Nutrition Lecture

AY 2019-2020
1st Semester

Vitamins
 Formerly Called Accessory Food Factors
 Organic Molecules required in very small amounts for cellular metabolism
 Potent Organic compounds

Characteristics of Vitamins
 Does not provide energy
 Sensitive to heat, oxygen and light
 Occur in minute quantities
 Found in outer surfaces of food
 Dietary essential

Terms Associated With Vitamins

 Precursors/Provitamins – compounds that can be changed to active form
 Preformed Vitamins- naturally occurring vitamins that are inactive form
 Avitaminosis
 Hypervitaminosis
 Antivitamins/Vitamin Antagonist
 Synthetic Vitamins

Categories of Vitamins
 Fat Soluble
 Water Soluble

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FAT SOLUBLE AND WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

 FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS
 Bile is required for the absorption of these vitamins in the small intestine
 General properties:
 Generally have precursors or provitamins
 Absorbed with fat into the lymphatic system
 Deficiencies are slow to develop
 Not absolutely needed daily from food sources
 Generally stable
Fat Soluble Vitamins
 Vitamin A
 Vitamin D
 Vitamin E
 Vitamin K

 WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

 Easily absorbed in the small intestine and then pass into the blood stream for
circulation throughout the body
 General properties:
 Do not have precursors
 Not stored in the body significantly
 Deficiency symptoms develops relatively fast
 Must be supplied in the diet
 Easily destroyed in ordinary cooking
Water Soluble Vitamins
A. Vitamin C
 Ascorbic Acid
 antiscorbutic vitamin

Functions
 Formation and maintenance of intracellular cementing substance/
”binders” and collagen formation
 Conversion of folic acid to its active form folinic acid
 Healing of Wounds and Bone fractures
 Prevention of megaloblastic anemia
 Builds body resistance
 Production of thyroid and steroid hormones
 Aids in the metabolism of tyrosine and phenylalanine
 Aids in Iron Utilization
 Brain metabolism
 Antioxidant

Deficiency
 Rare but may occur among chronic alcohol and drug abusers and poor
dietary intake.
 Early Signs and Symptoms:
 Irritability, general weakness, anorexia
 Lowered resistance to infection
 Pallor

Characteristics
 Most Unstable of All the Vitamins
 Destroyed by air, light and heat
 Almost completely absorbed in the small intestines
 Hardly stored in the cells of the body

Late Signs
 Scurvy
 Bleeding and swollen gums
 Loose teeth
 swollen tender joints
 Internal and pinpoint hemorrhages(capillary fragility),
megaloblastic anemia
 Infantile scurvy
 frog legs, delayed dentition and retarded skeletal growth

RDA
 Male: 90 mg/day
 Female: 75 mg/day
 Minimum daily requirement: 10 mgs

FOOD SOURCES:
 Fruits and vegetables:
 Citrus fruits, red and green peppers, strawberries, tomatoes,
potatoes, broccoli and green leafy vegetables, atis
 Guava, datiles, cashews, melon, papaya
B. Vitamin B complex
 Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
Other names:
Anti beri-beri vitamin
Aneurin/ antineuritic factor

Functions
Coenzyme in CHO and energy metabolism
Nerve functioning related to muscle actions including the GIT

Characteristics:
 Stable when dry
 Easily destroyed by alkali and sulfites
 Absorption is facilitated by an acid medium
 Concentrated in the liver, kidney, brain, heart and muscles
 Limited storage in the body
 Fat and protein spares thiamine
 CHO increases demand for thiamine

Deficiency
1. Early Signs
 Loss of appetite
 Weakness and easy fatigability
 Indigestion and severe constipation
 Gastric atony
 Poor reflexes numbness of extremities and irritability
 Retarded growth

2. Late Signs
 Infantile beri-beri
 Aphonia, whining cry, dyspnea and cyanosis
 Wet beri-beri
 Bipedal edema, Cardiomegaly, Dyspnea
 Dry beri-beri
 affects the peripheral nerves
 Paresthesia ”pins and needles”, loss of sensation, Ataxia
(muscles weakness and poor coordination), paralysis
 Calf muscle tenderness, loss of vibratory sense, muscle
atrophy, reduced leg reflexes
 Headache, extreme tiredness and irritability
 Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
 Loss of memory, extreme mental confusion and ataxia
 Others at risk for Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome:
individuals with severe GI disease, human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and improper parenteral
glucose solutions
 Effects may cause memory loss, extreme mental
confusion, and ataxia (same symptoms as chronic
excessive alcohol ingestion)
RDA
 0.2mg per 1000 caloric intake
 Male: (59kg) 1.2mg/day
 Female: (51kg) 1.1 mg/day
  FOOD SOURCES:
 Lean pork, Whole and enriched grains and flours,seeds and
nuts
 Liver and glandular organs and some shellfish, egg yolk
 Legumes ( mongo, kadyos, soy bean)
 Unpolished rice


 Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
Functions:
 Coenzyme in the release of energy from nutrients in every cell in
the body
 Essential component of coenzymes, Flavin mononucleotide (FMN)
and Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-
 Needed for the conversion of tryptophan to niacin
 Maintains healthy skin, tongue and mouth
 Maintains normal vision
 Proper growth and development

Characteristics:
 Easily Destroyed by light, irradiation and alkalis
 Absorbed in the small intestines
 Limited storage and depends on tissue saturation of Proteins
Riboflavin Antagonist:
 Atabrin, isoriboflavin and galactoflavin

Deficiency:
1. Early Signs:
 similar to Thiamin Deficiency
2. Late Signs
 Ariboflavinosis
 Group of changes occurring on the tissues on the skin,
eyes, mouth, nose and tongue
 Seborrheic dermatitis
 Itchy eyes with burning sensation and corneal
vascularization → photophobia, dimness of vision
 Glossitis
 Cheilosis

RDA:
 0.4mg/1000Kcal/day (0.7-1.4 mg)
 Male: (59kg) 1.3 mg/day
 Females: (51kg) 1.1 mg/day

Sources
 Animal Sources:
 Dairy products, liver, glandular organs, poultry, eggs
 Plant Sources:
 Broccoli, asparagus, dark leafy green vegetables, sea weeds,
legumes
 Whole grains, enriched bread and cereals
 Vitamin B3 (Niacin)
 Active forms:
 Nicotinic acid and Niacinamide
 Precursors:
 Tryptophan
Functions
 Coenzyme for many enzymes involved in energy metabolism,
tricarboxylic acid cycle and glycolysis
 Normal Growth and Healthy skin
 Maintenance of GIT and Nervous system
Characteristics:
 Most stable among all the water soluble vitamins
 Limited storage
 With antivitamins:
 Isonicotinic acid hydrazide (INH)
 3-acetylpyridine
 Can be synthesized from tryptophan
 60 mg Tryptophan = 1 mg Niacin
= 1 NE (Niacin Equivalent)

Deficiency:
 Early Signs:
 Anorexia, indigestion, skin changes, glossitis, angular
stomatitis
 Late Signs : PELLAGRA
( 4 D’s)
 Diarrhea
 Dermatitis
 Dementia
 CNS affectation – confusion, anxiety, insomnia,
paranoia
 Death
RDA
 13-18 mg/day
 Male: (59kg) 16mg/day
 Female: (51kg) 14mg/day

Food Sources
 Meat, poultry, fish, legumes, enriched cereals, milk, coffee and tea
 Milk, cheese, eggs, liver and
glandular organs
Note: Corn is a POOR source

Toxicity
 UL for niacin is 35 mg NE per day
 When preformed niacin and nicotinic acid (but not niacinamide)
consumed in excess of UL, vascular system affected, producing a flushing
effect throughout body
 Therapeutic use of megadoses may lower total cholesterol and low-
density lipoprotein (LDL) and increase high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
 Pharmacologic dose 3 to 9 g of niacin
 Must be medically administered to guard against liver damage
and related gout and arthritic reactions
 Vitamin B6 ( Pyridoxine)
 Forms:
 Pyridoxine, Pyridoxal, Pyridoxamine

Functions:
 Coenzyme in the metabolism Protein and Amino acid
 Synthesis of the heme portion of Hgb
 Acts as a catalyst in:
 synthesis of Essential Fatty Acids
 Conversion of tryptophan to Niacin
 Urea production
 Promotes Proper functioning of the Nervous system
 Reduced risk of colorectal cancer for women

Characteristics:
 Readily absorbed in the intestines
 Limited storage
 All 3 forms are converted to pyridoxal phosphate
 Contraceptives increases need for it
 Antagonists:
 Deoxypyridoxine
 methoxypyridoxine

Deficiency:
 Rarely occurs or together with other B vitamin deficiency
 Seborrheic or oily dermatitis
 Glossitis, conjunctivitis, Depressive moods
 Infants = irritability, poor growth, anemia and convulsions
 dermatitis, altered nerve function, weakness, poor growth, convulsions, and
microcytic anemia (small red blood cells deficient in hemoglobin)

RDA
 Males: (59kg) – 1.72mg/day
 Females: (51kgs) 1.5 mg/day

FOOD SOURCES:
 Whole grains and cereals, legumes, soy beans and nuts, Vegetable oils (corn,
cottonseed, olive, peanut)
 chicken, fish, pork and eggs

Toxicity
 UL of vitamin B6 is 100 mg/day
 Long-term megadose supplementation may cause ataxia and sensory
neuropathy

 Vitamin B12 ( Cobalamin)

Characteristics:
 Absorbed in the small intestines with the aid of the intrinsic factor
 Can be stored in the liver
 the kidneys, testes, brain, spleen, pancreas, bone marrow and muscles contains
cobalamin
 Has a more active form which is adenylcobalamine
 Deficiency:
 Pernicious Anemia
 Megaloblastic anemia (hyperchromic, macrocytic cells)
 Anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, achlorhydria, abdominal pain, weight
loss and retarded growth
 Hepatomegaly and Splenomegaly
 Jaundice
 Nerve degeneration
 Neuropsychiatric symptoms, paresthesias, loss of vibratory sense and
difficulty in walking

RDA
 2.4mg/day

Food Sources
 Animal Sources:
 Meat, fish, poultry, eggs and dairy products

Folic Acid
 Spinach – “folium”
 Other names:
 Pteroylglutamic acid (PGA)
 Folate, Folacin, folic acid

Functions:
 Coenzyme during metabolism and Synthesis of Amino acids for DNA and RNA
 Essential in erythropoesis and synthesis of Hemoglobin

Deficiency:
 Megaloblastic Anemia of Infancy
 Large RBC’s which cannot carry O2
 Macrocytic Anemia in pregnant Women
 Neural Tube defects among the new born of Mothers with deficiency
 Spina bifida
 Anencephaly
 Glossitis, diarrhea, irritability, absent mindedness, depression and anxiety

RDA:
 Adults: 400 mcg
 Pregnancy: 600 mcg
 Lactation: 500 mcg

Food Sources:
Green leafy vegetables,
legumes, cereals, fruits rich in Vit. C
Note: Excess of folate can mask a B12 deficiency for which older adults are at risk

Toxicity
 UL 1000 mcg folic acid, men and women
 Excess folate or folic acid intake not recommended or warranted
 May mask presence of pernicious anemia (due to B12 deficiency)
Pantothenic Acid:
 Pantothen
 Important component of Coenzyme A which is important in the metabolism of CHO,
CHON and fats
 Synthesis of lipids, acethylcholine and porphyrin ring
 Needed for Heme formation
 For normal growth and healthy skin
 Maintains integrity of CNS

RDA:
 5mg/day

Food Sources:
 Whole grains, cereals, legumes
 meat, fish and poultry
 Liver and glandular organs

Choline:
 Functions
 Synthesis of acetylcholine
 Synthesis of lecithin
 Mobilizes fat and prevents fatty liver
 Adequate Intake Tolerable (AI)
 Male: 550mg
 Female: 425 mg
 Food Sources
 Milk, eggyolk and peanuts

Toxicity
 UL of 3500 mg/day adults
 Toxicity symptoms include sweating, fishy body odor, vomiting, liver damage, reduced
growth, and low blood pressure (hypotension)

Biotin:
 Functions:
 Assists Carbon Dioxide fixation (transfer of CO2 from one compound to another)
 CHO, CHON and fat metabolism
 Synthesis of purines and pyrimidines

RDA
 Can be synthesized by the GI bacterial flora, 150-300 mcg/day

Sources
 Liver, kidney, peanut, butter, egg yolks and yeast

Deficiency:
 Unknown if consuming typical North American diet
 When experimentally produced, symptoms of biotin deficiency include scaly red
skin rash, hair loss, appetite loss, depression, and glossitis
 Factors that may affect biotin status:
 Avidin, a protein in raw egg white binds biotin
  Cooking egg whites denatures avidin
 Antibiotics may reduce biotin-producing bacteria
 Long-term intravenous feeding increases risk of biotin deficiency

Vitamin A:
 Current Names:
 Retinol
 Dehydroxyretinol
 Retinaldehyde
 retinoic acid
Beta carotene - Vitamin A precursor found in plants.

Functions:
 Maintains the integrity of epithelial tissues esp. mucous linings
 Constituent of Rhodopsin (visual purple)
 Helps eyes to adjust to light variation
 Needed for normal bone and skeletal growth
 Needed for the stability of immune, nervous and reproductive system
 Tied to cell synthesis for reproductive purposes

Deficiency:
 Eye lesions, Poor dark Adaptation
 Xerophthalmia
 Night blindness which may progress to a hard dry cornea (keratinization) or
keratomalacia resulting to complete blindness.
 Compromised Epithelial Tissues
 Keratinization of epithelial lining
 Hyperderatosis/Pharynoderma
 Hair follicles developing white hard lumps of keratin
 “toads skin”
 Faulty skeletal and Dental development
 Poor growth
 Poor resistance to infection
 Respiratory Disturbances
 Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Disturbances
 diarrhea

Excess/Toxicity
 Caused by intake of Supplements/ Medications (Isotretinoin)
 Signs and Symptoms
 HYPERCAROTENEMIA
 Blistered skin
 coarse sparse hair
 Weakness
 Anorexia
 Nausea/Vomiting
 Headache
 Joint pain
 Irritability
 Spleenomegaly, Hepatomegaly
RDA
 Measured on RAE (retinol activity equivalent)
 Male: 900 mcg RAE
 Female: 700 mcg RAE

Food Sources:
 Animal Sources (Preformed: Retinoids)
 Liver, eggyolk, milk, cream,
 butter, cheese
 Fishes eg. Dilis, clams,
 shellfish
 Fish liver oils
 Plant sources
 (Precursors: Carotenoids)
 Green leafy vegetables: malungay, talbos ng kamote, kangkong, pechay,
spinach,etc.
 Yellow vegetables: Carrots, squash, tomatoes, mango, papaya, yellow corn,
cantaloupe

Vitamin D
 Cholecalciferol(D3), ergocalciferol or irradiated ergosterol (D2)
 Precursor: 7-dehydrocholesterol (skin)
 Ultraviolet irradiation from sunlight affects vitamin D precursor 7-
dehydrocholesterol in skin
 Transformed by liver and kidneys into cholecalciferol
 Amount produced depends on length of exposure to ultraviolet irradiation,
atmospheric conditions, age, and skin pigmentation as does sunscreen and
concealing clothing
 Known as the anti-rachitic or rickets preventing vitamin
 Affects the intestinal absorption of Calcium and Phosphorus, bone mineralization
and mineral homeostasis
 Functions for normal bone and teeth development

Defeciency:
 Rickets
 Childhood disorder- insufficient mineralization of bone and tooth matrix
 Sx: bowed legs, unable to bear body weight, pigeon- breasted, abnormal
tooth formation
 Osteomalacia
 Adult disorder-soft demineralized bones
 Soft bones that are at risk for fractures
 Tetany
 Abnormal muscle twitching, cramps and sharp bilateral spasms of the joints
in the wrists and ankles.

Toxicity/Excess:
• UL of vitamin D 50 mcg (2000 International Units)
• Hypercalcemia
 Hypercalciuria
 Nausea, diarrhea, polyuria
 Demineralization of bones
 weight loss
 Renal Damage
RDA
 Males (59kg) – 5mcg/day
 Females (51kg) – 5mcg/day

Food Sources:
 Animal Sources: fortified margarine, butter, eggyolk, fatty fish, liver and
glandular organs, sardines, salmons
 Sources: natural preformed vitamin D in butter, egg yolks, fatty fish, and
liver
 Milk, although containing fat, not a good source
 Milk fortified with vitamin D good vehicle; contains
calcium and phosphorus
 Vegans may require supplements or regular sunlight exposure to
ensure formation of cholecalciferol

Vitamin E
 Tocopherol, alpha-tocopherol (most abundant form)
 Popular aphrodisiac = increased virility
 Functions:
 Antioxidant
 Protects integrity of lung
 Cellular respiration
 Protects red blood cell membrane (prevents hemolysis)

Deficiency:
 Rarely occurs
 Hemolytic Anemia
 Intermittent claudication
 Neurologic disorders
 Muscular dystrophy
 Increased urinary excretion of creatinine

Toxicity
 Increases anticoagulant effect of the drug

RDA
 Males: 15mg/day
 Females: 15mg/day
 Food Sources:
 Vegetable oils (corn, soy, safflower and cottonseed), and Margarine
 Whole grains, seeds, nuts, wheat germ and green leafy vegetables
 Fair sources: Egg yolk, Liver, butter and milk

Vitamin K
 Anti hemorrhagic factor
 Quinones: menadione, phylloquinone
 Functions:
 Maintenance of prothrombin level in blood plasma
 Phosphorylation
 Synthesize osteocalcin
 Protein Formation in bones, kidney and Plasma
Deficiency:
 Delayed blood clotting
 Hemorrhagic disorder in infants

Toxicity/Excess
 Vomiting, albuminuria
 Hemolytic anemia
 Hyperbilirubinemia
 Kernicterus
 Accumulation of bile pigments in the brain

RDA
 AI for vitamin K 120 mcg: men; 90 mcg: women
 Amount provides sufficient liver storage
 Vitamin K consists of compounds in different forms in plant and animal tissues
 All converted by liver to biologically active form of menaquinone, vitamin K
 Children: 30-60mcg

Food Sources:
 Liver, Dark green leaves,Vegetable oils, tomatoes, wheat bran, dairy products, seeds,
legumes, egg yolk.