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2 Sucres Lipides Acides Nucleiques PDF
2 Sucres Lipides Acides Nucleiques PDF
and Lipids
Patrick Charnay : charnay@biologie.ens.fr
Morgane Thomas-Chollier : mthomas@biologie.ens.fr
3 main roles:
Oligosaccharides: three to 20
monosaccharides
http://www.ftlpo.net
3.3 What Are the Chemical Structures and Functions of
Carbohydrates?
Polysaccharides of glucose:
http://www.papiergeschiedenis.nl/
images/techniek/
tech_stof_cellulose_01.gif
Figure 3.16 Representative Polysaccharides (Part 1)
Figure 3.16 Representative Polysaccharides (Part 2)
3.3 What Are the Chemical Structures and Functions of
Carbohydrates?
Sugar phosphate
Chitin
3.4 summary
https://sites.google.com/site/tensioactifststan/les-tension-actifs-et-la-
biologie/biologie-et-tensioactif
3.4 What Are the Chemical Structures
and Functions of Lipids?
=> vitamin A, K, D, E
3.4 summary
A–T
C–G
Digital production, transmission and storage have revolutionized digits (ASCII text), giving a total of 757,051 bytes or a Shannon
how we access and use information but have also made archiving an information10 of 5.2 3 106 bits (see Supplementary Information and
increasingly complex task that requires active, continuing mainten- Supplementary Table 1 for full details).
ance of digital media. This challenge has focused some interest on The bytes comprising each file were represented as single DNA
DNA as an attractive target for information storage1 because of its sequences with no homopolymers (runs of $2 identical bases, which
capacity for high-density information encoding, longevity under are associated with higher error rates in existing high-throughput
easily achieved conditions2–4 and proven track record as an informa- sequencing technologies19 and led to errors in a recent DNA-storage
tion bearer. Previous DNA-based information storage approaches experiment9). Each DNA sequence was split into overlapping seg-
have encoded only trivial amounts of information5–7 or were not ments, generating fourfold redundancy, and alternate segments were
amenable to scaling-up8, and used no robust error-correction and converted to their reverse complement (see Fig. 1 and Supplementary
lacked examination of their cost-efficiency for large-scale informa- Information). These measures reduce the probability of systematic
tion archival9. Here we describe a scalable method that can reliably failure for any particular string, which could lead to uncorrectable
store more information than has been handled before. We encoded errors and data loss. Each segment was then augmented with indexing
computer files totalling 739 kilobytes of hard-disk storage and with information that permitted determination of the file from which it
an estimated Shannon information10 of 5.2 3 106 bits into a DNA originated and its location within that file, and simple parity-check
code, synthesized this DNA, sequenced it and reconstructed the error-detection10. In all, the five files were represented by a total of
original files with 100% accuracy. Theoretical analysis indicates that 153,335 strings of DNA, each comprising 117 nucleotides (nt). The
our DNA-based storage scheme could be scaled far beyond current perfectly uniform fragment lengths and absence of homopolymers
global information volumes and offers a realistic technology for make it obvious that the synthesized DNA does not have a natural
large-scale, long-term and infrequently accessed digital archiving. (biological) origin, and so imply the presence of deliberate design and
In fact, current trends in technological advances are reducing DNA encoded information2.
synthesis costs at a pace that should make our scheme cost-effective We synthesized oligonucleotides (oligos) corresponding to our
for sub-50-year archiving within a decade. designed DNA strings using an updated version of Agilent Tech-
Although techniques for manipulating, storing and copying large nologies’ OLS (oligo library synthesis) process20, creating ,1.2 3 107
amounts of existing DNA have been established for many years11–13, copies of each DNA string. Errors occur only rarely (,1 error per 500
What about maths ?
http://cen.acs.org/articles/90/web/2012/04/Ion-Channel-Caught-Act.html
Innovation : engineering spider silk