Dear AP Calculus BC Student, 2020-2021

Welcome to AP Calculus BC. There are certain skills that have been taught to you over the previous years I
assume you have. If you do not have these skills, you will find you will consistently get problems incorrect
next year, even though you may understand the calculus concepts. It is frustrating for students when they are
tripped up by the algebra, and not by the calculus. This summer packet is intended for you to brush up and
possibly relearn these topics (especially concepts you learned virtually this past year).

I assume you have basic skills in algebra. Being able to solve equations, work with algebraic expressions, and
basic factoring, for example, should now be an instinctual part of you. If not, you would not be going on to AP
calculus. The topics covered in the packet are most of the skills that are used continually in AP Calculus BC.

The attached packet is for all students enrolled in AP Calculus BC in the fall. Show all work in the packet in a
clear manner and attach work where necessary. If you are unsure of how to attempt these problems, look up the
concepts on the internet. I have provided a few websites that might be helpful. A quick search will surely find
other sites that will also be beneficial. Ideally, you will have completed most of the packet by the first day of
school and maybe have a few questions about how to work some of the problems, which I will be glad to
answer during our first couple of weeks together (either in person or virtual). The packet will be collected
and graded for understanding (accuracy and completion) on the THIRD week of class (tentatively). As
stated, students can be notoriously weak in these topics, even students who have performed well prior to AP
calculus.

You need to get off to a good start, so spend some quality time on this packet this summer. Do not rely on the
calculator. Use the calculator only on the problems where calculator use is indicated. More than half of the AP
exam next year (assuming we stop being virtual) is taken without a calculator.

It is a mistake to decide to do this now. Let it go until mid-summer. I want these techniques to be relatively
fresh in your mind in the fall. Also, do not wait to do them at the very last minute. These will take time.

DUE TO HOW THIS YEAR ENDED: Any problems marked in RED are NOT required.

I will discuss with you at the beginning of the school year how the summer assignment will be collected and
graded. Partial grading will be completion, while the remainder will be based on accuracy. It is assumed you
show work for all problems that require it. The correct answers can be found at the end of this packet. If you
have any questions about any of these problems or techniques used in solving them, you may contact me via
email. I look forward to a great year with you all!

Have a great summer!

Sincerely,

Mr. S. Wultors
scwultors@fcps.edu

1
You should know these identities incredibly well (with little to no thought)!
Reciprocal Identities Quotient Identities Pythagorean Identities

sin x =
1
csc x =
1
tan x =
sin x sin 2 x + cos 2 x = 1
csc x sin x cos x

cos x =
1
sec x =
1 tan 2 x + 1 = sec2 x
sec x cos x cos x
cot x =
sin x
tan x =
1
cot x =
1 1 + cot 2 x = csc 2 x
cot x tan x
SOHCAHTOA

Double Angle Identities Half Angle Identities

sin 2 x = 2sin x cos x 1 − cos 2 x

sin 2 x =
2
cos 2 x = cos 2 x − sin 2 x
cos 2 x = 2 cos 2 x − 1 1 + cos 2 x
cos 2 x =
cos 2 x = 1 − 2sin 2 x 2

These are not as common but can be useful.

Co-Function Identities Odd/Even Identities
   
sin  −   = cos  cos  −   = sin  Odd Even
2  2  sin ( − ) = − sin  cos ( − ) = cos 

    csc ( − ) = − csc sec ( − ) = sec

csc  −   = sec sec  −   = csc
2  2  tan ( − ) = − tan 

  cot ( − ) = − cot 
  cot  −   = tan 
tan  −   = cot 
2  2 

YOU NEED TO KNOW THE UNIT CIRCLE EXTREMELY WELL!!!

2
Websites for most algebra topics:
https://www.khanacademy.org/#precalculus
http://www.purplemath.com/modules/

Helpful websites for Trig:

http://www.themathpage.com/aTrig/trigonometry-of-right-triangles.htm
http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Extras/AlgebraTrigReview/SolveTrigEqn.aspx

How to solve almost any equation with your graphing calculator:

http://mathbits.com/MathBits/TISection/Algebra1/SolveEquations.htm

Limits and derivatives:

http://www.calculus-help.com/tutorials

Difference Quotient: http://www.mathwords.com/d/difference_quotient.htm

Vectors: https://www.thoughtco.com/introduction-to-vector-mathematics-2699043

Conceptual Websites:
What is a derivative? https://betterexplained.com/articles/calculus-building-intuition-for-the-derivative/
Area in Calculus: https://betterexplained.com/articles/a-calculus-analogy-integrals-as-multiplication/

Sequences and Series: http://www.sparknotes.com/math/precalc/sequencesandseries/summary.html

Sequence and Series Task: Match the following function with the respectable
polynomial (use your calculator to see which ones “line” up with one another).

Function: Polynomial:
A. f ( x) = sin x I. f ( x) = 1 + x + x 2 + x3 + x 4 + ...
x3 x5 x 7
B. f ( x) = cos x II. f ( x) = x − + − + ...
3! 5! 7!
x 2 x3 x 4
C. f ( x) = e x III. f ( x) = 1 + x + + + + ...
2! 3! 4!
2
1 x x4 x6
D. f ( x) = IV. f ( x) = 1 − + − + ...
1− x 2! 4! 6!

3
 MAXIMIZE A CYLINDER IN A SPHERE
Show all work on you own paper in a clear manner. Attach all work and graphs (on graph paper) to the
packet.

A cylinder is inscribed in a sphere of radius 5 (see bad graph to the right). The cylinder could be tall & thin,
short & wide, or somewhere in between. In this exploration, you will determine the dimensions (radius and
4
height) that maximize the cylinder’s volume. Helpful formulas: Vsphere =  r 3 Vcylinder =  r 2 h 1
3 55 h
2
r
Data & Graphs

1. Sketch a tall, thin cylinder inscribed in a sphere. Sketch a short, wide cylinder inscribed in a sphere.

Which has the cylinder has larger radius? _____________________

Which has the larger height? _______________________________

2. Find the volumes of cylinders with h-values of h = 2, 4, 6, and 8. Present your results in a table and
graph. Be sure to label what each axis represents and place key values on them.

What domain of h-values makes sense here? ________________________

Table: Graph (sketch):

3. Generalize your work for a cylinder of height h. Place that function in your calculator. Look at its table
of values. Set your table to start at h = 0, h = 0.5 . Does your volume function hit your data? Terrific!
Use your calculator (calc, max) to locate the maximum point on your function. Point: _______
Explain what each coordinate above represents.

4
Derivatives

Let’s now find that h- value with calculus. Maximum values occur where a function’s derivative equals zero.
 1 
The volume function, from your earlier work should be: V =   25 − h 2  h
 4 
4. First rewrite that volume function by distributing both  and h. Next, use the power rule to differentiate
V. Finally, set that derivative equal to zero and solve for h. Provide both an exact value (involving
square roots), and its decimal approximation. Does your result confirm your earlier work? Awesome!

a) Derivative of V = 0:

b) Exact value of h: _________ decimal approximation:___________

5. Use that exact h-value to find the exact volume of the cylinder. Also, find the exact volume of the
sphere. Now find the ratio of the sphere’s volume to the cylinder’s volume.

a) Exact volume of sphere = _______________ Exact Volume of cylinder with maximum Volume:

b) Ratio: Did you arrive at 3?

6. Look again at all your work. If the sphere were larger, which results would change? Which would stay
the same? Explain your reasoning.

Does the same h-value maximize the cylinder’s surface area?

7. To answer that numerically & graphically, repeat steps 2 & 3. However, use surface area rather than
volume: SAcylinder = 2 r 2 + 2 rh to find the height that will maximize the surface area of a cylinder
inside of a sphere.
Table: Graph (sketch):

Point: ______________

Max height: ________

5
Complete the following. Show all work in the packet in a clear manner. Have this assignment completed
and ready to turn in on the third week of school. No calculator except where noted.

Factor completely:

1. 8 x3 − 125 y 3 2. x 4 + 11x 2 − 80 3. x 2 + 12 x + 36 − 9 y 2

Find the domain of the following functions:

x2 − 5x − 6 2x − 9
4. 5. 6. ln(2 x − 12)
x 2 − 3x − 18 2x + 9

Write the following absolute value functions as a piece-wise functions and graph the piece-wise function.

x−2 x
7. y = x − 2 8. y = 9. y = −
x−2 x

Solve each equation:

10. 2 x 2 − ( x + 2)( x − 3) = 12 11. x − 10 x + 9 = 0

12. If the point (-1, 1) lies on the graph of the equation kx 2 − xy + y 2 = 5 , find the value of k.

13. If f ( x) = 3 x and f (k ) − f (4) = 1 , then k =

6
Solve each equation:

14. e6 x − 4e3 x + 4 = 0 15. ln e3 = x

16. ln x + ln x = 0 17. ln ( x + 5 ) = ln ( x − 1) − ln ( x + 1)

18. ln 3 + 2 ln x − ln ( x + 1) 19. e5 ln 2 20. ln1

21. ln e − 2ln 3 22. 32log3 5

Simplify/Evaluate:

3 4 2 x2 − y 2
− 1−
x y 3x xy
23. 24. 25.
4 3 4 x+ y
− x−
x y 9x y

x!
26. 5! 27. 28. 0!
( x + 1)!

7
Unit Circle/Inverses: Find these exact values. Please don’t forget domain restrictions, if necessary.

 1 
29. cos 0 30. cos −1  −  31. tan
 2 2

9 11 
32. cot 33. sin 34. sin
4 6 2

3
35. sec 2 36. arcsin 37. tan −1 ( −1)
2

38. Circle the two expressions that are equivalent.

( cos x )
2
a) cos 2 x b) cos x 2 c)

39. Circle the two expressions that are equivalent.

1
a) ( sin ) x
−1
b) arcsin x c) sin x −1 d)
sin x

If f ( x) = x 2 , g ( x) = 2 x − 1, and h( x) = 2 x , find the following:

   1 
40. f ( g (2)) 41. h( f (−1)) 42. g  f  h    
   2 

f ( x + h) − f ( x )
Simplify f ( x) = , where:
h

1
43. f ( x) = 2 x + 3 44. f ( x) = x 2 45. f ( x) =
x +1

8
Solve the following inequalities using algebra.
46. a. x − 3  4 47. 2sin 2 x  sin x, 0  x  2 48. x3 + 4 x 2 − x  4

b. The center of this interval

is x = _____

c. The radius of this interval

is _______

Solve the following inequalities algebraically or graphically. Highlight your answer on a sketch of your graph.

2x −1
49. 3x − 4  2 50. x 2 − 3x  10 51. 1
3x − 2

Graphical Analysis:

52. f ( x) = 2 x 2 − 8 x − 10 53. f ( x) = 60 x3 − 60 x 2

a. For what value(s) of x does f ( x) = 0 ? a. For what value(s) of x does f ( x) = 0 ?

b. For what value(s) of x does f ( x) change b. For what value(s) of x does f ( x) change
from positive to negative? from positive to negative?

c. For what value(s) of x does f ( x) change c. For what value(s) of x does f ( x) change
from negative to positive? from negative to positive?

Given f ( x) = 2 x − 1 , g ( x) = 3x 2 , f '( x) = 2 , g '( x) = 6 x , find the following:

g ( x) f '( x) − f ( x) g '( x)
54. ( g ( f ( x))  g ( x) 55. f ( x) g '( x) + f '( x) g ( x) 56.
( g ( x))2

9
For each function, find the equations of both the vertical and horizontal asymptote(s), if they exist:

x+4 2 x3 −2 x + 5
57. y = 58. y = 59. y =
x2 + 1 x3 − 1 9 x 2 − 24 x + 16

5 + 2x
60. y = 61. y = ln( x + 5) − ln( x + 1)
1 − 2x

A B
Find the partial fraction decomposition of: Reminder: +
Factor1 Factor 2

20 x + 16 1
62. 63.
x 2 + 3x + 2 x + x − 12
2

Solve for the indicated variable:

5+ x dy dy dy
64. Solve for x: =y 65. Solve for : 12 x2 + 8 x + 8 x = 3
2 − 3x dx dx dx

10
Equations of Lines:

66. Estimate the slope at x = 3 given the table of values. Show work!

x 0 2 5 6 10
f ( x) 4 7 12 12 15

67. Find the average rate of change of y = x3 on the interval  −3, −1

68. What are the coordinates of the point at which the line with a slope of 5 that passes through the point
(-1, 3) intersects the x- axis?

69. a. Find the equation of the line that passes through (-1, 3) and (2, -3).

b. Use the equation from part a to find f (−0.9) and f (1.9)

Points of Intersection

70. Find the points of intersection of x = y 2 − 5 y and x = y . (You should be able to quickly graph these
curves as well.)

71. Sketch the graphs of y = ln x , y = 0, and x = e . Find the 3 points of intersection of these graphs.

Expressions

72. An open box is to be made from a 16” x 30” piece of cardboard by cutting out squares of equal size from
the four corners and bending up the sides. Find an expression for the resulting volume of the box.

11
Limits. (You might want to take a look at the link at the beginning of the packet to brush up on Limits.)

x 4 + x3 x 1 1 1
73. lim 74. lim− 75. lim  − 
x →−1 x + 1 h →0 h 2 + h
x →0 x2  2

x −5 sin ( − x ) x2 − x − 6
76. lim 77. lim 78. lim
x →5 x −5 x →  −x x → 5x2

x n +1 5 (n)
n

79. lim • n = (Hint: answer isn’t a number, but a function)

n → 5 n +1
( n + 1) x

 − x2 x  1
 x −1 x  1
2

80. f ( x) =  81. f ( x) = 2 x =1
4 − x x  1 x − 2 x  1

a) lim− f ( x) = _________ a) lim− f ( x) = _________
x →1 x →1

b) lim+ f ( x) = _________ b) lim+ f ( x) = _________

x →1 x →1

c) lim f ( x) = _________ c) lim f ( x) = _________

x →1 x →1

Sequences and Series (Use the Link at the beginning to refresh your memory on these.)

Find the explicit form of the nth term of each sequence. (Define your nth term)
82. -5, -3, -1, 1, 3, … 83. -1, 2, -4, 8, …

Find the infinite sum of the series (Hint: It might be helpful to write out the first few terms)
 n 
1 1 1
84.  4 
n =0  3 
85.  n − n +1
n =1
(Hint: Don’t simplify. Leave first term as

1 – ½…)

12
Find the derivative of the following functions. (Use link to help remind you about derivatives.)

x+7
86. f ( x) = 5 x3 − 7 x 2 + 2 x − 9 87. f ( x) = 88. f ( x) = x3 sin x
x2 + 1

89. f ( x) = x2 − 4 90. y = tan x

91. R(t) is a function that gives the rate at which people are entering the gates at a football game in people per
hour t hours after the gates open.

a) What are the units of R’(t)?

b) What does R’(2) represent?

Parametric/Polar Equations

For each of the following, eliminate the parameter, t.

2
92. x t 3 , y , 93. x 9 cos t , y 9 sin t
t

5
94. Find the rectangular coordinates of the point with the polar coordinates 2,
6

13
95. Convert the rectangular equation to the polar form: 3x 2y 4

96. Convert the polar equation to rectangular form: r 2 sin 4 cos . Please leave your answer in standard
form.

6
97. If f ( x) = , which is greater f (0) or f (0.1) ?
(1 − x )
4

Calculator: Your final answer must use at least 3 decimal places. Also make sure you are in RADIANS
MODE!

98. Which of the following lines has a slope of 1 and only one point of intersection with the
graph of y = x 4 + 2 x 2 .

A. y = 8 x + 5 B. y = x + 0.763 C. y = x − 0.122 D. y = x − 2.146

99. The slope of a line depends upon the value of H and is given by the
1
equation: − ( H − 27 ) .
4
a) Find the slope of the line when H = 91.

b) Find the equation of that line if it also passes through (0, 91).

c) Use the above line to approximate H (1) .

3 3
100. Graph the functions y = 4 x − x3 + 1 and y = x . On what interval(s) is 4 x − x3 + 1  x ?
4 4

14
101. On what interval(s) are the graphs y = cos ( x3 ) and y = x 2 bounded?

Solve:

102. 2 x3 + 3x = 1 103. −1 = ( 4 − 2sin t 2 ) cos t 2 1  t  2

104. On the interval (-4, 1), at what value(s) of x does f ( x) = ln( x 4 + 5 x3 + x 2 − 7 x + 28) change from negative
to positive. (Include at least 3 decimal places in your answer.)

105. Where is f ( x) = cos ( x 2 − 3) , 0  x   increasing?

106. Find all points of intersection of f ( x) = x 2 and g ( x) = 2 x (Include at least 3 decimal places in your
answer.)

107. Find all intervals where 2 x 2 − 10 x + e x  0 . (Again, include at least 3 decimal places in your answer.)

5e−3t + 2
108. If f (t ) = , then f (2) =
t sin t

109. a) A rectangle with vertices at (0, 0), (4,0), (0, 2) and (4,2) is rotated around the x-axis. Find the volume
of this solid.

b) Find the volume of the same solid if the rectangle is rotated around the y-axis.

15
Answers:

Sequences and Series Task: 1. II 2. IV 3. III 4. I

Maximize cylinder in a sphere exploration:

1. Short, wide tall, thin 2. 0  h  10 3. ( 5.7735, 302.29989 )

10 3 500 500 3
4.  5.7735 5. Sphere = cylinder = 6. Explain
3 3 9

7. h = 5.2573

Non-Calculator Problems:

1. ( 2 x − 5 y ) ( 4 x 2 + 10 xy + 25 y 2 ) 2. (x 2
+ 16 )( x 2 − 5 ) 3. ( x + 6 + 3 y )( x + 6 − 3 y )

4. ( −, −3)  ( −3, 6 )  ( 6,  ) 5. 9 / 2,  ) 6. ( 6,  )

2 − x x2 1 x  2 −1 x  0
7. f ( x) =  8. f ( x) =  9. f ( x) = 
x − 2 x2 −1 x  2 1 x  0

10. x = −3, x = 2 11. x = 81 , x = 1 12. k = 3

49 1
13. k = 14. x = ln2 15. x = 3
9 3

3x 2
16. x = 1 17. No Solution 18. ln
x +1

19. 32 20. 0 21. 1 − ln 9or1 − 2ln 3 22. 25

3 y − 4x 9x − 6 3 x− y y
23. 24. or 25. or1 −
4 y − 3x 9 x − 4 3x + 2
2
x x

1
26. 120 27. 28. 1 (by definition)
x +1

2
29. 1 30. 31. DNE 32. 1
3

1 
33. − 34. 1 35. 1 36.
2 3
16
 
37. − 38. A and C 39. A and B
4

40. 9 41. 2 42. 3

−1
43. 2 44. 2 x + h 45.
( x + h + 1)( x + 1)

  5 
46. a.  −1, 7  b. 3 c. 4 47.  ,   , 2 ) 48.  −4, −11,  )
6 6 

 2  2
49.  −,  ( 2,  ) 50. ( −, −25,  ) 51.  −,  1,  )
 3  3

52. a. x = 5, x = −1 b. x = −1 c. x = 5 53. A. x = 0, x = 1 b. never c. x = 1

−2 x + 2
54. 18 x(2 x − 1)2 55. 18 x 2 − 6 x 56.
3x3

4 2 2
57. y = 0 only 58. x = 1, y = 2 59. x= , y= , y=−
3 3 3

24 4
60. x = 0, y = −1, y = 5 61. x = −5, x = −1, y = 0 62. −
x + 2 x +1

1 1 2y −5 dy −12 x 2 − 8x 12 x 2 + 8x
63. − 64. x = 65. = =
7( x − 3) 7( x + 4) 3y +1 dx 8x − 3 3 − 8x

5  8 
66. 67. 13 68.  − , 0 
3  5 

69. a. y − 3 = −2 ( x + 1) b. f (−0.9) = 2.8 f (1.9) = −2.8 70. ( 0, 0 ) and ( 6, 6 )

71. (1, 0 ) ( e, 0 ) ( e, 1) 72. V = x (16 – 2 x )( 30 – 2 x )

1 1
73. −1 74. − , DNE 75. − 76. DNE 77. 1 78.
4 5

x
79. 80. a. 0 b. 3 c. DNE 81. A, B, and C = −1
5

83. (−1) n +1 2n or −1( −2 ) (n=0) or −1( −2 )

n n−1
82. 2n-5 (n=0) 2n-7 (n=1) (n=1)

17
84. 6 85. 1

− x 2 − 14 x + 1
86. 15 x 2 − 14 x + 2 87. 88. x3 cos x + 3x 2 sin x
( x 2 + 1)2

x
89. 90. sec2 x
x −4
2

91. a. people/hour b. the rate at which people are entering the gates 2 hours after the gates open

92. y =
2
x+3
93. x 2 + y 2 = 81 94. ( 3, −1)
4
95. r = 96. x 2 + 4 x + y 2 − 2 y = 0 97. f ( 0.1)
3cos  + 2sin 

Calculator Section:

98. C 99. A. −16 b. y − 91 = −16 ( x − 0 ) c. 75

100. ( −, −1.622905 ) (−0.31754,1.9404) 101.  −0.88078, 0.8807 

102. 0.3129 103. t = 1.42797

104. x = −3.2836 105. (0,1.732)(2.4782,3.04683)

106. ( −0.7666, 0.5877 ) ( 2, 4 ) ( 4, 16 ) 107. ( 0.1148, 2.5256 )

108. 1.1065 109. a. 16 b. 32

18