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Instructions:
Write down your name, your ID number and your team's name on the first page.
For Section A (questions 1-5), circle the correct answer A, B, C, D or E. For Section
B (questions 6-10), fill your answer in the space provided at the end of each
question. For Section C (questions 11-15), write your detailed solution in the space
provided at the end of each question.
Q1. Let x and y be positive real numbers. Which of the following expressions is larger than
both x and y ?
A. xy 1 B. (x y )2 C. x 2 y D. x (x y ) E. (x y 1)2
(x y 1)2 x y 1 x y
(x y 1)2 x and (x y 1)2 y
For the other answers
1
xy 1 x if x 4 and y
2
1 1
(x y )2 x if x and y
2 10
1 1
x 2 y x if x and y
2 10
1 1
x (x y ) y if x and y .
10 2
2019
Q2. What is the last digit of 43 ?
A. 0 B. 2 C. 4 D. 6 E. 8
P (1) P (3), P (2) P (4), P (5) P (7), ... , P(97) P (99), P(98) P(100).
A. 1 B. 50 C. 51 D. 99 E. 100
Page 1 of 11
16th HANOI OPEN MATHEMATICS COMPETITION For jury only
Hanoi, Vietnam 2019
Let Q(x ) P (x 2) P (x )
deg Q deg P 1
Q has at least 50 distinct roots 1,2,5,6,9,10,...,97,98
deg Q 50
deg P 51 .
Q4. How many connected subsequences (i.e, consisting of one element or consecutive
elements) of the following sequence are there?
1, 2, 3, ..., 99, 100.
n 5050 .
n 1
Q5. Let ABC be an acute triangle and AH be the altitude of the triangle. Assume that
AH 6 cm, BH 3 cm and CAH 2BAH . Which of the following is the area of
A. 27 B. 30 C. 33 D. 36 E. 39
Page 2 of 11
16th HANOI OPEN MATHEMATICS COMPETITION For jury only
Hanoi, Vietnam 2019
BAD is isosceles triangle
HD 3
AH HD AH .DC 6x
AC 2x
AC DC
HD 3
By Pythagoras’ theorem,
x 5
AH 2 HC 2 AC 2 62 (3 x )2 (2x )2 x 2 2x 15 0
x 3 (impossible)
6.11
So S ABC 33 .
2
Page 3 of 11
16th HANOI OPEN MATHEMATICS COMPETITION For jury only
Hanoi, Vietnam 2019
SECTION B. Fill your answer in the space provided at the end of the question.
Q6. Consider the following equation
x 1 42
(x 1)2 .
x x2
Determine the sum of the square of all the roots.
Answer: 13
Solution.
The condition is x 0.
2
The equation x (x 1) x (x 1) 42 0 (x 2 x 7)(x 2 x 6) 0
(x 2 x 7)(x 2)(x 3) 0
x 2
x 3
Q7. Let p and q be odd prime numbers. Assume that there exists a positive integer n such that
pq 1 n 3 . Express p + q in terms of n.
Answer: n 2 2.
Page 4 of 11
16th HANOI OPEN MATHEMATICS COMPETITION For jury only
Hanoi, Vietnam 2019
Q8. Let ABC be a triangle, M and N be the midpoints of BC and AM , respectively. Let
P be the intersection point of the lines BN and AC . What is the area of the triangle ANP
Answer: 5 cm2
Page 5 of 11
16th HANOI OPEN MATHEMATICS COMPETITION For jury only
Hanoi, Vietnam 2019
Q9. Let a and b be positive real numbers with a b. Find the smallest possible value of
32
S 2a 3 .
(a b )(2b 3)2
Answer: 8
Solution. The answer is 8
1 1 32
S 2(a b) (2b 3) (2b 3)
2 2 (a b)(2b 3)2
1 1 32
4 4 2(a b) (2b 3) (2b 3) 8
2 2 (a b )(2b 3)2
3 1
The “ ” happens when a ;b .
2 2
Q10. For any positive integer n, let rn denote the greatest odd divisor of n. Compute
Answer: 10025
Page 6 of 11
16th HANOI OPEN MATHEMATICS COMPETITION For jury only
Hanoi, Vietnam 2019
SECTION C. Write your detailed solution in the space provided at the end of the question.
x 2 2xy 5y 2 2x 6y 3 0.
Solution.
x 2 2xy 5y 2 2x 6y 3 0 (x y 1)2 (2y 1)2 5 (5 points)
(2y 1)2 5
2y 1 1
Because 2y 1 is odd (5 points)
2y 1 1
y 0
y 0
⁕) 2y 1 1 x 1
(x y 1) 4
2
x 3
y 1
y 1
⁕) 2y 1 1 x 2
(x y 1) 4
2
x 2
Page 7 of 11
16th HANOI OPEN MATHEMATICS COMPETITION For jury only
Hanoi, Vietnam 2019
Q12. Given an expression x 2 ax b, where a, b are integer coefficients. At any step one
can change the expression by adding either 1 or 1 to only one of the two coefficients a, b.
a) Suppose that the initial expression has a 7 and b 19. Show your
modification steps to obtain a new expression that has zero value at some integer
value of x.
b) Starting from the initial expression as above, one gets the expression
x 2 17x 9 after m modification steps. Prove that at a certain step k with
k m , the obtained expression has zero value at some integer value of x.
Solution.
By adding 1 to b 19 times, we obtain the new expression Q(x ) x 2 7x which has zero
value at x 7. (5 points)
b) The initial expression is P (x ) x 2 7x 19, and the new expression after m
modification steps is Pm (x ) x 2 17x 9.
Let Pn (x ) x 2 an x bn be the expression obtained after n modification steps from the
Page 8 of 11
16th HANOI OPEN MATHEMATICS COMPETITION For jury only
Hanoi, Vietnam 2019
Q13. Find all points inside a given equilateral triangle such that the distances from it to three
sides of the given triangle are the side lengths of a triangle?
Solution.
Let ABC be the given equilateral triangle and T be a point satisfying the requirement of the
problem. Let x , y, z be the distances from T to three sides of the triangle ABC then
Page 9 of 11
16th HANOI OPEN MATHEMATICS COMPETITION For jury only
Hanoi, Vietnam 2019
3
a) If c , prove that 3(ab bc ca ) 2abc 7.
2
Solution.
a) The inequality M 7 0
(3 2c)ab 3c(3 c ) 7 0 (2 points)
If 3 2c 0 (3 2c)ab 0
2
3 1 1
M 7 3c(3 c) 7 3 c 0
2 4 4
M 7 (1) (5 points)
2 2
a b 3 c
b) If 3 2c 0 (3 2c)ab (3 2c ). (3 2c ) (2 points)
2 2
Page 10 of 11
16th HANOI OPEN MATHEMATICS COMPETITION For jury only
Hanoi, Vietnam 2019
Q15. Let M be a set of 28 positive real numbers. Prove that there are two elements a and b
in M such that
0 27 a b 1 a 1 b .
Solution.
Let x1, x 2,..., x 28 belong to M and satisfy: 0 x1 x 2 ... x 28
By contradiction, suppose that, m, n : 1 m n 28 such that
27 x n x m 1 x m 1 x n (1) (5 points)
27
Let yk , k {1;2;...;28} then yk 27, k 1;....;28
1 xk
y1 y28 27 (2) (5 points)
On the other hand:
27 27
(1) 1
1 xm 1 xn
y m yn 1
y1 y28 y1 y2 y2 y 3 .... y27 y28 27 (3) (5 points)
That contradicts (2) Q.E.D
Page 11 of 11