ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

STRUCTURE PLANES TISSUES

1. atom connective
2. molecule - most widely distributed
3. organelle - loose connective tissue
4. cell - cartilage
5. tissue - bone tissue
6. organ - blood
7. organ system nervous
8. organism - neurons
- neuroglia (glia)
epithelial
ORGAN SYSTEMS line the outer surfaces of
1. respiratory organs and blood vessels
2. cardiovascular through the body as well as the
3. gastrointestinal inner surfaces of cavities of
4. nervous internal organs.
5. muscle muscle
6. reproductive -skeletal
7. integumentary -moves the body
8. endocrine -cardiac
9. urinary -found in the heart
10. immune -smooth
11. skeletal -internal organs

CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

PROKARYOTIC EUKARYOTIC Organelles Function
Houses DNA, brain of cell
Nucleus
DNA gives the cell function
Mitochondria Energy production (powerhouse)
Sorting, packaging and transport
Golgi apparatus
of proteins
Endoplasmic Synthesis and processing of
reticulum (ER) proteins, lipid expression
Lysosome Digestion of large molecules
Ribosomes Protein synthesis
Develop spindle fibers for cell
o Found in humnas Centrioles
o Simple cell division
Lacks nucleous o Has nucleous
o Smooth ER Synthesis of lipids
o Lacks organells o Has organells
Synthesis of proteins & it has
o Single open space o Membrane bound Rough ER
ribosomes attached to it
o Found in bacteria o Complex DNA
Notes:

JUNIOR OCHOA
STUDY GUIDE
SCIENCE - A&P
08/22/19
 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
AIR PATHWAY Function
Extraction of oxygen (O2) from the atmosphere and expelling of carbon
dioxide (CO2) from the body.

Lungs
3R & 2L (lobes) – Main structure of the respiratory system

Diaphragm
Dome shaped sheet of muscle and tendon that serves as the main
muscle of respiration and plays a vital role in the breathing process

Surfactant
Lipid mix that reduces surface tension. Prevents the alveoli from
sticking together and stopping atelectasis (collapsed lung)

Pleura
Membrane around lungs, inside chest cavity
Pharynx: Located behind the mouth also part
Perfusion
of the GI tract
Passage of fluid to an organ or tissue
Larynx: Voice box
Trachea: Windpipe Connects Larynx to Lungs
Tidal Volume
Bronchi: Main passageways, attached to
The amount of air breathed in normal inhalation or exhalation
the lungs
Bronchioles: Smaller than bronchi and they Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
connect to alveoli Amount of gas in lungs after maximum inspiration (deep breath)

ALVEOLI Vital Capacity (VC)

Tiny air sacs, site of O2 & CO2 exchange Gas that can be expelled
Occurs by diffusion (passive transport)
Residual Volume (RV)
Remaining gas
VC + RV = Total Lung Capacity

Emphysema
Destroys elastic lung tissue, with a greater than normal lung
expansion. Poor recoil and increased residual volume

VENTILATION
Movement of air in and out of body via inhalation and exhalation
Inhalation Exhalation Hyperventilation Hypoventilation
Diaphragm contracts downward Diaphragm relaxes upward More CO2 than the Breathing at an
Ribs push out Ribs relax body can produce abnormally slow rate,
Lungs fill with air Air pushes out of lungs Breathing out more resulting in an increased
LV + / AP - LV - / AP + than in amount of CO2 in blood

LV = Lung volume
AP = Alveolar pressure
 CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
BLOOD PATHWAY Function
Movement of blood & lymph through the body
Nutrient distribution
Waste Removal
Communication & protection
Blood

Arteries
Moves blood away from the heart, it is made of a thick
CARDIAC CYCLE layer of smooth muscle
Sinoatrial (SA) Node → Atrioventricular (AV) Node Aorta: Large artery branching off from the
AV Bundle → Purkinje fibers → Ventricles contract heart to the rest of the body.
Arteriole: Small artery
The SA or “pacemaker” controls contractions via electrical Capillary: Small bed that connects arterioles to
signals. Blood pressure is fluid pressure generated by the cardiac venules
cycle (systole/diastole) Veins
Carries blood to the heart, they are made of a thinner
Pulmonary System (Loop) Systemic System (Loop) layer of smooth muscle and they have valves that
Pumps deoxygenated blood Receives oxygenated blood prevent backflow
from the heart to the lungs from lungs and pumps it Vena Cava: All veins get emptied in the superior
towards the rest of the body and inferior vena cava
Venules: Small veins
R. Atrium → Tricuspid V. LUNGS → Pulmonary Vein Capillary: Small bed that connects arterioles to
R. Ventricle → Pulmonary V. L. Atrium → Mitral V. venules
Pulmonary A. → LUNGS L. Ventricle → Aortic V.
Aorta → BODY LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
Lymph: Clear fluid that moves through the body to fight
SYSTOLE Notes: disease
Heart expels blood (contract) Pulmonary Valve = Semilunar Valve Lymphatic Capillaries: Absorb excess fluid & plasma that
Mitral Valve = Bicuspid Valve
DIASTOLE leaks from capillaries
Aortic Valve = Semilunar Valve
Heart refills with blood (rest)

DISEASES
Myocardial infraction (heart attack) Aneurysm
Death of the heart muscle due to inadequate blood supply Localized abnormal weak spot on a blood vessel wall that causes an
Stroke (brain attack) outward bulging, likened to a bubble or balloon.
Damage to the brain due to inadequate blood supply Hemorrhage occurs when it bursts.
Anemia Atherosclerosis
Not enough healthy RBC Narrowing of arteries due to plaque buildup on artery walls
Hypertension Arrhythmia
High blood pressure, systole over 140mmHg/diastole over 90mmHg Abnormal heart rhythm
Embolus Tachycardia (too fast) & Bradycardia (too slow)
Not a disease but it’ plaque or clotted blood
 GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Liver
From the small intestine, blood carrying nutrients
passes to the liver through the hepatic duct allowing
liver enzymes to deaminate (removal of an amino
group from a molecule). Convert ammonia to urea,
metabolize consumed toxins, and store glucose as
glycogen. Alkaline bile via the gallbladder emulsifies
lipids (fats)
The liver filters digestion products and produces urea
as waste
Enzymes: Bile (stored in gall bladder)
Pancreas
Gland part of the digestive and endocrine system that
produces insulin and secretes pancreatic juice, which is
made up of water, salts, bicarbonate, & digestive
enzymes
Enzymes: Pancreatic juices
Bicarbonate, lipase, trypsinogen, proteases, & amylase
Notes:
Abdominal cavity is lined by peritoneum.
Lacteals absorb fats into lymph
Enzyme Digestion:
Lipase → fats
Amylase → starches
Trypsin → proteins
Function
Food breakdown for body distribution
Mechanical and chemical (enzymatic) digestion
Blood vessels absorb the digested nutrients and smooth muscle is
under parasympathetic nervous system control
Mouth
Mastication (chewing) beings with saliva (amylase) and the
tongue forms a bolus, which is a mass of food that has been
chewed and swallowed (deglutition). The epiglottis closes
passage to the trachea and allows food into the esophagus.
Peristalsis, a serious of muscle contractions move bolus through
the alimentary canal
Enzymes: salivary amylase, salivary lipase
Stomach
Gastric sphincters open to allow food into the stomach and
prevent backflow (reflux). Pepsin (enzyme) initiates chemical
digestion of proteins. Enzyme secretions (gastric juices):
Pepsinogen (chief cells), Mucus (goblet cells), Hydrochloric acid
(parietal cells).
Enzymes: Gastric lipase, pepsinogen, hydrochloric acid
Hormones: Gastrin, ghrelin
Small Intestine
Mixed food (chyme) passes through the pyloric sphincter into the
duodenum. The small intestine is broken down into 3 sections:
1. Duodenum
Chyme is neutralized by bicarbonate in pancreatic
secretions. It receives alkaline bile juices from gall
bladder that help neutralize acid chyme.
Production of “brush border” enzymes:
Proteases, lactase, bicarbonate, other disaccharides
2. Jejunum
Second section of small intestine where majority of
absorption occurs
3. Ileum
Villi and microvilli absorb polar digested nutrients into
blood, lipids into lacteals as chylomicrons, and vitamin
B12
Enzymes: Proteases, lactase, disaccharidases
Hormones: Cholecystokinin, somatostatin, secretin, motilin
Large Intestine
Also known as the colon, where vitamins and water are absorbed
before feces is stores prior to elimination
The remaining water and salt is absorbed from digested food
Waste is exposed to bacterial fermentation in the colon
Vitamin K is absorbed in the large intestine
Waste accumulates in the rectum and is ejected through anus
Enzymes: None
Hormones: None
 NEUROLOGICAL SYSTEM
NERVOUS SYSTEM Function
Controls voluntary & involuntary movement
It regulates the body by responding to different stimuli
(changes that occur both inside and outside the body.
LOBES

Frontal Lobe
Thinking, organization, emotions, behavior, personality
Parietal Lobe
Brain & Spinal Cord Perception, making sense, arithmetic, spelling
Assembles motor responses Temporal Lobe
Peripheral Nervous System Memory, understanding, language
CNS  AFFERENT  PNS Occipital Lobe
CNS → EFFERENT → PNS Vision
Automatic (visceral) Somatic Cerebellum
Involuntary Voluntary Balance, coordination
Controls actions involving Carries information to NEURON
cardia and smooth muscle CNS from senses & from
CNS to skeletal muscles
Sympathetic: Arouses
body
Fight or Flight

Parasympathetic: Calms
body
Rest and Digest

Neurotransmitters
A chemical substance that is release from the axon
terminal by the arrival of a nerve impulse
1. Diffuses across the synapse (chemical process)
2. Causes the transfer of the impulse to another nerve
fiber, a muscle fiber, or some other structure at the
dendrite of the other cell
Nerve
Long bundles of axons that transmit signals from the CNS
Electrical impulses from dendrite to axon terminal
Dendrite → Axon → Axon Terminal
Transmitted from cell to cell via neurotransmitters secreted into
the synapse from the axon terminal
Synapse
The structure that allows neurons to pass signals to other
neurons, muscles or glands
Acetylcholine: Causes muscle to contract
Dopamine: Precursor to epinephrine
Notes:
Afferent (sensory) & Efferent (motor)
 MUSCLE SYSTEM
STRUCTURE OF MUSCLE
muscle → fascicle → fiber → myofibril → sarcomere
MYOSIN (thick) & ACTIN (thin)
MAJOR MUSCLES OF THE BODY
Function
Movement in the body sustaining posture and body
position. There are three types of muscle tissues: skeletal,
cardiac, and smooth.
Excitability: Electric gradient
Contraction: Shorten
Elongate: Relax
Skeletal Muscle
Voluntary muscles that work in pairs to move
Composed of muscle fibers (cells) that are bound together
in parallel bundles. Also known as striated muscle due to
their stripped appearance.
Smooth Muscle
Involuntary muscles that are found in the walls of internal
organs such as the stomach, intestines and blood vessels.
Smooth muscle tissue (visceral tissue) is nonstriated.
Also found in sphincters or valves that control various
openings through the body
Cardiac Muscle
Involuntary muscle that is found in the heart
Action Potential
When an action potential (electrical signal) reaches a
muscle fiber, calcium ions are released.
Calcium ions bind to the myosin and actin, which assists in
the binding of the myosin heads of the thick filaments to
the actin molecules of the thin filaments.
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) released from glucose
provides the energy necessary for the contraction and
relaxation.

MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Hormones
Estrogen: stimulates egg maturation &
female sex characteristics
Progesterone: Prepares uterus to receive
fertilized egg
FSH: Stimulates oogenesis
LH: Stimulates estrogen production
Oxytocin: Stimulates contractions &
mammary glands
Prolactin: Stimulates milk production
Follicular Phase
FSH stimulates maturation of
the follicle, secretes estrogen.
Estrogen helps regenerate the
uterine lining that was shed
during menstruation.
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Function
Produce, maintain, and transfer sperm and semen into the female
reproductive tract and to produce and secrete male hormones.
External Organs
Scrotum: Protects testes; keeps optimal temperature for spermatogenesis.
Testes: Male gonads, produce sperm and testosterone
Internal Organs
Epididymis: Stores sperm as it matures
Vas Deferens: Mature sperm moves from epididymis to Vas Deferens to
the ejaculatory duct
Seminal vesicles: secrete alkaline fluids with protein and mucus int
ejaculatory duct
Prostate gland: Secretes milky white fluid with proteins and enzymes as
part of semen
Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) gland: Secrets a fluid to neutralize the acidity in
the urethra
HORMONES
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) – stimulates spermatogenesis
Luteinizing hormone (LH) – stimulate testosterone production
Testosterone – Responsible for male sex characteristics
Function
Produce ova (oocyte/egg cells), transfers ova to fallopian tubes for
fertilization. Receive sperm from male and provide a protect, nourishing
environment for developing embryo.
External Organs
Labia (both): Close and protect vagina Bartholin’s gland: Secrete
lubricating fluid Clitoris: Contains erectile tissue and nerve endings for
sensual pleasure
Internal Organs
Ovaries: Female gonads, produce ova, and secrete estrogen and
progesterone
Fallopian tubes: Carry mature egg towards uterus, cite of fertilization
Uterus: Fertilized egg implants on the uterine wall; protects and nourishes
developing embryo until birth
Vagina: Muscular tube from cervix to outside of body; receives semen, is
site of intercourse, and birth canal
Pituitary Gland
Releases FSH and LH
Notes:
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE
Ovulation Luteal Phase
A surge in LH causes the Starts the formation of the corpus luteum from the
release of a secondary remnants of the follicle
oocyte from the ovary The corpus luteum secretes progesterone and estrogen,
which inhibits FSH & LH
Progesterone also maintains the thickness of the
endometrium
Corpus luteum regresses and estrogen and progesterone
drop
 INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
SKIN LAYERS
GLANDS
Exocrine: Secrete substances into ducts directly to
the outside surface of the skin
Sebaceous: Secrete sebum, an oily mixture of lipids
and proteins; waterproofs skin, & protects against
pathogens
Eccrine: Not connected to follicle, activated by high
body temperature, located throughout the body. A
type of sweat gland (sudoriferous gland) in thermo
regulation
Apocrine: Secrete an oily solution; secretes (sweat)
during anxiety or stress
Body odor forms from bacteria feeding on apocrine
sweat
Ceruminous gland: sebum w/ dead skin (cerumen)
THERMOREGULATION
HYPOTHALAMUS
VASODIALATION
Increases blood vessel diameter
It takes heat out from body faster
It not enough heat is released; the hypothalamus
stimulates sweat glands (perspiration)
As the sweat dies out it causes evaporative cooling
Notes:
Function
The skin is an important organ in maintaining homeostasis and
providing a waterproof barrier between the inside of the body and
the external environment. Synthesizes Vitamin D
Regulation of body temperature (thermoregulation)
EPIDERMIS
Most superficial layer of the skin, entirely epithelial cells and
avascular. Stratum (S.)
S. Corneum Dead keratinocytes
S. Lucidum Colorless protein eleidin
S. Granulosum Granular layer
S. Spinosum Thickest layer, keratinocytes, immune
dendritic cells, sensory cells
S. Basale Bottom layer, contains melanocytes
Melanocytes: Produces melanin, a pigment that gives skin its color
and protects against UV radiation
Langerhans: Antigen-presenting cells of the immune system
(phagocytes), more common in s. spinosum
Merkel cells: Cutaneous receptors, detect light touch, s. basale
DERMIS
Mostly made of connective tissue
Contains: Blood vessels, sensory receptors, hair follicles,
sebaceous glands, sweat glands, elastin & collagen fibers
Fibroblasts: Secrete collagen elastin, glycosaminoglycans
Adipocytes: Fat cells
Macrophages: Phagocytic cells that engulf potential pathogens
Mast cells: Antigen-presenting cells that play a role in the
inflammatory response (release histamine)
HYPODERMIS (SUBCUTANEOUS)
Binds the skin to underlying muscle, fat deposits cushion and
insulate the body. Highly vascular and loose connective tissue
VASOCONSTRICTION
Decreases blood vessel diameter
Shivering (generated heat)
Arrector Pilli muscles tens up and cause hair to brittle
Warms up body
 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
ENDOCRINE GLANDS Hypothalamus
Hormone
Releasing/Inhibiting
Melatonin
Anterior Pituitary Gland
Thyroid Stimulating H. (TSH)
Follicle Stimulating H. (FSH)
Luteinizing H. (LH)
Prolactin
Growth H.
Adrenocorticotropic H. (ACTH) Stim. adrenal cortex; glucocorticoids
Posterior Pituitary Gland
Antidiuretic H. (ADH)
Oxytocin
Parathyroid Glands
Parathyroid H. (PTH)
Triiodothyronine (T3)
Thyroxine (T4)
Calcitonin
Thymosin
Function
A set of organs that secrete hormones
Angiotensin II
directly into the circulatory system. These
glands send hormones (chemical messengers)
Cortisol/Glucocorticoids
through the blood to other organs and tissues
in the body to control the function of that
Aldosterone
organ.
Negative Feedback
Epinephrine
Maintains homeostasis
Norepinephrine
Blood pressure & body temperature
Positive Feedback
Erythropoietin
Puts body out of homeostasis
Renin
Childbirth & ovulation
Steroid Hormone
Glucagon (Alpha cells)
Testosterone & estrogen; fat soluble
Insulin (Beta cells)
It can cross cell membrane
Non-Steroid Hormone
Estrogen
All hormones, except testosterone &
estrogen.
Progesterone
Relay instead of crossing membrane
Notes:
Testosterone
Function
Stimulate pituitary
Pineal Gland
Sleep wake cycle
Stim. thyroid gland
Stim. production of ova & sperm
Stim. ovaries and testes
Stim. milk production
Stim. bone growth & metabolic fxn
Promotes H2O retention by kidneys
Stim. contractions of uterus &
mammary glands
Stim. release of calcium from bones,
back into blood
Thyroid Glands
Metabolism
Metabolism and temperature
Inhibits release of calcium from bones
Thymus
Stimulates T-cell development
Liver
Vasoconstriction, increase BP
Adrenal Glands
Stress response; increase blood glucose
Decrease immune response
Regulates sodium (Na) content in blood
Adrenal Cortex
Fight
Flight
Kidneys
Response to cellular hypoxia
Promotes production of Angiotensin
Pancreas
Increase blood glucose
Decrease blood glucose
Ovaries
Stimulates egg maturation, secondary
sex characteristics
Prepares uterus to receive fertilized
egg
Testes
Regulates sperm production and
secondary sex characteristics
 URINARY SYSTEM
URINARY ORGANS Function
The urinary system is capable o eliminating excess substance while
preserving the substances needed by the body to function. The urinary
system consists of the kidneys, urinary ducts, and bladder.

Kidneys
NEPHRON
Regulates fluid balance & filters waste from blood. Receive blood from
renal artery (extension of aorta), filter blood, reabsorbs needed
material, excrete waste and water via urine.
Renal Cortex (outer layer)
Contains 1million nephrons (filters), Glomerulus: Capillaries in nephron
Bowman’s Capsule: Encapsulates the glomerulus
Renal Medulla (middle layer)
Proximal Convoluted Tubule: Water, glucose, ions, and other
organic molecules are reabsorbed back into the blood stream
Distal Convoluted Tubule: Urea and drugs are removed from
blood. pH in blood is adjusted with H+ ions.
Renal Pelvis
Materials arrive as urine from distal convoluted tubule
RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM
 IMMUNE SYSTEM
General Immune Defenses Function
Skin: Primary barrier (intact) Protects the body against invading pathogens; including
Ciliated Mucus Membranes: Cilia protect respiratory sys. bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protists
Gastric Secretions: Gastric acid destroys pathogens Lymphatic System
Normal bacterial population: Compete with pathogens in gut Lymph, lymph capillaries lymph vessels, lymph nodes
and vagina Skeletal muscle contractions move the lymph one way
3 Types of WBC through the lymphatic system to lymphatic ducts, it gets
Macrophage: Phagocytes that alert T-cells to the presence of dumped back into venous supply via lymph nodes
foreign substances Red marrow → blood cells Leukocytes → WBC
o Largest, longest living Lymph Nodes
o Engulf and destroy pathogens Located in neck, armpit, and groin
o Found in lymph Small swellings in the lymphatic system where lymph
T-Lymphocytes: Directly attack cells infected by viruses and where lymph is filtered, and lymphocytes are formed
bacteria Lymph Tissue
Helper T, Killer T, Memory T, Suppressor T Tonsils, adenoids, thymus, spleen, Peyer’s patches
B-Lymphocyte: Target specific bacteria for destruction Tonsils: Located in pharynx, protects against pathogens
Plasma cells: Antibody production entering via mouth or throat.
Other Immune Cells Thymus: Maturation chamber for immune T-cells formed in
Helper T-cells: Activate B-cells to make antibodies bone marrow
Suppressor T-cells: Stop other T-cells when the battle is over Spleen: Cleans blood of dead cells and pathogens
Memory T-cells: Remain in blood on alter incase invader Peyer’s Patches: Located in ileum of small intestine,
attacks again protects the GI tract from pathogens
Killer/Cytotoxic T-cells: Destroy cells infected with a Leukocytes: WBC produced in Red Marrow
pathogen, virus, or tumor
Antibody Mediated Response
Response is to an antigen
Cellular Mediated Response
Response is to an already infected cell
Antigen
Foreign particle that stimulates the immune system
Typically, protein on the surface of bacteria, virus, or fungi Lymphocytes Eosinophil
Antibody B-Cells Large, long living phagocyte
A blood protein that counteracts a specific antigen T-Cells Defend against multicellular
STEPS OF IMMUNE SYSTEM Natural Killer Cells (NKC) invaders
1. Macrophage engulfs antigen and presents fragments of Monocyte Basophil
antigen on its surface Macrophage Alerts body of invasion
2. A helper T-cell joins the macrophage Dendritic Cell
3. Killer/Cytotoxic T-cells and B-cells are activated Neutrophil
4. Killer/Cytotoxic T-cells search and destroy cells presenting Short living phagocyte;
the same antigen responds quickly to invaders
5. B-cells differentiate into plasma cells & memory cells

INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM ADAPTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEM

Born with it
Nonspecific response
Ex: Skin, hair, mucus,
earwax, inflammation,
interferons, phagocytes
Responds to specific antigens. Vaccinations or previous encounters
Reaction: Cytotoxic T-cells kill pathogens // Prevention: B-cells produce antibodies
Activated by antigen and helper T-cells
Helper T-cells activate by Antigen Presenting Cells (APC)
Naturally Acquired Active Immunity: Exposure to pathogen without immunization
Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity: Occurs during pregnancy & during beast feeding
o Antibodies are passed from mother to child
o Provides protection from infancy to childhood
Artificially Acquired Active Immunity: Build Immunity via vaccination
Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity: Vaccine given during an outbreak/emergency
-Quick, short lived protection - Antibodies come from another person or animal
 SKELETAL SYSTEM
ANATOMY Function
Protects internal organs, synthesizes blood and immune cells, stores
calcium, phosphate, and lipids
4 Types of bones
Long Bones Short Bones
Long compact hollow shafts Wider than they are long
containing marrow. Ex: Carpals, tarsals
Ends are spongy w/ air pockets
Ex: Humerus, Ulna, Radius
Flat Bones Irregular Bones
Not hollow, but contain marrow Nonsymmetrical shape
Ex: Sternum, ilium, scapula Ex: Vertebra

Histology
Osteocyte Osteoblast + Osteoclast -
Maintains bone and Builds bone Breaks down bone
can detect stress Hydroxyapatite Mineral resorption
Collagen give bone Removes [Ca] from
flexibility through bone to enter blood
connective tissue
Structure

ARTICULATIONS
Muscle → Tendon → Bone
Bone → Ligament → Bone

Hyaline Cartilage: Covers articulating surface of

bones and prevents bone on bone grinding
Synovial Joint: Contain lubricating synovial fluid
Pivot (neck) // Ball & Socket (hip) // Hinge (Knee)

BONE DISEASES
Osteoporosis: Causes brittle, fragile bones
Brittle Bone Disease: Group of Dieses that affect
the collagen (defect in the matrix) and results in
fragile bones
Osteoarthritis: Degenerative joint disease
Rheumatoid Arthritis: Progressive disease that
causes joint inflammation and pain
Notes
Osteon: Cylindrical structure that comprise, synthesize, and compact
bone. Composed of calcium and phosphate rich hydroxyapatite
embedded in collage matrix
Periosteum: Fibrinous sheath that covers bone and contains nerve
and blood vessels
Collagen: Primary structural protein of connective tissue
Canaliculi: Small channel or duct in ossified bone
Cartilage: Tough, elastic connective tissue found in parts of the body
Haversian Canal: Channels in bone that contain BV and nerves
Volkmann’s Canal: Channels in bone that transmit BV and
communicate with Haversian Canal
Lamellae: Layers of bone, tissues or cell walls
Lining cells: Flattened bones cells that come from osteoblasts