3rd Quarter Topics:

• Quadratic Equations
1. Definition and Graph of a Quadratic Function
2. Domain and Range of a Quadratic Function
3. Zero/s of a Quadratic Function (Methods of Solving QE)
4. Nature of Roots of Quadratic Equations
5. Relationship Between Roots and Coefficients
• Quadratic Functions
1. Forms of Quadratic Functions
2. Equations Leading to Quadratic Forms
3. Word Problems: Applications of Quadratics (number problems,
golden ratio); Maximum and Minimum
 Definition and Graph of Quadratic Functions
Objectives:
1. Define quadratic function in general form: �(�) = ��2 +
�� + �, and
2. Graph a quadratic function by using set of ordered pairs.
or table of values.
3. State the domain and range of the quadratic function.
Recall:

Polynomial functions are functions defined by polynomial

expressions. The function given
by �(�) = �� �� + ��−� ��−� + ⋯ + �� �� + �� � + ��
is called a polynomial function of x with degree n.
Polynomial functions of degree 1 are called linear
functions. Function �(�) = − 2� + 6 is a linear function
since it is of degree 1 and its leading term is −2� .
Quadratic Functions

• Quadratic functions are polynomial functions of degree of

2.

Examples:
�(�) = − �2 + 1
�(�) = 2�2 − 3� + 5
�(�) = �2 + 5� − 3
Definition:

Let � , � , and � be real numbers with � ≠ 0. The function

�(�) = ��� + �� + � is called a quadratic function.

The graph of any quadratic function is a parabola. If the

leading coefficient � of the quadratic function is positive,
then the parabola opens up. If the leading coefficient � of
the quadratic function is negative, then the parabola
opens down.
Example 1:
Identify whether the given quadratic equation is a function
or just a mere relation.
Example 2: Graphing a Quadratic Function Using Table
of Values

1. Sketch the graph of �(�) = �2 − 6� + 8, where � =

0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 using table of values.

Solution:
Table of Values:
Graph:

Domain: Set of real

numbers
or (−∞, ∞)

Range: Set of real numbers

greater than or equal to -1
or [−1, ∞)
Example 2: Graphing a Quadratic Function using Table of
Values

2. Sketch the graph of �(�) = − �2 − 4� − 5, where � =

− 4, − 3, − 2, − 1, and 0.

Solution:
Table of Values:
Domain: Set of Real
Numbers

Range: Set of Real Numbers

less than or equal
to −1
Exercises:
Complete the table of values and sketch the graph of the
following functions. Then, determine the domain and range.
Session 2

Objectives:

1. Determine the concavity, vertex, axis of symmetry, and

intercepts of the parabola representing a quadratic
function; and

2. Sketch the graph of a quadratic function using its vertex

and intercepts.
Features/Properties of a Graph of Quadratic
Function:

The concavity of the graph of a quadratic function is

determined by its leading coefficient a. That is, the parabola
opens upward or concave upw a r d i f t h e l e a d i n g
coefficient a is positive and opens downward or concave
downward if the leading coefficient a is negative.
• The vertex of the graph of any quadratic function is
either the minimum point (also called lowest point) or
the maximum point (also called the highest point) on
the graph.
If the parabola opens up, we have a minimum
point. Whereas, if the parabola opens down, we have
the maximum point.
The minimum value or the maximum value of a
certain vertex can be determined by its y-coordinate.
• To determine the vertex of a certain quadratic function,
we need to identify its x- and y-coordinates.

• The x-coordinate of the vertex can be solved using the

�
formula � = − .
2�
• This x-coordinate of the vertex will be used to find the y-
�
coordinate of the vertex, that is � (− ).
2�
• The vertical line that divides the parabola into two parts
and passes through the vertex is called the axis of
symmetry. The axis of symmetry is a vertical line that is
�
represented by the equation x = − .
2�

• The x-intercepts of a quadratic function can be solved

by setting f(x) = 0 and solving for the value/s of x. This
will only happen when the graph passes through the x-
axis.
• The � -intercept of any quadratic function can be solved
by evaluating � (0). Note that there is only one y –
intercept.

Graphing a Quadratic Function:

To graph a quadratic function in the form �(�) =
��2 + �� + c :
1. Step 1: Determine whether the parabola opens up or
down. If � > 0, then the parabola opens up. If � < 0, then
the parabola opens down.
 �
Step 2: Determine the vertex. Solve for � = − and
2�
�
� (− ).
2�
Step 3: Find the y-intercept by solving for �(0) .
Step 4: Find any x-intercept, if possible, by setting f(x) = 0
and solve for x.
�
Step 5: Find the axis of symmetry. Solve for � = − .
2�
Step 6: Find two symmetric points by choosing x-
coordinates on the left and right side that are
equidistant from the vertex and solve its y-
coordinate
 using the given function.

Step 7: Plot the vertex, intercepts and symmetric points on

the Cartesian plane and connect them with a
smooth curve.
Example 1: Solving for the vertex, y-intercept and if
possible, x-intercepts.

Given the function �(�) = �2 + 2� − 15, solve for the

vertex, y-intercept and if possible, x-intercepts.
Example 2: Graphing Quadratic Functions

1. Find the vertex, axis of symmetry, � -intercepts and � -

intercept of �(�) = �2 − 4� + 4. Also, sketch its graph.
2. For �(�) = − �� − �, find its vertex, axis of
symmetry, � -intercepts and � -intercept. Also, sketch its
graph.

3. Graph the quadratic function �(�) = �� − �� − �.

4. Graph the quadratic function �(�) = − �� + �� + �

whose vertex is at (2, 6) and passing through the point
(4, 2).