ap-p-hnbpw ae-bm-f-kn\n-abpw

tUm.-tPmkv sI.-am-\p-h
kn\n-abpw ap-p-hnbpw Xn-ep _w CXp-hsc
Bcpw A{X Kuc-ht- msS Nnn-p-Itbm N-sN-p-Itbm sNbvXnn- .

ae- b m- f - t \m- h kmln- X y- N - c n- { X- n Xnc- k v I r- X - \ mb

ap-p-hn-bpsS t\mh-ep-I {it-b-amb ae-bm-f-kn-\n-a-Iv

Bkv]-Z-am-sb hkvXp-Xbpw \ni-_vZ-X-sImv hnkvar-Xn-bn-em-pI-bm-bn-cp-nt? Hcp Ime-L--nse ae-bm-f-t\m-h kmln-Xytbpw Ne-n-{X-ta-J-e-tbbpw ap-p-hn kzm[o-\n--Xns coXnim-kv{Xhpw kz`m-h-k-hn-ti-j-X-Ifpw C\n-sb-nepw \nb-X-amb
hkvXp-X-I-fpsS ]m--e-n hne-a-Xn-t--Xm-Wv.
Bbn-c-n-sXm-m-bn-cn A-n-tb-gn ]n.-kp-{_-Wyw
kwhn-[m\w \nh-ln ]mSm ss]nfn apX 1990- Sn.-F-kv.
kptc-jv_m_p kwhn-[m\w \nh-ln tImbw Ip- h-scbp ap-n-aq-p-hjw-sImv ap-p-hn-bpsS apXn]cw
t\mh-ep-I-fmWv kn\n-a-bm-b-Xv. ae-bm-f-n G-hp-a-[nIw t\mhep-I A\p-I-ev]-\-n-eqsS kn\n-a-bm-sb _lp-a-Xnbpw Alamb AwKo-Imcw e`n-m-sX-t]mb Cu {]Xn-`-bp-tS-Xm-Wv. temI-Ne-n{X Ncn-{X-nXs

ap-Xn-e-[nIw t\mh-ep-I F{X-t]-cp-

tSXv kn\n-a-bm-bn-p-spw ]cn-tim-[n-t-n-bn-cn-p-p.

kn\na Hcp kwL-SnX Ie-bm-Wv. AXp-sIm-vXs AXns
kmwkvIm-cn-I-]-m-ew hn]p-e-am-Wv. Ne-n-{X-I-e-bn kwL-Snp hkvXp- Iem-cq-]-hp-ambn _-s-p-\np-tm Nen-{X-I-e-bpsS cq]o-I-c-W-n kwL-Sn-p--h-cpsS {]Xn-`bpw
Azm-\hpw km--I-Xbpw Ne-n-{X-kw-kvIm-c-hp-ambn _-s
_mlym-h--IsfqSn hn]p-eo-I-cn-p-p-v. IYm-Ir-v, Xnc-Ym-Irv, kwhn-[m-b-I, A`n-t\-Xm-, Ombm-{Km-l-I, Nn{Xkw-tbm-P-I, Km\-c-N-bn-Xm-, Km\m-em-]-I XpSn kn\n-a-bn
kwL-Sn-p--h-cpsS Fw Gsd-bm-Wv. Cu ]m--e-n-emWv
P\-{]n-b-X-bpsS kwL-SnX {]h-\-sf Xmzn-Ihpw kucym--I-hp-ambn hni-I-e\hnt[-b-am-t-n-h-cp--Xv.
ap-p-hn-bpsS t\mh-ep-I kn\n-ab
- m-bX
- ns ]m-ew
sshhn-y-ap--Xm-Wv. A\p-I-ev]\w (adaptation) tIh-e-samcp Nt]mepw

BIm Ime-mWv C{X-b-[nIw t\mh-ep-I kn\n-a-

bm-b-Xv. CXn _lp-`q-cn-]--n-sbpw IY, kw`m-jW cN-bnXmhv ap-p-hn Xs-bm-bn-cp-p. B Ime-L--n Xnc-Ysb \nb-X-cq-]-n AwKo-I-cnv XpS-p--tX-bp-p. IY, kw`mjW cN- b n- X m- h v Fn- - s \bmWv Av kn\n- a - b psS ssSnent]mepw t]cv tNn-cp-X
- v. bYm-n ap-p-hn-bpsS
t\mh-ep-I-fpsS hP-\-{]n-b-X-bmWv AXns\ kn\n-a-bm-p-hm-\p
2

{]Y-a-Im-c-Ww.
kn\n-ab
- nse Ie-bvmtWm I-hS-
- n-\mtWm {][m\ m\sa tNmZy-n\v C-t-Xp-t]mse Apw IrXy-amb D-c-apm-bn-cp-n-. kwkvIm-c-ap P\-Xbvv kwLw tNv ImWphm Ign-bp kn\n-a-I-sf-bmWv Fm-m-epw BtLm-jn-pIbpw AwKo-I-cn-p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp--Xv. CXn\v {]m]vX-amb kn\na-I-fm-bn-cpp ap-p-hn-bp-tSXv FXv AXns t{ijvT-X-bmWv
hy-am-p--Xv.
Pbn]pn (1957) adn-b-pn (1958) ]qmen (1960) {InkvXpakv cm{Xn (1961) m\-kp-cn (1961) kv\m]-I-tbm-l-m (1963)
CW-{]m-hp-I (1965) ]p-Xqhme (1965) m\mn kmdm (1966)
IS (1968) shfp I{Xo\ (1968) N-n--he (1969) a[p-hn[p
(1970) temdm \o FhnsS (1971) Ic-Im-Wm--S (1971) sse _v
(1971) abn-em-Spw-Ipv (1972) ]-t\m-p-I (1973) Ag-Ip skeo\
(1973) sXImv (1973) \mq (1974) ]qt-\-cphn (1974) {]nbap tkm^nb (1975) tImbw Ip- (1990) XpS-nb kn\n-aI-sfmw {in--s--h-bm-bn-cp--tm. hn-bpsS P\-{i--bmIjn t\mh-ep-I-fmWv Cu kn\n-a-Iv Bkv]-Z-sa-Xv Ncn-{Xk-Xyw. bYm-n-en-hnsS t\mh-ens P\-{]n-bX Ne-n-{X-ns
{]i-kvXnpw hnP-b-n\pw P\-{]n-b-X-bvpw Imc-W-am-bn.
ae-bmf kn\na kPo-h-ambnpS-nb Imev AXns IYm3

Jym\ coXnbpw P\-{]n-b-L-S-\bpw cq]o-I-cn-p--Xn hn-p

]v {][m-\-am-Wv. t\mh-ens t]cp-I Xs-bmWv _lq-`q-cn-]w
kn\n-a-bp-sSbpw t]cp-I-fmbn Xo-Xv. efn-X-amb ae-bmfw hmpI-fmWv emfn-Xy-ap Aw hn\n-abw sNp--Xv. t\mh-ens
BJym-\-n kzoI-cn Zriy-kz-`m-hw, a[y-Xn-cp-hn-Xm-Iq tI{ambn hcp ]m--e-, Krlm--co--nepw Npp-h-p
\npw ]dn-s-Sp IYm-]m-{X-, Ah-cpsS lrZ-b-n\npw
Dbp-h-cp hnIm-c- Dsm kw`m-jW coXn, \mS-Iob
aplq- XpS-n-b-h-sbmw B Ime-L--nse Ne-n{X
IYbvv ]cn-]q-ambn Xs CW-p--h-bm-bn-cp-p. AXp-sImp-Xs Cu t\mh-ep-Isf Ne-n-{X-n-tev A\p-I-ev]n-s-Sp-phm Gsd Ffp--am-bn-cp-p.
hnaIp-am kwhn-[m\w sNbvX A\pw aI\pw {iocm-a-ep\m-bn-Up-hns XkvI-c-ho-c, Fw.-sI.B \ym-cpsS tZh-kp--cn,
cmap-Im-cym-ns anm-an-\pv, B.-th-e
- \mb-cpsS anp-s
- Xmw
s]m-. ]n.-kp-{_--Wy-ns ]mSm ss]n-fn, Pbn]pn
Fo kn\n-aI
- f
- mWv 1957- ]pd-p-h
- X
- v. ap-p-hn-bpsS t\mhep-I-fmb ]mSm ss]n-fnbpw Pbn]p-nbpw t]mn-c dm^nbpsS IY-bmb anm-an-\p-p-am-Wv A\p-I-ev]\ kn\n-a-I. aebmf kn\na kPo-h-am-Ip L-n Xs AXns\ Du-kzehpw P\-{]n-b-hp-am-p-hm hn-bpsS t\mh-ep-Ip Ign-s4

p-Xv {it-b-am-Wv.
]mSm- - s s]- n- f n- b nse {][m\ thj- ssIImcyw
sNbvXXv t{]w\-ko, ap-, sImm-c-c {io[-c-ta-t\m, Fkv.]n.-]n-, _l-Zq, hmW-p-n, Sn.-F.-tKm-]n-\m-Y \mb, Imebv Ipam-c, ankvIp-am-cn, ]-P-hn, Bd-pf s]m-, ASq
]-Pw, imn, N-\m-tcn Xw, tImbw im XpS-n-b-h-cmWv. Cu kn\n-a-bpsS cN\ \nh-ln-Xv ap-p-hn Xs-bm-Wv.
1957-se anI {]mtZ-inI kn\n-a-bvp tZiob AhmUv ]mSm
ss]n-fn-m-bn-cp-p.
Pbnp-n-bpsS IYbpw kw`m-j-W-c-N-bn-Xmhpw ap-phn X-bm-bn-cp-p. t{]w\-ko, chn-Ip-am, ap, sImm-cc, Fkv . - ] n. ]n, _l- Z q, Ip]n- , Fkv . - B ]m- v ,
hneywkv, ]n.-F-kv.-i-, Fw.-Pn. \mcm-b-W, anvIpam-cn, imn,
Xw, Pm\In XpS-n-b-h-cmWv {][m\ IYm-]m-{X-sf Ah-X-cnn {it-b-cmb Xmc-. ]mSm ss]n-fn-bn-tebpw Pbn]pn-bn-tebpw Km\-cN
- \ Xncp-\m-b\
- mp-dn-nbpw kwKo-Xk
- w-hn-[m\w
{_Z eva-W-\p-am-bn-cp-p. awKew hnf-bp ae-\m-tS......... (I-apI-d, imm ]n. \mb), ]msSSn ]msSSn (I-ap-I-d, cm[m-tZ-hn)
kvt\lta Id-b\n.... (I-ap-I-d) XpS-nb ]mSm ss]n-fn-bntebpw Hm-Wn\n \-sfm-m-Wv... ]n-sXn t]mW-h-cm-tW....
(Pm-\m tUhn-Uv, im ]n.-\m-b) Btcm-Sp-sam-cp...(-eo-e) XpS5

nb Km\- Gsd P\-{]oXn t\Sn-b-h-bm-bn-cp-p.

]n.-kp-{_--Wyw, Ipm-tm, sI.-F-kv. tkXp-am-[-h, F.
i-c\m-b, cLp-\m-Yv, _m_p, F.-hnsk v XpS-nb {]kn-cmb kwhn-[m-b-I-cmWv ap-p-hn-bpsS t\mh-ep-I kn\n-a-bmn-b-Xv. CXn _lp-`q-cn-]w kn\n-a-I-fp-sSbpw IYbpw kw`mjW cN- b n- X mhpw hn Xs- b m- b n- c p- p. Ic- I m- W m- - S ,
sse_-v XpS-nb kn\n-a-Iv Xnc--Ybpw kw`m-j-W-hp-sagp-Xn-bXv Fkv.-F.-]pcw kZm-\--\m-Wv. abn-em-Spw-Ip-ns Xnc-Ybpw kw`m-j-Whpw sI.-Sn.-ap-l-ZmWv cNn--Xv. Ag-Ipskeo\,
sXImv Fo kn\n-a-Iv tXmn `mkn-bpw Xnc--Y--kw`m-jWw cNn-p.
]mSm ss]n-fn, Pbn]p-n, adn-b-p-n, m\-kp--cn,
kv\m]-It- bm-l
- m, CW-{]m-hp-I, m\mYn kmdm-, shfp
I{Xo\, temdm-\o-sb-hn-sS, abn-em-Spw-Ip-v, Ag-Ip skeo\ XpSn-bp ap-p-hn kv]i-ap kn\n-a-I-fnse \mb-I-I-Ym]m{Xw t{]w \ko-dm-bn-cp-p. Hcp Ime-L--nse ]pcp-j\pw ImapI\pw ]uc-\p-samw cq]w-sImpw `mhw-sImpw \ko-dm-bn-cp-tm. P\-{]n-b-X-bmPn ]pcp-j-cq-]--sf-bmWv ap-p-hn t\mhep-I-fn-eqsS Ah-X-cn-n--Xv. Cu kp-c-]p-cp-js XW-entem ]cn-KW-\-bntem BWv kv{XoI kp-cn-Ifpw Nmcn{X kwc--I-cp-ambn
IpSpw-_-n-\p-n \nd-p-\n--Xv. bYm-n ChnsS ap6

p-hn cq]o-I-cn P\-Iob ]pcp-j-{]-Xn-\n-[m-\- Ne-n-{Xn t{]w\ko-dn-eqsS aq-cq]w {]m]n-p-I-bm-bn-cp-p.

CW-{]m-hp-I, shfp I{Xo-\, Ic-Im-Wm--S XpS-nb
kn\n-a-I-fn kXy\pw ]p-Xq-hm-e, sXIm-v, IS, N-n-he XpS-nb kn\n-a-I-fn a[phpw {it-b-cmb IYm-]m-{X-sf
Ah-X-cn-n-p-p-v. hnsk v, i-cm-Sn, D, tImbw sN,
Bepw-aq-S, Fkv.-]n. ]n, s\n-tmSv `mkvI-c, ap, _lZq, {]Xm-]-N-{, Xnp-dp-n, tkma, ktmjv Ipam, tPmkv
{]Im-iv, Sn.-sI. _me-N-{, chn-Ip-am XpS-n-b-h sshhn-y-ap
]pcpj kz`m-h- Xnc-io-e-bn kmm-XvImcw \In-b-h-cm-Wv.
Pb-`m-c-Xn, Im-\, efn-X, Sn.-B.-Hm-a\, kpPm-X, {ioe-X,
Djm-Ip-am-cn, sI.-]n.-F.-kn. efn-X, hnP-b-Ip-am-cn, ASq ]-Pw, Bdpf s]m-, joe, ]n\n, imc-Z, imn, ]-P-h-n, ^nteman\,
Im-\, hnP-b-e-van, Aw_n-I, tImbw im, imn, ankvIp-amcn, cRvPn-\n XpS-n-bp \Sn-am ap-p-hn-bpsS {it-b-amb
IYm-]m-{X-v Xnc-io-e-bn Ombbpw i_vZhpw \In- A`n-\bn--h-cm-Wv. Ch B Ime-L--n {]i-kvX-cm-bn-cpp F
hkvXpX AwKo-I-cn-p-tmXs ap-p-hn-bpsS P\-{i--bmIjn IYm-]m-{X--fpsS Ah-X-c-W-n-eqsS Chpw {]ikvXn
e`n-s hkvXpX AwKo-I-cn-t--Xm-Wv. tIc-fob kv{XoXz-ns
a[y-Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq kv{Xo {]Xn-\n-[m-\--sf-bmWv Ch ico-cw7

sImpw ico-c-`m-hw-sImpw BJym-\n--Xv.

ap-p-hn-bpsS t\mh-ep-I kn\n-a-bm-b-tm e`n
kzoI-c-W-amWv 1990- "then' F t\mh tImbw Ip-
F t]cn kn\n-a-bm-m Sn.-F-kv. kptcjv _m_p-hns\ t{]cnn--Xv. Cu kn\n-a-bpsS Xnc-Y sUokv tPmk-^m-Wv. aq-n,
kpIp- a m- c , hnP- b - c m- L - h , KtW- j v I p- a m, _m_p- B - W n,
tamltPm-kv, PKXn, C-sk v, ]p, {]Xm-]-N-{, cRvPn-\n,
Dj, efn-X, ASq `hm-\n, chnh-tm, PK-\m-Y-h, APnXv
N{, skbv\p-o, PK-m-Y, Ip, tPmkv{]Imiv XpS-n-bh A`n-\-b-co-Xn-sImpw ico-c-`m-j-sImpw hn-bpsS IYm-]m{X-v Xnc-io-e-bn angnhv \Ip-I-bm-bn-cp-p. CXnse tI{I-Ym-]m-{Xs Ah-X-cn-n-p aqn tImbw Ip--\mbn ]cnh-\-s-Sp-tm Adntm Adn-bm-sXtbm kzoI-cn-p t{]w\ko-dns ]e tNjvS-I hncNq-p-Xv ap-p-hn IYm-]m{X--fpsS s]mXp-kz-`m-h-n-te-bvm-Wv.
aWn ame-I sXn-hcpw tX]p--g-I ]mSp-p....,
Cu \oe-cm-hn kvt\lm{Z-\mbn Rm... XpS-nb tbip-Zmkv
Be-]n-p Km\- IYm--co-s Imev]-\n-I-hpw kPo-hhp-am-p--h-bm-Wv. tbip-Zmkpw knphpw tNm-e-]n-p bh\
IY-bnse \mbn-Itb.... F Km\w {]W-b-ns Ben--g-
hnX-dn-p-h Xs-bm-Wv.
8

ae-bm-fn-bpsS Imev]-\nI Nn-Ipw {]Wb Nn-Ipw

hWhpw ck-Ic
- a
- mb D-h{- ]-Xo-Xnbpw \Ip-X
- n- ap-p-hnbpsS t\mh-ep-Ifpw B t\mh-ep-I-fpsS Ne-n-{X-cq-]hpw \Inb
]v Gsd-bm-Wv. ae-bm-f-nse P\-{]nb t\mh-ep-Iv i-amb
]n_ew \Inb ap-p-hn-bpsS A\p-I-ev]-\-n-\m-kv]-Z-amb
t\mh-ep-I Xs-bmWv BZy-Ime ae-bmf kn\n-a-bpsS IYm-h-XcW kz`m-hhpw LS-\bpw cq]o-I-cn-s-Sp--Xv.
ap- p- h n kzX- { - a mbn Fgp- X nb Xnc- - Y - b mWv
apfw]mew. Cu Xnc-Y kn\n-a-bm-bn-. Fm {K-cq-]-n
hmb-\-bvmbn Cd-n. ]mT-sa \ne-bnepw kmln-Xy-sa \nebnepw Xnc-Y A[n-sImpw hne-bn-cp-p-Itbm N sNp-Itbm
sNm Ime-mWv apfw]mew {]kn-o-I-cn--sX-Xpw {it-bam-Wv.
kwkvImc ]T-\w, Ncn{X hni-I-e\w P\-{]nb am\-, kmaqly-imkv{X hni-I-e\w XpS-n-bp ]p ]T-t\m-]-I-c-W-
hv ]g-a-sb, Ime-L--s, kmln-Xy-s, Ie-sb, Bkzm-Z-\-s,
P\-Po-hn-Xs \nW-bn-p-tm-gmWv ap-p-hn-bpsS {]kn
sXfn-hmXpw hym]vXn-bp--Xp-am-bn-Xo-cp--Xv. kmam\y P\s
C{X-b-[nIw t\mh-en-eq-sSbpw Ne-n{X IY-bn-eq-sSbpw BIjnm Ign F{X Fgp-p-Im-cpv. Hcp Ime-L--nse sXmgn,
P\-Po-hn-Xw, IpSpw_ ]m-ew XpS-n-bh Nmcp-X-tbmsS BJym9

\n-s-Sp-p-hm hn kzoI-cncoXn P\-{]n-bhpw P\-{i t\Snb-Xp-am-bn-cp-s-Xpw At-l-n-sbpw At-l-n-s cN-\-I-fpsSbpw khn-ti-j-amb kmwkvIm-cnI ]m--e-amWv shfn-hm-p-Xv.
Hmtcm kn\n-abpw Iem-]-chpw kKm--I-hp-amb _lp-kz-cX-bm-Wv hn\n-abw sNp--Xv. IrXy-ambn ]d-m kn\n-a-bpsS
cq]o-I-c-W-n ]s-Sp-p--h-scmw Xn Hcp _-ap-v. AhcpsS `mh-\bpw kKm-I
- X
- bpw kwLSnv kwLw-tNv {]hnp-Ibpw sNp-p. Cu ]m--e-n ap-p-hnbpw Atl- ns Ne- n{X kw_- - a mb `mh- \ bpw kKm- - I - X bpw
sshhn[ytmsS k-cn-s-nb {]h\aWvUew F{X hn]pe-am-sWv Duln-m-a-tm.
ap-p-hn-bpsS t\mh-ep-I hmbn--Xn-s\-m hf-sc-b[nIw Bm AYhm Bkzm-Z-I B kn\n-a-IIv B\e
lcn A\p-`-hn-n-p-v. ap-p-hn krjvSn k-`m-h\ Ne-n{X-ns cq]o-I-c-W-hp-ambn _-sv k-cnsnb hn]p-eXbpw Ne-n-{X-ns Bkzm-Z-\-hp-ambn _-sv cq]-s ckm\p`h hnkvXr-Xnbpw \nb-X-amb hne-bn-cp--en\p hnt[-b-am-n-bmte
Fgp-p-Im-c-s\ \ne-bnepw Ne-n{X {]h-I-s\ \ne-bnepw
At-l-ns {]kn a\-n-em-m-\mhq.

10