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Voltage Drop and Short Circuit Analysis PDF
Voltage Drop and Short Circuit Analysis PDF
CHAPTER 3
Introduction
er 3
¾
¾ Voltage Ranges
42803 – Chapte
¾ Symmetrical
S l and
dAAsymmetricall Faultl C
Currents
¾ Equivalent System Impedance
¾ Short Circuit Analysis in Three-phase Systems
¾ Short Circuit Analysis in Single-phase Systems
2
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systems is mainly caused by cables,
cables
(BS7671: 2008, Table 12A), the voltage drop
42803 – Chapte
T bl 12 A – Voltage
Table V lt d
drop
Lighting Other uses
i. Low voltage installation supplied
directly from a public low voltage 3% 5%
distribution system
ii. Low voltage installation supplied
6% 8%
from private LV supply 4
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er 3
VD(R)
VSEND
θ VREC jXSIA
IARA
IA
Approximation method:
er 3
θ = phase
h angle
l off line
l current
If VA = system voltage,
Vdrop
%Vdrop = × 100%
VA
6
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er 3
a 415V,
415V three-phase feeder,
feeder 85ft in length,
length
0.035
RL = × 85 = 0.002975Ω
1000
0.049
XL = × 85 = 0.004165Ω
1000
θ = − cos −1(0.85) = −31.79°
Vdrop = 350 A × [0.002975Ω × cos((−31.79°) − 0.004165Ω × sin(( −31.79°)] = 1.65V
BEX 4
1.65V
%Vdrop = × 100% = 0.69%
239.6V
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er 3
tabulated (mV/A/m) z × I b × l
Vdrop = volts
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1.95 ×120 × 27
Vdrop = V = 6.32V
er 3
1000
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12
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current flowing from the source to the load
13
length
single-phase branch circuit 135ft in length,
42803 – Chapte
14
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1.2Ω/1000ft,
1 2Ω/1000ft reactance = 0.050Ω/1000ft.
0 050Ω/1000ft
15
is
using approximation method is,
42803 – Chapte
In percentage,
Vdrop
BEX 4
%Vdrop = × 100%
VLS
16
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reflected to the low-voltage side are given by,
by
%R TR = %ZTR × cosθ
%X TR = %ZTR × sinθ
17
115kVA
115kVA, 3300-415Y V
V, three-phase
42803 – Chapte
18
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er 3
θ = tan-1 (1.8)
(1 8) = 60
60.95°
95°
115kVA
42803 – Chapte
Voltage drop,
Vdrop = 160 A × [0.02905Ω × cos(−34.92°) − 0.05242Ω × sin( −34.92°)] = 8.61V
8.61V
%Vdrop = ×100% = 2.07%
415V
415V
BEX 4
20
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large motor starting.
starting
21
i
impedance
d and
d (b) the
th constant
t t currentt
representations.
22
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er 3
worst case). The locked rotor kVA during
locked-rotor
23
Locked-rotor R and X,
er 3
1 ⎛ 110.25kW
⎞
42803 – Chapte
R= ×⎜ ⎟ = 0.1913Ω
⎟
3 ⎜⎝ 438.232
⎠
1 ⎛ 295.1kVAr ⎞
X = × ⎜⎜ ⎟ = 0.5122Ω
3 ⎝ 438.232 ⎟⎠
⎛ 0.1913 + j 0.5122 ⎞
VM = 240∠0°⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 230.62∠0.24°V
⎝ 0.1913 + j 0.5122 + 0.01 + j 0.02 ⎠
Voltage drop,
240V − 230.62V
%Vdrop = × 100% = 3.91%
240V 24
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er 3
IM = 438.23∠-69.51°
438 23∠ 69 51°
25
26
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er 3
panel for the system below.
below The total load is
40A
Transformer:
42803 – Chapte
1 ⎡ (1.8%)(240V ) 2 ⎤
RTR = ⎢ ⎥ = 0.03456Ω
100 ⎣ 30kVA ⎦
1 ⎡ (1.5%)(240V ) 2 ⎤
X TR = ⎢ ⎥ = 0.0288Ω
100 ⎣ 30kVA ⎦
BEX 4
C bl
Cable/Wire:
0.13
RL = 2 × × (120 ft ) = 0.0312Ω
1000
0.042
X L = 2× × (120 ft ) = 0.0101Ω
1000
28
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08/10/2012
er 3
of each segment or portion of the system.
system
Step
3 – Determine the load current
magnitude and phase angle.
8kVA
I= = 33.33 A∠ − cos −1 (0.85)° = 33.33∠ − 31.79° A
240V
29
Transformer:
Vdrop ≈ 33.33 A × [0.03456Ω × cos(−31.79°) − 0.0288Ω × sin( −31.79°)] = 1.48V
1.48V
%Vdrop = × 100% = 0.62%
240V
BEX 4
Cable/Wire:
Vdrop ≈ 33.33 A × [0.0312Ω × cos(−31.79°) − 0.0101Ω × sin( −31.79°)] = 1.06V
1.06V
%Vdrop = × 100% = 0.44%
240V
30
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er 3
starting at the source to the point of
31
32
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Transformer TR1
800kVA
6600 – 1000V
R = 1.5%, X = 5%
er 3
30ft two 400 kcmil copper/phase, steel conduit
400A
250A
150A
SP
100A 20kVA, 0.85 lagging PF
33
Transformer (TR1):
42803 – Chapte
1 ⎡ (1.5%)(1000V ) 2 ⎤
RTR1 = ⎢ ⎥ = 0.01875Ω
100 ⎣ 800kVA ⎦
1 ⎡ (5%)(1000V ) 2 ⎤
X TR1 = ⎢ ⎥ = 0.0625Ω
100 ⎣ 800kVA ⎦
BEX 4
C bl (400
Cable 00 kcmil):
k l
0.035
RL = × (30 ft ) = 0.00105Ω
1000
0.049
XL = × (30 ft ) = 0.00147Ω
1000
34
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1 .3
Transformer (TR2):
1 ⎡ (3.5%)(415V ) 2 ⎤
RTR 2 = ⎢ ⎥ = 0.1507Ω
100 ⎣ 40kVA ⎦
1 ⎡ (4%)(415V ) 2 ⎤
X TR 2 = ⎢ ⎥ = 0.1722Ω
100 ⎣ 40kVA ⎦
35
2 .0
42803 – Chapte
RL = × (12 ft ) = 0.024Ω
1000
0.054
XL = × (12 ft ) = 0.000648Ω
1000
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08/10/2012
Step
3 – Determine the load current
er 3
magnitude and phase angle.
angle
38
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segment of the circuit
circuit, starting at source
source.
39
Transformer (TR2):
Vdrop ≈ 27.82 A × [0.1507Ω × cos(−31.79°) − 0.1722Ω × sin(−31.79°)] = 6.09V
BEX 4
6.09V
%Vdrop = ×100% = 1.47%
415V
40
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08/10/2012
er 3
BEX 42803 – Chapte
Vdrop ≈ 27.82 A × [0.024Ω × cos(−31.79°) − 0.000648Ω × sin( −31.79°)] = 0.58V
0.58V
%Vdrop = ×100% = 0.24%
239.6V
41
interest
starting at the source to the point of interest.
42803 – Chapte
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08/10/2012
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BEX 42803 – Chapte
Types of
current
43
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full load current and flows only in the normal
thousands of amperes.
The maximum value is limited by the maximum
short-circuit current available on the system at
the fault point.
Short-circuit current may y be further classified
BEX 4
46
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08/10/2012
er 3
which flows outside the normal circuit path.
path
47
very quickly.
Supply transformers - Transformer impedances
will also limit the amount of short-circuit
current from the utility generators.
48
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08/10/2012
er 3
BEX 42803 – Chapte
Synchronous Generator
Induction Motor
Synchronous Motor
49
er 3
42803 – Chapte
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08/10/2012
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used to describe the symmetry of the short-
51
the pure AC component inside its sinusoidal
42803 – Chapte
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08/10/2012
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the maximum peak instantaneous fault current
Symmetrical
y short circuit current
53
er 3
jXL i(t)
R
42803 – Chapte
t=0s
+
Vm sin(ωt + θ ) Fault
-
[
i (t ) = 2 ⋅ I rms sin(ωt − θ Z ) + sin(θ Z ) ⋅ e − (ωR / X ) t ]
Vm ⎛ X ⎞
I rms = θ Z = tan −1
⎜ ⎟
2 ⋅ ZS ZS = R2 + X 2
⎝ R ⎠
54
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08/10/2012
er 3
BEX 42803 – Chapte
I rms ,1 2 = ( rms half - cycle factor) × I rms
55
0 4 + j1.5
substation bus is 0.4 j1 5 ohms per phase.
phase
42803 – Chapte
56
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08/10/2012
er 3
12.47 kV
57
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determine by interpolation from table,
table
59
must be established.
Common system impedances – equivalent
system, transformers, cables, etc.
All impedances placed before transformer
g side.
need to be reflected to its low voltage
BEX 4
60
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er 3
a balanced set of short circuit current,
current the rms
62
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Equivalent system
3-phase SC MVA = 65MVA@3.3kV, X/R = 3
Transformer TR1
750kVA
3300 – 1100V
Z = 5.75%, X/R = 5
er 3
50ft three 400 kcmil copper/phase, steel conduit
F1 1000A
400A
250A
400A
250A F2
63
(3300V ) 2
Z sys = = 0.1675Ω
65MVA
Impedance angle,
θ = tan −1 (3) = 71.57°
64
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08/10/2012
er 3
the low voltage side of TR1,
TR1
%R and %X of TR1,
TR1
θ = tan −1 (5) = 78.69°
% RTR1 = 5.75% × cos(78.69°) = 1.13%
% X TR1 = 5.75% × sin(78.69°) = 5.64%
65
1 ⎡ (1.13%)(1100V ) 2 ⎤
RTR1 = ⎢ ⎥ = 0.01823Ω
100 ⎣ 750kVA ⎦
1 ⎡ (5.64%)(1100V ) 2 ⎤
X TR1 = ⎢ ⎥ = 0.09099Ω
100 ⎣ 750kVA ⎦
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎡ 0.035 ⎤
Rc = ⎜ ⎟ ⎢ ⎥ × 50 ft = 0.00058Ω
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎣ 1000 ⎦ R = 0.035Ω / 1000 ft
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎡ 0.049 ⎤ X = 0.049Ω / 1000 ft
Xc = ⎜ ⎟ ⎢ ⎥ × 50 ft = 0.00082Ω
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎣ 1000 ⎦
66
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08/10/2012
er 3
Equivalent system :00.005883 j0.01766
005883 + j0 01766
67
F1
F1,
42803 – Chapte
635.09V
I RMS = = 5,660 A
0.1122Ω
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08/10/2012
Half-cycle factor,
er 3
= (1.263
(1 263 – 1.191) (4.42
1 191) x (4 42 – 4.0)
4 0) + 1.191
1 191
69
⎡ 0.063 ⎤
42803 – Chapte
Rc = ⎢ ⎥ × 10 ft = 0.00063Ω
⎣ 1000 ⎦ R = 0.063Ω / 1000 ft
⎡ 0.051⎤ X = 0.051Ω / 1000 ft
Xc = ⎢ ⎥ × 10 ft = 0.00051Ω
⎣ 1000 ⎦
side of TR2,
TR2
2
⎛ 415V ⎞
Rc = 0.00063 × ⎜ ⎟ = 0.00009 Ω
⎝ 1100V ⎠
2
⎛ 415V ⎞
Xc = 0.00051 × ⎜ ⎟ = 0.00007 Ω
⎝ 1100V ⎠
70
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08/10/2012
%R and %X of TR2,
er 3
θ = tan
t −1 (1.5) = 56.31°
71
⎡ 0.054 ⎤
42803 – Chapte
Rc = ⎢ ⎥ × 10 ft = 0.00054Ω
⎣ 1000 ⎦ R = 0.054Ω / 1000 ft
⎡ 0.052 ⎤ X = 0.052Ω / 1000 ft
Xc = ⎢ ⎥ × 10 ft = 0.00052Ω
⎣ 1000 ⎦
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08/10/2012
er 3
Equivalent up to F1 : 0.00353
0 00353 + j0
j0.01558
01558
[X / R ]sys = 1.87
73
F2
F2,
42803 – Chapte
239.6V
I RMS = = 4,172 A
0.05743Ω
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08/10/2012
Half-cycle factor,
er 3
= (1.042
(1 042 – 1.002) (1.87
1 002) x (1 87 – 1.0)
1 0) + 1.002
1 002
75
240V
is line-to-ground fault across 240V.
42803 – Chapte
76
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08/10/2012
er 3
asymmetrical,
asymmetrical and peak short circuit current
77
Equivalent system
Three-phase: MVA = 65MVA@6.6kV, X/R = 3
Single-phase: ILG = 2kA, X/R = 2.4
er 3
50kVA
42803 – Chapte
6600 – 415V
R = 1.9%
X = 2.2%
240V
Service
100ft #4/0 AWG AL,
Steel conduit
BEX 4
240V
39
08/10/2012
er 3
BEX 42803 – Chapte
6600V / 3
6600V
Z sys ,1φ = = 1.9053Ω
2000 A
θ = tan −1 (2.4) = 67.4°
Rsys ,1φ = 1.9053 × cos(67.4°) = 0.7322Ω
X sys ,1φ = 1.9053 × sin(67.4°) = 1.7590Ω
R fl i system R and
Reflecting d X to the
h 2240V,
0
2
⎛ 240V ⎞
,1φ = 0.7322Ω × ⎜ ⎟ = 0.002905Ω
'
Rsys
⎝ 6600V / 3 ⎠
2
⎛ 240V ⎞
X '
sys ,1φ = 1.7590Ω × ⎜ ⎟ = 0.006978Ω
⎝ 6600V / 3 ⎠
79
side
side,
42803 – Chapte
1 ⎡ (1.9%)(415V ) 2 ⎤
RTR = ⎢ ⎥ = 0.06544Ω
100 ⎣ 50kVA ⎦
1 ⎡ (2.2%)(415V ) 2 ⎤
X TR = ⎢ ⎥ = 0.07578Ω
100 ⎣ 50kVA ⎦
BEX 4
80
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08/10/2012
er 3
0.1
81
Totall : 0.244715
02 + j0.047838
0 0 838
Z total = 0.2493
X / R ratio = 0.2
82
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08/10/2012
er 3
240V
42