Lec2 Functions

Math100
Midyear, AY 2017-18
Functions
Filame Joy U. Catinan
Division of Physical Sciences and Mathematics
College of Arts and Sciences
University of the Philippines Visayas
Def’n. Functions
The function f from X to Y is a set of ordered pairs (x, y)
such that to each x  X , there corresponds a unique y  Y.
Alternatively,
A Function is a rule or correspondence that assigns to each
x  X a unique or one and only one y  Y
Notation: f : X Y f is a function from X to Y

Remark: Let f be a function from X to Y
1. If y  f  x  , y is the image of x under f
• Should be read as “y equals f of x”
• Do not interpret f(x) as the product of f and x
• f is just used as the name of the function
• x is the input value or independent variable
• y is the output value or dependent variable
Remark: Let f be a function from X to Y
2. X is the Domain of f
3. Y is the Codomain of f
4. Range of f is the set of all y  Y to which some x  X is
associated
ran f   y  Y | y  f  x  for some x  X 

Remark:
4. A function is a special relation, a relation which stresses that
no two ordered pairs should have the same first component
(the first coordinate should not be repeated). Remember therefore
that NOT all relations are functions.
TYPES OF FUNCTIONS
Def’n. Constant Function
The function f whose range consists of only one number/
constants is called the constant function. That is,
f   x,c  | y = c or y  f  x   c
Where c is a constant
Domain: Set of Real Numbers R Range: {c}
y
O x
Remark:
No matter what the value of x the value of y or f(x) will
always be c.
Example: Determine the domain, range and intercepts (if any).

Graph the function.
1. f  x   3 2. g  x    3. f  x   e  1
Def’n. Linear Function
A Linear Function is a function defined as
f   x, y  | y = mx  b or y  f  x   mx  b
Domain: Set of Real Numbers R

Range: Set of Real Numbers R
y
Ix x
O
Iy
Remark:
Graph: In graphing a linear function
• It is just necessary to determine two points that lie on the line.
• It would be convenient if the two points are also the intercepts
of the graph
Graph the function.
1. f  x   3x  1 2. g  x   2 x  5 3. h  x  x
Def’n. Quadratic Function
A Quadratic Function is a function defined as
f   x, y  | y = ax  bx  c or y  f  x   y = ax 2  bx  c
2

Range:
 4ac  b 
2
 4ac  b 
2
if a>0  y  R | y   if a<0  y  R | y  
 4a   4a 
Remark:
The graph of a quadratic function is either a parabola
opening upward or downward.
a>0 a<0
 b 4ac  b 2 
The transition point the vertex is given by the point  , 
 2 a 4 a 
Remark:
• Vertex is the point in the graph where has its maximum or
minimum value.
• If a>0 the graph of the function is a parabola opening upward
and if a<0 the parabola opens downward.
• Quadratic function is derived from the equation of a parabola
that opens either upward or downward.
Remark:
Graphing: In graphing a quadratic function
• Locate the vertex.
• Find the intercepts, if any.
• Obtain at least two points to the left and to the right of the
vertex.
• Plot all the points obtained.
• Connect the points by a smooth curve.
Graph the function.
1. f  x  x  x  6
2
2. g  x   2 x  8x  9
2
Def’n. Cubic Function
A Cubic Function is a function defined as
y  f  x  a  x  h  k
3

Range: Set of Real Numbers R
Remark:
• The point (h,k) is called the point of inflection.
• h units is the horizontal shift and k units is the vertical shift.
• The graph of the function is obtained by shifting the parent
function according to the point of inflection.
Remark:
Parent Graph y  f  x  x 3
Remark:
Graphing: In graphing a quadratic function
• Graph the parent function
• Find the values of (h,k)
• Find the intercepts (if any)
point of inflection.
• Connect the points by a smooth curve following the form of
the parent function.
Graph the function.
1. f  x    x  2 3  1 f  x   2  x  5  7
3
2.
Def’n. Absolute Value Function
A Absolute Value Function is a function defined as
f   x, y  | y = a g  x   k or y  f  x  a g  x  k

Range: if a>0  y  R | y  k if a<0  y  R | y  k
Remark:
If a>0 the graph of the function is a V-shaped graph opening
upward and if a<0 the V-shaped graph opens downward.
a>0 a<0
Remark:
• The transition point is the point (h,k) such that h is a zero of
g(x) .
• The transition point (h,k) is the point in the graph where the
function attains a maximum value (if a<0) and minimum value
(if a>0).
Remark:
Graphing: In graphing an absolute value function
• Locate the transition.
transition point.
• Connect the points by a V-shaped curve.
Graph the function.
1. f  x   3x  4 2. g  x   3x  4  1
3. h  x   3  3x  4 4. f  x  x 1 1
Def’n. Square Root Function (Type 1)
A Square Root Function is a function defined as
y  f  x  a g  x  k or y  f  x   a mx  b  k
Domain:  x | g  x   0
Range: if a>0  k ,   if a<0  , k 
Remark:
• Type 1 Square root function is derived from the equation of a
parabola that opens either to the right or to the left.
 y  k   4 p  x  h
2
• The graph of this type of square root function is half of a

parabola either opening to the right or to the left.
• The Graph has an endpoint at (h,k) where h is a zero of g(x).
Remark: Graph
f  x  x
f  x  x
a  0, m  0
a  0, m  0
f  x   x f  x   x
a  0, m  0 a  0, m  0
Remark:
Graphing: In graphing a square root function
• Identify the domain and range.
• Identify the endpoints.
• Get a test point based on the domain.
• Connect the points using a smooth curve that of a half of a
parabola.
Graph the function.
1. f  x    2 x  6  1 2. f  x   1  2 3  4x
y  f  x   x  h a k
2 2
Domain: x | x  a  h or x  a  h   , h  a   h  a,  
Range: if coefficient of radical is positive  k ,  
if coefficient of radical is negative  , k 
Remark:
hyperbola that opens sideways.
 x  h   y  k   1
2 2
2 2
a b
• The graph of this type of square root function is half of a
hyperbola either opening to the right or to the left.
• The graph has endpoints at points (h-a,k) and (h+a,k)
Remark: Graph
Remark:
hyperbola.
Graph the function.
f  x   x2  9 2.     4x  5  2
2
1. f x x
y  f  x  a   x  h  k
2 2
Domain: x | a  h  x  a  h   h  a, h  a 
Range: if coefficient of radical is positive  k , k  a 
if coefficient of radical is negative  k  a, k 
Remark:
circle.
   
   
2 2 2
x h y k r
• The graph of this type of square root function is a semicircle.

• The graph has endpoints at points(h-a,k) and (h+a,k)
Remark: Graph
Remark:
circle.
Graph the function.
f  x   9  x2 2.      2
2
1. f x 5 4 x x
Def’n. Rational Function
A Rational Function is a function defined as
P  x
y  f  x 
Q  x
Where P  x  and Q  x  are polynomial
Domain: R  x | Q  x   0 and x | x  R, Q  x   0
Range: Express y  f  x  to x  g  y  ,and find the domain. The
domain of g  y  is the range of f  x 
Def’n. Asymptotes
Asymptote is a line approaching, but never intersecting a curve
Vertical Asymptote
The line x = a is a vertical asymptote, when Q(a) = 0 but P(a)  0.
Horizontal Asymptote
The line y = b is a horizontal asymptote if the line approaches the curve
but will never cross it as x increases or decreases without bound.
Def’n: Asymptote
P  x an x n  an1 x n1   a1x  a0 degree n

f  x  
Q  x bm x m  bm1 x m1   b1x  b0 degree m
# smaf Math 100 FS 2015 - 2016

Remark:
• If a rational function can be simplified to take a non-rational
form in graphing and a hollow point may exist. The domain is
based on the original function. The range is solved analytically
and compare to graph.
• If two vertical asymptote can be obtained, determine the range
analytically and always check if the graph will pass the
horizontal asymptote by equating the function to a if the
function has a horizontal asymptote y=a.
Example: Determine the domain, range, intercepts,
asymptotes(if they exist) and graph
 x  1  x  2 x  1
2
1. f  x 
 x  1
1
2. h  x   2 . .
x  5x  6
x2
3. m  x   2
x  3x  4
2
x
4. f  x  . .
x 1
Def’n. Piecewise Function
A Piecewise Function is a function represented by two or
more functions, each corresponding to a part of the domain. A
Piecewise Function is called piecewise because it acts differently
on different pieces of the number line.
Domain: The domain of a piecewise function is the union of the

intersection of the domain of the definition and the restriction.
Range: Observing the graph is the best option to identify the
range of the function.
x if x 1
1. f ( x)   2
 x  1 if x 1
1  2  x if x  2

2. f ( x)   x  1 . if  2  x 1 .
 x2  6 x  8 if x 1

Def’n. Absolute Value Function
An Absolute Value Function denoted by y  x is defined
by
 x , x0
y  f  x  x  
 x , x0
Example: Graph the function the following functions
x
1. f  x 
x
2. f  x   x 1  x . .
Def’n. Signum Function
A Signum Function is a function defined as
1 , x  0

y  f  x   sgn  x    0 , x  0
 1, x0

Domain: R
Range: 1,0,1
Remark: Graph
Remark:
Generally
 c  c
1 , x  b d  a , x  b
 
 c  c
y  sgn  bx  c    0 , x  y  a sgn  bx  c   d   d , x
 b  b
 c  c
 1, x b  d a , x  b
 
Remark:
a0 a0
Domain: R Range: d  a, d , d  a
Example: Graph the function the following functions
1. f  x   2sgn  2 x  3  1
2. f  x   2sgn  2 x.  1  1 .
Def’n. Greatest Integer Function
A Greatest Integer Function is a function defined as
 ,
1,  1  x  0

 0, 0  x  1
y x  or y  x  n, n  x  n  1 for all n  Z
 1, 1  x  2
 2, 2  x  3

 ,
Domain: R Range: Z
Remark: Graph
x-intercept:
y-intercept:
 x,0 | 0  x  1
 0, 0 
Remark:
Generally
 ,
1  k ,  1  h  x  0  h

 0  k, 0  h  x  1 h
y  xh k  
 1 k, 1 h  x  2  h
 2  k, 2  h  x  3  h

 ,
Graph the function.
1. f  x   x  1  1 2. f  x   2 x  1 3. f  x   x  x
Def’n. Exponential Function
If b > 0 and b ≠ 1, then the Exponential Function with base b
is the function f defined by
y  f  x   bx
Domain: R Range: y>0

b>1
Remark: Graph Increasing Function
Gets closer to x-axis as x decreases
(asymptotic to negative x-axis)
Passes through (0,1)
Always above the x-axis
(no x-intercept)
0<b<1
Decreasing Function
Gets closer to x-axis as x increases
(asymptotic to positive x-axis)
Always above the x-axis
(no x-intercept)
Remark: Natural Exponential Function
Def’n. Logarithmic Function
If b > 0 and b ≠ 1, then the Logarithmic Function is a
function defined
f  x   y  logb x iff xb y
Domain: R Range: y>0

b>1
Remark: Graph Increasing Function
Gets closer to y-axis as y decreases
y  log 2 x (asymptotic to negative y-axis)
y  log e x (x-intercept)
y  log 1 x Increasing Function
2
0<b<1
Decreasing Function
Gets closer to y-axis as y increases
(asymptotic to positive y-axis)
(x-intercept)
Decreasing Function
OPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS
Def’n. Operations on Functions
If f and g are two functions of x then
Sum of f and g, f + g, is:

 f  g  x   f  x   g  x 
D f  g  D f  Dg
Difference of f and g, f - g, is:

 f  g  x   f  x   g  x 
D f  g  D f  Dg
Product of f by g, f ∙ g, is:
 f  g  x   f  x   g  x 
D f  g  D f  Dg
Quotient of f by g, f / g, is:
f  f  x
   x  , where g  x   0
g g  x

D f  D f  Dg   x | x  Dg , g  x   0 
g
Composition of f by g, f ◦ g, is:
f g  x   f  g  x  
Df g  x | x  Dg , g  x   D f 
Example: For each of the given pair of functions find the
a.  f  g  x  d.  f / g  x 
b.  f  g  x  e.  f g  x 
c.  f  g  x  f .  g f  x 
1. f  x   x  1 f  x  x  4 f  x  x
2 2
2. 3.
g  x   2x 1 g  x  x
g  x 
x4
END

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Math100

Notation: f : X Y f is a function from X to Y

ran f   y  Y | y  f  x  for some x  X 

Example: Determine the domain, range and intercepts (if any).

Domain: Set of Real Numbers R

Domain: Set of Real Numbers R

Domain: Set of Real Numbers R

Domain: Set of Real Numbers R

• The graph of this type of square root function is half of a

• The graph of this type of square root function is a semicircle.

P  x an x n  an1 x n1   a1x  a0 degree n

# smaf Math 100 FS 2015 - 2016

Domain: The domain of a piecewise function is the union of the

Domain: R Range: y>0

f  x   y  logb x iff xb y

Domain: R Range: y>0

Sum of f and g, f + g, is:

Difference of f and g, f - g, is:

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