ap≥samgn

e ]fin-X-∑m¿ tN¿∂v "{]ÿm-\-ß-fneqsS' kmln-Xy-N-cn{Xw cNn-

] °p-I, \ΩpsS `mjsb kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw Hcp ]pXnb ]co-
£W-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v {]kvXm-h-\-bn¬ ]d-™p-h-t√m. \thm-∞m-\-
Øns‚ ^e-ambn kmlnXyw ]e {]ÿm-\-ß-fmbn cq]wsIm≈p∂Xv
19˛mw iXI-Øns‚ DØ-cm¿[-Øn-em-Wv. AXn-\p-apºv \ap°v `mh-\m-
{][m\amb kmlnXyw D≠m-bncp∂Xv {]mtbW Imhy-cq-]-ß-fn-em-bn-
cp∂p. AXns‚ cq]-t`-Z-ß-fmWv KmY, Infn-∏m-´v, Xp≈¬ F∂nh. Ah-

S
bn¬ IYbpsS Aw-ihpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. AXn-t\mSp XpeyX ]pe¿Øp-

K
∂Xpw Imhyw, \mSIw F∂o LS-I-߃ Ie¿∂-Xp-amb B´-°-Ybpw
\ap-°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]ns∂ Hs∂-SpØp ]dbm\p≈Xv kwkvIrX _‘-
O
^-e-ambn \ap°p e`n® Nºp-°fpw ktμ-i-Im-hy-ßfp-am-Wv. AtXmSp-
tN¿∂v `mjm-K-Zy-Øn¬ `mh-\-bpsS AwiwIe¿∂ Npcp°w Nne IrXn-
I-fp-ap-≠m-bn. C{Xbpw tN¿∂-t∏mƒ \ΩpsS ]gb kmln-Xy-N-cn{Xw
BO

GXm≠v ]q¿W-ambn. CXmWv {]ÿm\ßfn-eqsS-bp≈ BZysØ

kmln-Xy-N-cn-{X-Øns‚ CXn-hr-Øw. CXv \mev]-Xp-h¿jw-apºv cNn°-
s∏´ Imcyw {]kvXm-h-\-bn¬ ]d-™p-h-t√m.
Ign™ iX-I-Øns‚ Ah-km-\-]m-Z-Øn-emWv \ΩpsS `mj-bn¬
C

\thm-∞m-\-Øns‚ ^e߃ I≠p-Xp-S-ßn-b-Xv. \ap°v ]t≠ D≠m-bn-

cp∂ ]Zyw ]pXnb cq]hpw ]pXnb ssNX\yhpw hcn°p∂p. ]t£
D

KZy-Øns‚ IY Aß-s\-b-√. AhnsS {]ÿm-\-߃Xs∂ cq]w-sIm-

≈p∂p. Aß-s\-bmWv t\mh¬, sNdp-I-Y, KZy-\m-S-Iw, Poh-N-cn{Xw,
Bfl-I-Y, D]\ymkw (caytam hnt⁄-btam BbXv), bm{Xm-hn-h-cWw
apX-em-bh cq]w-sIm-≈p-∂-Xv. Chbv°v sImgp∏pw ]q¿W-Xbpw \evIp∂
Kth-j-Whpw imkv{X-km-ln-Xyhpw AtXm-Sp-tN¿∂v {]_-e-s∏-´p. Ch-
tbmSp tN¿∂v kmln-Xy-\n-cq-]-Whpw ]pjvI-e-am-bn. Cu taJ-e-I-fn¬
Ht∂Im¬ iX-I-Øn-\p-≈n¬ cq]w-sIm≠ kmln-Xy-Øns‚ Ncn-{X-amWv
Cu {K-Ÿ-Øns‚ {][m\ D≈S°w.

\thm-∞m-\hpw B[p-\n-I-Xbpw
ChnsS \thm-∞m-\hpw B[p-\n-I-Xbpw GXm≠v HØp-tN¿∂p hcp∂p.
\ap°v \thm∞m\w e`n°p∂XpXs∂ B[p-\n-I-X-tbmSp tN¿∂m-
Ip∂p. F¶nepw c≠pw c≠p LS-I-ß-fm-sW∂Xv hnkva-cn-®p-Iq-Sm. AXn-
\m¬ c≠pw \mw {]tXy-In®v hni-I-e\w sNbvXv a\- n-em-t°-≠n-bn-cn-
°p-∂p.

11
 D≈-S°w

IhnX
tUm. Un. _©-an≥
t\mh¬
tUm. tPm¿Pv HmW-°q¿
sNdp-IY
`mKw H∂v: Pn.-F≥. ]Wn-°¿

S
`mKw c≠v: tUm. Un. _©-an≥

K
\mSIw
tUm. sI. Aø-∏-∏-Wn-°¿
O
Poh-N-cn{Xw
]h-\≥
BO

Bfl-IY
tUm. sI.-Fw. tPm¿Pv
D]-\ymkw
C

tUm. kmap-h¬ Nμ-\-∏≈n

bm{Xm-hn-h-cWw
D

Fw.-sI. am[-h≥\m-b¿
]gbsNSn-Iƒ ]pXnb]q°ƒ
sI. Atim-I≥
\ncq-]Ww
tUm. ]n.-hn. them-bp-[≥]n≈
_me-km-lnXyw
hn.-sI. \mcm-b-W≥
Kth-jWw
tUm. sI.-Fw. {]`m-I-c-hm-cn-b¿
imkv{X-km-lnXyw
]n. tKmhn-μ-∏n≈

19
 B[p-\nI ae-bmf kmln-Xy-N-cn{Xw {]ÿm-\-ß-fn-eqsS

]{X-ta-Je
tUm. F≥. kmw
d^-d≥kv IrXn-Iƒ
tUm. Bd-∑pf lcn-l-c-]p-{X≥
A\p-_-‘-߃
{]_-‘-Im-c-]-cn-Nbw
{KŸ-Im-c-]-cn-Nbw

S
K
O
BO
C
D

20
 B[p-\nI ae-bmf kmln-Xy-N-cn{Xw {]ÿm-\-ß-fn-eqsS

""L\w, {Zhw, hmXIw Ch XΩn-ep≈ hyXymkw F¥v? F√m

]Zm¿∞-ßfpw AWp-°fpsS kwtbm-Kw-sIm≠v aq¿Ø-ß-fmbn Xo¿∂n-
´p-≈-h-bm-Wv. Hcp IjWw teml-Øn-s‚tbm I√n-s‚tbm IY-Xs∂
Btem-Nn-°p-I. AXy¥w t\¿Ø [qfn-I-fmbn \ap°v AXns\ s]mSn-
°m≥ Ign-bpw. Cu [qfn-Iƒ Hcp-an®v IqSn-bn-cp-∂m¬ \ap°v AXv
ImWm≥ Ign- b p- s a- ¶ nepw AXv BIm- i - Ø n¬ ]d- ∏ n- ® p- I - f - ™ m¬
AZriy-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂p.''*
Nn¥m-kp-μcw: imkv{X-hn-jb - ß
- ƒ A¢n-jvSk - p-μc
- a
- mb ssien-bn¬
cNn- t °- ≠ - s X- ß - s \- s b∂v a\- k n- e m- t °- ≠ - h ¿ sI.- B - d ns‚ ]mX
]n¥pStc≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. a\p-jy-kz-`m-hw, DXvIr-jvStam A]-Ir-jvS-tam,
bqWn-th-gvkn‰n hnZym-`ym-kw, Fgp-Ø-—≥, kmt¶-Xn-I-i-_vZ-tIm-iw,
kn.hn. cma≥]n≈, `mjm-N-ºp-°ƒ, ItTm-]-\n-j-Øv, kzm{i-b-io-ew,
`mjm-`nhr≤nbv°v Nne \n¿t±-i-߃, aq∂p tamXn-c-߃, t£{X-{]-
thi-\w, \f-N-cnXw B´-°Y XpSßn H´-\-h[n hnj-b߃ sI.-B¿.
ssIImcyw sNbvXn-´p-≠v. kwi-b-Øns‚ ]gp-Xp-Iƒ Ah-ti-jn-∏n-°msX

S
GXp hnjb-sØ-°p-dn®pw kzIo-bhpw kpNn-¥n-X-hp-amb A`n-{]m-b-
K
߃ At±lw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p∂p.
O
A[ymbw 4
BO

kRvP-b\pw C.-hn. IrjvW-]n-≈bpw

ß-bn¬ Ip™n-cm-a≥ \mb-\m¿ XpS-°-an´ ctaym-]-\ym-k-
th imJsb kPo- h hpw kº- ∂ hpam- ° n- b Xv kRv P - b \pw
C

(Fw.B¿. \mb¿, 1903˛43) C.-hn. IrjvW-]n≈(1894˛1938)bpam-Wv. Bfl-

\njvT-amb cN-\-I-fmWv Ah-cp-tS-Xv. GXp hnj-b-sØ-°p-dn®pw A\m-
D

bm-k-sa-gp-Xp-hm≥ Ah¿°p Ign-™p. ""c≠p-t]cpw ]{Xm-[n-]-∑m-cpsS

\nc-¥-c-amb Ae-´-en\p Iogvhgßn h∂-hm-°n\v Fgp-Xn-hn-Sp-I-bm-bn-
cp∂p. Btem-Nn-°m≥ t\cw In´n-°m-Wp-I-bn-√. F∂n´pw Ah-cpsS cN\
C{Xbpw `{Z-cq-]-am-bXv AZv`p-X-I-c-am-Wv. ImenI{]m[m-\y-ap≈ hnj-b-
߃°v IqSp-X¬ ap≥KW\ \evIn-b-Xp-sIm≠v kRvP-bs‚ cN-\-Iƒ
Nne-t∏mƒ Hcp-Xcw am¿Pn\¬ Ipdn-∏p-I-fmbn ]cnWan-°p-∂p. (am¿Pn-
t\-enb) {]tabkzoIc-W-Øn¬ C.-hn. Iptd-°qSn {i≤n-®p. c≠p-t]cpw
{]Xn-`m[-\¿, c≠p-t]¿°pw ]c∂-hm-b-\bpw Dd® [mc-Wm-i-‡n-bp-
ap≠m-bn-cp-∂p. c≠p-t]-cp-sSbpw ssien kplrXv k√m-]-Xp-eyw. C.-hn.°v
]mfinXyw IΩn-bm-bn-cp∂p F∂v ]ecpw Icp-Xp∂p. CXv icn-b-s√∂p
"Nncnbpw Nn¥bpw' {i≤n®p hmbn®m¬ a\- n-emIpw. Imfn-Zm-k\pw
`¿Xr-lcnbpw hymIcWhpw sshZyhpw F√mw kμ¿t`m-Nn-X-ambn C.hn.
{]tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-≠v. kRvPb\v thZm-¥-hn-Nmcw IqSp-X-ep-s≠-∂Xv

* sI.-B¿. IrjvW-]n-≈-˛-{]-_-‘-߃ (c≠mw`mKw) 1955. ]p. 32

630
kpK-X-Ip-amcn (P. 1934)
Ih-bn{Xn. Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cØv s\øm-‰n≥I-c-bn¬ P\-\w. h\nXm-°-Ωo-j≥
sNb¿t]-gvk¨., ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-I. IrXn-Iƒ: apØp-®n∏n (1961), ]mXn-cm-∏q-
°ƒ (1967), ]mhw am\-h-lr-Zbw (1968), Ccpƒ®ndIp-Iƒ (1969), cm{Xn-ag
(1977) Aº-ea - Wn (1981), Ipdn™n-∏q-°ƒ (1987), Xpem-h¿j-∏® (1990), cm[-
sb-hnsS (1995).
kptc-{μ≥, sI (1921-˛96)
t\mh-en-Ãv, Poh-Nc - n-{X-Im-c≥, \ncq-]I - ≥, \mS-II - r-Øv. Hm®nd P\\w. Iºn-
Ø-]m¬ hIp∏p-tZym-K-ÿ≥. IrXn-Iƒ: t\mh¬-˛-Im´p-Ip-cßv (1952), Xmfw
(1960), amb (1961), koa (1967), acWw Zp¿_ew (1974), ]XmI (1981), Icp-Wm-
ebw (1990), koXm-b-\w (1990), Kpcp (1994). Poh-N-cn-{Xw-˛-tSmƒtÃm-bn-bpsS
IY (1954), Ipam-c\ - m-im≥ (1963). \ncq-]W - w-˛I - e
- bpw kmam\yP\-ßfpw (1953),
t\mh¬ kzcq]w (1968), kr-jvSnbpw \ncq-]W - hpw (1968). \mS-Iw-˛_en (1953),
Ac-°n√w (1954), ]fp-¶p-]m{Xw (1957), ]m\-]m-{X-Ønse sImSp-¶m‰v (1960).
tkXp (-P-. 1942)

S
t\mh-en-Ãv, sNdp-IY - m-Ir-Øv. P\-\w Fd-Wm-Ipfw Pn√-bn¬ tN∂-aw-Ke - Øv.

K
_m¶v DtZymKÿ≥. IrXn-Iƒ: t\mh¬-˛-h-\-hmkw (1976), Adn-bmØ hgn-
Iƒ, Xmfn-tbme (1977), ]mfi-h] - pcw (1979), hnfbm´w (1981), In\m-hp-If - n¬
O
Im-´pXo (1981), \ntbmKw (1988), Ggmw-]°w (1990). sNdp-IY - ˛- t- ]-Sn-kz]v\߃
(1977), Hcp tZiØns‚ hnPbw (1978), IY-Iƒ (1984), Ab¬]°w (1985),
BO

ZqXv (1987), \qteWn (1988), GtXm Hcp hgn-t]m-°≥ (1988), Kpcp (1990),
bm{Xbv°n-Sb - n¬ (1992), shfp-Ø- Iq-Sm-cß - ƒ (1994).
sska¨, sI.-hn. (1883-˛1943)
Ihn. {]`m-j-I≥. CS-bm-d-∑pf Ip∂w-]p-dØp `h-\-Øn¬ P\-\w. hntbmPn-
X≥ F∂ t]cnep≈ ss{IkvXhkaq-l-Øns‚ D]-⁄m-Xmhv. kvIqƒ
C

A≤ym-]-I≥, kphn-ti-j-I≥. IrXnIƒ: thZ-hn-lmcw alm-Imhyw (1931).

\nim-Imew (1913), \√ ia-cy≥ (1933). Iem-`wKn \nd™ Km\-ß-fpsS kam-
D

lm-cß - f - mWv kwKo-Xi - X

- I- w, kwKoX-cX - v\m-hen F∂nh.
lcn-i¿Ω, F.-Un. (1896-˛1972)
\ncq-]I - ≥, Poh-Nc - n-{X-Im-c≥, D]-\ym-kI - m-c≥. sIm®n-°S- pØv ]≈n-∏pdØp
P\-\w.- kvIqƒ, tImtfPv A≤ym-]I - ≥. IrXn-Iƒ: \ncq-]Ww-˛k - mln-Xy-kao£
(1954), kph¿W-c-ivan-Iƒ (1957). D]-\ymkw-˛-an{iIm¥n, kmln-Xy-`qjWw
(1936). Poh-Nc - n{Xw˛a-lm-Ihn D≈q¿ (1940), I≠-Øn¬ hdp-Ko-kp-am-∏nf (1951),
`mjm-Ih - n-Iƒ (1955).
sl¿Ω≥ Kp≠¿´v (1814-˛93)
\nL-≠p-Im-c≥, sshbm-Ic - W- ≥, D]-\ym-kI - m-c≥. P¿Ω-\n-bn¬ ÃqSvKm¿´n¬
P\-\w. {InkvXpaX anj-\dn (_m-k¬ anj≥). IrXn-Iƒ: \nL-≠p-˛-a-e-
bmfw˛Cw•ojv UnIvjWdn (1871), ae-bmfw B‚ v Cw•ojv UnIvjWdn (1872).
hymI-cW - w-˛a- e - b- mf `mjm-hymIcWw (1868), A]q¿W-amb 1˛mw ]Xn∏v 1851˛¬).
Ncn{Xw˛tIcf-∏ga (1868), ae-bm-fc - mPyw (1870), hnh. k©m-cn-bpsS {]bmWw
(3˛mw ]Xn∏v 1869), ss__nƒ (1857). a‰p IrXnIƒ: ]gs©m¬ame (1845),
]mT-ame (1860), h{P-kqNn (1861).

1105