Name: BRABANTE, Ivy Lloren D.

Activity No. 2 JASMIN, Chloie Q.

VALDEZ, Lorraine Joyce E.
STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION Group No: 2
of the BODY Date of Performance: September 30, 2020
Date of Submission:
October 1, 2020
Instructor: Wenzy Razzie Cruz

RATING:

All living things are organized from very simple levels to more complex levels. The
human body displays various levels of structural organization. Living matters begins with simple
chemicals.
Atoms are considered as the tiny building blocks of matter; they join together to form
molecules. Molecules, in turn, associate in specific ways to come up with the smallest unit of
living things, the cell. When cells with similar structure and function are grouped and work
together, they form a tissue. A group of tissues that is arranged in a particular way to
accomplish specific functions is called an organ.
The most complex level of organization is the organ system level. An organ system is a
group of organs that cooperate to achieve a common purpose. Organ systems make up the
living body, or the organism which represents the highest level of structural organization.
Organs functioning together for the same general purpose make up organ systems, which
maintain the body.

OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the topic, the students should be able to:
1. Name the six levels of structural organization that make up the human body, and
explain how they are related.
2. Name the organ systems of the body, and briefly state the major functions of each
system.
3. Identify and classify by organ system all organs discussed.

MATERIALS/RESOURCES:
Reference Book: Human Anatomy and Physiology by Elaine N. Marieb and Katja Hoehn
Visual Aids (projector, pictures), Internet
 1. The Structural Organization of the Human Body. The organization of the body
often is discussed in terms of the distinct levels of increasing complexity, from
the smallest chemical building blocks to a unique human organism.

a. Make a visual representation of the six levels of structural organization that make
up the human body, and explain how they are related.

The human body exhibits many levels of structural complexity. The simplest level of the structural
ladder is the chemical level. At this level, atoms, tiny building blocks of matter, combine to form
molecules such as water, sugar, and proteins, like those that make up our muscles. Molecules, in
turn, associate in specific ways to form microscopic cells, the smallest units of all living things. The
simplest living creatures are composed of single cells, but in complex organisms such as trees or
human beings, the structural ladder continues on to the tissue level. Tissues consist of groups of
similar cells that have a common function. An organ is a structure composed of two or more tissue
types that performs a specific function for the body. At the organ level of organization, extremely
complex functions become possible. For example, the small intestine, which digests and absorbs
food, is composed of all four tissue types. An organ system is a group of organs that work together to
accomplish a common purpose. In all, 11 organ systems make up the living human being, or the
organism, which represents the highest level of structural organization, the organismal level. The
organismal level is the sum total of all structural levels working together to keep us alive.
2. Identify, describe and briefly state the major functions of each system depicted
below.

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

Description:

Forms the external body covering, and protects

deeper tissues from injury. Synthesizes vitamin
D, and houses cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.)
receptors and sweat and oil glands.

SKELETAL SYSTEM

Description:

Protects and supports body organs, and

provides a framework the muscles use to cause
movement. Blood cells are formed within bones.
Bones store minerals.
 MUSCULAR SYSTEM

Description:

Allows manipulation of the environment,

locomotion, and facial expression. Maintains
posture, and produces heat.

NERVOUS SYSTEM
Description:

As the fast-acting control system of the body, it

responds to internal and external changes by
activating appropriate muscles and glands.

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Description:

Glands secrete hormones that regulate

processes such as growth, reproduction, and
nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.
 CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Description:

Blood vessels transport blood, which carries

oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc.
The heart pumps blood.

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM/IMMUNITY
Description:

Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and

returns it to blood. Disposes of debris in the
lymphatic stream. Houses white blood cells
(lymphocytes) involved in immunity. The
immune response mounts the attack against
foreign substances within the body

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Description:

Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen

and removes carbon dioxide. The gaseous
exchanges occur through the walls of the air
sacs of the lungs.
 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Description:

Breaks down food into absorbable units that

enter the blood for distribution to body cells.
Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces.

URINARY SYSTEM
Description:

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body.

Regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base
balance of the blood.

MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Description:

Overall function is production of offspring. Testes

produce sperm and male sex hormone, and
male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to
the female reproductive tract
 FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Description:

Ovaries produce eggs and female sex

hormones. The remaining female structures
serve as sites for fertilization and development of
the fetus. Mammary glands of female breasts
produce milk to nourish the newborn.

Reference: Human Anatomy and Physiology by Elaine N. Marieb and Katja Hoehn
3. Identify the organs in the color-enhanced medical images depicted below.

3 4 5

6 7

9 10

1. Brain 6. Liver

2. Spinal cord 7. Spleen

3. Right lung 8. Left kidney

4. Heart 9. Right kidney

5. Diaphragm 10. Urinary bladder

 4. Describe the hierarchical structure of anatomy. How does this hierarchy relate to
the approach we take in studying anatomy and physiology? Lastly, give an example
of how the anatomy of a body part is related to its physiology.

The hierarchical structure of anatomy is composed of six levels namely: chemical level, cellular
level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, and organismal level. This hierarchy helps us in
understanding anatomy from the simplest to the most complex forms of life. Similar to how we should
study it, we must start from the basics before we go to more complicated information.

Anatomy is the study of structures while Physiology deals with the study of the functions of the
body. These two always go together and coordinate in order to detect and respond to stimuli, perform
different actions, and to understand diseases. The structures determine what functions can take
place. For example, the lungs are not muscular chambers like the heart and cannot pump blood
through the body, but because the walls of their air sacs are very thin, they can exchange gases and
provide oxygen to the body. Another example, the heart can pump blood because it is a muscle that
is capable of expanding and contracting.

5. HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS.

The human body consists of six levels of structural organization that interrelate differently with
each other to form networks of growing complexity. The chemical level is the simplest wherein atoms
combine to form molecules which in turn, associate in specific ways to form for the cellular level then
the structural ladder continues on to the tissue level. The fourth level is the organ which is a structure
composed of two or more tissue types followed by the fifth level which the organ system. The highest
level of structural organization is the organismal level which is the composition of all the structural
levels. The human body functions to keep us alive and it must be provided with their basic survival
needs, which include nutrients from the food we intake, oxygen, water, and temperature, and
atmospheric pressure. These survival factors should be present in appropriate amounts because
excessive and insufficiency of such may be detrimental to the body.

Homeostasis is another survival mechanism process that living things use to actively maintain
fairly stable conditions that is necessary for survival. To achieve homeostasis, the body must actively
regulate conditions that are constantly changing such as body temperature, glucose level, blood
pressure, and body fluid volume. The organ systems help keep the body’s internal environment
relatively constant. The digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular, endocrine, integumentary, lymphatic,
and urinary systems work together, so that each cell in the body receives adequate oxygen and
nutrients, regulates the activity of body cells through hormones, help the body control water balance,
prevent dehydration, to regulate temperature and so waste products do not accumulate to a toxic
level.  Aside from the systems stated, the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems are three of the
most important systems that also work together to provide the body’s movement and overall
structural support.

The skeletal system is responsible for the protection and support of body organs. It is composed
of bones, cartilages, ligaments, and joints that perform essential functions for the human body. These
organs work as one to give the body its shape and internal framework to support the body,
allow movement, to form blood cells or hematopoiesis, provide protection for organs and
store minerals such as calcium and phosphorous. Without the skeletal system, we would creep along
the ground like slugs, lacking any definite shape or form. Muscular system on the other hand is
composed mostly of
skeletal muscles that allow the manipulation of the environment, locomotion, facial expression,
maintain posture and body position, stabilize joints of the skeleton, and generate body heat as a by-
product of muscle activity. Lastly, the nervous system is a fast-acting control system of the body
which responds to internal and external changes (stimuli) by activating appropriate muscles and
glands. The nervous system is divided into two main parts. First, the central nervous system which is
made up of the brain and spinal cord. Second, the peripheral nervous system which is made up of
nerves that branch off from the spinal cord and extend to all parts of the body. These three systems
coordinate and work together to perform a specific task. The skeletal system protects brain and
spinal cord and provides a depot for calcium ions needed for neural function. It also provides levers
plus calcium for muscle activity. As for the muscular system, muscle pull on bones increases bone
strength and viability and helps determine bone shape as bone matrix is deposited at points of stress.
Also, facial muscle activity allows the expression of emotions. Lastly, the nervous system stimulates
and regulates muscle activity and nerves innervate bone and articular capsules, providing for pain
and joint sense.

The skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems are three of the most important systems that make
up the human body and their homeostatic relationship with each other provides necessary functions
in our daily lives. These systems work as support structure of the body, to provide movement of the
body and control the different aspects of the human body. With connection from all of the systems of
the body, each of them has a homeostatic relationship and are interdependent with each other in
order to complete their different functions. With these systems working together, the internal stability
and balance are maintained and failure to do so can cause diseases that can disrupt homeostasis
and cause trouble in our body systems. The human body is made up of various materials with several
complex purposes that needs to have the basic necessities in order to survive and do its
responsibilities in the real world. The human body is so amazing that they cannot be explained in
basic terms. The knowledge we attain from studying the human anatomy and physiology is
exceptional, therefore it requires critical analysis, patience and dedication.