HILLSIDE SCHOOL

BIOLOGY LESSON NOTE and EXERCISE for 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR

Teacher's name: Selamu A. and Shimelis C. Subject: Biology
Grade: 10 Chapte/Unit: 3 Human Biology and Health
Week: Two. Lesson: One Pages: 129-135
Topic(s): 3.5 Homoiostasis
Lesson objectives: At the end of this lesson, you will be able to describe
homoiostatic role of the kidney.

Homeostasis and the kidney

Excretion is the process that gets rid of the metabolic waste products that buildup in our body. Wastes
will damage cells if not removed. Lungs, liver, kidneys and skin are examples of excretory organs.
Controlling the internal concentration
Change in the concentration of the body fluid changes the direction of osmotic movement. We gain
water when we drink, eat and respire. We lose water when we breathe out, sweat and urinate.
1. The kidneys
Kidneys are two bean-shaped dark red organs lying obliquely in the abdominal cavity. They Filter blood
and excrete nitrogenous wastes (urea, uric acid), excess ions and excess water in urine.
A nephrone is a functional units of kidney. it has two parts; the renal corpuscle and renal tubules.
Renal tubule: has three regions; the proximal tubule, the loop of Henle and distal tubule.
1. First coiled (convoluted) tubule: run much of reabsorption of all glucose, 67% of Na ions & 80% of H 2O.
2. Loop of Henlé: the U-shaped part between the first and the second coiled tubes where water is
conserved _ which concentrates the urine.
3. Second coiled (convoluted) tubule - is the main site water balancing. It has a special sense called
osmoreceptors in the brain. When water content is low (high salt conc.) in blood, the pituitary gland
releases anti-diuretic hormone/ADH. ADH increases permeability of the second coiled tubules to
reabsorb more water into blood and produces a more concentrated urine.
Collecting duct – collects urine and contains much higher concentration of urea (60x) in urine than in blood.
How urine forms and travels
Bl ood s upplied to a kidney by renal artery  renal arterioles  renal ca pillaries (Glomerulus)  Bowman’s ca psule  First
coi l ed tube  Loop of Henele  Second coiled tube  Collecting duct  Renal Pyra mid  Renal pelvis  Ureter  Uri nary
bl a dder  Urethra outside.

TELEGRAM EXERCISES/HOMEWORK
1. What are the homoiosthetic functions of the kidney?
2. Where does reabsorption of water takes place?
3. What are the substructures of a nephrone?
4. Where does pressure filtration takes place? How?
5. When do you think the concentration of antidiuretic hormone increases in one’s
blood? Then, what it does?

HILLSIDE SCHOOL
1
 BIOLOGY LESSON NOTE and EXERCISE for 2013 ACADEMIC YEAR
Teacher's name: Selamu A. and Shimelis C. Subject: Biology
Grade: 10 Chapte/Unit: 3 Human Biology and Health
Week: Two. Lesson: Two Pages: 135 -140
Topic(s): 3.5 Homoiostasis
Lesson objectives: At the end of this lesson, you will be able to: 1. Describe the
function of urinary bladder. 2. describe homoiostatic role of the skin. 3. List out
the homoiostatic functions of liver.

Urinary bladder
Urinary bladder is a muscular sac holding about 600 - 800 cm3urine. It empties when its content is only
150–300 cm3. Sphincter muscles near the junction of the urethra and bladder regulate urination. The
opening of bladder is controlled by a strong ring of muscle at the entrance of urethra known as a
sphincter.
Urethra leads urine from the bladder to the outside.
2. The skin
The skin maintains homeostasis in balancing salt and water of the body and removing excess heat in
sweat. It forms a waterproof protection against uncontrolled loss of water by evaporation and prevents
gaining water by osmosis during swimming.
3. The liver and homeostasis
Liver is the largest individual organ in our body. It accounts around 5% of our body mass. Liver cells carry
out large number of reactions discussed below.
1. Control of blood sugar levels in the body storing excess glucose as glycogen.
2. Protein metabolism. Liver breaks down excess amino acids (deaminates) into amino group and
Kato acid. Amino group (NH2 ) is changed to ammonia and reacts with CO 2 to form urea to be
removed. Urea is removed by kidney with water in urine.
3. The liver produces many plasma proteins like prothrombin, albumin, fibrinogen &globulin
4. Controlling and balancing the fats and the cholesterol levels in our blood.
5. The breakdown of worn-out red blood cells – in particular the red pigment haemoglobin.
6. Forms bile and stores it in the gall bladder till released into duodenum for food digestion.
7. Control of toxins. Liver breaks down most of the poisons taken into the body like alcohol.
8. detoxification. The liver detoxifies toxic or poisonous substances in alcohol and drugs into harmless ones and
keeps the liver healthy.
9. Temperature control - manges change in temperature while it caries out hundreds of chemical
reactions.

TELEGRAM EXERCISES/HOMEWORK
1. List out excretory organ and what they excrete in short.
2. What we call the tubes connecting kidney with urinary bladder and removes urine from
the bladder to outside respectively.
3. How the skin maintains homoeostasis?
4. Which excretory organ receives worn out red blood cells and process them?
5. Define deamination and detoxification?