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5 KINGDOMS

Whittaker 1965
• Kingdom Monera
(Bacteria)
• Kingdom Protista
• Kingdom Fungi
• Kingdom Plantae
• Kingdom Animalia
 3 Domains (Woese, 1985)
• Eubacteria
• Prokaryotic true bacteria, peptidoglycan
• Archaea
• odd bacteria that live in extreme environments,
high salt, heat, etc. (usually called extremophiles)
• Eukarya
• Eukaryotic organisms/have a nucleus & organelles
(humans, animals, plants)
Eukaryotic cells are more complex than prokaryotic cells:

• Membrane-bound nucleus and

organelles
• Chromosomes consist of DNA and
histone proteins and occur in
pairs.
• Multiplication of eukaryotic cells
involves mitosis.
• Reproduction is sexual and/or
asexual
• Protists, fungi, plants & animals
are composed of eukaryotic cells.
PROKARYOTIC CELLS
Eukaryotic cells are more complex than prokaryotic cells:

EUKARYOTIC ANIMAL CELLS EUKARYOTIC PLANT CELLS

 ENDOSYMBIOSIS IN EUKARYOTIC EVOLUTION

• Sekarang ada bukti yang cukup besar bahwa banyak

keanekaragaman protista berasal dari endosimbiosis
• Garis keturunan protista yang mengandung plastid
berevolusi menjadi ganggang merah dan ganggang hijau
• Pada beberapa kesempatan selama evolusi eukariotik
ganggang merah dan ganggang hijau mengalami
endosimbiosis sekunder, di mana mereka sendiri yang
tertelan
 Origin of Eukaryotes
Endomembrane infolding: nuclear envelope

Infolding of membrane
system forming nucleus
and ER
ENDOSYMBIOSIS HYPOTHESIS: Mitochondrion
 DIVERSITY OF PLASTIDS PRODUCED BY SECONDARY
ENDOSYMBIOSIS Plastid

Dinoflagellates

Alveolat
es
Apicomplexans
Secondary
endosymbiosis

Cyanobacterium Red algae Ciliates

Primary
endosymbiosis
Stramenopiles

Heterotrophic Plastid
eukaryote

Euglenids
Secondary
endosymbiosis
Green algae

Chlorarachniophytes
Figure 28.4
Diplomonadida
Diplomonads

Parabasalids
Parabasala
Kinetoplastids
Euglenozoa
Euglenids
Dinoflagellates
Apicomplexans
Ciliates

Oomycetes
Diatoms
Golden algae
Brown algae
Alveolata Stramenopila

Chlorarachniophytes
Cercozoa
Foraminiferans
A tentative phylogeny of eukaryotes

RadiolariansRadiolaria
Ancestral eukaryote
Divides eukaryotes into many clades

Gymnamoebas
Entamoebas
Plasmodial slime molds
Cellular slime molds

Fungi Fungi
Choanoflagellates
Metazoans Animalia

Red algae Rhodophyta

Chlorophytes
Chlorophyta
Charophyceans
Plants Plantae
Amoebozoa(Opisthokonta) (Viridiplantae)
CONTOH KEANEKARAGAMAN PROTISTA

Table 28.1
 EKSPLORASI KERAGAMAN PROTISTA

1. Excavata
• Diplomonads
• Parabasalid
• Euglenozoa
2. Chromalveolata
• Alveolata: Dinoflagellata; Apicomplexa; Cilliata
• Stramenopila: Diatom; Alga Pirang; Alga Cokelat;
Oomycetes
3. Rhizaria
• Cercozoa
• Foram
• Radiolaria
4. Archaeplastida
• Alga merah
• Alga hijau (Chlorophyta & Charophyta)
• Tumbuhan darat
5. Unikonta
• Amoebozoa: Jamur Lendir; Gymnamoeba, Entamoeba
• Opisthokonta: Nucleariid; Fungi; Choanoflagellata;
Hewan
 PERTANYAAN DISKUSI
1. Apa saja contoh keanekaragaman struktural dan fungsional
pada protista?
2. Bagaimana peran endosimbiosis dalam evolusi eukariota?
3. Menurut suatu hipotesis terbaru, unikonta mungkin
merupakan kelompok eukariota pertama yang berdivergensi
dari eukariota lain. Dapatkah kalian memberikan alasan
mengapa hipotesa ini dapat diajukan?
SAMPAI JUMPA DI KULIAH
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