¿∞w. CuWw, Xmfw, {ipXn, `mhw
Ch-sbm-s° Xpe\w sNøp-tºm-gmWv AXv kwKo-X-am-Ip-∂-Xv. {ih-W-kp-µ-c-ß-fmb i_vZ-
߃ sIm≠v a\- n¬ hnIm-c-߃ krjvSn®v ckn-∏n-°p∂ Hcp Ie-bmWv kwKo-Xw. cmK -
Xmf ]Zm{i-b-am-b-Xm-Wv kwKoXw F∂mWv \mS-y-imkv{X-Øn¬ kwKo-X-sØ-°p-dn®v ]d-bp-
∂-Xv. A£-c-ß-fp-tSbpw hm°p-I-fp-tSbpw klm-bt-- ØmsS Bi-b-hn-\n-abw \S-Øp-∂- \mZ-
`m-j-bmWv kwKo-Xw, hnImcßfpsS `mj- IqSn-bmWv kwKo-Xw.
hnZ-ym-`-ym-k-Øn¬ kwKoX Ie-bpsS {]k-‡nbpw {]m[m-\-yhpw Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn-\v.
$ ¢m n¬ ]m´p-]m-Sp-∂-Xn\p th≠n A[-ym-]nI Bh-iy--s∏-Sp--tºmƒ aSn-Iq-SmsX ]mSp-
∂-Xn\v F√m Ip´n-Ifpw Xbm-dm-Im-dpt≠m? F¥mWv \nß-fpsS A\p-`-h-߃? Hcp ]m´p-]m-
Sm≥ Bh-i-y-s∏-Sp--tºmƒ kt¶m-Nan-√msX ]mSm≥ Ign-bm-ØXv F¥p-sIm-≠m-bn-cn°pw.
F∂m¬ Hcp aqfn-∏m-s´-¶nepw ]mSm-Ø-h-cp-t≠m? kwKo-X-]-c-amb _p≤n F√m-a-\p-j-
y-cnepw Ds≠-∂m- Wv ]T-\ß
- ƒ kqNn-∏n°p-∂X - v. Cu _p≤n-kh- n-ti-jX hnI-kn-∏n-°p-∂X
- n\v
]c-ym-]vX-amb Ah-k-c-߃ \ap°v e`n-°p-∂p-t≠m? _lp-ap-J-_p≤n-hn-Im-k-Øn\p≈ Ah-
k-chpw A\p-`-hhpw ss{]a-dn-Xew apX¬ Dd-∏m-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. Du∂¬ \¬Ip-tºmƒ kwKo-
X-]-c-amb _p≤n hnIm-k-Øn\pw ss{]a-dn-Xew apX¬ Ip´n-Iƒ°v Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°p-Ibpw
F√m-h¿°pw Ign-bp-∂X - p-t]mse Bhn-jvIc - n-°m-\p-ap≈ Ignbpw F√m-hcnepw D≠v. _lp-ap-
J-_p≤n kn≤m-¥Ø - n¬ kwKo-X] - c
- a
- mb _p≤nsb kw‘n®v Fs¥√mw hni-Zmw-iß - ƒ \evIn-
bn-´p-≠v? \n߃ Is≠-Ønb Imc-y-߃ Fs¥-√m-amWv. A[-ym-]-I-s\∂ \ne-bn¬ AXv
¢mkvdqw hn\n-a-b-Øn¬ Fß-s\-sbm-s° {]tbm-P-\-I-c-am-°mw. N¿® sNøp-I.

3
]T- \ - t \- ´ - ß ƒ: (hy- X - y - k v X - ß - f mb kwKo- X - i m- J Iƒ ]cn- N - b - s ∏- S p- ∂ p. Be- ] n-
°p- ∂ p)
\n߃°v GsXm-s°-Xcw ]m´p-Iƒ ]mSm≥ Ign-bpw. H∂v Btem-Nn®p t\m°q. hmbvØm-
cn-Iƒ \mS≥]m-´p-Iƒ, kn\n-am-Km-\-߃, inip-Km-\-߃, {]m¿∞-\m-Km-\-߃, tZi-`-‡n-Km-
\-߃, tZio-b-Km\w C\nbpw Nneh IqSn ]d-bm≥ Ign-bpw. (tkm]m-\-k-Ko-Xw, am∏n-f-∏m-
´v......) Ch-bn¬ GXm-bn-cn°pw BZyw ]mSn-Øp-S-ßn-b-Xv. Fßs\bmWv CØcw Km\-ß-fpsS
D¤hw. BtemNn®v t\m°n-bn-´p--t≠m. {]Ir-Xnbpw kwKo-Xhpw XΩn¬ _‘-ap--t≠m.
a\p-j-y-N-cn--{X-tØmfw ]g-°-ap≠v kwKo-X-Øn-\pw. {]Ir-Xn-bnse Cº-am¿∂-Xpw, IuXp-
I-ap-W¿Øp-∂-Xp-amb i_vZ߃ tI´pw Bk-z-Zn®pw A\p-I-cn-®p-amWv kwKoXw Dcp-Øn-cn-
™p-h∂ - X- v. Ah ]n∂oSv CuW-Ønepw Xmf-Øn-ep-ap≈ i_vZß - f- m-bpw, `mj-bpsS Bhn¿`m-
h-tØmsS km¿Y-I-amb hm°p-I-fmbpw hm°p-Iƒ tN¿∂v Km\-ß-fmbpw ]cn-e-kn-®p.
]£n-If - p-tSbpw arK-ßf - p-tSbpw i_vZw, Acp-hn-IfpsS If-IqN\w, Xnc-am-eI - f
- psS i_vZw
Ce-If- psS a¿Ω-cw. apf-¶m-Sp-If - psS Nqfw hnfn. ag-Øp-≈n-If- psS aWn-In-ep°w Im´m-dp-If
- psS
If-I-fm-c-hw. CSn-ap-g°w Ch-sb√mw tN¿∂v a\p-j-y-\n¬ P∑\m Aen™p tN¿∂n-´p≈
Xmf-t_m-[w, kwKo-X-t_m[w, Bk-z-Z-\-tijn, A\p-I-cWw Chsb DW¿Øp-Ibpw Ime-
{ItaW hmbvØm-cn-I-fm-bpw, kz-c-ß-fmbpw hnhn[ imtJm-]-im-J-I-fmbpw ]cn-W-an-°p-Ibpw
sNbvXp. k]vXk - z- c
- ß
- f
- psS D¤-hhpw ]£n-ar-Km-Zn-If - psS i_vZhpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘sØ°pdn-
°p∂ Hcp \mS≥]m-´p-Xs∂ {]Nm-c-Øn-ep-≠v. ""h∂p-Zn-t® \n∂p-Znt® BZ-y-X-y≥ `Khm\pw''
Cu Km\-Øn¬ k]vX-k-z-c-ß-fmb jUvPw (k), Ej`w (cn), Km‘mcw (K), a[-yaw (a),
]©aw (]), ss[hXw ([), \njmZw (\n) Ch bYm-C-I-a-Øn¬ abn¬, Imf, BSv, {Iu©w,
Ipbn¬, IpXn-c, B\ F∂n-h-bpsS i_vZ-sa∂v ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂p.
hmbvØm- c n- I ƒ
h∂p-Znt® \n∂p-Zn-t®.... F∂ Km\w F√m-hcpw tN¿∂v ]mSq....
h∂p-Znt® \n∂p-Zn-t® BZn-X-y≥ ZK-hm\pw
Cs∂¥m `K-hm\pw h∂p-Zn-°m-\n{X Xma-kn-t®
abnep tIdm≥ ama-e-bn¬ abn-em´w I≠v Xma-knt®
Imf-tI-dm≥ s]m≥ aebn¬ Imf-I-fn-I≠v Xma-kn-t®
Bfp-tI-dm≥ amae-bn¬ B-Sp-I-fn-I≠v Xma-kn-t®..
sImºp-tI-dm≥ s]m≥a-e-bn¬ sImºp-I-fn-I≠v Xma-knt®
Ipbnep IqIpw ama-e-bn¬ Ipbn-em´w I≠v Xma-kn-t®
IpXn-c-tIdm≥ ama-e-bn¬ IpXn-c-Ifn I≠v Xma-knt®
am\p-tI-dm≥ ama-e-bn¬ am\m´w I≠v Xma-knt®
B\-tI-dm≥ ama-e-bn¬ B\-Ifn I≠v Xma-kn-t®.
jUvPw (k) abn¬
Ej`w (cn) Imf

4
 Km‘mcw (K) BSv
a≤-yaw (a) {Iu©w
]©aw (]) Ipbn¬
ss[hXw ([) IpXnc
\njmZw (\n) B\
Xm\m-X\- , X\, Im\m-X\
- X
- \
- , sXøvXn-an-ØI Xmc ˛ XnØ-I, sXtømw XI CØcw F{X
hmbvØm-cn-Iƒ \n߃ sNm√n-bn-´p-≠v. tI´n-´p-≠v. {]tX-yI A¿∞w C√m-Ø-hbpw Ie-ap-d-
bmbn hmbvsam-gn-bmbpw ]I¿∂p In´n-b-h-bmWv hmbvØm-cn-Iƒ. Xmf-\n-_-‘-amWv Ch.
hyXykvX CuWhpw Ch-bv°p-≠v. an° \mS≥]m-´p-Iƒ°pw AIw-]-Sn-bmbn hmbvØm-cn-Iƒ
D≠v.
\mtSmSnkwKoXw
km[m-cW P\-ßf - psS Pohn-Xh - p-ambn _‘-s∏´ {]mtZ-inI kwKo-Xa - mWv \mtSmSnkwKo-
Xw. \msSm´v ˛ \mSmsI∂msI ˛ \m´n¬ {]Nm-c-Øn-ep-≈Xv Fs∂m-s°-bp≈ A¿∞-amWv
CXn-\p-≈-Xv. imkv{Xob \n_-‘-\-Iƒ°p XnI®pw ASn-sa-∏-SmØ \mtSmSn kwKoXw efn-
Xhpw Cº-tadn-b-Xp-amWv CXv {KmaoW kwKo-Xw, {Kma-y-kw-KoX AYhm P\-Io-b-kw-Ko-X-am-
Wv. tZi-Øns‚ kwKo-X] - m-cº
- c
- yw hnfnt®mXp∂ \mtSm-Sn-∏m-´p-Iƒ A\p-jvTm-\]
- c
- w, aX-]cw,
sXmgn¬]cw F∂n-ßs\ aq∂p hn`m-K-ß-fn-ep-≠v.
kn\n-am-kw-KoXw
P\-Io-b-kw-Ko-X-amWv CXv. F√m-hn-`mKw P\-ß-fpsS lrZ-b-Øp-Sn-∏p-I-fmWv kn\n-am-Km-
\-߃. ]fin-X-]m-a-c-t`-Z-sa-t\y F√m P\-hn-`m-K-߃°pw {]nb-s∏´ Km\-im-J-bmWv CXv.
i_vZ-kn-\n-a-bpsS D¤hw apX¬ Xs∂ Ah-bnse Km\-ßfpw ]›m-Øe kwKo-Xhpw \sΩ
Gsd hio-Ic - n-°p-∂p. henb Hcp Bi-bsØ lrZ-yh - p-ambn Npcp-ßnb kabw sIm≠v P\-lr-
Z-b-Øn-te°v FØn-°p-hm-\p≈ CXns‚ ]¶v hfsc hep-Xm-Wv. tIc-f-Ønse kn\n-am-im-J-
sb-°p-dn®p ]d-bp--tºmƒ [mcmfw t]sc \Ωƒ°v kvacn-t°-≠X - p-≠v. tbip-Zmkv Bbn-cn°pw
Kmb-I-cn¬ H∂mw \nc-sb-¶n¬ kwKo-X-kw-hn-[m-b-I-cn¬ tZh-cm-P≥ amjn-t\bpw Z£n-W-
aq¿Øn-tb-bpw, chn-{µ≥am-jn-t\bpw Fßs\ hnkva-cn-°pw. ]pXp-X-e-ap-dn-bnse Kmb-I-tcbpw
Hm¿Øp-t\m-°q. Fw.Pn. {ioIp-am¿, tPm¨k¨ amjv, Fw. Pb-N-{µ≥, hnPbv tbip-Zmkv

Z£n-Wa
- q¿Øn chn-{µ≥am-jv tZh-cm-P≥ amjv tbip-Zmkv

5
 tPm¨k¨ amj,v Fkv. Pm\-In
Fw._n. {io\n-hm-k≥

Fw.Pn. {ioIp-am¿ Fw. Pb-N{- µ≥ hnPbv tbip-Zmkv sI.Fkv. Nn{X, -

Cßs\ Cu ]´nI F{X Zo¿L-am-Wv. Fkv. Pm\-In, sI.Fkv. Nn{X, XpS-ßnb {]i-kvX-Km-
bn-I-am-cm-Wv. Fw._n.-{io-\n-hm-k≥ ae-bm-f-Øn\p kΩm-\n® kwKo-X-a-{Xbpw Ncn-{X-am-Wv.
Imev]m-Sp-Iƒ F∂ knan-ab - n-eqsS tbip-Zm-kns\ ]n∂Wn Kmb-I\
- mbn Ah-Xc
- n-∏n-®X
- v Fw._n.
{io\n-hm-k-\m-Wv.
efn-X-kw-KoXw
kmt¶-Xn-IX Gsd-bn-√mØ cmK-Xm-f-ß-fn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-amb Ihn-X-I-fmWv efn-X-Km-\-
߃ Ihn-Xbv°v hy-X-y-kvX-amb CuWhpw Xmfhpw \¬In Km\-am°n am‰p-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-
Xv. {]mtZ-inI `mj-I-fn¬ AX-Xp-tZ-i-Øns‚ kwkvIm-c-hpw, hkvXp-X-Ifpw Bi-b-am-°n-bn-
´p≈ efn-X-Km-\-߃ ISpØ imkv{Xo-b-Xbv°v km[m-cW hiwhZ-cm-Im-dn-√. tIc-f-Øns‚
efn-X-Km-\-imJ kº-∂-am-Wv. Cu imJbv°v {]Np-c-{]-Nmcw t\Sn-s°-Sp-°p-∂-Xn¬ \nXm-¥-
{i-≤-]-Xn-®-h-cmWv sI. cmL-h≥, sI.]n. DZ-b-`m-\p, ]n. `mkvI-c≥, Fw.Pn. cm[m-Ir-jvW≥,
H.F≥.-hn. Ipdp-∏v, Imhmew \mcm-bW
- ∏
- W
- n-°¿, Ad-°¬ \µ-Ip-am¿, sI.]n.-F.-kn. N{µ-ti-J-
c≥ XpS-ßn-b-h¿ efn-X-Km-\-im-Jsb P\-ß-fn¬ FØn-°p-hm≥ BIm-i-hm-Wn-bpsS kw`m-
h\ kap-∂-Xm-Wv.
am∏n- f - ∏ m- ´ p- I ƒ
ap…nw P\-hn-`m-KØ
- ns‚ BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\ß - fpw Bi-bß - fpw kmln-Xy- c- q-]Ø- n¬ Ihn-
X-I-fm°n ]mSp∂ ]m´p-I-fmWv am∏n-f-∏m-´p-Iƒ. efn-X-amb CuW-Øn¬ Xmf-Øn¬ Nn´-s∏-Sp-
Øn-bn-´p≈ am∏n-f∏
- m-´p-Iƒ Imh-y`- w-Knbpw hrØ-\n-_≤
- X
- bpw D≈-hb- m-Wv. am∏n-f∏- m-´p-Iƒ°v
6
{]t-X-yIw Hcp Hcp ssien-Xs∂ \ne-hn-ep-≠v. tambn≥Ip´n sshZ-ysc
]cm-a¿in-°msX am∏n-f-∏m-´ns\°pdn®v Hm¿°m≥ Ign-bn-√.
tkm]m-\-kw-KoXw
tIc-fØ- ns‚ X\Xv kwKo-Xi - m-Jb
- m-Wn-Xv. t£{X {iotIm-hn-ens‚
tkm]m-\-]-Sn-°p-ap-∂n¬ CSbv° sIm´n-∏m-Sp∂ ssien-bmWv tkm]m-
\-kw-Ko-XØn-\p-≈X - v. KoXm-tKm-hn-µØ
- nse AjvS] - Z- n-Iƒ, kzm-Xn-Xn-cp-
\mƒ IrXn-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh - b
- mWv sIm´n-∏mSn tkhbv°v ]›m-Øe - Ø- n¬
tkm]m\ kwKo-X-ambn Be-]n-°m-dp-≈-Xv. sRc-fØv cma-s]m-Xp-hmƒ
sRc-fØv
Cu taJ-e-bnse Icp-Øp‰ hy-‡n-X-z-am-bn-cp-∂p.
cma-s]m-Xp-hmƒ

IY- I - f n- k w- K oXw
tkm]m-\k - w-Ko-XØ
- n¬ \n∂p DS-se-SpØ kwKoX ssien-bmWv IY-Ifn kwKo-XØ - n-\p-
≈Xv. IqSn-bm´w \ß-ym¿IpØv Ch-bnepw CtX kwKo-X-co-Xn-bm-Wv D≈-Xv. IqSnbm´w \ß-
ym¿IqØv Ch-bnepw CtX kwKo-X-co-Xn-bm-Wv. D≈-Xv. IY-IfnkKo-X-Øn¬ c≠p-Km-b-I¿
s]m∂m-\nbpw, in¶n-Snbpw tNßn-es
- Im´n IY-If
- n-∏Z- ß
- ƒ tkm]m\ kwKo-Xs - si-en-bn¬ ]mSp-
∂p. ]›m-Øe - Ø- n¬ a±-fw, sN≠, tNßne XpS-ßnb hmZ-yß - f
- pw, D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. IY-Ifn
kwKo-X-Øn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ ]Z-߃ B´-°-Ym-km-ln-Xy hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏-Sp-∂-h-bm-Wv.

\oeI-WvT\
- º
- o-i≥ Iem-afi
- ew sslZ-ce
- n Iem-afi
- ew lcn-Zm-kv,

\oeI-WvT-\-ºo-i≥ Iem-a-fiew sslZ-c-en, Iem-a-fiew lcn-Zm-kv, XpS-ß-eb IY-

Ifn Kmb-I¿ Gsd-bp-≠v.
IY-If - n-kw-KoXw C∂v Ipd-®p-IqSn imkv{Xo-bk
- w-Ko-Xm-[n-jT
v n-Xa
- m-bmWv Bem-]\w \SØn
hcp-∂-Xv. tkm]m-\ -kw-Ko-X-co-Xn°v am‰w h∂n-´p-≠v.
h©n- ∏ m- ´ p- I ƒ
h≈w Ifn°v ]›m-Øe
- Ø
- n¬ ]mSp∂ ]m´p-If
- mWv h©n-∏m-´p-Iƒ. NnSp-ehpw {ZpX-am-bn-

7
´pf ]m´p-I-fmWv h©n-∏m-´p-Iƒ. {]tX-yIXmf-Øn¬ CuW-Øn¬ ssien-bn¬ Be-]n-°p∂
]m´p-Iƒ h≈-°m¿°v Dt∑-jhpw DW¿hpw \¬Ip-∂p. kwLw tN¿∂p≈ Bem-]\w h©n-
∏m-´ns‚ {]tX-y-I-X-bm-Wv. tIcfØns‚ kz-¥-sa∂v hnti-jn-∏n-°p∂ \mtSm-Sn-∏m-´mWv h©n-
∏m´v AYhm h≈wIfn-∏m-´p-Iƒ.
sXbvsX-bvsXbv, XnØn-Øm-cm-sXbv F∂ hmbvØmcn Ihn-X-bnse hcn-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬
Bh¿Øn-®m-h¿Øn®v sNm√p-tºmƒ NSp-e-am-Ip-∂p Cu Bem-]-\w.

{]m¿∞-\m-Km-\-߃

hnZ-ym-eb
- ß
- ƒ Bcw-`n-°p-∂Xp Xs∂ {]m¿∞-\m-Km-\t- Øm-sS-bm-Wv. {]]-©i
- ‡
- nsb
kvacn-°m\pw Xs‚ a\- ns\ GIm-{K-am-°m\pw CXv klm-b-I-c-am-Ip-∂p. kvIqfp-I-fn¬ hnZ-
ym¿∞n-Iƒ H∂n®pIqSn efn-X-amb CuW-Øn¬ F√m-h¿°pw ]mSm-hp∂ (k¿h-aX {]m¿∞-
\) Km\-ß-fm-hWw AA-em-]-\-Øn\v sXsc-s™-Sp-°p-hm≥ hnZ-ym¿∞n-I-fn¬ GI-Xm-`mhw
Iq´mbva {i≤ Ch hf¿Øm≥ CXn-eqsS Ign-bp-∂p.

Ip™n- ° - h n- X - I ƒ

IYbpw Ihn-Xbpw tIƒ°m≥ Ip´n-Iƒ°v Gsd IuXp-Ia - m-Wv. ck-Ic

- a
- mb Ihn-XI
- ƒ,
IYm-I-hn-X-Iƒ, Ifn-∏m-´p-Iƒ, Ip™p-Æn-°-hn-X-Iƒ Ch efn-X-amb CuW-Øn¬ AA-e-]n-
°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. CXp-hgn Xmf-t_m-[hpw, i_vZw Ipd®pw Iq´nbpw ]mSm\pw D≈ Ign-hp-Iƒ
B¿Pn°pw.

tZi- ` - ‡ n- K m- \ - ß ƒ

Gh-cnepw tZi-kvt\lw Df-hm-Ip∂ Km\-ß-fm-Wn-h. Xmfm-fl-I-amb Cu Km\-ß-fn¬

kmlnXy-Øn\v Gsd {]m[m-\-y-ap-≠v. kwL-ambn ]mSm≥ Ign-bp∂ CØcw [mc-mfw Km\-
߃ \Ωƒ°v D≠v. kwL-t_m-[w, Bfl-hn-i-zm-kw, Xmf-t_m-[w, kl-h¿Øn-Xzw Ch CXn-
eqsS B¿Pn-°mw. P∑-Im-cnWn`mc-Xw, kmtc-Pl
- msk A—m tlmwsK Imav bm_v XpS-ßn hy-
X-y-kvX`m-j-bn-ep≈ [mcmfw Km\-߃ {]Nm-cØn-ep-≠v. Cu imJ A\p-Zn\w hnImkw
{]m]n®p hcp-∂p.

tZio-b-Km\w

\ΩpsS tZio-bK- m\w Adn-bm-Øh

- c
- mbn Bcpw D≠m-In-√. `mc-XØ
- ns‚ kwkvIm-chpw
sshhn[yhpw hnfn-t®m-Xp∂ cho-{µ-\mY SmtKm-dns‚ "P\-K-W-a\' F∂ Km\-amWv \ΩpsS
tZio-b-Km-\w. CXns‚ A¿∞w Dƒs°m≠v ]mSp-hm≥ A[-ym-]I hnZ-ym¿∞n-I-fmb \Ωƒ
{i≤n-t°-≠X - p≠v.

tIcf-Øns‚ kwKo-Xi - m-Js- b-°p-dn®p ]d-bm-\m-sW-¶n¬ C\nbpw [mcm-fa - p-≠v. hn¬∏m-

´v, Xp≈¬∏m-´v, ]p≈p-h≥]m-´v, hS-°≥]m-´v, ]S-bW- n-∏m-´v, ]qc-∏m-´v.............. Cßs\ Gsd-\ofw
Ch At\-z-jn®v Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ B°p-I.

8
imkv{Xo-b-kw-KoXw

at‰-sXmcp imkv{X-Øn-s\-∂t- ]mse IrX-ya - mb IW-°p-Ibp cq]-LS- \

- bpw ka-hm-Iy- -
ßfpw imkv{Xo-b-kw-Ko-X-Øn-\p-ap-≠v. i_vZ-Øns‚ `uXn-I-im-kv{X-]-c-hpw, KWn-X-im-kv{X-
]-ch
- p-amb XX-zß
- ƒ°v hnt[-ba - mbn Hcp i_vZt- {i-Wn-bn¬ cq]w-sIm≠ hy-Xy- kvX Bhr-Øn-
Ifpw (Frequency) ]c-kv]c kz-c-t®¿®bv°pw D≈ k]vX-k-z-c-ßfpw AhbpsS 12 kz-c-ÿm-
\-ß-fp-amWv imkv{Xob kwKo-X-Øns‚ ASn-Ø-d.

DXv`hw ˛ hf¿®
imkv{Xob kwKo-X-Øns‚ hf¿® kma-th-Z-Øn¬ \n∂mWv thZ-a{¥ßfpsS D®m-c-W-
Øn¬ \n∂v \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ sIm≠v kzm-`m-hn-Ia
- mbn cq]-s∏-´p-h∂
- X - mWv k]vXk
- z- c
- ß
- ƒ. {ItaW
Ah cn, K, a, [, \n F∂o kz-c-ßfpw Ah-bpsS hy-X-ykvX hI-t`-Z-ß-fp-ambn 16 kz-c-ß-fn-
te°v (tjmU-i˛ kz-cß - ƒ) hnImkw {]m]n®p Cu kz-cß - f - psS hnImkw hgn {Ia-kº - q¿W-
amb Btcm-lW Ah-tcm-l-W-tØm-Sp-Iq-Snb 72 taf-I¿Øm-cm-K-߃ D≠m-bn.
//k cn K a ] [ \n k//
//k \n [ ] a K cn k// (CXmWv {Ia-k-ºq¿Æ-amb Btcm-lW Ah-tcm-l-Ww)
Cu Fgp-]-Øn-c≠v cmK-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw [mcmfw P\-y-cm-K-߃ cq]-s∏-´p. (taf-I¿Øm
cmK-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw Dcp-Øn-cn™p h∂ cmK-ß-fmWv P\-y-cm-K-߃). Btcm-lW Ah-tcm-l-
W-ß-fn¬ Nne kz-c-ßsf h¿Pn®pw (kcnK]\nk, k\n]Kcnk) kz-c-{I-a-Øn¬ am‰w hcp-
Ønbpw (kKcn Ka-]-[]k) sshhn-[-y-am¿∂ [mcmfw cmK-߃ cq]w sIm≠pw AXv C∂pw
XpS¿∂p hcp-∂p. {]i-kvX-kw-Ko-X-⁄≥ tUm. _me-ap-c-fo-IrjvW "ehwKn' t]mep≈ ]e-
cm-K-ßfpw I≠p-]n-Sn-®n-´p-≠v. CXn¬ BsI 4 kz-c-ß-fmWv (kcn-a-[-k, k[-a-cn-k) D≈-sX-
¶nepw CXns‚ Bem-]\ km[-yX hn]p-e-am-Wv.
cmKß-fpsS D¤-h-tØmsS [mcmfw imkv{Xob cq]-ßfpw D≠mbn (KoXw, h¿Æw,
Io¿Ø\w, Xn√m-\....) B hf¿® A\-k-yqXw XpS¿∂p hcp-∂p.
`mc-XobkwKoXw
GI-tZiw aqhm-bncw h¿j-߃ ]g-°-ap≈ kwKo-X-]m-c-º-c-y-am-Wv \ap-°p-≈-Xv. `mc-X-
Ønse hnhn[ {]tZ-i-ß-fne hy-X-ykvX P\-hn-`m-K-ß-fpsS CS-bn¬ Ah-cpsS BNm-c-߃,
Bcm[\, hnt\m-Zw, sXmgn¬, kwkvImcw F∂n-h-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ \m\m-co-Xn-bn-ep≈
kwKoX cq]-ßfpw ssien-Ifpw cq]w-]q≠v {]N-cn®p hcp-∂p. F∂m¬ `mc-Xob kwKoXw
apJ-ya
- mbn imkv{- X-ob
- a
- mbn AwKo-Ic
- n-®n-´p≈ c≠p k{º-Zm-bß
- f
- n¬ hnI-kn®p. AXv I¿Æm-
SI kwKo-Xw, lnµp-ÿm\n kwKoXw F∂n-h-bmWv. Ggp-k-z-c-ßfpw, hy-X-y-kvX-ß-fmb cmK-
ß-fp-amWv c≠p k{º-Zm-b-ß-fp-tSbpw ImXemb `mKw, cmKw, Xmfw F∂n-h-bn¬ kam-\-X-
Iƒ D≠v F¶nepw B-em-]-\-ssi-en, Km\-cq-]-ß-fpsS LS\ F∂nh Ahsb apJ-y-amb c≠v
kc-Wn-Ifmbn \ne-\n¿Øp-∂p.

9
lnµp-ÿm-\n-kw-KoXw
`mc-XobkwKoXw GI-tZiw 12˛mw \q‰m-≠p-hsc lnµp-ÿm\n I¿Æm-´nIv th¿Xn-cnhv
C√msX s]mXp-hmb Hcp kc-Wn-bmbn Hgp-Ip-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ AXn-\p-tijw t]¿j-
y≥ kwKo-XØ - ns‚ kzm-[o-\Ø- n¬s∏´v hSt° C¥-yb - n¬ Hcp k¶-ck - w-KoXw cq]-s∏-Sp-Ibpw
Ime-{Ia-Øn¬ B k{º-Zm-b-Øn\v X\-Xmb hy-‡n-Xzw ssIh-cn-°p-Ibpw AXv lnµp-
ÿm\nkwKoXw F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-bs - ∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. 13˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Pohn-®n-cp∂ t]¿j-
y≥ Ihnbpw Kmb-I-\p-am-bn-cp∂ "Aao¿ Jpkvtdm' BWv "Jym¬' F∂ at\m-l-c-amb kwKo-
X-cq-]Ø
- neqsS lnµp-ÿm\nkwKo-XØ - n\v ASn-Ød ]mIn-bX - v. AIv_¿N-{I-h¿Øn-bpsS `c-
W-Imew lnµp-ÿm\nkwKo-X-Øns‚ kph¿Æ-Im-e-L-´-am-bn-cp-∂p. temIw Bcm-[n-°p∂
anbm-Xm≥tk≥ AIv_¿ N-{I-h¿Øn-bpsS cmP-kZ-   - nse Bÿm\ hnZ-zm≥ Bbn-cp-∂p. lnµp-
ÿm\nkwKoXw DØ-tc-¥-y≥ kwKoXw F∂ t]cnepw Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. {][m-\s-- ∏´ 10 Ym´p-
Ifpw (taf cmKw) Ah-bpsS P\-y-cm-K-ß-fp-amWv Cu k{º-Zm-b-Øn¬ D≈-Xv. "_nem-h≥'
BWv ASn-ÿm-\t- afw. lnµp-ÿm\n kwKo-XØ - n\v Hcp Nn´-bp-≠m-°n-bXv ]fin‰v hnjvWp-
\m-cm-b-W≥ `m´vJm¨tU F∂ kwKo-X-⁄-\m-Wv.
{[p]-Xv, Jym¬, Tp{an, S∏, NXp-cw-Kv, Zm{Z-,X-cm\ F∂n-h-bmWv apJ-y-kw-KoX cq]-߃.
cp{Z-hoW knØm¿, ktcmZv, _mwkp-cn, sjl-\m-bv, kmcw-Kn, k¥q¿, lm¿tam-Wn-bw, X_-e,
]°m-hPv F∂nhbmWv {][m\ hmZ-y-߃.
Xo≥Xmƒ, Xn¬hm-U, PXvXmƒ, S∏m-Xmƒ, ]©m-_n-Xmƒ, KP’w-
]vXmƒ, ]©w-Xmƒ, Zo]vNµn, ’pwcm, BUm-Nu-Xmƒ, Zam¿, G‡mƒ,
cq]-‡mƒ. Xo{hm. NuXmƒ, Zmc-Zc F∂n-hb
- mWv {][m-\s
- ∏´ Xmf-߃.
Xm≥tk≥, ]fin‰v PkvcmPv, `owsk≥ tPmjn, DkvXmZv Aao¿Jm≥,
am≥knMv tXma¿, tKm]m¬ \mb-Iv, lcn-{]-kmZv Nuckn XpS-ßn-b-h¿
Cu cKsØ Nne {]Xn-`-I-fm-Wv.

Xm≥tk≥

]fin‰v PkvcmPv `owsk≥ tPmjn DkvXmZv Aao¿Jm≥ lcn-{]-kmZv Nuckn

10
I¿Æm- S I kwKoXw
Z£n-tW-¥y- ≥ kwÿm-\ß - f
- mb Xan-gv\m-Sv, B{‘-{]-tZ-iv, I¿Æm-SI
- w, tIcfw F∂n-hn-
S-ß-fn¬ GI-tZiw 600 h¿j-ß-fmbn {]Nm-c-Øn-ep≈ Hcp imkv{Xob kwKo-X-im-J-bmWv
I¿WmSI kwKo-Xw. {io ]pc-µ-c-Zm-k¿ BWv I¿Æm-SI kwKo-X-Øns‚ \thm-∞m-\-in-
ev]nbpw, kwKoX-]n-Xm-al- \pw. C∂v \ne-hn-ep≈ kwKoX {Xnap¿Øn-If - mb apØp-kz- man Zo£n-
X¿ Xym-K-cm-P, iym-a-im-kv{Xn-Iƒ F∂n-h¿ Pohn-®n-cp∂ 18˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ DØ-cm¿≤w 19˛mw
\q‰m-≠ns‚ ]q¿∆m¿≤w Ch-bmWv I¿Wm-S-I-kw-Ko-X-Øns‚ kph¿W Ime-L-´w. tIc-f-
Ønt‚Xv XncphnXmw-Iq¿ `cn-®n-cp∂ {io.k-zm-Xn-Xn-cp-\mƒ alm-cm-Pm-hns‚ Ime-hp-am-Wv.
{io. kzm-Xn-Xn-cp-\mƒ hnhn[ `mj-I-fn-embn DXvIr-jvS-ß-fmb At\Iw IrXn-Iƒ hy-X-
ykvX `mj-I-fn-embn cNn-°p-Ibpw \m´nepw adp-\m-´n-ep-ap≈ \nc-h[n kwKo-X-⁄sc Xs‚
cmP-kZ n¬ aXn-bmb BZ-chv \evIp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cc-bn-Ω≥ Xºn, Ip´n-°p™p X¶®n,
jUvIme-tKm-hn-µa - m-cm¿, ]me-°mSv ]c-ta-iz- c `mK-hX
- ¿ XpS-ßn-bh
- ¿ I¿Wm-SI
- k
- w-Ko-XØ
- nse
aebmf-°-c-bnse \nd-km-∂n-[-y-ambncp∂p. sNssº sshZ-y-\mY `mK-h-X¿, sh®q¿l-cn-lc
kp{_“Wyø¿, _n. iin-Ip-am¿, s\øm-‰n≥Ic hmkp-tZh≥ tbip-Zmkv, Ipam-c-tI-c-f-h¿Ω,
amth-en-°c {]`m-I-c-h¿Ω XpS-ßn-b-h¿ Cu cwKsØ AXp-ey {]Xn-`-I-fm-Wv.

sNssº sshZ-y-\mY sh®q¿l-cn-lc amth-en-°c

`mK-h-X¿ kp{_“Wyø¿ {]`m-I-c-h¿Ω

Ipam-ct- I-cf
- h
- ¿Ω, _n. iin-Ip-am¿ s\øm-‰n≥Ic hmkp-tZh≥

11
 ]T- \ - t \- ´ - ß ƒ (]mT- ] p- k v X - I - ß - f nse Ihn- X - b psS B- e m- ] - \ w.
Ihn-X-I-fpsS Bk-zm-Z-\-Øn¬ kwKo-X-Øn¬ Awi-߃°pw ]¶p-≠v. Xmfw, CuWw
A\p-tbm-P-y-ambn Iq´n-t®¿°ptºmƒ Ihn-X-bpsS B¥-cnI`wKn IqSpX¬ `wKn-bp-≈-Xm-°p-
∂p. IhnX°v CuWw \evIp-tºmƒ Ihn-Xb - psS `mhm¿∞-Øn\v tIm´w X´m-Øh - n[hpw A\p-
tbm-Py- a
- mb Xmf-Øn-ep-am-IW
- w. AXn-at- \m-lc- a
- mb kn\n-am-Km-\ß
- fpw Kk-ep-Ifpw tIƒ°p∂
Ip´n°v hnc-k-X-bp≠mIpw hn[w Ihn-X-bpsS CuWw amd-cp-Xv. A[-ym-]-I-hn-Z-ym¿∞n-Iƒ ]e
Bh¿Øn Ihn-X-Iƒ CuW-Øn¬ sNm√n-bn-SWw ¢mkn¬ Ah Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-tºmƒ thW-
sa∂p hnNm-cn-®m¬ \ap°v ˛ Gh¿°pw CXv Ign-bp-Ibpw sNøpw.
v]T- \ - t \- ´ - ß ƒ
\mZw, {ipXn, Xmfw XpSßn kwKo-X-Ønse kmt¶-XnIamb Imc-y-ß-fn¬ [mc-W- t\-
Sp∂p.
\mZw:˛
km[m-c-W-bmbn \mw tIƒ°p∂ i_vZsØ \mZw, kvt^mSw F∂n-ßs\ c≠mbn Xcw-
Xn-cn-°mw. tIƒ°m≥ Cº-ap-≈Xpw a\- ns\ kt¥mjn-∏n-°p-∂-Xp-amb i_vZsØ kvt^mSw
F∂p hnfn-°mw. {ih-W-kp-J-tØmSp IqSn-bXpw A\p-c-W\w sNøp-∂-Xp-amb GsXmcp [z-\n-
bmtWm a\-j-y-a-\- ns\ BI¿jn-°p-∂Xv B [z-\nsb \mZw F∂pw ]dbmw.
{ipXn:˛
kmb-I¿ ]mSp--tºmgpw hmZ-y-Im-c≥ hmZ\w \S-Øp-tºmgpw B[m-c-ambn Ah-ew-_n-°p∂
\mZsØ {inXn-sb∂pw ]d-bmw.
F∂m¬ kwKoX imkv{X-{]-Imcw kq£va-abpw hy-‡-ambpw tIƒ°m≥ Ign-bp∂ \mZ-
Øns‚ sNdnb IWn-I-bmWv {ipXn. kcn-K-a-]-[-\nk F∂ kz-cm-jvS-I-Øn¬ hy-‡-amb 22 {ipXn-
Iƒ D≈-Xmbn IW-°m-°p-∂p.
kzcw:˛
kwKo-X-Øn\v Ahn-`m-P-y-ambn´p≈ LS-I-amWv kz-cw. {ipXn-bn¬ \n∂v D¤-hn® kz-c-
߃ {][m-\-ambpw Ggm-Wv. k]vX-k-z-c-߃ jUvPw, Ej`w, Km‘m-cw, a[-y-aw, ]©-aw, ss[h-
Xw, \njmZw F∂n-h-bmWv. kz-c-ß-fpsS hn`n∂ t`Z-ßfn¬ \n∂v cmK-ß-fpw, Km\-cq-]-ßfpw Dcp-
Øn-cn-bp-∂p.
kz-cß- f - n¬ {]Ir-Xn-kz- c
- ß
- ƒ hnIr-Xn-kz- c- ß
- ƒ F∂v c≠v {][m-\L - S- I
- ß
- ƒ D≠v. jUvPw
(-k) ]©aw (]) {]IrXn kz-c-߃ BWv. Ch AN-X-k-z-c-߃, ASn-ÿm-\-k-z-c߃, B[m-
c-{ip-Xn-kz- c
- ߃ F∂pw Adn-bs - ∏-Sp-∂p. cn, K, a, [, \n F∂o kz-cß
- ƒ°v hI-t`-`ß- ƒ- D-≠v.
AXp-sIm≠v Ahsb hnIr-Xn-k-z-c-߃ F∂pw ]d-bp-∂p. cn ˛ 3, K ˛ 3, a ˛ 2, [ ˛ 3, \n ˛ 3
Aßs\ 14 kz-c-ßfpw k, ] Ch IqSn BIp-tºmƒ 16 kz-c-ß-fmbpw Ah-ÿnXn sNøp-∂p.
jUvPw, ip≤-Ej- `
- w, NXp¿{ip-Xn-Ej- `
- w, jUv{ipXn˛ Ej-`w, ip≤-km-‘m-cw, km[m-cW - -
km-‘m-cw, A¥-c-Km-‘m-cw, ip≤-a-[-y-aw, {]Xn-a-[-y-aw, ]©-aw, ip≤-ss[-h-Xw, NXp¿{ip-Xn-

12
ss[-h-Xw, jUv{ipXnss[h-Xw, ip≤-\n-jmZw, ssIinIn \njm-Zw, ImIfn \njmZw F∂n-h-
bmWv 16 kz-c-߃
cmKw
CuWw F∂pw CXns\ hnti-jn-∏n-°pw. kz-c-h¿W-ß-fm¬ Aew-IrX-ambn a\p-j-y-a-\-
 ns\ B\-µn-∏n-°m≥ Ign-bpw hn[-ap≈ [z-\n-hn-ti-j-ß-fpsS ktΩ-f-\-amWv cmKw. I¿Æm-
S-I-kwKo-X-Øn¬ FÆ-a‰ cmK-߃ D≠v. I¿Æm-S-I-kw-Ko-X-Øn¬ BZ-y-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏-
Sp∂ cmK-amWv ambm-am-f-h-Ku-f. cmK-ßfn¬ {][m-\-ambpw taf-I-¿-Øm-cm-K-߃ P\-y-cm-K-
߃ F∂o c≠p-hn-`m-K-ß-fmWv D≈-Xv.

cmK-ßfpw Ah-bnse Nne kn\n-am-Km-\-ßfpw

cmKw Km\w Nn{Xw kwKoXw

Ie-ymWn (taf-I¿Øm-cm-Kw) kz¿Æ-®m-acw b£n tZh-cm-P≥amÿ

Ie-ymWn (taf-I¿Øm-cm-Kw) s]m¬Øn-¶ƒ Ie Ipam-c-kw-`hw tZh-cm-P≥amÿ

Jc-l-c-{]nb(taf-I¿Øm-cm-Kw) DØ-cm-k-z-bw-hcw Ubv©¿ _nkv°‰v Z£n-W-aq¿Øn

Z¿_mcn Im\U Bbncw ]mZ-k-c-߃ \Zn tZh-cm-P≥amÿ

(taf-I¿Øm-cm-Kw)

Imwt_mPn (P\y-cm-Kw) i‡n-abw tZhn-I-\-ym-Ip-amcn tZh-cm-P≥amÿ

ambm-am-f-h-fuK ]h-\-c-s®-gp-Xp-∂p hnb‰v\mw tImf\n Fkv._me-IrjvW≥

(taf-I¿Øm-cm-Kw)

\T-ss`-chn kwKo-Xta k¿Kw t_mws_ chn

(taf-I¿Øm-cm-Kw)

Xmfw
]m´ns‚ thK-Xsb \nb-{¥n-°p∂ {]hr-Øn-bmWv Xmfw. \n›nX thK-Øn¬ Bh¿Øn®v
hcp∂ Ne-\-sa∂pw CXns\ ]d-bmw. lrZ-b-an-Sn-∏p-t]mse t¢m°n-s‚ s]≥Upew t]mse
AXn-kq-£va-amb CS-th-f-I-fmWv Chbv°v D≈-Xv. I¿Æm-S-I-kw-Ko-X-Øn¬ {][m-\-s∏´
Xmf߃ Gsg-Æ-amWv {[ph-Xm-fw, aT-y-Xm-fw, cq]-I-Xm-fw, ’w]-Xmfw, {Xn]p-S-Xm-fw, AS-
Xmfw, GI-Xm-fw, F∂n-ßs\bmWv Ah-bpsS t]cp-Iƒ.
k]]v-X-Xm-f-߃ Ahbv°v Xn{iw, NXp-c-{iw, Jfiw, an{iw F∂v A©v PmXn-Iƒ,
Ahbv°v Xn{i-\-S, NXp-c-{i-\-S, Jfi-\-S, an{i-\S F∂v 5 \S-Iƒ Aßs\175 Xmf-ßfmWv
\ap°v D≈-Xv. (k]vX-Xm-f-߃ x ]©-\S x ]©-PmXn x 7 x 5 x 5 = 175 Xmf-߃)

13
 hcn-i-Iƒ
k]vXk - z- c
- ß
- sf hy-Xy- k
- vXa
- m¿∂ ]mt‰-Wp-Iƒ B°p-∂X - mWv hcn-iI
- ƒ. \mw ]e {]mh-
iy-sagpXn A£-cß - ƒ lrZn-ÿa - m°pw t]mse \mZ-`m-jb
- mb kwKo-XØ- n¬ Cu kz-cß- sf
]e Bh¿Øn tI´pw A\p-I-cn-®p-amWv kq£va-am¿∂ Btµm-f\w (Frequency) t\Sp-∂-Xv.
A`-ym-k-Km-\w F∂ hn`m-K-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≈ kc-fn-h-cn-i-Iƒ Pfi, (Cc-´) hcn-i-
Iƒ, Zm´p-h-cn-i-Iƒ, Ae-¶mcw XpSßn [mcmfw hI-t`-Z-߃ D≠v.
I¿Æm-SI kwKo-Xh - p-ambn _‘--s∏´ [mcmfw kmt¶-XnI Imc-yß - ƒ (at\m-[¿Ω kwKo-
Xw, hy-X-ykvX A`-ym-k-Km-\-߃, cmK-hn-`-P-\-\w) C\nbpw Ah-ti-jn-°p-∂h kz-¥-ambn
At\zjn°q.

]T-\-t\´w

hmtZym-]-I-c-W-߃ Xncn-®-dn-bp-Ibpw th¿Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw Nneh hmZ\w \S-Øp-Ibpw

sNøp∂p.
Nnc-]-cn-Nn-X-amb Nne hmtZ-ym-]-I-c-W-߃ GsX-√m-am-Wv. ]©-hm-Z-y-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-
°p∂ hmZ-y-߃, IY-I-f-e-bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ hmZ-y-߃ Km\-ta-f-I-fn-ep-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂h
Ch-sbms° {i≤n-®n-´pt≠m Fs¥-√m-amWv {]tX-y-I-X-Iƒ Fß-s\-sbms° AXns\ Xcw
Xncn-°m≥ Ign-bpw.
hmZ-y-߃
hn]p-ea
- mb Hcp kwKo-Xi - m-Jb
- mWv hmZ-yk
- w-Ko-Xw. `mc-Xob kwKo-XØ
- nepw hmZ-yk
- wKo-
X-Øn\v {][m\ ÿm\-am-Wp-≈-Xv. AIm-e-Øn¬ \sΩ hn´p-]n-cn™ ab-en≥ am{¥n-I≥
_me`mkvIsd Fßs\ \mw ad-°pw. \n¿an-Xn, {]tbm-K-co-Xn, D]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p≈ hkvXp-°ƒ
F∂n-h-bn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amWv hntZ-ym-]-I-cW hn`-P-\w. A\h-≤w, XXw, kpjn-cw, L\w F∂n-
h-bmWv {][m-\-X-cw-Xn-cn-hv. D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ hkvXp-°ƒ A\p-k-cn-®p≈ hn`-P-\-am-Wn-Xv.
A\- h - Z y hmZ- y - ß ƒ/XpI¬ hmZyw
arK-ßfpsS tXm¬, As√-¶n¬ tXm¬ D]-tbm-Kn®v \n¿an-®n-´p≈ hmtZ-ym-]-I-c-W-ß-fm-WnXv.
ssIIƒ sIm≠v X´n-bpw, Iºp-IƒsIm≠v X´nbpw Dc-knbpw hmbn-°p∂ hmtZ-ym-]-I-c-W-ß-
fmWv A\-h≤- h- m-Zy- ß
- ƒ AYhm XpI¬ hmZ-yß
- ƒ. ]m›m-Xy kwKo-XØ
- n¬ Ch s]¿°j≥
C≥kv{Sp-sa‚ v F∂m-W-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

arZwKw sN≠ a±fw

14
 Xhn¬ FSbv° X_e

Xnane K©nd LSw

kp£n- c - hm- Z - y - ß ƒ
Cud, apf, temlw XpS-ßnb hkvXp-°-fn¬ kpjn-c-߃ D≠m°n Ah-bn-eqsS hmbp
ISØnhn´v \mZw Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°s-- ∏-Sp∂ hmZ-yß
- ƒ. hmtZ-ym-]I
- c
- W
- ß
- f
- n¬ kpjn-cß
- ƒ D≠m°n
Ah-bn-eqsS hmbp IS-Øn-hn´v ssIhn-c-ep-Iƒ sIm≠v Xpd∂pw AS-®p-amWv Ch-bn¬ \mZ-ho-
Nn-Iƒ krjvSn-°s- ∏-Sp-∂X
- v.
HmS-°p-g¬ AYhm ]p√m-¶p-g¬, _mwkqcn Ch apf-bn¬ \n¿an-®n-´p-≈-h-hm-Wv. IqSmsX
¢mcn\‰v _yq-Knƒ, {Sw]-‰v, \mK-k-z-cw, il-\m-bn, sImºv Ipg¬ XpS-ßn-bh DZm-lcWam-Wv.
]m›m-Xy-kw-KoXØn¬ Chsb hn≥Uv C≥kv{S-sa‚ vkv F∂pw hn`-Pn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

HmS-°p-g¬/]p√m-¶p-g¬ ¢mcn\‰v _yq-Knƒ

15
 {Sw]-‰ \mK-kz- c
- w il-\m-bn

sImºv Ipg¬

X{¥n- h m- Z - y - ß ƒ (XX- h m- Z - y - ß ƒ)
X{¥n-Iƒ AYhm Iºn-If - n¬ X´n i_vZa
- p-≠m-°p∂ Bibw Aºpw hn√pw XΩn¬ X´p-
tºmgp-≠m-Ip∂ i_vZØ - n¬ \n∂mWv e`n-®X
- .v thS≥am¿ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂ hn√n¬ Rm¨sI´v
Aºv sXmSpØv hnSp-tºmƒ D≠m-Ip∂ ""Szmbv'' i_vZw Cu Bi-b-Øn\v cq]w \¬In. iX-
hmZ-y-߃ X{¥n-hm-Z-y-߃ F∂ hn`m-K-Øn¬ [mcmfw hmtZ-ym-]-I-c-W-߃ cq]w-sIm-≠p.
πmhv, tX°v ISn-bn¬ {]tX-y-I-coXnbn¬ \n¿an-®n-´p≈ N´-°q-Sn¬ X{¥n-Iƒ hen-®p-ap-dp-°n-
sI´n Ah-bn¬ X´n-bmWv i_vZw D≠m-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

hoW knØm¿ kmwcwKn k¥q¿

]p≈-h-hoW hb-en≥ KnØm¿

16
 Cßs\ [mcmfw X{¥n-hm-Z-y-߃ D≠v. kv{SnwKvkv C≥kv{Sp-sa‚ vkv F∂mWv ]m›m-X-
y¿ Chsb hnfn-°p-∂X - v. Xw_pcphpw Cu KW-Øn¬s∏-Sp-∂p-sh-¶nepw AXv {ipXn°p th≠n
D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ hmZ-y-am-Wv.

L\-hm-Z-y-߃
teml-\n¿an-X-am-bn-´p≈ hmZ-y-ß-fm-Wnh

tNßne Pme¿

Ce-Ømfw knw_¬kv apJ¿iwJv

doUv hmZ- y - ß ƒ
sNºv t]mep≈ t\¿Øv teml-Ø-In-¬ hmbp IS-Øn-hn´v Iº\w \S-Øp∂ hmZ-y-ß-fm-
Wn-h.

lm¿tam-Wnbw At°m-Un-b≥ ]obmt\m Hm¿K≥

17
Iem-hn-Zym-`ymkw

bqWn‰v 3

Iyma-d-bpsS Ie
1
]T-\-t\-«-§Ä

• sshhn-[y-amÀ¶ kn\n-a-IÄ Bkz-Zn-¡p-¶p. hni-I-e\w \S¯n khn-ti-j-X-IÄ Is-¯n

Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p¶p
• Ip«nI-fpsS kn\n-a-bnse khn-ti-j-X-IÄ Is-¯n ]T-\-km-[y-X-bpÅ eLp-kn-\n-a-IÄ
\nÀ½n-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ tijn ssIh-cn-¡p-¶p.
• ^e-{]-Z-amb ¢mkvdqw {]hÀ¯-\-¯n\v kn\na am[y-a-am-¡p-¶-Xn\v tijn t\Sp-¶p.

{][m\ Bi-b-§Ä
• kn\na Bi-b-hn-\n-a-tbm-]m[n
• kn\n-am-kzm-Z\w
• kn\n-a-bpsS Iem-]-c-amb tNcp-h-IÄ
• sseäv, kwKo-Xw, thj-hn-[m\w
• Ip«n-I-fpsS kn\n-a, ¢mkv dqw km[y-X-IÄ
• tUmIyp-saâdn kn\n-a-IÄ
• B\n-ta-j³ kn\n-a-IÄ
• tjmÀ«v ^nenw
• jq«nw-Kv, FUn-änw-Kv, kwhn-[m\w
• ^nenw ¢ºv
• hoUntbm sse{_dn

BapJw

Ccp-]Xmw \qäm--nsâ Ie-bmWv kn\n-a. kmln-Xy-kw-Ko-XmZn Iem-cq-]-§-fp-ambn _Ô-s¸«v

hfÀ¨ {]m]n¨ Zriy-{]-[m-\-amb Iem-cq-]-sa¶ \ne-bn kn\na CXc Iem-cq-]-§-fpsS kt½-f-
\-am-Wv. Nen-¡p¶ Nn{Xw F¶À°-apÅ Ne-¨n{Xw hnt\mZw {][m-\w -sN-¿p¶ Hcp am[y-a-am-bn-
«mWv C¶v A[n-Ihpw Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv, Npa-X-emt_m[apÅ Hcp \Ã kaq-ls¯ hmÀs¯-Sp-¡p-
hm\pw a\p-jysâ kmwkvIm-cnI hfÀ¨sb Xzcn-X-s¸-Sp-¯p-hm\pw _p²n-]-chpw hnZym-`ym-k-]-c-hp-
amb hnIm-k-¯n\v cq]w \ÂIp-hm\pw Cu am[y-a-¯n\v Ign-bpw. kn\na A{`-]m-fn-bnse \ngÂsh-
fn-¨-I-e-bmbn hÀ²n¨ P\-kzm-[o\w t\Sn-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. Ip«n-I-fnepw kn\na F¶ Ie sNep-¯p¶
kzm[o\w hfsc hep-Xm-Wv. kn\n-a-bpsS kmt¦-Xn-I-Xz-hpw, Iemw-i-§fpw Adnªv hnZymÀ°n-
IÄ¡v {lkz- k n- \ n- a - I Ä \nÀ½n- ¡ p- ¶ - X n- \ pÅ Ah- k - c - § Ä e`n- t ¡- - X p- - v . ]mTy- h n- j - b - h p-
ambn _Ô-s¸« Bi-b§fpw, kmaq-ly-{]-k-àn-bpÅ CXc Bi-b-§fpw k¶n-th-in-¸n¨v \nÀ½n-
¡p¶ C¯cw {lkz-Nn-{X-§Ä ]mTy-]² - Xn hn\n-ab - ¯
- n\v DXIpw hn[w ¢mkvap-dn-If - n NÀ¨bv¡pw
hni-I-e-\-¯n\pw hnt[-b-am-¡-Ww. Cu bqWn-än `mhn A[ym]IÀ¡v th-p¶ kmt¦-Xn-Ihpw
{]mtbm-Kn-I-hp-amb Ah-t_m[w \ÂIm-\mWv e£y-an-Sp-¶-Xv.

2
kn\na þ ià-amb Bi-b-hn-\n-atbm-]m[n

• \n§Ä ASp-¯-Im-e¯v I- kn\n-a-IÄ GsX-Ãm-amWv? F{X kn\n-a-IÄ \n§-fpsS HmÀ½-

bn sXfn-ªp-h-cp-¶p-v? \n§-fpsS a\-Ên ambmsX \n¡p¶ kn\na GXmWv? F´p-sIm-
-m-bn-cn¡mw B kn\na \n§-fpsS a\-Ên ambmsX \n¡p-¶Xv?
B kn\n-a-bpsS {]tXy-I-X-IÄ Fs´ÃmamWv?

H¶p ]d-ªp-t\m¡q. Fs´Ãmw Imcy-§Ä \ap¡v ]d-bm-\mIpw?

• \Ã IY
• \Ã A`n-\bw
• \Ã ]m«p-IÄ
• \à lmky-cw-K-§Ä
• anI¨ Ombm-{K-lWw
• \Ã kwhn-[m\w
C\nbpw Fs´Ãmw Iq«n-t¨À¡m³ Ignbpw?

a\-Ên ambmsX \n¡p¶ kn\n-a-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-I-fm-WtÃm \n§Ä ]dªv sh¨-Xv.

Iem-aq-ey-apÅ kn\n-a-I-fn Cu LS-I-§-fpsS at\m-l-c-amb kt½-f\w ImWm³ Ign-bpw.
A¯-c-¯n-epÅ GsXÃmw kn\n-a-I-fpsS t]cp-IÄ \n§Ä¡v ]d-bm-\mIpw?

• Ip½m«n
• Zn sdUv _eq¬
• Imt¡m-¯n-¡m-hnse A¸q-¸³Xm-Sn-IÄ
• ]mtYÀ ]m©men
• ss_kn-¡nÄ Xohvkv
• Xmsc kao³ ]À
• NnÂ{U¬ Hm^v slh³
• Zn InUv
• IfÀ Hm^v ]mc-ssUkv
• ssa UnbÀ Ip«n-¨m-¯³
• {Uowkv
• kn\n-am-Sn-¡ä

• ChnsS enÌv sNbvX kn\n-a-IÄ ¢mkn {]ZÀin-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-th-n Fs´Ãmw {Iao-I-c-W-

§Ä Hcp¡pw? \n§Ä NÀ¨ sNbvX GsXÃmw Imcy-§Ä kn\n-ab - psS Bkzm-Z\- t- h-fb
- n {i²n¨p?

• A-`n-\-bw, Xnc-¡-Y, Ombm-{K-l-Ww, kwhn-[m-\w, kwKoXw Ch-sbÃmw kn\n-a-bpsS Bkzm-

Z-\-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸« Imcy-§-fm-Wv. F¶m kn\n-a-bpsS hmb\ km[y-am-¡p-¶-Xn\v asä-s´Ãmw
Imcy- § - f mWv ]cn- K - W n- t ¡- - n - h - c nI?

• t{]£-Isâ a\-Êns\ kzm[o-\n-¡p¶ LSIw, kn\na Xcp¶ ktµ-i-§fpw Bi-b-§-fp-am-bn-

cn-¡pw. kn\na hn\n-abw sN¿p¶ Bi-b-§sf hmbn-s¨-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn\v kn\n-asb F§-s\-sbÃmw

3
kao-]n-¡m³ Ignbpw? \n§Ä ¢mÊn {]ZÀin-¸n¨ kn\n-a-I-fpsS s]mXp kz`m-h-sa-s´¶v Is--
¯m³ Ign-ªpthm?

• Ip«n-I-fpsS Pohn-X-km-l-N-cy-§sf Bhn-jv¡-cn-¡p¶ kn\n-a-I-fm-b-Xp-sIm-v Ip«n-I-fpsS

]£¯v \n¶pÅ hmb-\-btà Cu kn\n-a-I-fn kzoI-cn-¡m-hp¶ hmb-\-k-ao-]\w F¦nÂ
GsXÃmw Xc-¯n-epÅ hmb-\-IÄ km[y-am-Ipw.

• ]cn-ØnXn hmb-\
• cmjv{So-b-hm-b-\
• kv{Xo]-£-hm-b\ F¶n-§s\.
• asä-s´Ãmw \n§Ä¡v Iq«n-t¨À¡m³ Ignbpw?

Cu AÀ°¯n kmaqly kmwkvIm-cnI {]iv\-§fpw hyàn-Po-hn-X-{]-iv\-§fpw Iem-]-c-

ambn t{]£-Isâ a\Êntebv¡v hn\n-abw sN¿p-¶-Xn-eqsS kn\na Hcp P\-Iob Iem-am-[y-a-ambn
\ne-sIm-Åp-¶p. Bi-b-hn-\n-a-tbm-]m[n F¶ \ne-bn kn\n-a-bn-eq-sS-bpÅ hnZym-`ym-k-¯n\v
Gsd {]k- à n- b p- - v .

• kn\n-a-bpsS hmb-\bpw Bkzm-Z-\-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸«v IqSp-X [mc-W-Ifpw A\p-`-h-§fpw

e`n-¡p-¶-Xn\v ¢mÊn Fs´Ãmw {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä kwL-Sn-¸n-¡m-\mIpw?
• skan-\mÀ-
• A-[n-I-hm-b-\
• A`n-apJw F¶n-h-bvs¡Ãmw km[yXbnsÃ?

XpSÀ{]-hÀ¯-\-§Ä
"kn\na ià-amb Hcm-ib hn\n-a-tbm-]m-[n-bmWv' F¶ hnj-b-¯n skan-\mÀ \S-¯p-¶-
Xn\v \n§Ä Fs´Ãmw Hcp-¡-§-fmWv sN¿pI?
• A[n-I-hm-b-\-¡p-th-n GsXÃmw ]pkvX-I-§Ä sXc-sª-Sp¡pw?
• \n§-fpsS {]tZ-i-¯pÅ kn\n-am-cw-K¯v {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ Hcp hnZ-Kv[-\p-ambn A`n-ap-J-¯n\v
th-n X¿m-dm-¡p¶ A`n-apJ tNmZym-h-en-bn Fs´Ãmw Imcy-§Ä DÄs¸-Sp¯pw?

hne-bn-cp-¯Â
\n§Ä ¢mkn {]ZÀin-¸n¨ GsX¦nepw Hcp kn\n-a-bpsS hnaÀi-\-¡p-dn¸v X¿m-dm-¡p-Iþv

hne-bn-cp-¯Â
1. Hcp kn\na F§- s \- b p- - m - I p- ¶ p.
2. kzÀK-¯nse Ip«n-IÄ kn\na: ImgvN
3. Zyiy-{imhy am[y-a-§Ä `mKw-þ1.
4. `qan-bnse \£-{X-§Ä¡nS-bn-eqsSþ
sI. sI. N{µ³, Nn´m- ]-»n-tj-gvkv.
hnP-b-Ip-amÀ »m¯qÀþ
tIcf imkv{X-km-ln-Xy-]-cn-j-¯v.
hnP-b-Ir-jvW³, tIc-f-`mjm C³Ìn-äyq-«v.
]n.Fkv.cmtPjv, \mj-WÂ
_p¡vkvämÄ.

4
kn\n-a-bpsS Iem-]-c-amb tNcp-h-IÄ

¢mkn \n§Ä {]ZÀin-¸n¨ Nn{X-§Ä¡v Iem-]-c-amb ta·-IÄ \ÂIp¶ Imcy-§Ä Fs´m-

s¡-bm-hWw? Xnc-¡Y, A`n-\-bw, kwKo-Xw, sseäv, thj-hn-[m\w, Iyma-d, kwhn-[m\w F¶n-h-
sb-Ãm-atÃ?
IqSmsX asä-s´Ãmw Imcy-§Ä CXn DÄs¸-Sp¯mw?

sseäv

shfn-¨-¯nsâ at\m-l-c-amb hn\ym-k-am-Wv kn\n-a-bpsS KpW-]-c-Xsb hÀ²n-¸n-¡p¶ Hcp

{][m\ LS-Iw.

kn\n-am-t«m-{Km-^À kn\n-a-bv¡p-]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ {]Im-i-kw-hn-[m-\-¯n\v {]tNm-Z-\-am-tI--Xv

kwhn-[m-b-I³ Dt±-in-¡p¶ Zriy-ssi-en- ASn-Øm-\-s¸-«n-«m-Wv.,
sseän-§ns\ ASn-Øm-\-ambn c-mbn Xncn-¡p-¶p
.
1. sslIo sseäow-§v. (Highkey lighting)
2. tem Io sseänw§v (Low key lighting)

1. ssl Io sseänw-§v (Highkey lighting)

kzXth {]Imiw \nd-ªXpw FÃm-Ø-e-§-fnepw Htc Af-
hn hn\y-kn-¡-s¸-«Xpw \ng Ipd-hm-b-Xp-am-Wv. CXv km[m-
c-Wb- mbn kwKo-X¯
- n\v ap³Xq¡w sImSp-¡p¶ kn\n-aI - Ä¡pw
lmky kn\n-a-IÄ¡p-amWv ^e-{]-Z-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xv.
t_mfn-hpUv kn\n-a-I-fn A[n-I-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶Xv ssl
Io sseänw§v BWv. CXn\v (Contrast) Ipd-hm-Wv. (sh-fn-¨wþ
\ng A\p-]m-Xw)

2. tem Io sseänw§v (Low key lighting)

{XnÃÀ, satem-{Uma \ndª Nn{X-§Ä¡v s]mXpth D]-
tbm-Kn-¡p¶ sseänw§v coXn-bm-Wv. Ccpfpw shfn-¨-hp-am-
bpÅ A\p-]mXw hfsc IqSp-X-embn D]-tbm-Kn¨v ImgvN-bnÂ
Xs¶ t{]£-I-cn DtZzKw P\n-¸n-¡m³ C¯cw sseänw-
§n\v Ign-bp-¶p. Hmtcm kn\n-am-t«m-{Km-^Àamcpw Cu hn[
sseänw-§nsâ km[yX hfsc {Intb-äo-hmbn ]co-£n¨p

5
t]mcp-¶p.
sseänw-§nsâ {]mY-anI LS-I-§sf aq¶mbn Xncn-¡mw.
1. Io sseäv (key light)
2. ^n sseäv (Fill light)
3. _m¡v sseäv (Back light)

1. Io sseäv
Hcp ko\n-te-¡mbn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ {][m-\-s¸-«Xpw Xo{h-hp-amb sseäns\ Io sseänw§v
F¶v ]d-bp-¶p. {][m\ IYm-]m-{Xs¯ AsÃ-¦n hkvXp-hns\ sseäv sN¿m-\mWv Io sseäv
km[m-c-W-bmbn D]-tbm-Kn¨p hcp-¶-Xv. jq«nwKv skän BZy-ambn Øm]n-¡pI Nne-t¸mÄ Io
sseäv Bbn-cn-¡pw. Hmtcm Iyma-dm-·mcpw Hmtcm coXn-bm-bn-cn¡pw ]n³Xp-S-cp-I. jq«nwKv skänsâ
]nd-In \n¶v sseäv sNbvXv XpS-§p-¶-h-cp-ap--v. Io sseäv GXv `mK¯v \n¶mWv {]Im-in-¸n-t¡-
-Xv F¶Xv AXmXv ko\nsâ C^-Iväp-ambn _Ô-s¸-«mWv \ne-sIm-Åp-¶-Xv. km[m-cW Iyma-
d-bpsS `mK¯v \n¶v Io sseäv D]-tbm-Kn-¡pI A]qÀh-am-Wv. AXv Zriy-¯nsâ {Xnam\ kzm`mhw
CÃm-Xm-¡pw. Io sseäv GsX-¦nepw Hcp hi¯v \n¶v sImSp-¡p-I-bm-sW-¦n IYm-]m-{X-¯nsâ
ico-c-¯nsâ FXnÀhiw \ng-en BIp-¶-Xm-Wv. CXv Hcp \mS-Io-bX Zriy-¯n\v ssIhcn-¡p-
hm³ km[n¡pw. C§s\ Hcp IYm-]m-{X-¯n-sâtbm sam¯w kn\n-a-bp-tStbm A´-co£w krjvSn-
¡p-hm³ th-n am{Xw Nne coXn-IÄ Ah-ew-_n-¡p-sa¶mÃmsX ]Xnhp coXn-bmbn Hcp Xcw
sseänw-§n kzoI-cn-¡p-¶Xv {Inbm-ß-I-a-Ã. kn\n-a-bpsS ssien-¡m-h-iy-amb sseänw§v Hmtcm
kn\n-abv¡pw hyXy-kvX-am-¡-Ww.

_m¡v sseän§v (Back lighting)

IYm-]m-{X-¯nsâ ]nd-In Db-c-¯n \n¶pw Xe-bpsS ]nd-In ]Xn-¡p¶ coXn-bn {]Im-in-¸n-
¡p-hm-\pÅ sseäv BWv _m¡vsseäv. _m¡v {Ku-n \n¶pw IYm-]m-{Xs¯ thÀXn-cn¨v \nÀ¡pI
F¶-XmWv C§s\ sseäv sN¿p-¶-Xnsâ Dt±-iyw.

6
^n sseäv (Fill light)

\ng (shadow) IqSp-X-embn hogp¶ `mK-§-fn {]Imiw \nd-bv¡p-hm-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶

sseämWp ^n sseäv. AXv Xo{hX Ipdª coXn-bn-emWv {]Im-in-¸n-¡p-I. ^n sseäv Iyma-d-
bpsS `mK¯v \n¶pw hkvXp-hn-tebv¡pw IYm-]m-{X-¯nsâ apJ-t¯bv¡pw sImSp-¡m-dp-v C¯cw
sseäns\ ^n sseäv F¶v ]d-bp-¶p. I®nsâ `mK-¯mbn ht¶-¡m-hp¶ \ng-ens\ Ipd-¡p-hm-
\mWv Cu sseäv D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xv.

IqSmsX sdw{_mâ v sseäv , _m¡v {Ku- v , t^mÀ {Ku- v sseän§v , dnwsse- ä v , Hm¬ sskUv
Bâ v Hm^v sskUv sseän-§v, sseän§v I-n-\yq-bn-än, C^IvSvkv sseän§v F¶n-§s\ hyXy-
kvX Xcw sseän§v coXn-IÄ kn\n-a-bpsS Zriy-KpWw hÀ²n-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\v D]-tbm-Kn¨v hcp-¶p.

\n§Ä ¢mkn {]ZÀin-¸n¨ {Uowkv F¶ kn\n-a-bn shfn-¨s¯ (sse-än-§v) GsXÃmw coXn-

bn-emWv hn\y-kn-¸n-¨n-«p-ÅXv?

ASqÀ tKm]meIrjvWsâ sImSn-tb-äw, Fen-¸-¯m-bw, apJm-ap-Jw, \ng Iq¯v F¶n kn\n-a-I-

fn shfn-¨s¯ F§-s\-sb-Ãm-amWv hn\y-kn-¸n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv?

kwKo-Xw

kn\n-a-bpsS Iem-]-c-amb tNcp-h-I-fn shfn¨w t]mse {][-\-s¸« Hcp LSIw kwKo-X-am-

Wv. ]Ým-¯e kwKo-X-w Zriy kµÀ`-§-fn ebn¨p tNcp-t¼m-gmWv kn\na sshIm-cn-I-amb
A\p-`qXn P\n-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv.

kwKo-X-¯n\v Zriy-§sf hnkvX-cn-¡m\pw hnkvXr-X-am-¡m\pw IqSp-XÂ Imhym-ßIam¡m-

\papÅ Ign-hp-s-¶v CwKvaÀ_ÀÜm³ ]d-bp¶p. kwKoXw kn\n-a-tbmSv kmay-apÅ Iem-cq-]-am-
Wv. Zriy-§-fpsS Øm\¯v i_vZ-am-Wp-]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.

Zriy-§sf hnkvX-cn-¡p-I-sb-¶m Zriy-§Ä¡v kwKo-X-¯nsâ klm-b-t¯msS IqSp-XÂ

AÀY-X-e-§Ä \ÂIp-I-sb-¶m-WÀ°w. AXp-t]mse Zriy-§sf hnkvXr-X-am-¡m\pw kwKo-X-
¯n\v Ign-bpw. Nne Zriy-§-tfm-sSm¸w HmS-¡p-g-ep-]-tbm-Kn¨v krjvSn-¡p¶ Nne cmK-§Ä tNÀ¡p-

dkqÂ]q-¡p«n F.BÀ. dlvam³ Z£n-Wm-aqÀ¯n tPm¬k¬

7
t¼mÄ {]Ir-Xn-Zr-iy-§-fpsS hnkvXr-Xnbpw AKm-[-Xbpw hÀ²n-¡p-¶-Xmbn tXm¶pw. Zriy-Xm-
fhpw i_vZ-Xm-fhpw ebn-¡p-t¼mÄ Zriy-§Ä IqSp-X Imhym-ß-I-am-¡p-¶p.

kn\n-a-bnse Hcp {]tXyI Zriy-J-Þn-Ibv¡v kwKoXw sImSp-¡p-t¼mÄ {]kvXpX Zriy-J-Þn-I-

bnse Hmtcm kwhn-[m-b-Isâ krjvSn-]-c-amb ImgvN-¸mSpw e£yhpw a\-Ên-em-¡-Ww. Zriy-§-fn-
te¡v t\m¡n-bn-cp¶v kwKoXw Iwt]mkv sN¿-Ww. tIÄ¡m-\n-¼apÅ CuWhpw Xmfhpw D- m -
bm t]mcm AXv Cu {]tXyI Ah-k-c-¯n\pw Zriy-§-fnse Øe-Im-em-hn-jvImc ssien¡pw
IqSp-X angnhpw AÀ°-X-e-§fpw \ÂIp-¶pt-m F¶-XmWv {][m\w kn\n-a-bn ebn¨p tNc-
¯-¡-hn-[-¯n-epÅ ]pXp-a-bmÀ¶ kwKo-Xm-ho-jv¡m-c-amWv ]Ým-¯e kwKo-Xm-hn-jv¡m-c-th-f-
bn \S- t ¡- - X v.

kw`m-j-W-¯n\v AI-¼-Sn-bmtbm CS-th-f-bntem, ko\nse sshIm-cn-I-`m-h-§Ä¡pw AÀY-

X-e-§Ä¡pa-\p-k-cn¨v DNn-X-ambn \ÂIp¶ ]Ým-¯e kwKo-X-amWv score. IYm-]m-{X-¯nsâ
at\m-L-S-\-tbbpw IYm-k-µÀ`-¯nsâ `mh-]-cn-k-c-§-tfbpw Dt¯-Nn-¸n-¡p-I-bmWv CXn-eqsS sN¿p-
¶-Xv.

kwKo-X-I-e-bpsS ¢mkn ]Ým-¯e kwKo-Xs¯¡pdn¨v \n§Ä Fs´Ãmw Imcy-§Ä NÀ¨-

sNbvXp?

thj-hn-[m-\w
NXpÀhn-[m-`n-\-b-¯nse Blm-cym-`n-\bw thj-
hn-[m-\-§-fn-eqsS IYm-]m-{Xs¯ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xm-
Wv. kn\n-a-bnse \So-\-S-·mÀ¡v Bh-iy-apÅ hkv{X-
§fpw BS-bm-`-c-W-§fpw \nÝ-bn-¡p-¶Xpw Nn{Xo-I-
c-W-k-a-b¯v AXv AWn-bn-¸n¨p sImSp-¡p-¶Xpw
hkv{Xm-e¦mc-I-\m-Wv. (costumer) Hmtcm IYm-]m-{X-
¯n-tâbpw kzm`m-h-¯n\pw ]Z-hn¡pw IYm-k-µÀ`-
¯n-\p-an-W-§p¶ Xcw hkv{X-§Ä sXc-sª-Sp¯v
\ÂtI- - X p- - v . IYm- ] - Ý m- ¯ - e - ¯ n\pw Iyma- d - s se-
änw-§n-\p-sams¡ A\p-kr-Xa - mbn bpàn-]c - hpw kmt¦-
Xn-I-hp-ambn CXv Xocp-am-\n-¡-Ww. \So-\-S-·mÀ IYm-
]m-{X-ambn amdp-¶-Xn\v hkv{Xm-e-¦m-c-t¯m-sSm¸w Na- HuÆ-bvj¬apJn (Ia-em-lk
- ³)
b- ¯ nepw {i²n- t ¡- X p- v . Iymad IYm- ] m- { X- § sf
H¸n-sb-Sp-¡p-¶Xv ^nen-anse hnhn[ cmk-L-S-I-§-fp-
tSbpw hyXykvX {]Imi {Iao-I-c-W-§-fp-tSbpw hnhn[ ^nÂä-
dp-I-fp-tSbpw klm-b-t¯m-sS-bm-Wv. AXn-\-\p-k-cn-¨pÅ kmt¦-
Xn-I-amb Adnhv kn\n-a-bpsS Na-b-¡m-c-\p--m-bn-cn-¡-Ww. (Make
upman) c-p Xc-¯n-epÅ ta¡-¸mWv kn\n-a-bn D]-tbm-Kn-
¡p-¶-Xv. sseänw-§n-tâbpw D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ ^nen-an-tâbpw tXmX-
\p-kc - n¨v s]mXp-hmbn \So-\S- · - mÀ¡v \ÂIp¶ (General makeup)
IYm-]m-{X-§-fpsS {]tXy-I-X-IÄ¡-\p-k-cn¨v hyXy-kvX-ambn
\ÂIp¶ Character make up F¶n-h-bmWv Nab kwhn-[m-\-§Ä.

HuÆ-bvj¬apJn, ambm-tam-ln\n F¶o kn\n-a-Ifn Ia-em-

lm-k\p Zneo-]n\pw \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p¶ thj-hn-[m-\-¯nsâ {]tXy-
I-X-IÄ Fs´Ãmw?
ambm-tam-ln\n (Zneo-]v)

8
Iyma-dm-a³/Om-bm-{Km-l-I³ (Cinematographer)
kwhn-[m-b-Isâ I®mbn kn\n-a-bn \nÂt¡- BfmWv Ombm-{Km-l-I³ AYhm Iyma-dm-
a³. kwhn-[m-b-I³ a\-Ên-ep-t±-in-¡p¶ Zriy-§Ä AXnsâ ]cn-]qÀW-X-bn kuµ-cy-]-c-ambn
^nen-an H¸n-sb-Sp-t¡--Xv Ombm-{Km-l-I-\m-Wv. sseänw-§nepw s{^anw-§n-ep-apÅ anI-hmWv
Cbm-fpsS {]Xn-`. IYm-]m-{X-§-tfbpw IYm-]-Ým-¯-e-t¯bpw GXf-hn F§s\ Hcp s{^bn-an-
\p-Ån DÄs¡m-Ån-¡p¶p F¶-XmWv s{^bn-anw§v Bâ v tImwt]m-kn-j³ F¶v ]d-bp-¶-Xv.

Iyma-d, hnhn-[-Xcw se³kp-IÄ, IfÀ ^n«-dp-IÄ, ^nenw, hnhn[ sseäp-IÄ, t{Smfn, s{Ibv³
XpS-§nb D]-I-c-W-§-fmWv Iyma-d-am³ ssIImcyw sN¿p-¶-Xv.

kn\n-am-cw-Ks¯ Ombm-{Km-l-I-c-psS s{]mss^ Xbm-dm-¡p-¶-Xn\v \n§Ä Bsc-sbÃmw ]cn-

K-Wn¡pw?

a¦S chn-hÀ½ jmPn F³. Icp¬ kt´mjv inh³ _mep-at- l{µ

Ip«nIfpsS kn\na

kn\na BkzmZ\¯n\pw Bibhn\nab¯n\pw

Ahkcsamcp¡p ¶Xn\m hnZym`ymk {]{InbbpsS
`mKambn kn\na iàamb Hcp am[yaambn D]tbmKn¡m³
XpS§nbncn¡p¶p. Ip«nIfpsS ImgvNbpsS temIt¯bv¡v
X¿mdm¡p¶ kn\naIÄ {]tXyI {i²tbmSpIqSn thWw
\nÀ½ns¨Spt¡- X v . Ip«nIÄ¡p th- n [mcmfw kn\naIÄ
\nÀ½n¡p¶ps- ¦ nepw a\imkv { X]camb kao]\§Ä
\nÀ½mW¯n kzoIcn¡p¶pt-m F¶Xv hnebncp-
t¯-XmWv. _mea\ÊpIÄ¡mhiyapÅXpw \nÀt±mjamb
hnt\mZw {]Zm\w sN¿p¶Xpw PohnXaqey§sf tNmZyw
sN¿m¯Xpw kvt\lhpw kam[m\hpw `{ZXbpw
{]Xn]mZyhnjb§fmbpÅ kn\naIfmWv Ip«nIÄ¡p
th- n bpÅ kn\naIÄ. AÔhnizmk§Ä {]Ncn¸n¡p-
¶hbpw {IqcXbpw h{IXbpw shdp¸pw PohnXss\cmiyhpw
aäpw Ip«nIÄ¡pth- n bpÅ Nn{X§Ä¡v tbmPn¡p¶
hnjb§fÃ. hnt\mZw ]Icp¶tXmsSm¸w, hyànXzhpw
]uct_m[hpw {]IrXnkvt\lhpw Ip«nIfn hfcphm³

9
 klmbIamb t{]cWmiàn \ÂIp¶ Nn{X§fmWv
D- m tI- X v . Ip«nIfpsS kn\nabn A`n\bhpw IYbpw
AhXcWhpsaÃmw Ip«nIÄ¡v kzoImcyambncn¡Ww.
\·bv ¡ pw am\pjnI aqey§Ä¡pw a\pjy\v NpäpapÅ
{]IrXn`wKn¡pw {]m[m\yw \ÂIp¶ IYIÄ XncsªSp¯v
efnXkpµcamb AhXcWw km[n¨m Ah XoÀ¨bmbpw \Ã
_meNe¨n{X-§fmbn
]cnWan¡pw. atXXcXzhpw
cmPy-kvt\lhpw {]ISam-
¡p¶Xn\v ]cym]v X amb
Nn{XoIcW ssienbmWv
Ip«nIfpsS kn\nabnÂ
kzoIcnt¡- X v. {]IrXn-
bnse \mZ§tfbpw hÀW-
§tfbpw Ne\§tfbpw BkzZn¡m³ ]änb hn[¯nÂ
{]IrXnbpambn CgpIntNÀ¶pÅ P´pIYItfm kaql¯nsâ
]cntOZtam IYmhkvXphmbn sXcsªSp¯v aqey§Ä¡v
{]m[m\yw \ÂIn Ip«nIÄ¡v ckn¡p¶ coXnbnÂ
Nn{XoIcn¡p¶hbmbncn¡Ww Ip«nIfpsS kn\na. ^enXw
B IYmwi¯n A\nhmcyambncn¡Ww. kwKoXw,
Nn{Xsagp¯v, inev]hnZy, \r¯w XpS§nbhbpsS {]mapJyw
Ip«nIfpsS kn\namIYmhkv X phnep- m bncn¡Ww.
Ip«nIfpsS kn\namkzmZ\hpambn _Ôs¸Sp¯n
¢mkvdqan Fs´Ãmw ]T\{]hÀ¯\§Ä Hcp¡m\mhpw?

kn\nam \nco£Ww, BkzmZ\¡pdn¸v, kn\nam

NÀ¨, kn\nabpsS t\m«okv X¿mdm¡Â, t]mÌÀ
\nÀ½mWw, A\u¬kvsaâ v, kn\naminev]ime,
A`napJw, kn\nam]Xn¸v \nÀ½mWw.
C\nbpw Fs´ÃmamImw?

Ip½m«n F¶ kn\na Ip«nIfpsS kn\nabpsS

khntijXIÄ ]peÀ¯p¶pt- m ? NÀ¨m¡pdn¸v
X¿mdm¡pI.

10
tUmIypsaâdn kn\na

bmYmÀ°y¯nsâ Nn{XoIcWamWv tUmIypsaâdn kn\naIÄ. k¦Â]`wKntb¡mÄ

PohnXbmYmÀ°y§fpsS kXykÔXbmWv tUmIypsaâdnbpsS Bß\njv T . Hcp
hyàntbtbm kw`hs¯tbm Øes¯tbm Bibs¯tbm Hs¡ Gähpw
bmYmÀ°yt_m[t¯msS, Zriy§fpsS ambmPme§tfXpanÃmsX X\Xp
ØeImek¦ev]¯n Xs¶ IymadbneqsS ]IÀ¯nsbSp¡emWXv. tUmIypsaâdn F¶Xv
Hcp PohnXtcJbmWv. temIs¯ BZyNe¨n{Xw Xs¶ tUmIypsaâdnbmWv (workers exiting
from the Lumiers factory). \m\q¡v Hm^v Z t\mÀ¯vv (1913) \nbXamb AÀ°¯nepÅ BZy
tUmIypsaâdn kn\nabmWv. IrXyhpw Kl\hpamb ]T\þKthjW§Ä tUmIypsaâdn
Nn{X§fpsS \nÀ½nXn¡mhiyamWv. Ncn{Xhpw, kwkvImchpw `qanimkv{Xhpw cmjv{Sobhpw
aXhpw XpS§n an¡ hnjb§fptSbpw ap³Iq«n \nÝbn¡s¸« Zriy`mK§tfm
kw`mjW§tfm Bbncn¡Ã tUmIypsaâdn kn\naIfn e`n¡p¶Xv. AXpsIm-pXs¶
Nn{XoIcW kab¯pXs¶ anIthdnb FUnänwKv km[yXIÄ a\Ên I- p sIm- m Wv
tUmIypsaâdn kn\naIfpsS Nn{XoIcWw.

tUmIypsaâdn Nn{XoIcW¯n {i²nt¡- Nne Imcy§Äþ {]Xn]mZn¡m³ Dt±in¡p¶

hkv X pXIfpsS Bg§fntebv ¡ v Cd§nsNÃp¶Xmbncn¡Ww d^d³kpw Nn{XoIcW
coXnIfpw. {][m\s¸« hkvXpXIsf hepXm¡nbpw hniZam¡nbpw ImWn¡Ww. Nn{XoIcW

kabs¯ ku- v C^IvSpw aäpw At¸mįs¶ tiJcn¨pshbv¡Ww. IqSpXÂ

hniZoIcW§Ä¡mbn hnhn[ KthjWamÀK§Ä AhktcmNnXambn Iq«nt¨À¡mw.
hnhc§Ä \ÂIpt¼mÄ {]tXyIw {i²nt¡- X v , Imgv N ¡mÀ Zriy¯n I- p sIm- n cn¡p¶
Imcy§Ä AtX]Sn hniZoIcn¡cpXv. hnjzepIÄ¡¸pd¯nepÅ AÀ°Xe§fnte¡pw
km[qIcW§fnte¡pw \bn¡p¶Xmbncn¡Ww i_v Z ]Yw ( Voice-over ) tjm«pIÄ
Nn{XoIcn¡pt¼mÄ Iaâdn Bhiysa¦n AXn\mhiyapÅ{XssZÀLyw tjm«pIÄ-¡pw
D-mbncn¡Ww. Iymadm FUnänwKv X{´§Ä Zriy`wKntb¡mÄ AÀ°anIhn\v Du¶Â
\ÂIp¶Xmbncn¡Ww. km[mcWbmbn tUmIypsaâdn kn\naIsf A©v hn`mK-¯nÂ
DÄs¸Sp¯nbncn¡p¶p. `àn, hnZym`ymkw, Ie, imkv{Xw, kmaqlnIw F¶n§s\ CXnsâ
imtJm]imJIfmbn thsdbpw Nn{X§Ä \nÀ½ns¨Sp¡m³ Ignbpw.

aebmf¯nse {][m\s¸« tUmIypsaâdn kn\naIÄ GsXÃmamWv?

]mT`mK hn\nab¯n tUmIypsaâdn kn\nabpsS km[yXIÄ Fs´ÃmamWv?

1. IemaÞew tKm]nþ ASqÀ tKm]meIrjvW³
2. JfqcnIþ Imhn cmPv
3. ]nWnbmÄþ kn´À cmPtKm]me³
4. ]pen¡fnbm«wþ Pntbm k®n
5. \nWsamgpInb \oÀNmepIÄþ ss_PpN{µ³
apIfn sImSp¯ tUmIypsaâdn kn\naIsf GsXÃmw hn`mK¯n DÄs¸Sp¯pw?

B\ntaj³ kn\naIÄ
HctNX\ hkvXphn\v Poh³ sImSp¡pI F¶XmWv B\ntaj³ kn\nabpsS XXzw. \½psS
a\ÊnepÅ Hcmibs¯ hcIfneqsS Nn{XoIcn¡pI. B \nÝe Zriy¯n\v Hcp sk¡ân 20

11
s^bnapIÄ hoXw Nn{XoIcns¨Sp¡p¶XneqsSbmWv B\ntaj³ kn\na \nÀ½n¡p¶Xv.

IYbp-m¡Â, IYm]m{X \nÀ½nXn

skIv ¨ pIÄ hc¨p- m ¡Â, sk t]¸dpIfnÂ
Nn{X§Ä ]p\ krjv S n¡Â, Nn{XoIcWw,
It¼mknäv FUnän§v, ku-v, kvs]jyÂ
C^IvSvkv F¶n§s\ hnhn[
hn`mK§fnepÅhÀ H¯p tNÀ¶mWv Hcp
B\ntaj³ Nn{Xw AWnbns¨mcp¡p¶Xv .
kpXmcyamb {]tXyIXcw ¹mÌnIv joäpIfnemWv
Nn{X§Ä hcbv¡p¶Xv. ChbpsS hi§fnepÅ
Zzmc§fn cPnÌÀ ]n¶pIfp]tbmKn¨v Nn{Xw
Dd¸n¨p \nÀ¯p¶p. tdmkv{Sw Iymad (Rostrum
camera) D]tbmKn¨v Hs¶m¶mbn Cu Nn{X§Ä
jq«p sN¿p¶p. ]Ým¯e§fpw IYm]m{X§fpw
aäv hkvXp¡fpsams¡ hnhn[ ASp¡pIfmbn
Nn{XoIcn¨v FUnänwKn Hä sebdmbn
cq]s¸Sp¯p¶p. Maya, 3D Max t]mepÅ
B[p\nI kuIcy§fpsS BhnÀ`mht¯msS
Ah-XmÀ (A\n-ta-j³ kn\n-a)
B\ntaj³ kn\naIfpsS \nÀ½mWw aukpw
Iot_mÀUpw D]tbmKn¨v I¼yq«dn Ffp¸¯nepw Imcy£aambpw sN¿m³ Ignbp¶p.

¢mkvap-dn-bn D]-tbm-Kn-¡m-hp¶ A\n-ta-j³ Nn{X-§Ä GsXÃmw? GsXÃmw kµÀ`-§-

fn A\n-ta-j³ Nn{X-§Ä D]-tbm-Kn¡mw?

jq«nwKv
kn\n-a-bpsS IY ]d-bp-¶Xv tjm«p-I-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. ]e s{^bn-ap-IÄ IqSn-t¨À¶v tjm«p-IÄ
D-m-Ip-¶p. jq«nwKv ka-b¯v kwhn-[m-b-I³ Hmtcm ko\n-t\bpw tjm«p-I-fmbn hn`-Pn-¡pw.
Zriy-`w-Kn-tbm-sSm¸w F´mWv {]kvXpX tjm«n-eqsS kwhn-[m-b-I³ ]d-bm-\p-t±-in-¡p-¶Xv F¶-
Xns\ B{i-bn-¨mWv tjm«v hn`P\w \S-¡p-¶-Xv. tjm«p-Isf aq¶mbn Xcw-Xn-cn-¡p-¶p.

1. t¢mk¸v tjm«vþ kao-]-Zr-iyw

2. aoUnbw tjm«vþ a[y-Zriyw
3. temwKv tjm«vþ hnZq-c-Zriyw

1. t¢mk¸v tjm«vþ hkvXp-¡-fpsS kq£va-\n-co-£-W-amWv t¢mk¸v tjm«p-I-fpsS Dt±-iyw.

AXn¯s¶ apJhpw Igp¯pw s{^bn-an hcp-¶-Xv. t¢mk¸pw It®m Npt-m atäm am{X-
ambn s{^bn-an \nd-bp-¶Xv AXn-k-ao-]-Zriy (Extreme close up) amWv. hkvXp-hnsâ {]m[m-
\ytam `mhtam kq£va-ambn s]men-¸n-¡m-\mWv t¢mk¸v tjm«p-IÄ.

12
2. aoUnbw tjm«vþ a[y-Zriyw
hkvXp-¡sf hfsc ASp-t¯m, AI-setbm AÃmsX ImWm-\mWv aoUnbw tjm«p-IÄ D]tbmKn-
¡p-¶-Xv. Hcp hyàn-sb-bmWv Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-sX-¦n Abm-fpsS Ac-h-sc-bpÅ `mKw s{^bn-
an-ep--m-bn-cn-¡pw. aoUnbw tjm«nepw hyàn-bpsS apJ-`m-h-¯n\v Xs¶-bmWv {]m[m-\yw. ]Ým-
¯ew A{X hyà-am-bn-cn-¡n-Ã.

3. temwKv tjm«vþ hnZqcZriyw

hkvXp-¡sf AI¶vv \n¶v ho£n-¡p-¶-Xn-\mWv temwKv tjm«v. temwKv tjm«v an¡-t¸mgpw
]Ým-¯ew hyà-am-¡m-\p-]-I-cn-¡p¶ tjm«mWv IYm-]m-{X-¯nsâ `mh-]-cn-k-chpw IY-tbm-SpÅ
_Ôhpw kqNn-¸n-¡m³ CXp-]-I-cn-¡pw. temwKv tjm«p-IÄ Hcp ko\nsâ amÌÀ tjm«p-I-fmbn D]-
tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p. Hcp sshUv s{^bn-an B IYm-k-µÀ`¯n-en-cn-¡p¶ FÃm IYm-]m{X§sfbpw
hkvXp-¡-tfbpw Ah-bpsS Øe-þ-Ime _Ô-t¯bpw t{]£-I\v hyà-am-¡n-sIm-Sp-t¡--Xv Bh-
iy-am-Wv. Hcp t¢mk¸v tjm«n-eq-sStbm aoUnbw tjm«n-eq-sStbm AXv km[y-am-In-Ã. Hcp
amÌÀtjm-«n-eqsS Øe-Im-e-§fpw DÄs¸-«n-cn-¡p¶ IYm-]m-{X-§-tfbpw ImWn-¨m ]ns¶ IYm-
]m-{X-¯nsâ {]m[m-\y-¯n\pw kw`m-j-W-¯nsâ {]m[m-\y-¯n\pw aäpw A\p-k-cn¨v t¢mk¸v

13
tjmt«m, aoUnbw tjm«p-Itfm D]-tbm-Kn¨v ko\nsâ Nn{Xo-I-cWw ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡mw. Cu aq¶v
tjm-«p-I-fn-ÃmsX kn\n-a-bn thsdbpw tjm«p-IÄ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p--v.

FUn-änwKv (Nn-{X-k-¶n-th-iw)
FUn-änw-Kn-eq-sS-bmWv Hcp kn\na P\n-¡p-¶-sX¶p ]d-bmw. Ata-cn-¡³ Ne-¨n{XImc-\mb
FUzn³ FÊv.-t]mÀ«-dmWv Cu Iem-hn-Zy-bpsS D]-Úm-Xm-hv. ]n¶oSv {Km^v¯v tehv Ipf-tjm-hv,
]ptUm-hn-Im³, sF³Ìo³ F¶o Ne-Nn{X {]Xn-`-I-fn-eqsS Cu Ie kpZr-V-hpw, kuµ-cym-ß-I-hp-
am-bn.
Hcp {]tXyI LS-\m-{I-a-¯n-te¡v hnhn-[-§-fmb tjm«p-IÄ sXc-sª-Sp¯v ASp-¡n-sh-bv¡p-I-
bmWv FUn-änw-Kv. Ne-Nn-{X-¯nsâ sam¯-¯n-epÅ ss\c-´cyw \ne-\nÀ¯pI F¶-XmWv FUn-
änw-Knsâ {]mY-anI ZuXyw. Øe-Im-e-§-fn-eq-sS-bpÅ hnhn[ {]hÀ¯n-I-fpsS ss\c-´-cy-am-Wn-
Xv. Xmfhpw thK-X-bp-amWv FUn-änw-Knsâ {]mY-an-I-X-Xz-§Ä. ]d-bp¶ IY-bpsS sam¯w `mh-
L-S\bv¡\p-k-cn-¨m-bn-cn¡pw dnYw AYhm Xmfw tjm«p-IÄ ]c-kv]cw tNÀ¯v shbv¡p¶ coXn-
bpsS kv]oUmWv pace AYhm thK-X. {ZpX-K-Xn-bn-epÅtXm aµ-K-Xn-bn-ep-ÅtXm BIm-an-Xv.
em_nÂ\n¶v djÊv AYhm hÀ¡v {]nâ v FUn-änwKv tS_n-fn F¯n-bm Nn{X-k-¶n-th-i-I³
BZy-ambn ¢¸v \¼À{]-Imcw Hmtcm tjm«pw apdn-¨p-amän Ahsb AXnsâ tjm«v HmÀU-dn Iq«n
H«n-¡p-¶p. CXmWv Roughcut AYhm first assembling. CsXmcp sSIv\n-¡Â FUn-änwKv am{X-am-Wv.
kuµ-cy-im-kv{X-{]-iv\-§-fn-Ãm¯ H¶v. CXnÂ\n-¶mWv kÀKm-ßI k¶n-thiw Bcw-`n-¡-¶-Xv.
bYmÀ° FUn-ä-dpsS kÀKm-ß-IX Cu Iq«n-sbm-«n¨ {ia-¯n \n¶v hn`n-¶-am-bn, AXn-t\-
¡mÄ kwth-Z-\-£-a-Xbpw kuµ-cym-ß-I-X-bp-apÅ asämcp ss\c-´cyw Zriy-§-fn Is--¯p-
¶-Xn-em-Wv.

AVID/F.C.P FUnänwKv
FUnänwKv cwK-¯p--mb kmt¦-Xn-I-h-fÀ¨-bpsS hnI-kn-X-cq-]-§-fmWv Ahn-Uv, F^v.-kn.]n
XpS-§nb t\m¬ eo\n-bÀ knÌ-§Ä. Ch IqSmsX SMOKE, EDIT, SHAKE, COMBINATION
F¶n§s\ thsdbpw H«-\-h[n FUn-änwKv tkm^vävshb-dp-I-fp--v. Film composer, Mojocard,
DVwith film option XpS-§n-bh FUn-änwKv tkm^vävshb-dp-I-fm-Wv. BhnUn³ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶Xv
Cinema Tools t]mepÅh FCP (Final Cut Pro) bnepw FCP bn DV (UnPnä hoUn-tbm) bnÂ
Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xnsâ apgp-h³ `wKnbpw In«pw. apgp-cq] UnPn-ä {]{In-b-IÄ¡v CXmWv \Ã-Xv.
]s£ Bhn-Un-\mWv IqSnb Af-hn dj-Êns\ knÌ-¯n DÄs¡m-Ån-¡m-\pÅ Ign-hv.

^nen-an sN¿m-hp¶ GXv FUn-änwKv C^-IvSp-I-sf-¡mfpw anI-¨Xpw B[p-\n-I-hp-amb GXv Zriy-

hn-kva-bhpw Bhn-Unepw FCP bnepw sN¿m-\m-Ipw.
I¼yq-«À ]T\-¯nsâ `mK-ambn \n§Ä samss_ Iyma-d-bn ]IÀ¯nb Zriy-§sf FUnäv
sNbvXv ¢mkn Ah-X-cn-¸n¨v FUn-änw-Knsâ ta· hne-bn-cp-¯p-I.

^e-{]-Z-amb ¢mkvdqw {]h¿Ø-\-Øn\v kn\na am[yaam°p-∂-Xn\v tijn t\Sp-∂p.

^nenw ¢ºv
\n§-fpsS ¢mkn ^nenw-¢-ºnsâ B`n-ap-Jy-¯n GsXÃmw kn\n-a-I-fpsS {]ZÀi\w \S¶p?

kn\n-am-{]-ZÀi-\-¯nsâ `mK-ambn \S¶ A\p-_-Ô-{]-hÀ¯-\-§Ä Fs´-Ãm-am-bn-cp¶p?

14
Ip«n-I-fpsS kn\n-am-kzm-Z\w DbÀ¯p¶Xn\p-th-n hnZym-e-b-¯n \S-¸m-¡m-hp¶ {]hÀ¯-\-
§Ä Fs´-Ãm-amWv?

`mhn A[ym-]-I-sc¶ \ne-bn A[ym-]\ ss\]pWn hnI-kn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ Hcp ]T\coXn-

im-kv{X-ambn ^nenw ¢ºv {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä cq]-I-ev]\ sN¿m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. AXn-ZoÀL ka-b-apÅ
kn\n-a-I-tf-¡mÄ {lkz-Nn-{X-§-fn-em-bn-cn¡pw ss{]a-dn-¢m-Êp-I-fn kab {Iao-I-c-W-¯n\v klm-
b-am-Ip-I. ss{]adn ¢mkp-I-fn \S-¯m-hp¶ {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡v Znim-t_m[w e`n-¡m³ DX-Ip¶
{]hÀ¯-\-§Ä ^nenw-¢-ºnsâ t\Xr-Xz-¯n kwL-Sn-¸n-¡mw. amk-¯n c-p {]mh-iy-sa-¦nepw
^nenw ¢ºnsâ `mK-amb kn\nam Bkzm-Z\ ]cn-]m-Sn-IÄ \S-¡-Ww. kn\na I--Xn\v tijw
kn\n-a-bpsS ImgvN A\p-`-hs¯ ASn-Øm-\-s¸-Sp¯n NÀ¨-IÄ \S-¯-Ww. ^nenw ¢ºnsâ
t\Xr-Xz-¯n kn\n-am-cw-K¯v {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ {]Xn-`-I-fp-ambn apJm-apJw ]cn-]m-Sn-IÄ kwL-Sn-
¸n-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv, c£n-Xm-¡Ä¡p-th--nbpw kn\n-am-{]-ZÀi\w kwL-Sn-¸n-¡mw. kn\n-am-{]-
ZÀi\-¯nsâ Adn-bn¸v ap³Iq«n {]ZÀin-¸n-¡p-¶Xv kn\n-a-bpsS NÀ¨-bn kPo-h-ambn CS-s]-Sp-
¶-Xn\p th-n d^-d³kv \S-¯m³ klm-b-I-am-Ipw. kn\nam inev]-im-e-IÄ, eLp-kn-\nam
\nÀ½mWw, kn\nam Bkzm-Z\ NÀ¨-IÄ, kn\nam ]Xn-¸p-IÄ, kn\n-am- hmÀ¯-IÄ, kn\n-am-
dnhyq F¶n-h-bpw ^nenw ¢ºnsâ t\Xr-Xz-¯n kwL-Sn-¸n-¡mw.
kwhn-[m\w
kn\na kwhn-[m-bIsâ Ie-bmWv.¢mkn Hcp kwhm-Zw kwL-Sn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\v Fs´Ãmw Imcy-
§Ä \n§Ä d^À sN¿pw? AXnsâ ASn-Øm-\-¯n Hcp Ipdn¸v Xbm-dm-¡p-I.

ASqÀ tKm]m-e-IrjvW³ Pn. Ac-hn-µ³ kXy-PnXv td

1941 Pqsse 3 \v P\-\w.
C´y-bnse H¶mw-InS Ne-¨n-{X-Im-c-
·m-cpsS CS-bn Øm\-apÅ ASqÀ
tKm]m-eI - r-jvW³ ae-bmf kn\n-asb
\ho- I - c n- ¨ - X n H¶m- a ³. 1971 se
kzbw-hcw F¶ kn\na apXÂ At±-
lw \h kn\nam {]Øm-\-¯nsâ
hgn-Im-«n-bmbn XpScp¶p. cmjv{Sw ]ß-
hn-`q-j³ \ÂIn BZ-cn-¨p. 16 XhW
tZiob AhmÀUv, 17 XhW tIcf
kwØm\ AhmÀUv e`n-¨p. kwhn-
[m\w sNbvXv FÃm Nn{X-§fpw ae-
bmf kn\n-ab - nse \mgn-I¡
- Ã
- p-If
- m-bn.
1935 P\p-hcn 21 \v tIm«-b¯v P\n-
¨p.
tKmhn-µ³ Ac-hn-µ³ Pn. Ac-hn-µ³
F¶- d n- b - s ¸- « p. kwKo- X - Ú \pw
ImÀ«q-Wn-Ìp-ambncp¶p Ac-hn-µ³.
tIc-f¯ - nse Ne-¨n{X Nn´sb Ac-
hn- µ ³ amän adn- ¨ p. D¯- c m- b \w
apXÂ hmkvXp-lm-c-hscbpÅ Ac-
hn-µsâ Ne-¨n-{X-§Ä ae-bmf kn\n-
a- b psS \h- ` m- h p- I - X z- ¯ nsâ
t\XrXzw Gsä- S p- ¯ p. tI{µþ
kwØm\ AhmÀUp-IÄ \nc-h[n
e`n-¨p. 1991 amÀ¨n A´-cn-¨p.
1921 sabv 2 \v I¡-¯-bnÂ
P\- \ w. temI kn\n- a - b nÂ
Xs¶ anI¨ Ne-¨n{X cN-bn-
Xm-hmbn ]cn-K-Wn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p.
td 36 kn\n-a-IÄkw-hn-[m\w
sNbvXp. 1955se ]tYÀ ]m©m-
en-bmWv BZy kn\n-a. ]Xn-
s\m¶v A´Àt±-iob k½m-\-
§-fmWv ]tYÀ ]©men t\Sn-
b- X v. C´ym Kh- s ×â v
BZys¯ 1992 Â `mcX cXv\w
\ÂIn BZ-cn-¨p. 1992 G{]nÂ
amk- ¯ n 70mw hb- Ê nÂ
\ncym-X-\m-bn.

15
hoUntbm sse{_dn
\n§-fpsS hnZym-e-b-¯n Hcp hoUntbm sse{_dn Hcp-¡p-¶-Xn\pth-n Fs´Ãmw Xbm-sd-Sp-
¸p- I Ä \S- t ¯- - X mWv ? hoUntbm sse{_- d n- b psS {]hÀ¯- \ - § Ä¡p- t h- n Hcp ¹m³ Xbm- d m-
¡p-I.

tjmÀ«v ^nenw
^nenw ¢ºnsâ t\Xr-Xz-¯n \n§Ä Fs´Ãmw {lkz kn\n-a-IÄ {]ZÀin-¸n¡pw?
{lkz kn\n-a-IÄ ]T-\-{]-hÀ¯-\-¯nsâ `mK-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-t¼mÄ Fs´Ãmw Imcy-§Ä
Btem-Nn-t¡---Xp-v?
þ ka-b-ssZÀLyw
þ ]T\ hnj-b-hpambpÅ _Ôw
þ aäv Fs´Ãmw Imcy-§Ä?
Hcm-i-bs¯ ià-amb A\p-`-h-am¡n Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡m³ {lkz-kn-\n-a-bn-eqsS Ign-bpw. Ipdª
ka-b-¯n-\p-Ån hen-sbmcp Zriym-\p-`-h-amWv {lkz kn\n-a-IÄ ImgvN-h-bv¡p-¶-Xv. henb k¶m-
l-§-sfm-¶p-an-Ãm-sXbpw {lkz kn\n-a-IÄ \nÀan-¡m³ Ign-bp-a-tÃm.
Hcp {lkz kn\n-am \nÀam-W-¯n-\p-th-n Fs´Ãmw Xbm-sd-Sp-¸mWv \n§Ä ¢mkn NÀ¨
sN¿p-I.
þ Xnc-¡Y
þ kwhn-[m\w
þ kmt¦-XnI klm-b-§Ä
þ Npa-X-e-IÄ
þ jq«nwKv
þ FUn-änwKv
{Kq¸p-IÄ Xbm-dm-¡nb {lkz kn\n-a-IfpsS {]ZÀi\ aÕcw \n§-fpsS Øm]-\-¯n F§s\
kwL-Sn-¸n¡pw?

A[n-I-hm-b-\bv¡v
1. kn\n-a-täm-{K^n þ ]T-\hpw {]tbm-Khpw þ F.Fw. at\m-PvIp-amÀ
2. kn\n-abpw kmt¦-XnI hnZybpw þ A\nÂIp-amÀ Xncp-thm¯v
3. C´y³ kn\n-a-bnse amtÌgvkv þ FUn-äÀ A\nÂIp-amÀ Xncp-thm¯v
4. kn\n-a-bpsS ]mT-§Ä þ kmP³ sXcp-h-¸pg

16