Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Copyright © 2011 Nelson Education Ltd. Chapter 10: Acids and Bases 10.1-1
Step 3. Using the zero-sum rule, one H+ ion is required to produce a neutral acid molecule.
Step 4. The formula of hypochlorous acid is HClO(aq).
(d) Step 1. Since the name does not contain the prefix hydro-, it is an oxyacid.
Step 2. Since the stem of the acid’s name is brom- and the suffix is -ic, the acid contains the
perbromate ion, BrO4–.
Step 3. Using the zero-sum rule, one H+ ion is required to produce a neutral acid molecule.
Step 4. The formula of perbromic acid is HBrO4(aq).
Copyright © 2011 Nelson Education Ltd. Chapter 10: Acids and Bases 10.1-2
(i) Step 1. Oxygen is present. It is an oxyacid
Step 2. The oxyanion is PO33–, phosphite ion.
Step 3. The acid with the formula H3PO3(aq) is phosphorous acid.
(j) Step 1. Oxygen is present. It is an oxyacid
Step 2. The oxyanion is IO43–, periodate ion.
Step 3. The acid with the formula HIO4(aq) is periodic acid.
(k) Step 1. Oxygen is present. It is an oxyacid
Step 2. The oxyanion is ClO–, hypochlorite ion.
Step 3. The acid with the formula HClO(aq) is hypochlorous acid.
5. The presence of hydrogen atoms at the start of the chemical formula and the (aq) symbol at the
end of the formula indicate that the compound is likely to be an acid.
6. (a) Step 1. Since the name contains the prefix hydro-, it is not an oxyacid.
Step 2. The acid contains the bromide ion, Br–.
Step 3. Using the zero-sum rule, one H+ ion is required to produce a neutral acid molecule.
Step 4. The formula of hydrobromic acid is HBr(aq).
(b) Step 1. Since the name does not contain the prefix hydro-, it is an oxyacid.
Step 2. Since the stem of the acid’s name is chlor- and the suffix is -ic, the acid contains the
perchlorate ion, ClO4–.
Step 3. Using the zero-sum rule, one H+ ion is required to produce a neutral acid molecule.
Step 4. The formula of perchloric acid is HClO4(aq).
(c) Step 1. Since the name does not contain the prefix hydro-, it is an oxyacid.
Step 2. Since the stem of the acid’s name is chlor- and the suffix is -ous, the acid contains the
chlorite ion, ClO2–.
Step 3. Using the zero-sum rule, one H+ ion is required to produce a neutral acid molecule.
Step 4. The formula of chlorous acid is HClO2(aq).
(d) Step 1. Since the name contains the prefix hydro-, it is not an oxyacid.
Step 2. The acid contains the iodide ion, I–.
Step 3. Using the zero-sum rule, one H+ ion is required to produce a neutral acid molecule.
Step 4. The formula of hydroiodic acid is HI(aq).
7. (a) Mg(OH)2(aq) is magnesium hydroxide.
(b) KOH(aq) is potassium hydroxide.
8. The chemical formula for chloric acid is HClO3(aq) and the chemical formula for hydrochloric
acid is HCl(aq). The formulas are the same in that they both contain one hydrogen atom and one
chlorine atom, and they are both in the aqueous state. Chloric acid contains three oxygen atoms
while hydrochloric acid does not contain any oxygen.
9. (a) The chemical formula of iodic acid is HIO3(aq).
(b) The chemical formula of iodous acid is HIO2(aq). The chemical formula of hypoiodous acid
is HIO(aq).
10. Hydrochloric acid is secreted by specialized cells in the inner cell layer of the stomach lining
called parietal cells. The stomach lining is made of epithelial cells that secrete a protective layer
of mucus, which prevents the acid from attacking the stomach lining. The epithelial cells also
secrete hydrogen carbonate (also called bicarbonate) ions to neutralize any hydrochloric acid that
may penetrate the mucous layer.
Copyright © 2011 Nelson Education Ltd. Chapter 10: Acids and Bases 10.1-3
11. Heartburn is a burning sensation in the chest or throat caused by stomach acid leaking into
the esophagus, the tube that links to throat to the stomach. A number of factors contribute to
heartburn including certain foods, pregnancy, consumption of alcohol, and certain medications.
Antacids provide short-term relief to heartburn. However, for long-term relief, the factor that
causes heartburn must be avoided. In some cases, the damage caused by heartburn must be
surgically repaired.
12. The process of a cave formation in limestone deposits begins with ground water carrying
dissolved carbon dioxide that seeps into the limestone deposit. The reaction of carbon dioxide
and water forms a mildly acidic solution of carbonic acid. Limestone deposits consist mostly of
carbonate compounds, which react readily with acids. As acidified ground water seeps through
cracks in the rock, it reacts with limestone, eroding the rock to form caves. Large caves take
millions of years to form.
Copyright © 2011 Nelson Education Ltd. Chapter 10: Acids and Bases 10.1-4